Impact of Legislation of Suicide Prevention Act on Suicide Rates in the Republic of Korea: An Interrupted Time-series Analysis

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In 2011, the Act on the Prevention of Suicide and the Creation of Culture of Respect for Life (Suicide Prevention Act) was introduced in the Republic of Korea to promote necessary matters for suicide prevention policies. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the Act in reducing suicide rates and identify the differential effects of the legislation by age and region. Methods We retrieved the suicide rates by sex, age, region, and district from the Korean Statistical Information Service (KOSIS). We investigated the impact of the Suicide Prevention Act on suicide rates between 1983 and 2021. We used interrupted time-series analysis to assess whether the trends of suicide rates changed following the introduction of the enactment and enforcement of the Suicide Prevention Act. Results The Suicide Prevention Act significantly impacted reducing suicide rates in South Korea. Suicide rates had steadily increased before the Act was introduced, but after enforcement, the trend reversed with decreasing rates in both men (β3=-1.600, P-value < 0.001) and women (β3=-0.097, P-value < 0.001). Age-stratified results showed the legal effectiveness in reducing suicide rates over 30 years old, but there was no change in 20–29 years old and 10–19 years old. The Act's effectiveness in reducing suicide rates varied regionally, with the law not significantly impacting suicide rates in Ulsan (β2=-0.128, P-value = 0.944, β3=-0.380, P-value = 0.220). At the district level, around 86.2% of the regions demonstrated a positive impact, with most districts having a considerable effect and others showing a slight result on suicide prevention methods. Conclusion Enactment and enforcement of the Suicide Prevention Act helped reduce suicide rates nationwide, suggesting that legal measures can be essential in implementing an integrated suicide prevention strategy. Further research should verify reasons and contexts in which the effects of suicide prevention regulations and guidelines appeared differently by age and region, as well as the mechanism of how the law could affect health indicators. Suicide Prevention Act Health Legislation Suicide Prevention Policy Suicide rates Interrupted Time-series Analysis Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Introduction Suicide was responsible for approximately 703,000 deaths worldwide in 2019, representing about 1.3% of all deaths ( 1 ). South Korea has the highest suicide rate among the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries, with suicide being a major social problem ( 2 ). The World Health Organization (WHO) recognized the importance of policies and legislation in promoting mental health and preventing suicide ( 3 ). One of the influential strategies to improve access to mental health services and implementation research for suicide prevention could be legal frameworks. Legal measures function as essential instruments for intervention, fostering the execution and efficacy of public health endeavors, notably in suicide prevention strategies ( 4 ). Revision of public health law supports community-based programs and public education and enhances public awareness of suicide as a public health program. Also, it helps to mandate mental health screening for individuals in schools or healthcare facilities, provide mental health services such as pharmacotherapy or counseling with preserving confidentiality and privacy of patients’ mental health condition and improve the capacity of health professionals for suicide prevention through a training program. Growing evidence supports the effectiveness of particular public health laws and policies, such as restricting access to firearms, certain medications, and other lethal means ( 5 ) and access to mental health screening and treatment services for people at risk for suicide ( 6 ). According to the WHO 2018 report on national suicide prevention strategies, only 38 countries have implemented national suicide prevention strategies or legislation among member countries ( 7 ). The WHO’s LIVE LIFE approach for countries to develop a comprehensive national suicide prevention strategy suggests the early identification, assessment, management, and follow-up of anyone affected by suicidal behaviors ( 8 ). It focuses on strengthening health systems and communities to prevent suicide. One of its key components is service provision at risk of suicide through emphasizing multisectoral approaches or any initiative that includes more than one government sector, such as health, justice, law, etc ( 7 ). WHO recommends implementing policies to increase awareness of suicide prevention and reduce access to means of suicidal behavior, such as frequently used drugs and highly lethal methods, through national and local strategies involving regulations and legislation ( 8 ). In Japan, the Suicide Prevention Act was enacted in 2006 to promote suicide prevention strategies ( 9 ), while in the United States, the National Suicide Hotline Designation Act of 2020 was passed to establish 9-8-8 as the national suicide prevention and mental health crisis hotline number ( 10 ). In Korea, the Act on the Prevention of Suicide and the Creation of Culture of Respect for Life (Suicide Prevention Act) was enacted on 30 March 2011 and enforced in April 2012. Since then, the state and local governments must establish and implement necessary policies for each stage, such as prevention, crisis response, and post-response, to actively rescue people at risk for suicide. It stipulates that the health authority establishes a master plan for suicide prevention every five years. Suicide prevention centers have also been established at national, provincial, and district levels to implement suicide prevention activities specifically. Early detection, counseling, education, and treatment are provided for suicide attempters, suicide riskers, and their families with budget support for their necessary expenses. At the same time, it is mandated to devise necessary policies for national life-respecting culture projects, education, and public relations ( 11 ). The Suicide Prevention Act requires comprehensive suicide prevention activities of the central and local governments and supports suicide attempters and victims and their remaining families. Its successful implementation would highly depend on the active participation of health professionals, especially in screening and preventing high-risk groups, including patients with depression and chronic physical illnesses and those with psychosomatic symptoms from various stressful life events ( 12 ). This Act encompasses comprehensive suicide prevention initiatives, including public awareness campaigns, 'Gatekeeper' education programs, training for suicide prevention professionals, and the establishment of a robust suicide prevention infrastructure. These measures collectively aim to mitigate suicide risk factors across the national spectrum, demonstrating the instrumental role of legal frameworks in public health and suicide prevention ( 4 ). Despite the increasing recognition of the importance of suicide prevention, the effectiveness of different suicide prevention strategies and laws remains unclear. Previous researches have identified gaps in knowledge regarding the effectiveness of legal measures in reducing suicide rates. Nakanishi using interrupted time-series analysis (2019), reported that suicide trends were not intervened by the Suicide Prevention Act (2006) in Japan ( 13 ), while the onset of the 1998 economic recession was significantly associated with increased suicide mortality rates across the overall and subgroup population stratified by sex and age. However, a similar study in the United States showed no significant effect of the Great Recession on existing trajectories of suicide rates ( 14 ). Meanwhile, according to the national suicide prevention strategies published by WHO in 2018, the Republic of Korea witnessed a decrease in suicide rates from 31.7 to 27.3 per 100,000 people in three years after the implementation of the Act, indicating that the enactment and enforcement of suicide prevention measures would have impacted on reducing national suicide rates with some years of the maturation period ( 8 ). No prior academic research with causal inference has been conducted, and no heterogeneity analysis to assess the differential impact of suicide prevention laws by sociodemographic characteristics has also been done. This study examined the change in suicide rates after enacting and enforcing the Suicide Prevention Act in 2011. First, we examined whether the health legislation affected the suicide rates in the Republic of Korea. Secondly, subgroup analysis was conducted by age, gender, region, and district. Lastly, further exploration was conducted in region(s) with an outlying trend(s), if any. Methods Study design We used interrupted time-series analysis to assess whether the trends of suicide rates changed following the introduction of the enactment and enforcement of the Suicide Prevention Act in Korea. Materials We used data on total suicide rates from 1983 to 2021 published online by the Korean Statistical Information Service (KOSIS) based on the certification of death. These data provide the suicide-specific mortality rates by ten-year intervals in age group and gender. The data for regions and districts were analyzed from 1998 to 2021. The suicide rates of 255 districts provided by Statistics Korea that district represents the administrative units Si/Gun/Gu in Korea. We analyzed suicide rates in 253 districts, excluding two new districts for which no data were available. Variables From 1983 to the year 1993, Statistic Korea used the inter- and extrapolation-based projection of population based on the latest population census as the denominator for mortality rates, while Statistic Korea used the midyear population based on resident registration number as the denominator for mortality rates after 1993 (15). The number of suicide deaths per 100,000 population was calculated using the cause of death from KOSIS. Suicide deaths were classified based on the 9th and 10th revisions of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-9 and ICD-10), using the intentional self-harm classification (E950–959 or X60–X84) (16). Statistical analysis We used interrupted time series analysis, a robust quasi-experimental design for assessing the longitudinal impact of an intervention, as it enables both random time fluctuations and the underlying trend to be accounted for in analysis (17,18) to evaluate legislation intervention impact on suicide rates (19). We fit the following linear regression equation: Suicide rates y = β 0 + β 1 · time y + β 2 · intervention y + β 3 · time after intervention y + e y where y is the year, time y counts the number of years starting from the available data year, intervention y is the dummy variable when 0 means the intervention is yet to be implemented and 1 represents the intervention is implemented, time after intervention y counts the number of years from 2011 when the suicide prevention law was first enacted. From the right side of the equation, β 0 is the intercept, β 1 is the baseline trend before the intervention, β 2 is the very first impact of the intervention, and β 3 is the trend change after the intervention. Statistical significance was determined as p-values of <0.05 in a two-sided manner, while all statistical analysis was performed with STATA 17.0. In analyzing the impact of the South Korean Suicide Prevention Act, we segmented the data into four groups based on changes in suicide rates post-intervention, utilizing a segmented regression approach consistent with the recommendations of Bernal et al. (2017) (20). The first group, which demonstrates a reduction in both intercept and slope, is considered a highly effective suicide prevention method that significantly lowers the suicide rate promptly as well as gradually reducing as well over time. The second group demonstrates a reduction in either the intercept or slope and is considered the group with the law’s impact on suicide prevention, instantly or gradually. The third group, which illustrates no significant differences in the intercept or slope, was considered to have no effect. We explored a region with outlying trends from others to further examine the underlying reason for the heterogeneous impact of the intervention. Ethical statement This study was exempt from institutional review board approval because we used publicly available data containing no personal identification. Results The average suicide rate per 100,000 between 1983 and 2021 was 18.5 (SD=8.5), while the suicide rates of men were higher than women. The age-stratified analysis revealed an increasing trend in suicide rates with age, with an average of 4.6 per 100,000 for teenagers, 14.8 for those in their 20s, 19.2 for individuals in their 30s, 22.4 for those in their 40s, 25.6 for those in their 50s, and 80 for individuals over 80 years old. There have been regional disparities in average suicide rates; for example, the lowest regional suicide rate was 20.2 in Seoul, and the highest rate was 34.0 in Gangwon-do province between 1998 and 2021 (Table 1) . The suicide rate was estimated at 3.49 per 100,000 in 1983, and the suicide rate appeared to increase significantly every year before 2011 by 0.86 per 100,000 (P-value<0.001). From the first year of the intervention (2011), there appeared to be a significant decrease in the annual trend of suicide rate (relative to the preintervention trend) of 1.29 per year per 100,000 (P-value<0.001) (21). In gender stratified analysis, suicide rates reversed direction from increasing before introducing the Act to decreasing afterward in both males (β3=-0.160, P-value<0.001) and females (β 3 =-0.097, P- value<0.001) (Table 2, Figure S1) . Age-stratified results showed the legislation impact on reducing suicide rates over 30 years old, but there was no change in 20-29 years old (β2=-0.505, P-value=0.861, β3=-0.264, P-value=0.525) and 10-19 years old (β2=-0.444, P-value=0.479, β3=0.139, P-value=0.100). In the 30-59 years old, there were only decreases in the slope with no change in the intercept, and in the 60s (β2=-8.190, P-value=0.028, β3=-3.488, P-value<0.001) and over 80 years old (β2=-42.058, P-value=0.001, β3=-12.306, P-value<0.001), both the slope and the intercept decreased. The suicide prevention impact of the legislation appeared when the older age groups were increasing. (Figure 1, Table S2) . At the regional level, the only suicide rate in Ulsan showed no statistically significant changes between before and after 2011 (β2=-0.128, P-value=0.944, β3=-0.380, P-value=0.220). There was heterogeneity within the province level as well as the district level, while eight provinces had a substantial enactment impact, including Gwangju, Daejeon, Gangwon-do, Chungcheongnam-do, Jeollabuk-do, and Gyeongsangnam-do (Table 3, Figure S3, Table 4) . Among the 253 districts, 34 districts (13.4%) belonged to Group 1, 184 districts (72.7%) belonged to Group 2, and 31 districts (12.3%) belonged to Group 3. Four typical districts were not easy to classify into Group 2 or Group 3,which intercept changes and slope changes had opposite directions to each other (Table 4) . Both male and female groups belonged to Group 2, which had an instant or gradual legal intervention impact (a reduction in either intercept or slope) effect. In the age-stratified analysis, the 60s and over 80 years olds were Group 1, which had a substantial law impact (a reduction in intercept and slope), and those in their 30s, 40s, 50s, and 70s were Group 2, which had an intervention impact. However, those in their 10s and 20s belonged to Group 3 (no reduction in both intercept and slope), which had no impact after legal intervention in 2011 (Table 4) . Ulsan province only belonged to Group 3, having no significant impact on suicide rates from 1998 to 2021 (Group 3, β2 =-0.128, P -value=0.944, β3 =-0.380, P- value=0.220). However, further period stratified analysis revealed that the early post-enactment period only until 2017 showed legislation impact showing reversed trends from increasing to decreasing with no intercept changes (Group 2, β2 =0.876, P -value=0.592, β3 =-0.878, P- value=0.012) while the late-enactment period (between 2017 and 2021) showed no impact (Group 3, β2 =-0.128, P -value=0.891, β3 =-0.380, P- value=0.082). (Table 5, Figure 2) Discussion Before the Act was implemented, suicide rates continued to increase, but after law enactment of the Suicide Prevention Act to protect citizens’ individual life by promoting necessary matters for suicide prevention policies in 2011, the trend reversed to decreasing trend in both men and women as well as most of the subnational regions. The law effectively reduced suicide rates in those over 30, except those aged 20-29 and teenagers. The findings suggest that legal measures can be a comprehensive suicide prevention strategy. However, further research is needed to understand the differential effects of the legislation across age groups and subnational regions. The results of this study indicate that the enactment and implementation of suicide prevention laws can significantly reduce national suicide rates, which is in contrast to the findings of a Japanese study that showed no effect (15). Therefore, it is essential to continue to study and evaluate the effectiveness of suicide prevention laws and strategies in different cultural and societal contexts to develop effective and targeted interventions for reducing suicide rates. The mechanisms through which suicide prevention laws can reduce suicide rates are complex and multifaceted (22). Potential factors include increased awareness and education, improved access to mental health services, restricted access to lethal means, and a multisectoral approach that addresses the various factors contributing to suicide risk (23). However, the effectiveness of suicide prevention laws is influenced by factors such as the law's specific provisions, the context in which it is implemented, and broader social and cultural factors (24). Further research is needed to understand these mechanisms fully and to identify the most effective strategies for suicide prevention. This study reveals that the Suicide Prevention Act has effectively reduced suicide rates in Korea, particularly among older adults. However, the effectiveness of the Act in reducing suicide rates among younger age groups appears to be limited. One potential reason for this may be mental health deterioration among younger age groups, with an increasing number of patients diagnosed with depression and anxiety disorders significantly increasing recently, particularly among teenagers and those in their 20s (25). Furthermore, there is a lack of dedicated suicide prevention centers for teenagers. Existing resources such as counseling centers and helplines are fragmented across multiple agencies, leading to blind spots and gaps in coverage (26). There may be a relatively lower priority given to suicide prevention programs for young people due to the absolute difference in the number of high-risk individuals compared to the elderly population. As of 2021, the number of suicide deaths among 10-19-year-olds was 338 (7.1 deaths per 100,000 population), while for those aged 40-49 and 80 years and over, it was 2,298 (28.2 deaths per 100,000 population) and 1,239 (61.3 deaths per 100,000 population) respectively. This suggests that suicide prevention efforts might have focused more on middle-aged adults and elderly populations, with fewer resources for young people. In our study, we