Assessment of the application for microelement methionine hydroxy analogue chelate replacing amino acid chelate in pregnant sows

Assessment of the application for microelement methionine hydroxy analogue chelate replacing amino acid chelate in pregnant sows | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Assessment of the application for microelement methionine hydroxy analogue chelate replacing amino acid chelate in pregnant sows Liu Guo, Shuan Liu, Chengyan Gong, Wei Zhao, Yuyun Mu, Yulong Yin, and 2 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-1765234/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Trace element additives are widely supplemented in animal feed to improve growth and reproductive performance, especially for pregnant sows. Although organic trace elements significantly improved production performance compared with inorganic form due to the better bioavailability, antioxidant and immune-promoting function, reports on comparison of the effects on different ligands is still limited. And it is not known that microelement methionine hydroxy analogue chelate (MHAC) whether has similar or even better bioavailability than amino acid chelate (AAC). Thus, the Zn, Cu and Mn chelated with methionine hydroxy analogue (Zn-, Cu- and Mn-MHAC) and amino acid chelate (AAC) were compared in two large-scaled farms under similar conditions. The results showed Zn-, Cu- and Mn-MHAC trace elements significantly increased reproductive performance of Landrace × Yorkshire (LY) 1st sows in treatment farm related to litter size and weight while reduced all adverse pregnancy outcomes ( P < 0.001) not only in partial application period but also in full application period compared with historical period, especially in live litter size ( P < 0.001), healthy litter size ( P < 0.001) and litter weight ( P 0.05) even significantly better production performance included litter size ( P = 0.003), live litter size ( P = 0.039) and mummies ( P = 0.011) compared to the control farm in the end of trial period which was much worse than that of control farm in historical period ( P < 0.001). In addition, all production performance of treatment farm had a continuous upward trend while control farm showed instability and decreasing trend. Our research revealed Zn-, Cu- and Mn-MHAC may have better effect on improving the performance of sows compared to amino acid chelate (AAC). methionine hydroxy analogue chelate microelements sows reproductive performance Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Introduction Microelements are essential nutrients for animals, widely involved in physiological and biochemical activities in animal growth and development, immune response and antioxidant stress[ 1 ]. As for gestation and lactation sows, the rapid growth and development of embryos and piglets leads to increased demand for trace elements[ 2 ], resulted in increased risk of micronutrient deficiency, which may lead to retarded fetal development, increased number of weak offspring, reduced litter weight at birth and survival rate of piglets[ 3 ]. A large amount of research shows that iron[ 4 ], zinc[ 5 , 6 ], copper[ 7 ], manganese[ 8 ], selenium, iodine and other elements are necessary for sows during pregnancy and lactation, the supplementation of these trace elements significantly affects the reproductive performance indicators of animals[ 9 ]. Both trace elements deficiency and overload will not only reduce the production performance but lead to adverse pregnancy outcomes[ 10 , 11 ]. Thus, the suitability of micronutrient nutrition can be evaluated by the reproductive performance of pregnant animals[ 12 ]. Organic trace elements are mostly chelate formed by trace elements with amino acids, proteins or other ligands, which can remain stable in the intestinal tract and be less antagonistic to phytic acid[ 13 ], so that organic trace elements can reach the intestine and be absorbed completely, thus improving the bioavailability[ 14 – 16 ]. Compared with traditional inorganic trace elements, organic trace elements supplement has higher absorption efficiency and can significantly improve the reproductive performance of female and growth performance of offspring[ 17 – 22 ]. Therefore, organic micronutrients are commonly used as supplements in sow production. The absorption utilization and effects of organic chelated trace elements with different ligands may have significant differences[ 23 ]. Trace elements chelate of hydroxy analogue of methionine as a common dietary trace element supplement was proved to have good stability and bioavailability without apparent toxicity[ 24 , 25 ]. Studies have proved that methionine hydroxy analogue chelated (MHAC) trace elements effected on lameness, growth, and body composition of sow[ 26 , 27 ]. And experiments on cows and poultry show that methionine hydroxy analogue chelated (MHAC) trace elements significantly improve growth performance[ 28 ], laying performance[ 29 ], mineral deposition[ 30 ] and immune function[ 31 ] compared with inorganic trace element. However, the effect of methionine hydroxy analogue chelated (MHAC) trace elements on reproductive performance of pregnant and lactating sows remains to be studied, especially compared with general organic trace elements such as amino acid chelated (AAC) trace element which including a variety of amino acids chelated in a 1:1 ratio. This experiment conducted in two sow farms for about one year compared the improvement effect of Zn-, Cu- and Mn-MHAC on the reproductive performance of sows to the addition of amino acid chelate (AAC) under the same level of genetic composition, basal diet, dietary trace element content and management model. The results showed that methionine hydroxy analogue chelated (MHAC) trace elements significantly improved the reproductive performance of sows at delivery and weaning compared with amino acid chelated (AAC) trace element, but the mechanism of its effect on reproductive performance remains to be further explored. Materials And Methods The care and handling of the sows used in this study followed the standards of the Animal Care and Use Committee of the Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Science (No. ISA-2017-012). This study was conducted at two farms 120 kilometers apart in the Longyuan, Fujian province. The experimental period was from January 1, 2021 to November 30, 2021. Animals, diets and experimental design Two about 1500 sow farrow-wean units within the same production system were used in the evaluation according to almost same genetic constitution ( Table 1 ) and management model ( Table 2 ) . One farm remained on their original amino acid chelated (AAC) trace elements formula (Control farm) which contain Zn-, Cu- and Mn-AAC with ferrous glycine. For the other farm, original amino acid chelated (AAC) trace elements supplement was replaced with a same level of trace elements from 1kg/t Mintrex® trace mineral provided by Novus which contain Zn-, Cu- and Mn-MHAC, and extra 100g/t ferrous glycine was added to the diet (Treatment farm). 