delve into the impact of the South Korean Suicide Prevention Act, revealing its multidimensional influence on reducing suicide rates across various demographic and regional landscapes within the country. This exploration is particularly relevant in the wake of findings presented by Schlichthorst et al. (2022), illuminating the differential impacts of national suicide prevention strategies worldwide (27). South Korea emerges as a focal point in their study due to its robust, comprehensive approach to suicide prevention, characterized by an array of initiatives from widespread public awareness efforts to specific interventions aimed at vulnerable populations. The commendation of South Korea's strategy by Schlichthorst et al. resonates with our findings, emphasizing the Act's layered and extensive framework. Our research contributes to this dialogue by providing a granular analysis of the Act's effects within South Korea, highlighting how its various components resonate across demographic and geographic strata. The limited effectiveness of suicide prevention strategies in specific groups or populations may also be due to several other reasons. Firstly, from 2011 to 2021, there has been an increase in factors that can promote suicide, including personal factors such as stress, depression, and economic hardships, as well as community factors such as traumatic events, increased celebrity suicides, economic downturn, and the COVID-19 pandemic. Secondly, the suicide prevention law enacted in 2011 may have had blind spots and gaps in coverage due to a lack of sensitivity to specific regions or age groups, such as young people, which could result in limited policy effectiveness. Thirdly, the possibility of pre-existing suicide prevention strategies already in place before the law's enactment may also have impacted the limited impact effectiveness of suicide prevention policies, as evidenced by the lower suicide rates among young people before 2011 compared to another age group. Future research should consider developing targeted interventions for younger age groups and improving the accessibility and integration of suicide prevention resources to address the challenges of teenagers. Access to mental health services remains a significant challenge for young adults. Our analysis found that the suicide prevention law did not significantly impact suicide rates in Ulsan from 1998 to 2021, considering the entire study period. However, when we limited the analysis to the immediate post-intervention period (from 1998 to 2017 only), a significant impact of the intervention on reducing suicide rates appeared in Ulsan. It is essential, however, to consider the economic conditions in the region, such as employment and unemployment rates, which may have resulted in an underestimation of the intervention's impact during the economic downturn from 2011 to 2017. Further research is needed to understand the unbiased effectiveness of suicide prevention strategies in Ulsan, considering regional characteristics and economic conditions. Nonetheless, our findings suggest that the intervention may have positively impacted reducing suicide rates in Ulsan, particularly during the financial downturn. The shipbuilding industry downturn in Ulsan might have influenced a significantly negative impact on the local economy and might have led to a rise in suicide rates related to economic hardships. This can be speculated by the fact that the economic downturn in the shipbuilding industry in Ulsan led to a decline in employment rates, a rise in unemployment rates, and a decrease in economic activity (28) of which may have contributed to the higher percentage of suicides related to economic hardships in the area (Table 5, Figure S4, Figure S5) (29,30). The prevailing economic challenges in Ulsan, particularly within its shipbuilding sector, may lead to an underestimation of the Suicide Prevention Act's impact in the region. The case of Ulsan highlights that in addition to public health interventions, social and financial support to alleviate economic difficulties and improve the local economy may also play a role in reducing suicide rates. The atypical cases in some districts such as Ilsandong-gu, Suji-gu, Suncheon-si, and Gurye-gun underscore the need to monitor and evaluate suicide prevention policies to understand their effectiveness better and inform targeted interventions. The delayed impact observed in these regions highlights the complexity of factors influencing suicide rates and the potential time lag between policy implementation and its effects. Further research is necessary to elucidate the reasons and mechanisms behind these delayed impacts and to develop tailored interventions to reduce suicide rates in these areas. There are several limitations that need to be considered while understanding the results. First, our study design was based on an observational interrupted time-series analysis. We cannot rule out the possibility of other factors contributing to the observed changes in suicide rates in case of unrealized intervention in the same period. Second, we used publicly available data from KOSIS, which may have limited information on risk factors for suicide, such as mental health status and access to mental health services, which would not necessarily be evenly distributed across different subgroup populations. We could not distinguish another mental illness status, if any, but only analyzed the overall suicide rates. So we could not examine the effect of the law on specific subgroups, such as those with mental illness or those who have attempted suicide. Third, while our analysis rigorously evaluates the impacts following the enactment of the South Korean Suicide Prevention Act in 2011, it is imperative to acknowledge that the act of legislation alone may not fully encapsulate the breadth, depth, and quality of suicide prevention measures executed at the state and local levels. This study's scope primarily addresses changes at a national level, potentially overlooking the nuanced variations and the effectiveness of localized implementations of the Act. Consequently, further research is warranted to explore these dimensions and assess the comprehensive effectiveness of suicide prevention strategies across different regions within South Korea. Fourth, our study isolates the effect of the South Korean Suicide Prevention Act without delving into the efficacy of its specific components, hence it cannot definitively pinpoint which aspects of the legislation were most influential. Future research is necessary to dissect the Act further and to determine which particular elements contribute most significantly to suicide prevention, guiding more targeted and potentially more effective subsequent legislation. This study adds to the growing evidence that the enactment of suicide prevention, such as the Suicide Prevention Act, has effectively reduced suicide rates in the Republic of Korea. However, further research is needed to examine the potential impact after detailed policy adjustments and to conduct multiple-group analyses using data from other countries to understand the effectiveness of suicide prevention measures better. Investigating which intervention is better (31) targeting high-risk subgroups vs comprehensive approaches aimed at the entire population. Therefore, future research should focus on developing more targeted interventions for high-risk subgroups and evaluating the law's long-term impact on suicide rates. Abbreviations WHO - World Health Organization KOSIS - Korean Statistical Information Service OECD - Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate - This study was exempt from institutional review board approval because we used publicly available data containing no personal identifiers. Consent for publication - Not applicable Funding - Not applicable Acknowledgements - Not applicable References Pikala M, Burzyńska M. The Burden of Suicide Mortality in Poland: A 20-Year Register-Based Study (2000–2019). Int J Public Health. 2023;20. Jang H, Lee W, Kim YO, Kim H. 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Stata J. 2015;15(2):480-500. Tables Table 1. General Characteristics Categorization Minimum Maximum Mean SD Suicide rates (N=39, 1983-2021) Overall 7.3 31.7 18.5 8.5 Male 10.1 43.3 25.5 11.5 Female 4.1 22.1 11.5 5.7 Age (N=39, 1983-2021) 0-9 old (N=20) 0.0 0.1 0.015 0.04 10-19 old 3.4 7.1 4.6 1.0 20-29 old 9.8 25.3 14.8 4.5 30-39 old 8.7 31.4 19.2 7.2 40-49 old 9.6 34.1 22.4 8.5 50-59 old 9.8 41.2 25.6 10.4 60-59 old 11.7 54.6 30.5 14.0 70-79 old 13.0 84.4 45.2 24.5 Over 80 years old (N=29) 23.6 128.1 80.0 33.8 Region (N=24, 1998-2021) Seoul Special City 9.1 26.9 20.2 5.3 Busan Metropolitan City 12.6 32.9 25.3 6.0 Daegu City 10.7 29.7 23.0 5.5 Incheon Metropolitan City 13.2 32.8 24.6 5.8 Gwangju City 10.1 30.7 20.9 5.6 Daejeon City 13.1 31.1 23..6 5.4 Ulsan Metropolitan City 12.2 28.5 21.8 4.8 Sejong City (N=10) 17.8 41.6 22.9 7.1 Gyeonggi Province 12.7 30.5 22.8 4.8 Gangwon Province 19.3 45.2 34.0 6.5 North Chungcheong Province 17.9 42.0 30.0 6.0 South Chungcheong Province 22.8 45.8 33.6 6.6 North Jeolla Province 14.4 37.3 27.1 5.9 South Jeolla Province 15.3 33.9 26.1 5.4 North Gyeongsang Province 19.4 35.4 28.0 4.3 North Gyeongsang Province 16.1 32.2 26.1 4.1 Jeju Province 16.5 32.9 26.5 4.8 Table 2. Change in suicide rates (per 100,000 population) before and after the implementation of the Suicide Prevention Act by gender Suicide rates Coefficient SE t-statistics P value Overall β 0 3.490 1.740 2.01 0.053 β 1 0.862 0.109 7.93 0.390 β 2 1.495 1.719 0.87 0.390 β 3 -1.285 0.187 -6.87 0.000 Male β 0 5.831 2.327 2.51 0.017 β 1 1.095 0.141 7.79 0.000 β 2 3.878 2.064 1.88 0.069 β 3 -1.600 0.213 -7.50 0.000 Female β 0 1.075 1.177 0.91 0.367 β 1 0.631 0.081 7.79 0.000 β 2 -0.860 1.541 -0.56 0.580 β 3 -0.097 0.187 -5.16 0.000 β 0 intercept; β 1 baseline trend before Suicide Prevention Act are introduced; β 2 intercept change after Suicide Prevention Act are introduced; β 3 trend change after Suicide Prevention Act are introduced. Table 3. Changes in suicide rate (per 100,000 population) before and after the implementation of the Suicide Prevention Act by region Suicide rates Coefficient SE t-statistics P value Seoul Special City β 0 9.820 2.492 3.94 0.001 β 1 1.258 0.299 4.21 0.000 β 2 -0.763 1.645 -0.46 0.648 β 3 -1.635 0.319 -5.13 0.000 Busan Metropolitan City β 0 13.111 2.254 5.82 0.000 β 1 1.569 0.262 5.98 0.000 β 2 -3.376 1.666 -2.03 0.056 β 3 -1.863 0.294 -6.35 0.000 Daegu City β 0 11.961 2.375 5.04 0.000 β 1 1.369 0.276 4.96 0.000 β 2 -3.348 1.672 -2.00 0.059 β 3 -1.387 0.328 -4.23 0.000 Incheon Metropolitan City β 0 13.153 1.991 6.61 0.000 β 1 1.437 0.248 5.78 0.000 β 2 -0.529 1.690 -0.31 0.757 β 3 -2.103 0.291 -7.21 0.000 Gwangju City β 0 9.075 1.683 5.39 0.000 β 1 1.521 0.249 6.10 0.000 β 2 -4.709 2.091 -2.25 0.036 β 3 -1.546 0.336 -4.61 0.000 Daejeon City β 0 12.874 1.836 7.01 0.000 β 1 1.351 0.222 6.10 0.000 β 2 -4.590 2.040 -2.25 0.036 β 3 -1.182 0.316 -3.74 0.001 Ulsan Metropolitan City β 0 14.060 2.177 6.46 0.000 β 1 0.753 0.274 2.75 0.012 β 2 -0.128 1.785 -0.07 0.944 β 3 -0.380 0.200 -1.27 0.220 Gyeonggi Province (Gyeonggi-do) β 0 13.032 1.708 7.63 0.000 β 1 1.267 0.214 5.91 0.000 β 2 -1.360 1.573 -0.86 0.398 β 3 -1.817 0.266 -6.84 0.000 Gangwon Province (Gangwon-do) β 0 22.126 2.889 7.66 0.000 β 1 1.784 0.319 5.59 0.000 β 2 -4.910 2.320 -2.12 0.047 β 3 -2.790 0.436 -6.40 0.000 North Chungcheong Province (Chungcheongbuk-do) β 0 18.051 1.757 10.28 0.000 β 1 1.674 0.233 7.19 0.000 β 2 -3.632 2.386 -1.52 0.144 β 3 -2.471 0.313 -7.90 0.000 South Chungcheong Province (Chungcheongnam-do) β 0 20.199 1.686 11.98 0.000 β 1 1.927 0.230 8.39 0.000 β 2 -5.716 2.378 -2.40 0.026 β 3 -2.707 0.380 -7.13 0.000 North Jeolla Province (Jeollabuk-do) β 0 14.737 1.048 14.06 0.000 β 1 1.714 0.104 16.41 0.000 β 2 -5.482 2.471 -2.22 0.038 β 3 -2.119 0.270 -8.06 0.000 South Jeolla Province (Jeollanam-do) β 0 15.527 1.548 10.03 0.000 β 1 1.308 0.206 6.34 0.000 β 2 -0.689 1.704 -0.40 0.690 β 3 -1.803 0.322 -5.60 0.000 North Gyeongsang Province (Gyeongsangbuk-do) β 0 19.375 1.213 15.97 0.000 β 1 1.209 0.154 7.83 0.000 β 2 -3.173 1.770 -1.79 0.088 β 3 -1.667 0.289 -5.78 0.000 South Gyeongsang Province (Gyeongsangnam-do) β 0 18.329 2.316 7.91 0.000 β 1 1.440 0.253 4.52 0.000 β 2 -4.564 1.665 -2.74 0.013 β 3 -1.420 0.311 -4.57 0.000 Jeju Province (Jeju-do) β 0 19.357 3.145 6.15 0.000 β 1 0.861 0.394 2.18 0.041 β 2 -0.664 2.974 -0.22 0.826 β 3 -1.089 0.475 -2.29 0.033 β 0 intercept; β 1 baseline trend before Suicide Prevention Act are introduced; β 2 intercept change after Suicide Prevention Act are introduced; β 3 trend change after Suicide Prevention Act are introduced. Table 4. Changes in suicide rate (per 100,000 population) before and after the implementation of the Suicide Prevention Act Categorization Group 1 (Significant impact on both level and trend) Group 2 (Significant impact on level or trend) Group 3 (No significant change) Nation Overall Gender Male, Female Age 60s, over 80 years olds 30s, 40s, 50s, 70s 10 th , 20 th Region City (Si), Province (Do) Gwangju City, Daejeon City, Gangwon Province, South Chungcheong Province, North Jeolla Province, South Gyeongsang Province Seoul Special City, Busan Metropolitan City, Daegu City, Incheon Metropolitan City, Gyeonggi Province, North Chungcheong Province, South Jeolla Province, North Gyeongsang Province, Jeju Province Ulsan Metropolitan City District Seoul Special City Seocho-gu, Jongno-gu, Jung-gu, Yongsan-gu, Seongdong-gu, Gwangjin-gu, Dongdaemun-gu, Jungnang-gu, Seongbuk-gu, Gangbuk-gu, Dobong-gu, Nowon-gu, Eunpyeong-gu, Seodaemun-gu, Mapo-gu, Yangcheon-gu, Gangseo-gu, Guro-gu, Geumcheon-gu, Yeongdeungpo-gu, Dongjak-gu, Gwanak-gu, Gangnam-gu , Songpa-gu, Gangdong-gu Busan Metropolitan City Dong-gu, Dongnae-gu, Geumjeong-gu, Jung-gu, Seo-gu, Yeongdo-gu, Busanjin-gu, Nam-gu, Buk-gu, Haeundae-gu, Saha-gu, Gangseo-gu, Yeonje-gu, Suyeong-gu, Sasang-gu, Gijang-gun Daegu City Dong-gu, Jung-gu, Seo-gu, Nam-gu, Buk-gu, Suseong-gu, Dalseo-gu, Dalseong-gun Incheon Metropolitan City Ganghwa-gun Jung-gu, Dong-gu, Nam-gu, Yeonsu-gu, Namdong-gu, Bupyeong-gu, Gyeyang-gu, Seo-gu, Gwangju City Seo-gu, Nam-gu, Buk-gu, Gwangsan-gu Dong-gu Daejeon City Dong-gu, Seo-gu, Nam-gu, Buk-gu, Daedeok-gu Ulsan Metropolitan City Buk-gu Jung-gu, Nam-gu, Dong-gu, Ulju-gun Gyeonggi Province Bundang-gu, Dongducheon-si, Guri-si, Namyangju-si, Yangpyeong-gun Suwon-si, Jangan-gu, Gwonseon-gu, Paldal-gu, Yeongtong-gu, Seongnam-si, Sujeong-gu, Jungwon-gu, Uijeongbu-si, Anyang-si, Manan-gu, Dongan-gu, Bucheon-si, Wonmi-gu, Ojeong-gu, Gwangmyeong-si, Pyeongtaek-si, Ansan-si, Sangnok-gu, Danwon-gu, Goyang-si, Deogyang-gu, Osan-si, Siheung-si, Gunpo-si, Uiwang-si, Hanam-si, Yongin-si, Giheung-gu, Paju-si, Icheon-si, Anseong-si, Gwangju-si, Pocheon-si, Yeoju-gun, Yeoncheon-gun, Gapyeong-gun Sosa-gu, Ilsanseo-gu, Gwacheon-si, Cheoin-gu, Gimpo-si, Hwaseong-si, Yangju-si, Gangwon Province Chuncheon-si, Donghae-si, Hoengseong-gun, Jeongseon-gun, Goseong-gun Wonju-si, Gangneung-si, Taebaek-si, Sokcho-si, Samcheok-si, Hongcheon-gun, Yeongwol-gun, Pyeongchang-gun, Cheorwon-gun, Hwacheon-gun, Yanggu-gun, Inje-gun Yangyang-gun North Chungcheong Province Cheongwon-gu, Jincheon-gun, Cheongju-si, Sangdang-gu, Chungju-si, Jecheon-si, Boeun-gun, Okcheon-gun, Yeongdong-gun, Goesan-gun, Eumseong-gun, Danyang-gun Heungdeok-gu, Jeungpyeong-gun South Chungcheong Province Sebuk-gu, Gongju-si, Nonsan-si, Hongseong-gun, Taean-gun Cheonan-si, Boryeong-si, Asan-si, Seosan-si, Geumsan-gun, Buyeo-gun, Seocheon-gun, Cheongyang-gun, Yesan-gun, Dongnam-gu, Gyeryong-si North Jeolla Province Gimje-si, Muju-gun, Jangsu-gun, Buan-gun Jeonju-si, Wansan-gu, Deokjin-gu, Gunsan-si, Iksan-si, Jeongeup-si, Namwon-si, Wanju-gun, Jinan-gun, Imsil-gun, Sunchang-gun, Gochang-gun South Jeolla Province Hwasun-gun, Jangseong-gun Mokpo-si, Yeosu-si, Naju-si, Damyang-gun, Gwangyang-si, Gokseong-gun, Goheung-gun, Boseong-gun, Jangheung-gun, Haenam-gun, Yeongam-gun, Muan-gun, Hampyeong-gun, Yeonggwang-gun Gangjin-gun, Wando-gun, Jindo-gun, Sinan-gun North Gyeongsang Province Gyeongju-si, Gimcheon-si, Gunwi-gun, Pohang-si, Nam-gu, Buk-gu, Andong-si, Gumi-si, Yeongju-si, Sangju-si, Mungyeong-si, Uiseong-gun, Cheongsong-gun, Yeongyang-gun, Cheongdo-gun, Seongju-gun, Yecheon-gun, Bonghwa-gun Yeongcheon-si, Gyeongsan-si, Yeongdeok-gun, Goryeong-gun, Chilgok-gun, Uljin-gun South Gyeongsang Province Jinju-si, Yangsan-si, Tongyeong-si, Gimhae-si, Miryang-si, Geoje-si, Haman-gun, Changnyeong-gun, Goseong-gun, Namhae-gun, Hadong-gun, Sancheong-gun, Haman-gun, Geochang-gun, Hapcheon-gun Sacheon-si, Uiryeong-gun Jeju Province Jeju-si, Seogwipo-si Ilsandong-gu, Suji-gu, Suncheon-si, and Gurye-gun are considered atypical cases where it is difficult to classify them into Group 2 or Group 3, and the interpretation is challenging due to the opposite direction of the significant β2 and β3 coefficients. Table 5. Changes in suicide rate before and after the implementation of the Suicide Prevention Act in Ulsan Metropolitan City Suicide rates Coefficient SE t-statistics P value Original, 1998-2021 (Group3) β 0 14.060 2.177 6.46 0.000 β 1 0.753 0.274 2.75 0.012 β 2 -0.128 1.785 -0.07 0.944 β 3 -0.380 0.200 -1.27 0.220 Until 2017, 1998-2017 (Group 2) β 0 14.060 2.222 6.33 0.000 β 1 0.753 0.380 2.69 0.016 β 2 0.986 1.805 0.55 0.592 β 3 -0.878 0.310 -2.83 0.012 1998-2021 except 2011-2017 (Group 3) β 0 14.060 1.181 11.90 0.000 β 1 0.753 0.149 5.06 0.000 β 2 -0.128 0.926 -0.14 0.891 β 3 -0.380 0.207 -1.83 0.082 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files Supplementaryfile.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 06 Apr, 2026 Read the published version in BMC Public Health → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 23 Apr, 2024 Submission checks completed at journal 18 Apr, 2024 Editor assigned by journal 18 Apr, 2024 First submitted to journal 16 Apr, 2024 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4278711","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":292950602,"identity":"8fb29d89-1ba2-432c-b318-f4acf98ab26f","order_by":0,"name":"Yuri Lee","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Myongji College","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yuri","middleName":"","lastName":"Lee","suffix":""},{"id":292950603,"identity":"266d24b7-4017-4f9d-a33d-f1e55b5f7754","order_by":1,"name":"Ichiro Kawachi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Havard T.H. Chan School of Public Health","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ichiro","middleName":"","lastName":"Kawachi","suffix":""},{"id":292950604,"identity":"a5ca9274-8e91-4639-a040-71772ae0c10a","order_by":2,"name":"Juhwan Oh","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAt0lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDACCfaDDz5UwHgHiNLCk2w44wxpWhjMpHnbSNHCL92QIDlzXl2ewQHmhx8YztwjrEVyzsEDBh+3HS42OMBmLMFwo5iwFoMbCQmJM7cdSNxwgMGMgeFDAlFaDA7zzqkDamH/RrQWw2beBmagFh6gLTeI0CI5IyeZccaxw4kzD/MUSyScIUILv0T68R8fauoS+463b/zw4RgRWhCAGYhJ0jAKRsEoGAWjADcAAKLqPzoFMmRVAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Seoul National University College of Medicine","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Juhwan","middleName":"","lastName":"Oh","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-04-17 01:59:29","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4278711/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4278711/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-026-27036-6","type":"published","date":"2026-04-06T15:58:23+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":55171172,"identity":"e9957fd7-7f96-4e72-9b56-0545c343a066","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-23 15:19:43","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":269272,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eChanges in suicide rate (per 100,000 population) regarding the Suicide Prevention Act (1983-2021) by age\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4278711/v1/2449d83eec57b875b7939cdf.png"},{"id":55171171,"identity":"729419df-8c89-4a37-906c-fd7f0c406cc2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-23 15:19:43","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":141075,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eChanges in suicide rate before and after the implementation of the Suicide Prevention Act in Ulsan Metropolitan City\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4278711/v1/4ca4a62dc4033a016c66b9f2.png"},{"id":106809195,"identity":"5b1092b3-09cf-4bf9-8dcd-fbfa51a1f0a0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-13 16:08:02","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1567171,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4278711/v1/07a6f4ca-9670-4711-b988-455c4ac16939.pdf"},{"id":55171173,"identity":"9fa37dec-fddb-4628-9f8e-70b0e0f4ca59","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-23 15:19:44","extension":"docx","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":7897065,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Supplementaryfile.