1 kg/t Mintrex® provided 50 mg/kg Fe, 60 mg/kg Zn, 10 mg/kg Cu, 20 mg/kg Mn, 0.25 mg/kg Se and 1.2 mg/kg I in diet. The composition and nutrient levels of basal diet for sows in the experimental period is as follows ( Table 3 ) . In addition, dietary samples of sows were collected monthly to detect trace element content and nutrient compositions which ensure the contents of trace elements and nutrients compositions in the two diets were basically at the same level during the whole experiment period. Table 1 Genetic composition of two farms Genetic Control farm Treatment farm Landrace 3% 3% Yorkshire 20% 18% Duroc 3% 3% Landrace × York (LY) 74% 76% Duroc × Landrace × York (DLY) < 1% < 1% Table 2 Feeding management model of sow farm Items Method Gestation Sow mating times/time interval 3 times/12h Body condition control Adjust feed intake according to body condition Feeding pattern High-low-high model, 1.8–2.2 kg, feed two times a day at a fixed time Lactation Feeding pattern Feeding is restricted for the first five days, and free feeding begins on the sixth day Promote feeding methods Add yeast, wet feed Week piglet treatment Foster care or elimination Adjust the pigsty 2 times (The second day and half a month after delivery) Feeding time of piglets 7 days Weaning time 22 days Feeding environment Temperature and humidity control Negative pressure ventilation, water and Single drinking bowl Floor type Delivery room (full seam leakage), Pregnancy (half seam leakage) Table 3 Basic dietary components of gestation and lactation sows Ingredient Dietary inclusion (%) Gestation Lactation Con 1 Trt 2 Con Trt Soybean meal 19.00 19.00 20.00 20.00 Corn 56.00 56.00 57.00 57.00 Wheat bran 18.00 18.00 16.00 16.00 Soybean oil 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 Stone powder 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 L-lysine HCl (70%) 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 CaHPO4 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 NaCl 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 L-threonine (98.5%) 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 DL-methionine (98.5%) 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 Phytase 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 Vitamin and mineral premix 3 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 Nutrient levels 4 (Content %) DE (MJ/kg) 3.29 3.29 3.31 3.31 CP 13.06 13.17 17.00 17.00 CF 5.94 5.89 3.09 2.69 EE 2.09 2.34 3.24 3.44 Ash 5.43 5.34 5.13 5.07 Ca 0.83 0.81 0.89 0.87 Tatol P 0.59 0.63 0.51 0.50 1 Con, control farm. 2 Trt, treatment farm. 3 The vitamin and mineral premix provided the following per kg of diets: vitamin A 15000 IU, vitamin D 3 2400 IU, vitamin E 18 IU, vitamin B 1 2 mg, vitamin B 2 5 mg, vitamin B 6 2 mg, vitamin B 12 20 mg, vitamin C 200 mg, vitamin K 3 4 mg, Folic acid 0.8 mg, D-pantothenic acid 12 mg, Nicotinic acid 20 mg, D-biotin 0.6mg, Cu (Cu-MHAC/AAC) 20 mg, Zn (Zn-MHAC/AAC) 60 mg, Mn (Mn-MHAC/AAC) 20 mg, Fe (Fe-Gly) 70 mg, I (CaI 2 O 6 ) 1.2 mg, Se (Na 2 SeO 3 ) 0.25 mg. 4 Nutrient levels present mean value of monthly detection. Determination of nutrient components and trace elements in diets The contents of nutrients in the diet were determined by random sampling every month with a repetition number over three. The samples were tested according method AOAC[ 32 ]. And the trace elements of diets were measured by ICP-MS as described previously[ 12 ]. Reproductive performance data collection The historical performance monitor data was exported from the record keeping system. Record parities, varieties, mating dates, delivery and weaning dates of sows with ear tags. Litter size, live litter size, healthy litter size, death litter size, weak litter size, stillborn, mummies and weaned piglets were collected at the time of delivery and weaning, litter weight is taken at birth and the birth average weight is calculated by dividing litter weight by litter size. All these data of reproductive performance were import into Excel. Statistical analysis All the collected data of reproductive performance were recorded in Microsoft Office Excel, in addition, data of sows eliminated after May were excluded according to production records to reduce test error. Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS Statistics 25.0 software, and all figures were finished in GraphPad Prism 9.0. Since the gestation period of sows is 114 days, the whole trial period is divided into three periods: historical period (HP: 2021.1.1-2021.5.10), partial application period (PAP: 2021.5.11-2021.8.31) and full application period (FAP: 2021.9.1-2021.11.30). The difference between the two farm is performed using t-test, comparison between different experiment periods were analyzed by One-way ANOVA. Results are given as mean values or mean ± SD, P -Value < 0.05 means significant difference. Results Better historical reproductive performance of control farm compared to treatment farm The whole experiment was conducted on two farms over a period for about one year (2021.1.1-2021.11.30), and as shown in Table 1 , the sow variety on both farms were almost identical in structure. Under the same management condition ( Table 2 ) , the control farm used the amino acid chelated (AAC) trace element addition unchanged, in other farm, the Zn-, Cu- and Mn-MHAC were used to replace the original organic trace elements addition which was same as that in control farm began in May 10, 2021. Therefore, the historical period (HP) is before May 10, 2021, and the full application period (FAP) is after September 1, 2021 when sows are fed Mintrex® in the whole gestation. While May 11, 2021 to August 31, 2021 was considered as the partial application period (PAP) for statistics. Since Yorkshire and LY sows account for the largest proportion, the historical reproductive performance analyzed by variety (Yorkshire and LY) in two farms was shown in Table 4 . In historical period, the treatment farm had worse reproductive performance data that related with litter size and litter weight, especially litter weight ( P = 0.001), birth average weight ( P < 0.001) and weaned piglets ( P < 0.001) in Yorkshire sows, and the weaned piglets of LY sows in control farm was significantly higher than that in treatment farm ( P < 0.001). In addition, the index of adverse reproductive performance in treatment farm was significantly higher than that of control farm, such as death litter size, weak litter size and so on ( P < 0.001, P < 0.001, P < 0.001, P < 0.001) which reflected in two varieties. There are many factors for this difference, but considering that the data collected in treatment farm are all from the first farrowing sows since the farm was established shortly, we also compared the historical reproductive performance between the two farms by parity ( Table 5 ) . Analogously, all reproductive performance of the 1st parity was still much worse than that in the control farm, the litter size, healthy litter size, litter weight and weaned piglets in control farm were better than that in treatment farm ( P = 0.017, P = 0.006, P = 0.018, P < 0.001). In addition, all the incidence of adverse pregnancy outcomes in control farm was less than that in treatment farm ( P < 0.001). Table 4 Reproductive performance of Yorkshire and LY sows in historical period Item Yorkshire LY Con 1 Trt 2 SEM P -value 3 Con Trt SEM P -value Litter size 11.26 10.68 0.21 0.052 12.01 10.16 0.10 0.064 Live litter size 10.64 8.99 0.21 0.35 11.46 9.05 0.10 0.628 Healthy litter size 10.48 7.56 0.21 0.06 11.23 7.69 0.10 0.065 Litter weight (kg) 14.25 9.25 0.29 0.001 15.86 10.04 0.19 0.053 Birth average weight (kg) 1.36 1.04 0.01 < 0.001 1.40 1.12 0.02 0.913 Weaned piglets 10.22 8.67 0.11 < 0.001 10.41 8.66 0.06 < 0.001 Death litter size 0.55 1.69 0.12 < 0.001 0.55 1.11 0.05 < 0.001 Weak litter size 0.11 1.24 0.08 < 0.001 0.16 1.26 0.04 < 0.001 Stillborn 0.55 1.21 0.10 0.001 0.32 0.64 0.03 < 0.001 Mummies 0.07 0.48 0.06 < 0.001 0.23 0.47 0.04 < 0.001 1 Con, control farm. 2 Trt, treatment farm. 3 P -Value reflects differences between reproductive performance in two farms. Table 5 Reproductive performance of sows in historical period according to parity Item 1st parity 2nd parity 3rd parity Parity Trt 1 Con 2 SEM P -value 3 Con Con SEM P -value Litter size 10.23 11.72 0.09 0.017 11.99 11.64 0.14 0.607 Live litter size 9.03 11.08 0.10 0.314 11.45 11.13 0.14 0.454 Healthy litter size 7.69 10.83 0.09 0.006 11.19 11.05 0.14 0.479 Litter weight (kg) 9.9 15 b 0.17 0.018 16.03 a 15.55 a 0.19 0.055 Birth average weight (kg) 1,1 1.37 b 0.01 0.477 1.42 a 1.4 a 0.01 0.077 Weaned piglets 8.66 10.37 0.06 < 0.001 10.26 10.13 0.09 0.609 Death litter size 1.2 0.64 0.05 < 0.001 0.54 0.51 0.04 0.459 Weak litter size 1.2 0.17 0.04 < 0.001 0.18 0.7 0.02 0.232 Stillborn 0.72 0.44 a 0.04 < 0.001 0.29 b 0.4 a 0.03 0.109 Mummies 0.48 0.19 0.04 < 0.001 0.25 0.12 0.03 0.21 1 Trt, treatment farm. 2 Con, control farm. 3 P -Value reflects differences between reproductive performance in two farms and at different parities. abc means significant differences ( P < 0.05) between different groups. Methionine hydroxy analogue chelated (MHAC) trace elements narrows gap of reproductive performance of sows between the treatment farm and control farm In order to evaluate the effect of methionine hydroxy analogue chelated (MHAC) trace elements on reproductive performance of sows, reproductive performance data of LY sows in two farms was tracked and recorded. we counted and analyzed the mean value of reproductive performance data compared the difference between two farms by calculating the “adjust change” value, and the results were shown in Table 6 . Obviously, compared with the HP, the reproductive performance of the control farm in PAP and FAP decreased significantly, including live litter size, healthy litter size, litter weight, birth average weight and weaned piglets ( P < 0.001, P < 0.001, P < 0.001, P = 0.016, P = 0.004) except litter size ( P = 0.083), while all reproductive performance in treatment farm has been significantly improved in PAP and FAP compared to HP ( P < 0.001). At the same time, adverse reproductive performance in treatment farm decreased obviously, such as weak litter size and mummies ( P < 0.001, P = 0.013). And the “adjusted change” calculated by mean value revealed that the production performance of the treatment farm had been greatly improved compared with that of the control farm. Table 6 Reproductive performance of LY 1st sows in different trial periods Item Con 1 Trt 2 Trt vs Con HP PAP FAP SEM P -value 3 Net change HP PAP FAP SEM P -value Net change Adj change PAP FAP PAP FAP PAP FAP Litter size 11.88 a 11.36 ab 11.06 b 0.15 0.083 -0.52 -0.82 10.16 b 11.94 ab 12 a 0.08 < 0.001 1.78 1.84 2.3 2.66 Live litter size 11.29 a 10.59 a 9.39 b 0.17 < 0.001 -0.7 -1.9 9.05 b 10.56 a 10.78 a 0.09 < 0.001 1.51 1.73 2.21 3.63 Healthy litter size 11.05 a 10.48 a 9.19 b 0.17 < 0.001 -0.57 -1.86 7.69 c 9.04 b 9.77 a 0.08 < 0.001 1.35 2.08 1.92 3.94 Litter weight (kg) 15.45 a 13.96 b 12.72 c 0.23 < 0.001 -1.49 -2.73 10.04 c 12.41 b 13.29 a 0.15 < 0.001 2.37 3.25 3.86 5.98 Birth average weight (kg) 1.39 a 1.33 b 1.37 ab 0.01 0.016 -0.06 -0.02 1.12 b 1.19 a 1.24 a 0.01 < 0.001 0.07 0.12 0.13 0.14 Weaned piglets 10.51 a 9.88 a 9.39 b 0.14 0.004 -0.63 -1.12 8.66 b 10.48 a 10.33 a 0.07 < 0.001 1.82 1.67 2.45 2.79 Death litter size 0.59 b 0.79 ab 1.67 a 0.10 < 0.001 0.2 1.08 1.11 1.38 1.23 0.05 0.111 0.27 0.12 0.07 -0.96 Weak litter size 0.16 0.09 0.14 0.03 0.593 -0.07 -0.02 1.26 a 1.02 b 0.62 c 0.04 < 0.001 -0.24 -0.64 -0.17 -0.62 Stillborn 0.33 b 0.64 a 0.53 ab 0.06 0.084 0.31 0.2 0.64 0.69 0.81 0.04 0.286 0.05 0.17 -0.26 -0.03 Mummies 0.26 b 0.13 b 1.14 a 0.08 < 0.001 -0.13 0.88 0.47 b 0.69 a 0.42 b 0.04 0.013 0.22 -0.05 0.35 -0.93 1 Con, control farm. 2 Trt, treatment farm. 3 P -Value reflects differences between reproductive performance at different periods. abc means significant differences ( P < 0.05) between different groups. Changing trend of reproductive performance in two farms between January 1,2021 to November 30, 2021 To reveal the changing trend of the reproductive performance in the two farms, we displayed the reproductive performance from LY and 1st parity sows in line charts. As shown in the Fig. 1 , we analyzed the monthly reproductive performance indicators since May 2021 to compared with historical period. The reproductive performance in control farm was almost stable even slightly down for about one year while that in treatment farm had an overall upward trend. In HP, litter size, live litter size, healthy litter size, litter weight and weaned piglets in control farm was significantly better than that in treatment farm ( P < 0.001). These indexes in the treatment farm reached or even exceeded those in the control farm after September due to the continuous improvement of reproductive performance in the treatment throughout the whole trial period, especially litter size and live litter size in treatment was significantly better compared to control farm ( P = 0.003, P = 0.039) ( Fig. 1 a-d, f ) . However, the birth average weight of the control farm was significantly higher than that of the treatment farm during the whole experimental period, although which had a continuous upward trend in treatment farm ( Fig. 1 e ) . Changing trend of adverse reproductive performance in two farms between January 1,2021 to November 30, 2021 We also show the changes in adverse reproductive performance in Fig. 2 . Methionine hydroxy analogue chelated (MHAC) trace elements had a very significant effect on reducing adverse birth outcomes, especially in death litter size and mummies compared with traditional organic trace element additive. All adverse reproductive performance index was higher in treatment farm compared with control farm, death litter size and mummies maintained the downward trend after May in treatment farm while increased in control farm. As a result, death litter size and mummies in treatment farm were almost the same as and lower than the control farm at the end of the trial period ( P = 0.606, P = 0.011) ( Fig. 1 a, d ) . However, the weak litter size of the control farm was significantly lower than that of the treatment farm during the whole experimental period, although which had a continuous downward trend in treatment farm. And stillborn in two farms basically remain unchanged ( Fig. 2 b-c ) . Discussion In order to evaluate effect of methionine hydroxy analogue chelate (MHAC) on reproductive performance of sow compared to traditional amino acid chelated (AAC) trace elements, the experiment was conducted in two large-scale commercial sow farms in Fujian province. To ensure that the results of the experiment are minimally affected by the environment and other factors[ 33 ], the two farms with almost identical genetic constitution, basic diet and management model. The 120 km distance between the two farms ensured that the experiments in almost identical climatic conditions. Different from other previous organic trace element assessment experiments of sow, this research data come directly from a large number of samples