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4278711/v1/91f5958aa090e6310ec4fe1e.docx"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Impact of Legislation of Suicide Prevention Act on Suicide Rates in the Republic of Korea: An Interrupted Time-series Analysis","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eSuicide was responsible for approximately 703,000 deaths worldwide in 2019, representing about 1.3% of all deaths (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). South Korea has the highest suicide rate among the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries, with suicide being a major social problem (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). The World Health Organization (WHO) recognized the importance of policies and legislation in promoting mental health and preventing suicide (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). One of the influential strategies to improve access to mental health services and implementation research for suicide prevention could be legal frameworks. Legal measures function as essential instruments for intervention, fostering the execution and efficacy of public health endeavors, notably in suicide prevention strategies (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). Revision of public health law supports community-based programs and public education and enhances public awareness of suicide as a public health program. Also, it helps to mandate mental health screening for individuals in schools or healthcare facilities, provide mental health services such as pharmacotherapy or counseling with preserving confidentiality and privacy of patients\u0026rsquo; mental health condition and improve the capacity of health professionals for suicide prevention through a training program. Growing evidence supports the effectiveness of particular public health laws and policies, such as restricting access to firearms, certain medications, and other lethal means (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e) and access to mental health screening and treatment services for people at risk for suicide (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccording to the WHO 2018 report on national suicide prevention strategies, only 38 countries have implemented national suicide prevention strategies or legislation among member countries (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e). The WHO\u0026rsquo;s LIVE LIFE approach for countries to develop a comprehensive national suicide prevention strategy suggests the early identification, assessment, management, and follow-up of anyone affected by suicidal behaviors (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e). It focuses on strengthening health systems and communities to prevent suicide. One of its key components is service provision at risk of suicide through emphasizing multisectoral approaches or any initiative that includes more than one government sector, such as health, justice, law, etc (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e). WHO recommends implementing policies to increase awareness of suicide prevention and reduce access to means of suicidal behavior, such as frequently used drugs and highly lethal methods, through national and local strategies involving regulations and legislation (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e). In Japan, the Suicide Prevention Act was enacted in 2006 to promote suicide prevention strategies (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e), while in the United States, the National Suicide Hotline Designation Act of 2020 was passed to establish 9-8-8 as the national suicide prevention and mental health crisis hotline number (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn Korea, the Act on the Prevention of Suicide and the Creation of Culture of Respect for Life (Suicide Prevention Act) was enacted on 30 March 2011 and enforced in April 2012. Since then, the state and local governments must establish and implement necessary policies for each stage, such as prevention, crisis response, and post-response, to actively rescue people at risk for suicide. It stipulates that the health authority establishes a master plan for suicide prevention every five years. Suicide prevention centers have also been established at national, provincial, and district levels to implement suicide prevention activities specifically. Early detection, counseling, education, and treatment are provided for suicide attempters, suicide riskers, and their families with budget support for their necessary expenses. At the same time, it is mandated to devise necessary policies for national life-respecting culture projects, education, and public relations (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Suicide Prevention Act requires comprehensive suicide prevention activities of the central and local governments and supports suicide attempters and victims and their remaining families. Its successful implementation would highly depend on the active participation of health professionals, especially in screening and preventing high-risk groups, including patients with depression and chronic physical illnesses and those with psychosomatic symptoms from various stressful life events (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e). This Act encompasses comprehensive suicide prevention initiatives, including public awareness campaigns, 'Gatekeeper' education programs, training for suicide prevention professionals, and the establishment of a robust suicide prevention infrastructure. These measures collectively aim to mitigate suicide risk factors across the national spectrum, demonstrating the instrumental role of legal frameworks in public health and suicide prevention (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDespite the increasing recognition of the importance of suicide prevention, the effectiveness of different suicide prevention strategies and laws remains unclear. Previous researches have identified gaps in knowledge regarding the effectiveness of legal measures in reducing suicide rates. Nakanishi using interrupted time-series analysis (2019), reported that suicide trends were not intervened by the Suicide Prevention Act (2006) in Japan (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e), while the onset of the 1998 economic recession was significantly associated with increased suicide mortality rates across the overall and subgroup population stratified by sex and age. However, a similar study in the United States showed no significant effect of the Great Recession on existing trajectories of suicide rates (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e). Meanwhile, according to the national suicide prevention strategies published by WHO in 2018, the Republic of Korea witnessed a decrease in suicide rates from 31.7 to 27.3 per 100,000 people in three years after the implementation of the Act, indicating that the enactment and enforcement of suicide prevention measures would have impacted on reducing national suicide rates with some years of the maturation period (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e). No prior academic research with causal inference has been conducted, and no heterogeneity analysis to assess the differential impact of suicide prevention laws by sociodemographic characteristics has also been done.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study examined the change in suicide rates after enacting and enforcing the Suicide Prevention Act in 2011. First, we examined whether the health legislation affected the suicide rates in the Republic of Korea. Secondly, subgroup analysis was conducted by age, gender, region, and district. Lastly, further exploration was conducted in region(s) with an outlying trend(s), if any.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStudy design\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe used interrupted time-series analysis to assess whether the trends of suicide rates changed following the introduction of the enactment and enforcement of the Suicide Prevention Act in Korea.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMaterials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe used data on total suicide rates from 1983 to 2021 published online by the Korean Statistical Information Service (KOSIS) based on the certification of death. These data provide the suicide-specific mortality rates by ten-year intervals in age group and gender. The data for regions and districts were analyzed from 1998 to 2021. The suicide rates of 255 districts provided by Statistics Korea that district represents the administrative units Si/Gun/Gu in Korea. We analyzed suicide rates in 253 districts, excluding two new districts for which no data were available.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariables\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFrom 1983 to the year 1993, Statistic Korea used the inter- and extrapolation-based projection of population based on the latest population census as the denominator for mortality rates, while Statistic Korea used the midyear population based on resident registration number as the denominator for mortality rates after 1993 (15). The number of suicide deaths per 100,000 population was calculated using the cause of death from KOSIS. Suicide deaths were classified based on the 9th and 10th revisions of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-9 and ICD-10), using the intentional self-harm classification (E950\u0026ndash;959 or X60\u0026ndash;X84) (16).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStatistical analysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe used interrupted time series analysis, a robust quasi-experimental design for assessing the longitudinal impact of an intervention, as it enables both random time fluctuations and the underlying trend to be accounted for in analysis (17,18) to evaluate legislation intervention impact on suicide rates (19). We fit the following linear regression equation:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSuicide rates\u003cem\u003e\u003csub\u003ey\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e = \u003cem\u003e\u0026beta;\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e+ \u003cem\u003e\u0026beta;\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026middot; time\u003cem\u003e\u003csub\u003ey\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e+ \u003cem\u003e\u0026beta;\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026middot; intervention\u003cem\u003e\u003csub\u003ey\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e+ \u003cem\u003e\u0026beta;\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026middot; time after intervention\u003cem\u003e\u003csub\u003ey\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e+ e\u003cem\u003e\u003csub\u003ey\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ewhere y is the year, time\u003cem\u003e\u003csub\u003ey\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003ecounts the number of years starting from the available data year, intervention\u003cem\u003e\u003csub\u003ey\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e is the dummy variable when 0 means the intervention is yet to be implemented and 1 represents the intervention is implemented, time after intervention\u003cem\u003e\u003csub\u003ey\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e counts the number of years from 2011 when the suicide prevention law was first enacted. From the right side of the equation, \u003cem\u003e\u0026beta;\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e is the intercept, \u003cem\u003e\u0026beta;\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e is the baseline trend before the intervention, \u003cem\u003e\u0026beta;\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e is the very first impact of the intervention, and \u003cem\u003e\u0026beta;\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e is the trend change after the intervention.\u0026nbsp;Statistical significance was determined as p-values of \u0026lt;0.05 in a two-sided manner, while all statistical analysis was performed with STATA 17.0.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn analyzing the impact of the South Korean Suicide Prevention Act, we segmented the data into four groups based on changes in suicide rates post-intervention, utilizing a segmented regression approach consistent with the recommendations of Bernal et al. (2017) (20). The first group, which demonstrates a reduction in both intercept and slope, is considered a highly effective suicide prevention method that significantly lowers the suicide rate promptly as well as gradually reducing as well over time. The second group demonstrates a reduction in either the intercept or slope and is considered the group with the law\u0026rsquo;s impact on suicide prevention, instantly or gradually. The third group, which illustrates no significant differences in the intercept or slope, was considered to have no effect.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe explored a region with outlying trends from others to further examine the underlying reason for the heterogeneous impact of the intervention.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study was exempt from institutional review board approval because we used publicly available data containing no personal identification.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe average suicide rate per 100,000 between 1983 and 2021 was 18.5 (SD=8.5), while the suicide rates of men were higher than women. The age-stratified analysis revealed an increasing trend in suicide rates with age, with an average of 4.6 per 100,000 for teenagers, 14.8 for those in their 20s, 19.2 for individuals in their 30s, 22.4 for those in their 40s, 25.6 for those in their 50s, and 80 for individuals over 80 years old. There have been regional disparities in average suicide rates; for example, the lowest regional suicide rate was 20.2 in Seoul, and the highest rate was 34.0 in Gangwon-do province between 1998 and 2021 \u003cstrong\u003e(Table 1)\u003c/strong\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe suicide rate was estimated at 3.49 per 100,000 in 1983, and the suicide rate appeared to increase significantly every year before 2011 by 0.86 per 100,000 (P-value\u0026lt;0.001). From the first year of the intervention (2011), there appeared to be a significant decrease in the annual trend of suicide rate (relative to the preintervention trend) of 1.29 per year per 100,000 (P-value\u0026lt;0.001) (21). In gender stratified analysis, suicide rates reversed direction from increasing before introducing the Act to decreasing afterward in both males (\u0026beta;3=-0.160, P-value\u0026lt;0.001) and females (\u0026beta;\u003cem\u003e3\u003c/em\u003e=-0.097, \u003cem\u003eP-\u003c/em\u003evalue\u0026lt;0.001) \u003cstrong\u003e(Table 2, Figure S1)\u003c/strong\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eAge-stratified results showed the legislation impact on reducing suicide rates over 30 years old, but there was no change in 20-29 years old (\u0026beta;2=-0.505, P-value=0.861, \u0026beta;3=-0.264, P-value=0.525) and 10-19 years old (\u0026beta;2=-0.444, P-value=0.479, \u0026beta;3=0.139, P-value=0.100). In the 30-59 years old, there were only decreases in the slope with no change in the intercept, and in the 60s (\u0026beta;2=-8.190, P-value=0.028, \u0026beta;3=-3.488, P-value\u0026lt;0.001) and over 80 years old (\u0026beta;2=-42.058, P-value=0.001, \u0026beta;3=-12.306, P-value\u0026lt;0.001), both the slope and the intercept decreased. The suicide prevention impact of the legislation appeared when the older age groups were increasing. \u003cstrong\u003e(Figure 1, Table S2)\u003c/strong\u003e. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eAt the regional level, the only suicide rate in Ulsan showed no statistically significant changes between before and after 2011 (\u0026beta;2=-0.128, P-value=0.944, \u0026beta;3=-0.380, P-value=0.220). There was heterogeneity within the province level as well as the district level, while eight provinces had a substantial enactment impact, including Gwangju, Daejeon, Gangwon-do, Chungcheongnam-do, Jeollabuk-do, and Gyeongsangnam-do \u003cstrong\u003e(Table 3, Figure S3, Table 4)\u003c/strong\u003e. Among the 253 districts, 34 districts (13.4%) belonged to Group 1, 184 districts (72.7%) belonged to Group 2, and 31 districts (12.3%) belonged to Group 3. Four typical districts were not easy to classify into Group 2 or Group 3,which intercept changes and slope changes had opposite directions to each other \u003cstrong\u003e(Table 4)\u003c/strong\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBoth male and female groups belonged to Group 2, which had an instant or gradual legal intervention impact (a reduction in either intercept or slope) effect. In the age-stratified analysis, the 60s and over 80 years olds were Group 1, which had a substantial law impact (a reduction in intercept and slope), and those in their 30s, 40s, 50s, and 70s were Group 2, which had an intervention impact. However, those in their 10s and 20s belonged to Group 3 (no reduction in both intercept and slope), which had no impact after legal intervention in 2011 \u003cstrong\u003e(Table 4)\u003c/strong\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUlsan province only belonged to Group 3, having no significant impact on suicide rates from 1998 to 2021 (Group 3, \u003cem\u003e\u0026beta;2\u003c/em\u003e=-0.128, \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e-value=0.944, \u003cem\u003e\u0026beta;3\u003c/em\u003e=-0.380, \u003cem\u003eP-\u003c/em\u003evalue=0.220). However, further period stratified analysis revealed that the early post-enactment period only until 2017 showed legislation impact showing reversed trends from increasing to decreasing with no intercept changes (Group 2, \u003cem\u003e\u0026beta;2\u003c/em\u003e=0.876, \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e-value=0.592, \u003cem\u003e\u0026beta;3\u003c/em\u003e=-0.878, \u003cem\u003eP-\u003c/em\u003evalue=0.012) while the late-enactment period (between 2017 and 2021) showed no impact (Group 3, \u003cem\u003e\u0026beta;2\u003c/em\u003e=-0.128, \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e-value=0.891, \u003cem\u003e\u0026beta;3\u003c/em\u003e=-0.380, \u003cem\u003eP-\u003c/em\u003evalue=0.082). \u003cstrong\u003e(Table 5, Figure 2)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eBefore the Act was implemented, suicide rates continued to increase, but after law enactment of the Suicide Prevention Act to protect citizens\u0026rsquo; individual life by promoting necessary matters for suicide prevention policies in 2011, the trend reversed to decreasing trend in both men and women as well as most of the subnational regions. The law effectively reduced suicide rates in those over 30, except those aged 20-29 and teenagers. The findings suggest that legal measures can be a comprehensive suicide prevention strategy. However, further research is needed to understand the differential effects of the legislation across age groups and subnational regions. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe results of this study indicate that the enactment and implementation of suicide prevention laws can significantly reduce national suicide rates, which is in contrast to the findings of a Japanese study that showed no effect (15). Therefore, it is essential to continue to study and evaluate the effectiveness of suicide prevention laws and strategies in different cultural and societal contexts to develop effective and targeted interventions for reducing suicide rates.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe mechanisms through which suicide prevention laws can reduce suicide rates are complex and multifaceted (22). Potential factors include increased awareness and education, improved access to mental health services, restricted access to lethal means, and a multisectoral approach that addresses the various factors contributing to suicide risk (23). However, the effectiveness of suicide prevention laws is influenced by factors such as the law\u0026apos;s specific provisions, the context in which it is implemented, and broader social and cultural factors (24). Further research is needed to understand these mechanisms fully and to identify the most effective strategies for suicide prevention.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis study reveals that the Suicide Prevention Act has effectively reduced suicide rates in Korea, particularly among older adults. However, the effectiveness of the Act in reducing suicide rates among younger age groups appears to be limited. One potential reason for this may be mental health deterioration among younger age groups, with an increasing number of patients diagnosed with depression and anxiety disorders significantly increasing recently, particularly among teenagers and those in their 20s (25). Furthermore, there is a lack of dedicated suicide prevention centers for teenagers. Existing resources such as counseling centers and helplines are fragmented across multiple agencies, leading to blind spots and gaps in coverage (26). There may be a relatively lower priority given to suicide prevention programs for young people due to the absolute difference in the number of high-risk individuals compared to the elderly population. As of 2021, the number of suicide deaths among 10-19-year-olds was 338 (7.1 deaths per 100,000 population), while for those aged 40-49 and 80 years and over, it was 2,298 (28.2 deaths per 100,000 population) and 1,239 (61.3 deaths per 100,000 population) respectively. This suggests that suicide prevention efforts might have focused more on middle-aged adults and elderly populations, with fewer resources for young people. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eIn our study, we delve into the impact of the South Korean Suicide Prevention Act, revealing its multidimensional influence on reducing suicide rates across various demographic and regional landscapes within the country. This exploration is particularly relevant in the wake of findings presented by Schlichthorst et al. (2022), illuminating the differential impacts of national suicide prevention strategies worldwide (27). South Korea emerges as a focal point in their study due to its robust, comprehensive approach to suicide prevention, characterized by an array of initiatives from widespread public awareness efforts to specific interventions aimed at vulnerable populations. The commendation of South Korea\u0026apos;s strategy by Schlichthorst et al. resonates with our findings, emphasizing the Act\u0026apos;s layered and extensive framework. Our research contributes to this dialogue by providing a granular analysis of the Act\u0026apos;s effects within South Korea, highlighting how its various components resonate across demographic and geographic strata.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe limited effectiveness of suicide prevention strategies in specific groups or populations may also be due to several other reasons. Firstly, from 2011 to 2021, there has been an increase in factors that can promote suicide, including personal factors such as stress, depression, and economic hardships, as well as community factors such as traumatic events, increased celebrity suicides, economic downturn, and the COVID-19 pandemic. Secondly, the suicide prevention law enacted in 2011 may have had blind spots and gaps in coverage due to a lack of sensitivity to specific regions or age groups, such as young people, which could result in limited policy effectiveness. Thirdly, the possibility of pre-existing suicide prevention strategies already in place before the law\u0026apos;s enactment may also have impacted the limited impact effectiveness of suicide prevention policies, as evidenced by the lower suicide rates among young people before 2011 compared to another age group. Future research should consider developing targeted interventions for younger age groups and improving the accessibility and integration of suicide prevention resources to address the challenges of teenagers. Access to mental health services remains a significant challenge for young adults.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eOur analysis found that the suicide prevention law did not significantly impact suicide rates in Ulsan from 1998 to 2021, considering the entire study period. However, when we limited the analysis to the immediate post-intervention period (from 1998 to 2017 only), a significant impact of the intervention on reducing suicide rates appeared in Ulsan. It is essential, however, to consider the economic conditions in the region, such as employment and unemployment rates, which may have resulted in an underestimation of the intervention\u0026apos;s impact during the economic downturn from 2011 to 2017. Further research is needed to understand the unbiased effectiveness of suicide prevention strategies in Ulsan, considering regional characteristics and economic conditions. Nonetheless, our findings suggest that the intervention may have positively impacted reducing suicide rates in Ulsan, particularly during the financial downturn. The shipbuilding industry downturn in Ulsan might have influenced a significantly negative impact on the local economy and might have led to a rise in suicide rates related to economic hardships. This can be speculated by the fact that the economic downturn in the shipbuilding industry in Ulsan led to a decline in employment rates, a rise in unemployment rates, and a decrease in economic activity (28) of which may have contributed to the higher percentage of suicides related to economic hardships in the area \u003cstrong\u003e(Table 5, Figure S4, Figure S5) \u003c/strong\u003e(29,30). The prevailing economic challenges in Ulsan, particularly within its shipbuilding sector, may lead to an underestimation of the Suicide Prevention Act\u0026apos;s impact in the region. The case of Ulsan highlights that in addition to public health interventions, social and financial support to alleviate economic difficulties and improve the local economy may also play a role in reducing suicide rates.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe atypical cases in some districts such as Ilsandong-gu, Suji-gu, Suncheon-si, and Gurye-gun underscore the need to monitor and evaluate suicide prevention policies to understand their effectiveness better and inform targeted interventions. The delayed impact observed in these regions highlights the complexity of factors influencing suicide rates and the potential time lag between policy implementation and its effects. Further research is necessary to elucidate the reasons and mechanisms behind these delayed impacts and to develop tailored interventions to reduce suicide rates in these areas. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eThere are several limitations that need to be considered while understanding the results. First, our study design was based on an observational interrupted time-series analysis. We cannot rule out the possibility of other factors contributing to the observed changes in suicide rates in case of unrealized intervention in the same period. Second, we used publicly available data from KOSIS, which may have limited information on risk factors for suicide, such as mental health status and access to mental health services, which would not necessarily be evenly distributed across different subgroup populations. We could not distinguish another mental illness status, if any, but only analyzed the overall suicide rates. So we could not examine the effect of the law on specific subgroups, such as those with mental illness or those who have attempted suicide. Third, while our analysis rigorously evaluates the impacts following the enactment of the South Korean Suicide Prevention Act in 2011, it is imperative to acknowledge that the act of legislation alone may not fully encapsulate the breadth, depth, and quality of suicide prevention measures executed at the state and local levels. This study\u0026apos;s scope primarily addresses changes at a national level, potentially overlooking the nuanced variations and the effectiveness of localized implementations of the Act. Consequently, further research is warranted to explore these dimensions and assess the comprehensive effectiveness of suicide prevention strategies across different regions within South Korea. Fourth, our study isolates the effect of the South Korean Suicide Prevention Act without delving into the efficacy of its specific components, hence it cannot definitively pinpoint which aspects of the legislation were most influential. Future research is necessary to dissect the Act further and to determine which particular elements contribute most significantly to suicide prevention, guiding more targeted and potentially more effective subsequent legislation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis study adds to the growing evidence that the enactment of suicide prevention, such as the Suicide Prevention Act, has effectively reduced suicide rates in the Republic of Korea. However, further research is needed to examine the potential impact after detailed policy adjustments and to conduct multiple-group analyses using data from other countries to understand the effectiveness of suicide prevention measures better. Investigating which intervention is better (31) targeting high-risk subgroups vs comprehensive approaches aimed at the entire population. Therefore, future research should focus on developing more targeted interventions for high-risk subgroups and evaluating the law\u0026apos;s long-term impact on suicide rates.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cp\u003eWHO - World Health Organization\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eKOSIS - Korean Statistical Information Service\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOECD - Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate - This study was exempt from institutional review board approval because we used publicly available data containing no personal identifiers.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConsent for publication - Not applicable\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFunding - Not applicable\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements - Not applicable\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003ePikala M, Burzyńska M. 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Analysis of current status of treatment for depression and anxiety disorders in the last 5 years (2017-2021) press release. 2022. Available from: https://bit.ly/3ZTFrre. [Accessed 11 March 2023].\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSeo Go-woon. A Study on the Causes of Adolescent Suicide and Prevention Measures: Considering the Developmental Characteristics of Adolescence. Korea Youth Policy Institute Research Report. 2021;1-167.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSchlichthorst, M., Reifels, L., Spittal, M., Clapperton, A., Scurrah, K., Kolves, K., ... \u0026amp; Krysinska, K. (2022). Evaluating the effectiveness of components of national suicide prevention strategies.\u0026nbsp;Crisis.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eBeyers WB. The Great Recession and state unemployment trends. Econ Dev Q. 2013;27(2):114-123.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eCoope C, Gunnell D, Hollingworth W, Hawton K, Kapur N, Fearn V, et al. Suicide and the 2008 economic recession: who is most at risk? Trends in suicide rates in England and Wales 2001\u0026ndash;2011. Soc Sci Med. 2014;117:76-85.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eFiksenbaum L, Marjanovic Z, Greenglass E, Garcia-Santos F. Impact of economic hardship and financial threat on suicide ideation and confusion. J Psychol. 2017;151(5):477-495.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eLinden A. Conducting interrupted time-series analysis for single-and multiple-group comparisons. Stata J. 2015;15(2):480-500.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp\u003eTable 1. General Characteristics\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" align=\"\" width=\"490\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"43.87755102040816%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCategorization\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.693877551020408%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMinimum\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.693877551020408%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMaximum\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.448979591836734%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.285714285714286%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"43.87755102040816%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSuicide rates (N=39, 1983-2021)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.693877551020408%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.693877551020408%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.448979591836734%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.285714285714286%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.591836734693878%\" rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"34.285714285714285%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOverall\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.693877551020408%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.693877551020408%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.448979591836734%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.285714285714286%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.92325056433408%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.252821670428894%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.252821670428894%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.769751693002258%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.801354401805868%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.92325056433408%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.252821670428894%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.252821670428894%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.769751693002258%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.801354401805868%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"43.87755102040816%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge (N=39, 1983-2021)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.693877551020408%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.693877551020408%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.448979591836734%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.285714285714286%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.591836734693878%\" rowspan=\"9\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"34.285714285714285%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0-9 old (N=20)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.693877551020408%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.693877551020408%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.448979591836734%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.015\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.285714285714286%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.92325056433408%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10-19 old\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.252821670428894%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.252821670428894%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.769751693002258%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.801354401805868%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.92325056433408%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20-29\u0026nbsp;old\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.252821670428894%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.252821670428894%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.769751693002258%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.801354401805868%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.92325056433408%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30-39\u0026nbsp;old\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.252821670428894%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.252821670428894%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.769751693002258%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.801354401805868%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.92325056433408%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40-49\u0026nbsp;old\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.252821670428894%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.252821670428894%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.769751693002258%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.801354401805868%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.92325056433408%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50-59\u0026nbsp;old\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.252821670428894%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.252821670428894%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.769751693002258%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.801354401805868%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.92325056433408%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60-59\u0026nbsp;old\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.252821670428894%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.252821670428894%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.769751693002258%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.801354401805868%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.92325056433408%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70-79\u0026nbsp;old\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.252821670428894%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.252821670428894%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e84.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.769751693002258%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.801354401805868%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.92325056433408%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOver 80 years old (N=29)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.252821670428894%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.252821670428894%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e128.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.769751693002258%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.801354401805868%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"43.87755102040816%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRegion (N=24, 1998-2021)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.693877551020408%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.693877551020408%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.448979591836734%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.285714285714286%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.591836734693878%\" rowspan=\"17\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"34.285714285714285%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSeoul Special City\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.693877551020408%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.693877551020408%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.448979591836734%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.285714285714286%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.92325056433408%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBusan Metropolitan City\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.252821670428894%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.252821670428894%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.769751693002258%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.801354401805868%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.92325056433408%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDaegu City\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.252821670428894%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.252821670428894%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.769751693002258%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.801354401805868%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.92325056433408%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIncheon Metropolitan City\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.252821670428894%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.252821670428894%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.769751693002258%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.801354401805868%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.92325056433408%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGwangju City\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.252821670428894%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.252821670428894%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.769751693002258%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.801354401805868%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.92325056433408%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDaejeon City\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.252821670428894%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.252821670428894%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.769751693002258%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23..6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.801354401805868%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.92325056433408%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUlsan Metropolitan City\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.252821670428894%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.252821670428894%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.769751693002258%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.801354401805868%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.92325056433408%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSejong City (N=10)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.252821670428894%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.252821670428894%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.769751693002258%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.801354401805868%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.92325056433408%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGyeonggi Province\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.252821670428894%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.252821670428894%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.769751693002258%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.801354401805868%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.92325056433408%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGangwon Province\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.252821670428894%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.252821670428894%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.769751693002258%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.801354401805868%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.92325056433408%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNorth Chungcheong Province\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.252821670428894%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.252821670428894%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.769751693002258%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.801354401805868%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.92325056433408%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSouth Chungcheong Province\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.252821670428894%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.252821670428894%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.769751693002258%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.801354401805868%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.92325056433408%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNorth Jeolla Province\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.252821670428894%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.252821670428894%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.769751693002258%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.801354401805868%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.92325056433408%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSouth Jeolla Province\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.252821670428894%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.252821670428894%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.769751693002258%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.801354401805868%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.92325056433408%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNorth Gyeongsang Province\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.252821670428894%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.252821670428894%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.769751693002258%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.801354401805868%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.92325056433408%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNorth Gyeongsang Province\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.252821670428894%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.252821670428894%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.769751693002258%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.801354401805868%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.92325056433408%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJeju Province\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.252821670428894%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.252821670428894%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.769751693002258%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.801354401805868%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 2. Change in suicide rates (per 100,000 population) before and after the implementation of the Suicide Prevention Act by gender\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"445\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.11659192825112%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSuicide rates\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.094170403587444%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCoefficient\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.192825112107624%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.452914798206278%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003et-statistics\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.143497757847534%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.20224719101124%\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOverall\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.561797752808989%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026beta;\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.359550561797754%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.490\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.213483146067416%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.740\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.48314606741573%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.179775280898877%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.053\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.09090909090909%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026beta;\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.862\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.909090909090908%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.109\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.818181818181817%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.181818181818183%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.390\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.09090909090909%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026beta;\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.495\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.909090909090908%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.719\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.818181818181817%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.181818181818183%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.390\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.09090909090909%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026beta;\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-1.285\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.909090909090908%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.187\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.818181818181817%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-6.87\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.181818181818183%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.000\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.20224719101124%\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.561797752808989%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026beta;\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.359550561797754%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.831\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.213483146067416%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.327\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.48314606741573%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.179775280898877%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.017\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.09090909090909%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026beta;\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.095\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.909090909090908%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.141\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.818181818181817%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.181818181818183%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.09090909090909%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026beta;\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.878\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.909090909090908%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.064\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.818181818181817%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.181818181818183%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.069\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.09090909090909%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026beta;\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-1.600\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.909090909090908%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.213\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.818181818181817%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-7.50\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.181818181818183%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.000\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.20224719101124%\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.561797752808989%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026beta;\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.359550561797754%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.075\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.213483146067416%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.177\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.48314606741573%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.179775280898877%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.367\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.09090909090909%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026beta;\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.631\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.909090909090908%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.081\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.818181818181817%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.181818181818183%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.09090909090909%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026beta;\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.860\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.909090909090908%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.541\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.818181818181817%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.181818181818183%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.580\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.09090909090909%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026beta;\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-0.097\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.909090909090908%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.187\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.818181818181817%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-5.16\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.181818181818183%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.000\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026beta;\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e intercept; \u0026beta;\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e baseline trend before Suicide Prevention Act are introduced; \u0026beta;\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e intercept change after Suicide Prevention Act are introduced; \u0026beta;\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e trend change after Suicide Prevention Act are introduced. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 3. Changes in suicide rate (per 100,000 population) before and after the implementation of the Suicide Prevention Act by region\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"445\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.11659192825112%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSuicide rates\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.094170403587444%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCoefficient\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.986547085201794%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.780269058295964%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003et-statistics\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.022421524663677%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.20224719101124%\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSeoul Special City\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.561797752808989%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026beta;\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.359550561797754%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.820\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.01123595505618%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.492\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.808988764044944%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.0561797752809%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.09090909090909%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026beta;\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.258\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.818181818181817%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.299\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.727272727272727%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.363636363636363%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.09090909090909%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026beta;\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.763\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.818181818181817%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.645\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.727272727272727%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.363636363636363%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.648\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.09090909090909%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026beta;\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-1.635\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.818181818181817%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.319\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.727272727272727%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-5.13\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.363636363636363%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.000\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.20224719101124%\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBusan Metropolitan City\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.561797752808989%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026beta;\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.359550561797754%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.111\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.01123595505618%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.254\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.808988764044944%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.0561797752809%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.09090909090909%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026beta;\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.569\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.818181818181817%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.262\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.727272727272727%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.363636363636363%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.09090909090909%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026beta;\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-3.376\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.818181818181817%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.666\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.727272727272727%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-2.