in actual production which has more than two-thousand replications while almost researches used about one hundred sow replicates[ 34 , 35 ]. Furthermore, our evaluation experiment lasted a long time, almost one year, as opposed to just a few months, which covers the entire gestation and lactation period of sows. A large number of studies only compared the control group and the treatment group[ 21 , 36 ], but we analyzed the data from a multidimensional perspective which not only compared the data of the two farms at the same periods, but also analyzed the change trend of the data of each farm throughout the trial period and compared the data of different feeding periods. It has been reported that the reproductive performance of sows is significantly affected by variety and parity[ 37 , 38 ], the reproductive performance data of sows also was performed statistic by variety and parity. Such methods of analyzing data are used to objectively reflect the effect of methionine hydroxy analogue chelate (MHAC) on the reproductive performance of sows in actual production. Firstly, the historical data of Yorkshire and LY sows which account for the largest proportion in two farms was analyzed, the differences between the two farms are similar in both Yorkshire and LY, the majority number and weight related reproductive performance of control farm was significantly higher than that of treatment farm, and the incidence of adverse pregnancy was significantly lower. These results generally reflected that the production of the treatment farm was worse than that of the control farm, which may be due to that the treatment farm was a newly built with all data of HP in 1st parity. It has been reported that the reproductive performance of sows is significantly affected by parities, 1st parity is significantly lower than over 2nd parity[ 33 , 39 , 40 ], which is also consistent with our previous research[ 12 ] and the results of HP analyzed according to parity in control farm. Obviously, the number and weight related reproductive performance of control farm increased with parity, while the grade of adverse pregnancy outcome decreased significantly. In the actual production of sows, LY sows, as the main variety of breeding sow, which have significantly better reproductive performance of other varieties such as DLY, landrace and Duroc sows[ 33 , 41 ]. Therefore, improving the reproductive performance of LY sows in 1st parity is the critical point to enhance the production efficiency of sow farm. Then, we analyzed the variation trend monthly and compared difference of reproductive performance between feeding period of LY 1st parity sows which has importance to production performance of farm. Obviously, reproductive performance related to litter size and weight (> 100g average weight) of treatment farm significantly increased while the probability of adverse pregnancy outcomes reduced not only in PAP but also in FAP compared with HP. And production performance of treatment farm was similar as the control farm in the end of experiment which was much worse than that of control farm in the beginning. All these results indicate that Zn-, Cu- and Mn-MHAC can greatly improve the production efficiency of the LY 1st parity sows compared with amino acid chelated (AAC) trace element which is consistent with previous reports on sows, piglets, broilers, cows and other animals which made comparison between methionine hydroxy analogue chelate (MHAC) and inorganic trace elements. A similar study of sows showed that sows fed Cu-, Zn- and Mn-MHAC affects the intestinal health of fetuses and piglets, promotes the development of skeletal muscle to improves the growth performance of offspring[ 27 ]. Cu-MHAC even 50% Cu-, Zn-, Mn-MHAC substitution also significantly increased feed intake and weight gain of piglets, resulting in better muscle development[ 27 , 42 ]. In addition, Zn-MHAC improved milk production and significantly inhibited the inflammatory response of udder[ 43 ]. Methionine hydroxy analogue chelate (MHAC) may improve animal production performance due to its unique structural and chemical character. Different with amino acid chelate (AAC), methionine hydroxy analogue chelated (MHAC) has higher chelating titer (2:1) and hydroxyl modified methionine ligands which may be able to explain the better effectiveness of improving production performance. Both in vivo and in vitro experiments have proved that Fe- and Zn-MHAC have higher absorption efficiency without apparent toxicity compared with inorganic form[ 24 ], caused by great stability and integral absorption[ 25 ]. For broilers and hens, higher deposition and lower fecal emissions were also observed in Cu-, Zn- and Mn-MHAC, indicating better bioavailability in animals[ 44 , 45 ]. Better absorption and transport efficiency may improve the number and weight related reproductive performance of sows, which explains the significant improvement of reproductive performance such as live litter size, healthy litter size and litter weight by methionine hydroxy analogue chelate (MHAC). Interestingly, the reproductive performance especially in litter size, litter weight death litter size and stillborn of the control farm fluctuated obviously from July to October with hot weather, which usually results in severe heat stress in sows reduced production performance[ 46 ]. On the contrary, treatment farm maintained steady and slowly improving production performance over the same period. In addition to higher absorption efficiency, methionine hydroxy analogue chelate (MHAC) has been proved to possess a variety of biological regulatory functions. Zn-MHAC has antioxidant function and improves broiler meat quality by alleviating heat stress[ 47 , 48 ]. Zn-, Cu- and Mn-MHAC reduced arthritis biomarkers by improving antioxidant function and immune response of cows[ 49 ]. Therefore, antioxidant and enhanced immune function caused by methionine hydroxy analogue chelate (MHAC) may be responsible for stable and ideal production performance of sow. In summary, these may be the reasons for methionine hydroxy analogue chelate (MHAC) to effectively improve the reproductive performance of sows, but the mechanism remains to be further studied. Conclusions The large-scale farm experiment conducted on two farms under similar conditions showed that substituting Zn-, Cu- and Mn-MHAC for amino acid chelated (AAC) trace element significantly improved the reproductive performance of LY 1st sow which occupy the largest proportion. Obviously, methionine hydroxy analogue chelated (MHAC) trace elements significantly increased reproductive performance related to litter size and weight while reduced the probability of adverse pregnancy outcomes not only in PAP but also in FAP compared with HP. Zn-, Cu- and Mn-MHAC have higher bioavailability, antioxidant and immune-promoting functions compared to amino acid chelated (AAC) trace elements that may be responsible for maintaining stable and efficient of production performance. Declarations Funding This work was supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (2016YFD0501201), the Outstanding Youth Fund of Hunan Natural Science Foundation (2021JJ20045), the Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by CAST (2018QNRC001), the Science and Technology Program of Hunan Province (2020NK2013, 2020GK4095), the key R&D Program of Guangxi Province (2021AB200663). Competing Interests The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. Author Contributions Yulong Yin, Dan Wan and Cimin Long contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by Shuan Liu, Chengyan Gong, Wei Zhao and Yuyun Mu. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Liu Guo and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Data Availability The data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request. References Hovdenak N and Haram K. (2012) Influence of mineral and vitamin supplements on pregnancy outcome. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 164: 127–132. Matte JJ and Audet I. (2020) Maternal perinatal transfer of vitamins and trace elements to piglets. Animal 14: 31–38. Bhattarai S, Framstad T and Nielsen JP. (2019) Association between sow and piglet blood hemoglobin concentrations and stillbirth risk. Acta Vet Scand 61: 61. Buffler M, Becker C and Windisch WM. 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(2016) Partial substitution, with their chelated complexes, of the inorganic zinc, copper and manganese in sow diets reduced the laminitic lesions in the claws and improved the morphometric characteristics of the hoof horn of sows from three Greek herds. Porcine Health Manag 2: 26. Villagómez-Estrada S, Pérez JF, van Kuijk S, et al. (2021) Strategies of inorganic and organic trace mineral supplementation in gestating hyperprolific sow diets: effects on the offspring performance and fetal programming. J Anim Sci 99. Wan D, Li Y, Li G, et al. (2020) Dietary supplementation with N-carbamylglycinate (CGly) improved feed source proline absorption and reproductive performance in sows. Food Funct 11: 3126–3133. Mou D, Ding D, Li S, et al. (2020) Effect of maternal organic selenium supplementation during pregnancy on sow reproductive performance and long-term effect on their progeny. J Anim Sci 98. Mahan DC and Peters JC. (2004) Long-term effects of dietary organic and inorganic selenium sources and levels on reproducing sows and their progeny. J Anim Sci 82: 1343–1358. Payne RL, Bidner TD, Fakler TM, et al. (2006) Growth and intestinal morphology of pigs from sows fed two zinc sources during gestation and lactation. J Anim Sci 84: 2141–2149. Predieri G, Elviri L, Tegoni M, et al. (2005) Metal chelates of 2-hydroxy-4-methylthiobutanoic acid in animal feeding. Part 2: Further characterizations, in vitro and in vivo investigations. J Inorg Biochem 99: 627–636. Predieri G, Tegoni M, Cinti E, et al. (2003) Metal chelates of 2-hydroxy-4-methylthiobutanoic acid in animal feeding: preliminary investigations on stability and bioavailability. J Inorg Biochem 95: 221–224. Fabà L, Gasa J, Tokach MD, et al. (2019) Effects of supplementing organic microminerals and methionine with or without limiting growth during the rearing phase of replacement gilts on lameness, growth, and body composition. Transl Anim Sci 3: 717–730. Jang KB, Kim JH, Purvis JM, et al. (2020) Effects of mineral methionine hydroxy analog chelate in sow diets on epigenetic modification and growth of progeny. J Anim Sci 98. Zhao J, Shirley RB, Dibner JJ, et al. (2016) Superior growth performance in broiler chicks fed chelated compared to inorganic zinc in presence of elevated dietary copper. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 7: 13. Min YN, Liu FX, Qi X, et al. (2018) Effects of methionine hydroxyl analog chelated zinc on laying performance, eggshell quality, eggshell mineral deposition, and activities of Zn-containing enzymes in aged laying hens. Poult Sci 97: 3587–3593. Meng T, Gao L, Xie C, et al. (2021) Manganese methionine hydroxy analog chelated affects growth performance, trace element deposition and expression of related transporters of broilers. Anim Nutr 7: 481–487. Nemec LM, Richards JD, Atwell CA, et al. (2012) Immune responses in lactating Holstein cows supplemented with Cu, Mn, and Zn as sulfates or methionine hydroxy analogue chelates. J Dairy Sci 95: 4568–4577. Nguyen N, Jacobs M, Li J, et al. (2019) Technical note: concentrations of soluble, insoluble, and total dietary fiber in feed ingredients determined using Method AOAC 991.43 are not different from values determined using Method AOAC 2011.43 with the AnkomTDF Dietary Fiber Analyzer. J Anim Sci 97: 3972–3983. Tantasuparuk W, Lundeheim N, Dalin AM, et al. (2000) Reproductive performance of purebred landrace and Yorkshire sows in Thailand with special reference to seasonal influence and parity number. Theriogenology 54: 481–496. Ren P, Yang XJ, Kim JS, et al. (2017) Effect of different feeding levels during three short periods of gestation on sow and litter performance over two reproductive cycles. Anim Reprod Sci 177: 42–55. Mou D, Ding D, Yan H, et al. (2020) Maternal supplementation of organic selenium during gestation improves sows and offspring antioxidant capacity and inflammatory status and promotes embryo survival. Food Funct 11: 7748–7761. Choe J, Kim S, Cho JH, et al. (2018) Effects of different gestation housing types on reproductive performance of sows. Anim Sci J 89: 722–726. Segura M, Martínez-Miró S, López MJ, et al. (2020) Effect of Parity on Reproductive Performance and Composition of Sow Colostrum during First 24 h Postpartum. Animals (Basel) 10. Noguera JL, Ibáñez-Escriche N, Casellas J, et al. (2019) Genetic parameters and direct, maternal and heterosis effects on litter size in a diallel cross among three commercial varieties of Iberian pig. Animal 13: 2765–2772. Lavery A, Lawlor PG, Magowan E, et al. (2019) An association analysis of sow parity, live-weight and back-fat depth as indicators of sow productivity. Animal 13: 622–630. Nuntapaitoon M, Juthamanee P, Theil PK, et al. (2020) Impact of sow parity on yield and composition of colostrum and milk in Danish Landrace × Yorkshire crossbred sows. Prev Vet Med 181: 105085. König NL, Wähner M, Seeger J, et al. (2021) An investigation into uterine capacity based on litter and placental characteristics in two sow lines with different prolificacy (Danish Landrace x Danish Yorkshire versus German Saddleback). Reprod Domest Anim 56: 34–45. Gonzalez-Esquerra R, Araujo RB, Haese D, et al. (2019) Effect of dietary copper sources on performance, gastric ghrelin-RNA expression, and growth hormone concentrations in serum in piglets. J Anim Sci 97: 4242–4247. Kinal S, Twardoń J, Bednarski M, et al. (2011) The influence of administration of biotin and zinc chelate (Zn-methionine) to cows in the first and second trimester of lactation on their health and productivity. Pol J Vet Sci 14: 103–110. Singh AK, Ghosh TK and Haldar S. (2015) Effects of methionine chelate- or yeast proteinate-based supplement of copper, iron, manganese and zinc on broiler growth performance, their distribution in the tibia and excretion into the environment. Biol Trace Elem Res 164: 253–260. Min YN, Liu FX, Qi X, et al. (2019) Effects of organic zinc on tibia quality, mineral deposit, and metallothionein expression level of aged hens. Poult Sci 98: 366–372. Lucy MC and Safranski TJ. (2017) Heat stress in pregnant sows: Thermal responses and subsequent performance of sows and their offspring. Mol Reprod Dev 84: 946–956. Kuttappan VA, Manangi M, Bekker M, et al. (2021) Nutritional Intervention Strategies Using Dietary Antioxidants and Organic Trace Minerals to Reduce the Incidence of Wooden Breast and Other Carcass Quality Defects in Broiler Birds. Front Physiol 12: 663409. Gasparino E, Del Vesco AP, Khatlab AS, et al. (2018) Effects of methionine hydroxy analogue supplementation on the expression of antioxidant-related genes of acute heat stress-exposed broilers. Animal 12: 931–939. Zhao XJ, Li ZP, Wang JH, et al. (2015) Effects of chelated Zn/Cu/Mn on redox status, immune responses and hoof health in lactating Holstein cows. J Vet Sci 16: 439–446. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-1765234","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":114968249,"identity":"3fa637b7-a555-4db7-996d-b349ef7fd56e","order_by":0,"name":"Liu Guo","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Institute of Subtropical Agriculture Chinese Academy of Sciences","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Liu","middleName":"","lastName":"Guo","suffix":""},{"id":114968250,"identity":"fb2b0d71-13aa-4465-9164-f9bfb3ee0d09","order_by":1,"name":"Shuan Liu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Institute of Subtropical Agriculture Chinese Academy of Sciences","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Shuan","middleName":"","lastName":"Liu","suffix":""},{"id":114968251,"identity":"92a8946c-47ce-4988-af53-fe667ad513ef","order_by":2,"name":"Chengyan Gong","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Institute of Subtropical Agriculture Chinese Academy of Sciences","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Chengyan","middleName":"","lastName":"Gong","suffix":""},{"id":114968252,"identity":"c887316d-7517-44dc-bb5e-8b4eb0556784","order_by":3,"name":"Wei Zhao","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Novus International Trading (Shanghai) Co., Ltd","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Wei","middleName":"","lastName":"Zhao","suffix":""},{"id":114968254,"identity":"06caf516-8da5-47d1-97b5-df899bac6396","order_by":4,"name":"Yuyun Mu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Novus International Trading (Shanghai) Co., Ltd","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yuyun","middleName":"","lastName":"Mu","suffix":""},{"id":114968256,"identity":"ee5861a5-2971-4621-a225-4b5cb960e3af","order_by":5,"name":"Yulong Yin","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Institute of Subtropical Agriculture Chinese Academy of Sciences","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yulong","middleName":"","lastName":"Yin","suffix":""},{"id":114968257,"identity":"185e596c-e57b-4882-932b-a2f17263585d","order_by":6,"name":"Cimin Long","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Institute of Subtropical Agriculture Chinese Academy of Sciences","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Cimin","middleName":"","lastName":"Long","suffix":""},{"id":114968258,"identity":"85fd7bd9-3bc0-4043-8c3d-dc16dbce3cd8","order_by":7,"name":"Dan Wan","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAp0lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYHACAwaGCgmStZwhWQtjG0nqDzBv/Fw4z8Kev4H54QeGmjvEaGErlp65TSJxxgE2YwmGY88IazE7wGMgzbtNIoHhAIMZA2PDYaK0GP/mnSNhL3+A/RvRWsykeRskGDcAGcRpsT/MVmbNc0wiceNhnmKJhGNEaJFsb958m6emzl7uePvGDx9qiNDCwIzMSCBCwygYBaNgFIwCIgAAiHgxlpD9hFMAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Institute of Subtropical Agriculture Chinese Academy of Sciences","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Dan","middleName":"","lastName":"Wan","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2022-06-16 13:44:15","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-1765234/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1765234/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":23128502,"identity":"b076d074-27d1-4061-8b2a-bc52cf6dce28","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-06-27 14:06:43","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":478297,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eChanging trend of reproductive performance in two farms (LY, 1\u003csup\u003est\u003c/sup\u003e parity).\u003cstrong\u003e \u003c/strong\u003eAbbreviations: Con, control farm; Trt, treatment farm; HP, historical period. \u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e, \u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e, \u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e present significant difference between two farms and mean \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e-value \u0026lt; 0.05, \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e-value \u0026lt; 0.01, \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e-value \u0026lt; 0.001. \u003cstrong\u003ea\u003c/strong\u003e Changing trend of litter size; \u003cstrong\u003eb\u003c/strong\u003e Changing trend of live litter size; \u003cstrong\u003ec\u003c/strong\u003e Changing trend of healthy litter size; \u003cstrong\u003ed\u003c/strong\u003e Changing trend of litter weight (kg); \u003cstrong\u003ee\u003c/strong\u003e Changing trend of birth average weight (kg); \u003cstrong\u003ef\u003c/strong\u003e Changing trend of weaned piglets.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1765234/v1/68f769230b37a42cc0eedf2f.png"},{"id":23128504,"identity":"19c9ca28-80ad-4ea4-850a-0eabaa194626","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-06-27 14:06:43","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":381538,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eChanging trend of adverse reproductive performance in two farms (LY, 1\u003csup\u003est\u003c/sup\u003e parity). Abbreviations: Con, control farm; Trt, treatment farm; HP, historical period. \u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e, \u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e, \u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e present significant difference between two farms and mean \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e-value \u0026lt; 0.05, \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e-value \u0026lt; 0.01, \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e-value \u0026lt; 0.001. \u003cstrong\u003ea\u003c/strong\u003e Changing trend of death litter size; \u003cstrong\u003eb\u003c/strong\u003e Changing trend of live weak litter size; \u003cstrong\u003ec\u003c/strong\u003e Changing trend of stillborn; \u003cstrong\u003ed\u003c/strong\u003e Changing trend of mummies.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1765234/v1/574bed018d92e88a461290c3.png"},{"id":24114560,"identity":"e7cd60d7-6dda-4151-81a4-e12225838f43","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-07-20 23:14:19","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":724443,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1765234/v1/eddd858b-f94c-4661-b4eb-ef703ab551c3.