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.363636363636363%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.056\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.09090909090909%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026beta;\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-1.863\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.818181818181817%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.294\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.727272727272727%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-6.35\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.363636363636363%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.000\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.20224719101124%\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDaegu City\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.561797752808989%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026beta;\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.359550561797754%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.961\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.01123595505618%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.375\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.808988764044944%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.0561797752809%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.09090909090909%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026beta;\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.369\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.818181818181817%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.276\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.727272727272727%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.363636363636363%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.09090909090909%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026beta;\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-3.348\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.818181818181817%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.672\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.727272727272727%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-2.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.363636363636363%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.059\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.09090909090909%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026beta;\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-1.387\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n 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width=\"17.818181818181817%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.690\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.727272727272727%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.363636363636363%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.757\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.09090909090909%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026beta;\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-2.103\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.818181818181817%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.291\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.727272727272727%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-7.21\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.363636363636363%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.000\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.20224719101124%\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGwangju City\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.561797752808989%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026beta;\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.359550561797754%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.075\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.01123595505618%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.683\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.808988764044944%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.0561797752809%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.09090909090909%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026beta;\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.521\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.818181818181817%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.249\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.727272727272727%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.363636363636363%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.09090909090909%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026beta;\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-4.709\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.818181818181817%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.091\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.727272727272727%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-2.25\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.363636363636363%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.036\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.09090909090909%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026beta;\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-1.546\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.818181818181817%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.336\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.727272727272727%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-4.61\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.363636363636363%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.000\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.20224719101124%\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDaejeon City\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.561797752808989%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026beta;\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.359550561797754%\"\u003e\n 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\u003cp\u003e\u0026beta;\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-4.590\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.818181818181817%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.040\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.727272727272727%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-2.25\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.363636363636363%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.036\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.09090909090909%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026beta;\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-1.182\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.818181818181817%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.316\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.727272727272727%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-3.74\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.363636363636363%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.20224719101124%\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUlsan Metropolitan City\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.561797752808989%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026beta;\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.359550561797754%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.060\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.01123595505618%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.177\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.808988764044944%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.0561797752809%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.09090909090909%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026beta;\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.753\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.818181818181817%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.274\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.727272727272727%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.363636363636363%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.012\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.09090909090909%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026beta;\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.128\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.818181818181817%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.785\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.727272727272727%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.363636363636363%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.944\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.09090909090909%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026beta;\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.380\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.818181818181817%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.200\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.727272727272727%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.363636363636363%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.220\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.20224719101124%\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGyeonggi Province\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(Gyeonggi-do)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.561797752808989%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026beta;\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.359550561797754%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.032\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.01123595505618%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.708\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.808988764044944%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.0561797752809%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.09090909090909%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026beta;\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.267\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.818181818181817%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.214\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.727272727272727%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.363636363636363%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.09090909090909%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026beta;\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.360\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.818181818181817%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.573\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.727272727272727%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.363636363636363%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.398\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.09090909090909%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026beta;\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-1.817\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.818181818181817%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.266\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.727272727272727%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-6.84\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.363636363636363%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.000\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.20224719101124%\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGangwon Province\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(Gangwon-do)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.561797752808989%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026beta;\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.359550561797754%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.126\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.01123595505618%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.889\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.808988764044944%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.0561797752809%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.09090909090909%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026beta;\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.784\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.818181818181817%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.319\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.727272727272727%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.363636363636363%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.09090909090909%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026beta;\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-4.910\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.818181818181817%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.320\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.727272727272727%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-2.12\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.363636363636363%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.047\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.09090909090909%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026beta;\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-2.790\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.818181818181817%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.436\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.727272727272727%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-6.40\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.363636363636363%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.000\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.20224719101124%\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNorth Chungcheong Province\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(Chungcheongbuk-do)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.561797752808989%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026beta;\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.359550561797754%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.051\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.01123595505618%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.757\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.808988764044944%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.0561797752809%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.09090909090909%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026beta;\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.674\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.818181818181817%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.233\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.727272727272727%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.363636363636363%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.09090909090909%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026beta;\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-3.632\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.818181818181817%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.386\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.727272727272727%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-1.52\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.363636363636363%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.144\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.09090909090909%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026beta;\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-2.471\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.818181818181817%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.313\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.727272727272727%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-7.90\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.363636363636363%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.000\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.20224719101124%\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSouth Chungcheong Province\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(Chungcheongnam-do)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.561797752808989%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026beta;\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.359550561797754%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.199\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.01123595505618%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.686\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.808988764044944%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.0561797752809%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.09090909090909%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026beta;\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.927\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.818181818181817%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.230\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.727272727272727%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.363636363636363%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.09090909090909%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026beta;\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-5.716\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.818181818181817%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.378\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.727272727272727%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-2.40\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.363636363636363%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.026\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.09090909090909%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026beta;\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-2.707\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.818181818181817%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.380\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.727272727272727%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-7.13\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.363636363636363%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.000\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.20224719101124%\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNorth Jeolla Province\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(Jeollabuk-do)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.561797752808989%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026beta;\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.359550561797754%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.737\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.01123595505618%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.048\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.808988764044944%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.0561797752809%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.09090909090909%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026beta;\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.714\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.818181818181817%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.104\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.727272727272727%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.363636363636363%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.09090909090909%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026beta;\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-5.482\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.818181818181817%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.471\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.727272727272727%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-2.22\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.363636363636363%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.038\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.09090909090909%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026beta;\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-2.119\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.818181818181817%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.270\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.727272727272727%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-8.06\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.363636363636363%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.000\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.20224719101124%\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSouth Jeolla Province\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(Jeollanam-do)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.561797752808989%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026beta;\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.359550561797754%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.527\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.01123595505618%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.548\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.808988764044944%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.0561797752809%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.09090909090909%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026beta;\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.308\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.818181818181817%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.206\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.727272727272727%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.363636363636363%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.09090909090909%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026beta;\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.689\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.818181818181817%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.704\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.727272727272727%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.363636363636363%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.690\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.09090909090909%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026beta;\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-1.803\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.818181818181817%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.322\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.727272727272727%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-5.60\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.363636363636363%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.000\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.20224719101124%\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNorth Gyeongsang Province\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(Gyeongsangbuk-do)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.561797752808989%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026beta;\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.359550561797754%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.375\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.01123595505618%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.213\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.808988764044944%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.0561797752809%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.09090909090909%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026beta;\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.209\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.818181818181817%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.154\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.727272727272727%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.363636363636363%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.09090909090909%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026beta;\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-3.173\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.818181818181817%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.770\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.727272727272727%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.363636363636363%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.088\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.09090909090909%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026beta;\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-1.667\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.818181818181817%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.289\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.727272727272727%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-5.78\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.363636363636363%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.000\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.20224719101124%\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSouth Gyeongsang Province\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(Gyeongsangnam-do)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.561797752808989%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026beta;\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.359550561797754%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.329\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.01123595505618%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.316\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.808988764044944%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.0561797752809%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.09090909090909%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026beta;\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.440\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.818181818181817%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.253\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.727272727272727%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.363636363636363%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.09090909090909%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026beta;\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-4.564\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.818181818181817%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.665\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.727272727272727%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-2.74\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.363636363636363%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.013\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.09090909090909%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026beta;\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-1.420\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.818181818181817%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.311\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.727272727272727%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-4.57\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.363636363636363%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.000\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.20224719101124%\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJeju Province\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(Jeju-do)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.561797752808989%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026beta;\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.359550561797754%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.357\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.01123595505618%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.145\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.808988764044944%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.0561797752809%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.09090909090909%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026beta;\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.861\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.818181818181817%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.394\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.727272727272727%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.363636363636363%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.041\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.09090909090909%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026beta;\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.664\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.818181818181817%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.974\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.727272727272727%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.363636363636363%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.826\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.09090909090909%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026beta;\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-1.089\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.818181818181817%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.475\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.727272727272727%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-2.29\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.363636363636363%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.033\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026beta;\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e intercept; \u0026beta;\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e baseline trend before Suicide Prevention Act are introduced; \u0026beta;\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e intercept change after Suicide Prevention Act are introduced; \u0026beta;\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e trend change after Suicide Prevention Act are introduced.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Table 4. Changes in suicide rate (per 100,000 population) before and after the implementation of the Suicide Prevention Act\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" align=\"\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.11173184357542%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCategorization\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.87150837988827%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGroup 1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(Significant impact on both level and trend)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50.391061452513966%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGroup 2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(Significant impact on level or trend)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.625698324022347%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGroup 3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(No significant change)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.368715083798882%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.743016759776536%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.87150837988827%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50.391061452513966%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOverall\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.625698324022347%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.368715083798882%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGender\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.743016759776536%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.87150837988827%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50.391061452513966%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale, Female\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.625698324022347%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.368715083798882%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.743016759776536%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.87150837988827%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60s, over 80 years olds\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50.391061452513966%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30s, 40s, 50s, 70s\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.625698324022347%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e, 20\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.368715083798882%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRegion\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.743016759776536%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCity (Si), Province (Do)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.87150837988827%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGwangju City, Daejeon City, Gangwon Province, South Chungcheong Province, North Jeolla Province, South Gyeongsang Province\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50.391061452513966%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSeoul Special City, Busan Metropolitan City, Daegu City, Incheon Metropolitan City, Gyeonggi Province, North Chungcheong Province, South Jeolla Province, North Gyeongsang Province, Jeju Province\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.625698324022347%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUlsan Metropolitan City\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.368715083798882%\" rowspan=\"16\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDistrict\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.743016759776536%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSeoul Special City\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.87150837988827%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSeocho-gu,\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50.391061452513966%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJongno-gu, Jung-gu, Yongsan-gu, Seongdong-gu, Gwangjin-gu, Dongdaemun-gu, Jungnang-gu, Seongbuk-gu, Gangbuk-gu, Dobong-gu, Nowon-gu, Eunpyeong-gu, Seodaemun-gu, Mapo-gu, Yangcheon-gu, Gangseo-gu, Guro-gu, Geumcheon-gu, Yeongdeungpo-gu, Dongjak-gu, Gwanak-gu, Gangnam-gu , Songpa-gu, Gangdong-gu\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.625698324022347%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.677804295942721%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBusan Metropolitan City\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.01909307875895%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDong-gu, Dongnae-gu, Geumjeong-gu,\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"53.81861575178998%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJung-gu, Seo-gu, Yeongdo-gu, Busanjin-gu, Nam-gu, Buk-gu, Haeundae-gu, Saha-gu,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGangseo-gu, Yeonje-gu, Suyeong-gu, Sasang-gu, Gijang-gun\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.484486873508354%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.677804295942721%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDaegu City\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.01909307875895%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDong-gu,\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"53.81861575178998%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJung-gu, Seo-gu, Nam-gu, Buk-gu, Suseong-gu, Dalseo-gu, Dalseong-gun\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.484486873508354%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.677804295942721%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIncheon Metropolitan City\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.01909307875895%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGanghwa-gun\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"53.81861575178998%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJung-gu, Dong-gu, Nam-gu, Yeonsu-gu, Namdong-gu, Bupyeong-gu, Gyeyang-gu, Seo-gu,\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.484486873508354%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.677804295942721%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGwangju City\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.01909307875895%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"53.81861575178998%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSeo-gu, Nam-gu, Buk-gu, Gwangsan-gu\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.484486873508354%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDong-gu\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.677804295942721%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDaejeon City\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.01909307875895%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"53.81861575178998%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDong-gu, Seo-gu, Nam-gu, Buk-gu, Daedeok-gu\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.484486873508354%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.677804295942721%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUlsan Metropolitan City\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.01909307875895%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"53.81861575178998%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBuk-gu\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.484486873508354%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJung-gu, Nam-gu, Dong-gu, Ulju-gun\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.677804295942721%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGyeonggi Province\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.01909307875895%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBundang-gu, Dongducheon-si, Guri-si, Namyangju-si, Yangpyeong-gun\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"53.81861575178998%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSuwon-si, Jangan-gu, Gwonseon-gu, Paldal-gu, Yeongtong-gu, Seongnam-si, \u0026nbsp;Sujeong-gu, Jungwon-gu, Uijeongbu-si, Anyang-si, Manan-gu, Dongan-gu, Bucheon-si, Wonmi-gu, Ojeong-gu, Gwangmyeong-si, Pyeongtaek-si, Ansan-si, Sangnok-gu, Danwon-gu, Goyang-si, Deogyang-gu, Osan-si, Siheung-si, Gunpo-si, Uiwang-si, Hanam-si, Yongin-si, Giheung-gu, Paju-si, Icheon-si, Anseong-si, Gwangju-si, Pocheon-si, Yeoju-gun, Yeoncheon-gun, Gapyeong-gun \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.484486873508354%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSosa-gu, Ilsanseo-gu, Gwacheon-si, Cheoin-gu, Gimpo-si, Hwaseong-si, Yangju-si,\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.677804295942721%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGangwon Province\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.01909307875895%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChuncheon-si, Donghae-si, Hoengseong-gun, Jeongseon-gun, Goseong-gun\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"53.81861575178998%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWonju-si, Gangneung-si, Taebaek-si, Sokcho-si, Samcheok-si, Hongcheon-gun, Yeongwol-gun,\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePyeongchang-gun, Cheorwon-gun, Hwacheon-gun, Yanggu-gun, Inje-gun\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.484486873508354%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYangyang-gun\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.677804295942721%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNorth Chungcheong Province\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.01909307875895%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCheongwon-gu, Jincheon-gun,\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"53.81861575178998%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCheongju-si, Sangdang-gu, Chungju-si, Jecheon-si, Boeun-gun, Okcheon-gun, Yeongdong-gun,\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGoesan-gun, Eumseong-gun, Danyang-gun\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.484486873508354%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHeungdeok-gu, Jeungpyeong-gun\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.677804295942721%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSouth Chungcheong Province\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.01909307875895%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSebuk-gu, Gongju-si, Nonsan-si, Hongseong-gun, Taean-gun\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"53.81861575178998%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCheonan-si, Boryeong-si, Asan-si, Seosan-si, Geumsan-gun, Buyeo-gun, Seocheon-gun, Cheongyang-gun, Yesan-gun,\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.484486873508354%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDongnam-gu, Gyeryong-si\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.677804295942721%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNorth Jeolla Province\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.01909307875895%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGimje-si, Muju-gun, Jangsu-gun, Buan-gun\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"53.81861575178998%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJeonju-si, Wansan-gu, Deokjin-gu, Gunsan-si, Iksan-si, Jeongeup-si, Namwon-si, Wanju-gun, Jinan-gun, Imsil-gun, Sunchang-gun, Gochang-gun\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.484486873508354%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.677804295942721%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSouth Jeolla Province\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.01909307875895%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHwasun-gun, Jangseong-gun\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"53.81861575178998%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMokpo-si, Yeosu-si, Naju-si,\u0026nbsp;Damyang-gun, Gwangyang-si, Gokseong-gun, Goheung-gun, Boseong-gun, Jangheung-gun, Haenam-gun, Yeongam-gun, Muan-gun, Hampyeong-gun, Yeonggwang-gun\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.484486873508354%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGangjin-gun, Wando-gun,\u0026nbsp;Jindo-gun, Sinan-gun\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.677804295942721%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNorth Gyeongsang Province\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.01909307875895%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGyeongju-si, Gimcheon-si, Gunwi-gun,\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"53.81861575178998%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePohang-si, Nam-gu, Buk-gu, Andong-si, Gumi-si, Yeongju-si, Sangju-si,\u0026nbsp;Mungyeong-si,\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUiseong-gun, Cheongsong-gun, Yeongyang-gun, Cheongdo-gun, Seongju-gun, Yecheon-gun,\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBonghwa-gun\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.484486873508354%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYeongcheon-si, Gyeongsan-si, Yeongdeok-gun, Goryeong-gun, Chilgok-gun, Uljin-gun\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.677804295942721%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSouth Gyeongsang Province\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.01909307875895%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJinju-si, Yangsan-si,\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"53.81861575178998%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTongyeong-si, Gimhae-si, Miryang-si, Geoje-si, Haman-gun, Changnyeong-gun,\u0026nbsp;Goseong-gun, Namhae-gun, Hadong-gun, Sancheong-gun, Haman-gun, Geochang-gun, Hapcheon-gun\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.484486873508354%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSacheon-si, Uiryeong-gun\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.677804295942721%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJeju Province\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.01909307875895%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"53.81861575178998%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJeju-si,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.484486873508354%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSeogwipo-si\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIlsandong-gu, Suji-gu, Suncheon-si, and Gurye-gun are considered atypical cases where it is difficult to classify them into Group 2 or Group 3, and the interpretation is challenging due to the opposite direction of the significant \u0026beta;2 and \u0026beta;3 coefficients.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 5. Changes in suicide rate before and after the implementation of the Suicide Prevention Act in Ulsan\u0026nbsp;Metropolitan City\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"445\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.11659192825112%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSuicide rates\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.094170403587444%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCoefficient\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.986547085201794%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.780269058295964%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003et-statistics\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.022421524663677%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.20224719101124%\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOriginal, 1998-2021\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(Group3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.561797752808989%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026beta;\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.359550561797754%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.060\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.01123595505618%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.177\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.808988764044944%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.0561797752809%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.09090909090909%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026beta;\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.753\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.818181818181817%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.274\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.727272727272727%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.363636363636363%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.012\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.09090909090909%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026beta;\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.128\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.818181818181817%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.785\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.727272727272727%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.363636363636363%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.944\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.09090909090909%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026beta;\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.380\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.818181818181817%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.200\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.727272727272727%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.363636363636363%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.220\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.20224719101124%\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUntil 2017, 1998-2017\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(Group 2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.561797752808989%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026beta;\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.359550561797754%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.060\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.01123595505618%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.222\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.808988764044944%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.0561797752809%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.09090909090909%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026beta;\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.753\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.818181818181817%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.380\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.727272727272727%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.363636363636363%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.016\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.09090909090909%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026beta;\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.986\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.818181818181817%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.805\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.727272727272727%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.363636363636363%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.592\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.09090909090909%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026beta;\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-0.878\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.818181818181817%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.310\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.727272727272727%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-2.83\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.363636363636363%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.012\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.20224719101124%\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1998-2021 except 2011-2017\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(Group 3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.561797752808989%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026beta;\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.359550561797754%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.060\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.01123595505618%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.181\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.808988764044944%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.0561797752809%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.09090909090909%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026beta;\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.753\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.818181818181817%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.149\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.727272727272727%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.363636363636363%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.09090909090909%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026beta;\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.128\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.818181818181817%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.926\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.727272727272727%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.363636363636363%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.891\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.09090909090909%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026beta;\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.380\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.818181818181817%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.207\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.727272727272727%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.363636363636363%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.082\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-public-health","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"pubh","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Public Health](http://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/pubh/default.aspx","title":"BMC Public Health","twitterHandle":"@BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Suicide Prevention Act, Health Legislation, Suicide Prevention Policy, Suicide rates, Interrupted Time-series Analysis","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4278711/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4278711/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eIntroduction\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eSuicide is a global public health problem, and the Republic of Korea has one of the highest suicide rates worldwide. In 2011, the Act on the Prevention of Suicide and the Creation of Culture of Respect for Life (Suicide Prevention Act) was introduced in the Republic of Korea to promote necessary matters for suicide prevention policies. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the Act in reducing suicide rates and identify the differential effects of the legislation by age and region.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe retrieved the suicide rates by sex, age, region, and district from the Korean Statistical Information Service (KOSIS). We investigated the impact of the Suicide Prevention Act on suicide rates between 1983 and 2021. We used interrupted time-series analysis to assess whether the trends of suicide rates changed following the introduction of the enactment and enforcement of the Suicide Prevention Act.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Suicide Prevention Act significantly impacted reducing suicide rates in South Korea. Suicide rates had steadily increased before the Act was introduced, but after enforcement, the trend reversed with decreasing rates in both men (β3=-1.600, P-value\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001) and women (β3=-0.097, P-value\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). Age-stratified results showed the legal effectiveness in reducing suicide rates over 30 years old, but there was no change in 20\u0026ndash;29 years old and 10\u0026ndash;19 years old. The Act's effectiveness in reducing suicide rates varied regionally, with the law not significantly impacting suicide rates in Ulsan (β2=-0.128, P-value\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.944, β3=-0.380, P-value\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.220). At the district level, around 86.2% of the regions demonstrated a positive impact, with most districts having a considerable effect and others showing a slight result on suicide prevention methods.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusion\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnactment and enforcement of the Suicide Prevention Act helped reduce suicide rates nationwide, suggesting that legal measures can be essential in implementing an integrated suicide prevention strategy. Further research should verify reasons and contexts in which the effects of suicide prevention regulations and guidelines appeared differently by age and region, as well as the mechanism of how the law could affect health indicators.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Impact of Legislation of Suicide Prevention Act on Suicide Rates in the Republic of Korea: An Interrupted Time-series Analysis","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-04-23 15:19:39","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4278711/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2024-04-23T07:30:14+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2024-04-18T22:31:28+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2024-04-18T22:31:28+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"BMC Public Health","date":"2024-04-17T01:52:48+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-public-health","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"pubh","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Public Health](http://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/pubh/default.aspx","title":"BMC Public Health","twitterHandle":"@BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"484f15f2-dd34-4d62-bb56-758e23f47833","owner":[],"postedDate":"April 23rd, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-04-13T16:04:04+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-4278711","link":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-026-27036-6","journal":{"identity":"bmc-public-health","isVorOnly":false,"title":"BMC Public Health"},"publishedOn":"2026-04-06 15:58:23","publishedOnDateReadable":"April 6th, 2026"},"versionCreatedAt":"2024-04-23 15:19:39","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1186/s12889-026-27036-6","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-026-27036-6","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4278711","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4278711","identity":"rs-4278711","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}