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Assessment of the application for microelement methionine hydroxy analogue chelate replacing amino acid chelate in pregnant sows","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eMicroelements are essential nutrients for animals, widely involved in physiological and biochemical activities in animal growth and development, immune response and antioxidant stress[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. As for gestation and lactation sows, the rapid growth and development of embryos and piglets leads to increased demand for trace elements[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e], resulted in increased risk of micronutrient deficiency, which may lead to retarded fetal development, increased number of weak offspring, reduced litter weight at birth and survival rate of piglets[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. A large amount of research shows that iron[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e], zinc[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e], copper[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e], manganese[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e], selenium, iodine and other elements are necessary for sows during pregnancy and lactation, the supplementation of these trace elements significantly affects the reproductive performance indicators of animals[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]. Both trace elements deficiency and overload will not only reduce the production performance but lead to adverse pregnancy outcomes[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]. Thus, the suitability of micronutrient nutrition can be evaluated by the reproductive performance of pregnant animals[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOrganic trace elements are mostly chelate formed by trace elements with amino acids, proteins or other ligands, which can remain stable in the intestinal tract and be less antagonistic to phytic acid[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e], so that organic trace elements can reach the intestine and be absorbed completely, thus improving the bioavailability[\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR15\" citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e]. Compared with traditional inorganic trace elements, organic trace elements supplement has higher absorption efficiency and can significantly improve the reproductive performance of female and growth performance of offspring[\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR18 CR19 CR20 CR21\" citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e]. Therefore, organic micronutrients are commonly used as supplements in sow production.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe absorption utilization and effects of organic chelated trace elements with different ligands may have significant differences[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e]. Trace elements chelate of hydroxy analogue of methionine as a common dietary trace element supplement was proved to have good stability and bioavailability without apparent toxicity[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e]. Studies have proved that methionine hydroxy analogue chelated (MHAC) trace elements effected on lameness, growth, and body composition of sow[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e]. And experiments on cows and poultry show that methionine hydroxy analogue chelated (MHAC) trace elements significantly improve growth performance[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e], laying performance[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e], mineral deposition[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e] and immune function[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e] compared with inorganic trace element. However, the effect of methionine hydroxy analogue chelated (MHAC) trace elements on reproductive performance of pregnant and lactating sows remains to be studied, especially compared with general organic trace elements such as amino acid chelated (AAC) trace element which including a variety of amino acids chelated in a 1:1 ratio. This experiment conducted in two sow farms for about one year compared the improvement effect of Zn-, Cu- and Mn-MHAC on the reproductive performance of sows to the addition of amino acid chelate (AAC) under the same level of genetic composition, basal diet, dietary trace element content and management model. The results showed that methionine hydroxy analogue chelated (MHAC) trace elements significantly improved the reproductive performance of sows at delivery and weaning compared with amino acid chelated (AAC) trace element, but the mechanism of its effect on reproductive performance remains to be further explored.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials And Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e The care and handling of the sows used in this study followed the standards of the Animal Care and Use Committee of the Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Science (No. ISA-2017-012). This study was conducted at two farms 120 kilometers apart in the Longyuan, Fujian province. The experimental period was from January 1, 2021 to November 30, 2021.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eAnimals, diets and experimental design\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTwo about 1500 sow farrow-wean units within the same production system were used in the evaluation according to almost same genetic constitution \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e and management model \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e. One farm remained on their original amino acid chelated (AAC) trace elements formula (Control farm) which contain Zn-, Cu- and Mn-AAC with ferrous glycine. For the other farm, original amino acid chelated (AAC) trace elements supplement was replaced with a same level of trace elements from 1kg/t Mintrex\u0026reg; trace mineral provided by Novus which contain Zn-, Cu- and Mn-MHAC, and extra 100g/t ferrous glycine was added to the diet (Treatment farm). 1 kg/t Mintrex\u0026reg; provided 50 mg/kg Fe, 60 mg/kg Zn, 10 mg/kg Cu, 20 mg/kg Mn, 0.25 mg/kg Se and 1.2 mg/kg I in diet. The composition and nutrient levels of basal diet for sows in the experimental period is as follows \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e. In addition, dietary samples of sows were collected monthly to detect trace element content and nutrient compositions which ensure the contents of trace elements and nutrients compositions in the two diets were basically at the same level during the whole experiment period.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGenetic composition of two farms\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGenetic\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eControl farm\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatment farm\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLandrace\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYorkshire\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDuroc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLandrace \u0026times; York (LY)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e74%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e76%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDuroc \u0026times; Landrace \u0026times; York (DLY)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;1%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;1%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFeeding management model of sow farm\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eItems\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMethod\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGestation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSow mating times/time interval\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 times/12h\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBody condition control\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdjust feed intake according to body condition\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFeeding pattern\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigh-low-high model, 1.8\u0026ndash;2.2 kg, feed two times a day at a fixed time\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLactation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFeeding pattern\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFeeding is restricted for the first five days, and free feeding begins on the sixth day\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePromote feeding methods\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdd yeast, wet feed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeek piglet treatment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFoster care or elimination\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdjust the pigsty\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 times (The second day and half a month after delivery)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFeeding time of piglets\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7 days\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeaning time\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22 days\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFeeding environment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTemperature and humidity control\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNegative pressure ventilation, water and Single drinking bowl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFloor type\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDelivery room (full seam leakage), Pregnancy (half seam leakage)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBasic dietary components of gestation and lactation sows\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIngredient\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDietary inclusion (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGestation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLactation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCon\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTrt\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCon\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTrt\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSoybean meal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCorn\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWheat bran\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSoybean oil\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStone powder\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eL-lysine HCl (70%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCaHPO4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNaCl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eL-threonine (98.5%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDL-methionine (98.5%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhytase\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVitamin and mineral premix\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNutrient levels\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e4\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e \u003cb\u003e(Content %)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDE (MJ/kg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAsh\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTatol P\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003eCon, control farm.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003eTrt, treatment farm.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003eThe vitamin and mineral premix provided the following per kg of diets: vitamin A 15000 IU, vitamin D\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e 2400 IU, vitamin E 18 IU, vitamin B\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e 2 mg, vitamin B\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e 5 mg, vitamin B\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e 2 mg, vitamin B\u003csub\u003e12\u003c/sub\u003e 20 mg, vitamin C 200 mg, vitamin K\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e 4 mg, Folic acid 0.8 mg, D-pantothenic acid 12 mg, Nicotinic acid 20 mg, D-biotin 0.6mg, Cu (Cu-MHAC/AAC) 20 mg, Zn (Zn-MHAC/AAC) 60 mg, Mn (Mn-MHAC/AAC) 20 mg, Fe (Fe-Gly) 70 mg, I (CaI\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e) 1.2 mg, Se (Na\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eSeO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e) 0.25 mg.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e4\u003c/sup\u003eNutrient levels present mean value of monthly detection.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eDetermination of nutrient components and trace elements in diets\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe contents of nutrients in the diet were determined by random sampling every month with a repetition number over three. The samples were tested according method AOAC[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e]. And the trace elements of diets were measured by ICP-MS as described previously[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eReproductive performance data collection\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe historical performance monitor data was exported from the record keeping system. Record parities, varieties, mating dates, delivery and weaning dates of sows with ear tags. Litter size, live litter size, healthy litter size, death litter size, weak litter size, stillborn, mummies and weaned piglets were collected at the time of delivery and weaning, litter weight is taken at birth and the birth average weight is calculated by dividing litter weight by litter size. All these data of reproductive performance were import into Excel.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStatistical analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll the collected data of reproductive performance were recorded in Microsoft Office Excel, in addition, data of sows eliminated after May were excluded according to production records to reduce test error. Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS Statistics 25.0 software, and all figures were finished in GraphPad Prism 9.0. Since the gestation period of sows is 114 days, the whole trial period is divided into three periods: historical period (HP: 2021.1.1-2021.5.10), partial application period (PAP: 2021.5.11-2021.8.31) and full application period (FAP: 2021.9.1-2021.11.30). The difference between the two farm is performed using t-test, comparison between different experiment periods were analyzed by One-way ANOVA. Results are given as mean values or mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD, \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e-Value\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05 means significant difference.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"Section2\" id=\"Sec8\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eBetter historical reproductive performance of control farm compared to treatment farm\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe whole experiment was conducted on two farms over a period for about one year (2021.1.1-2021.11.30), and as shown in Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, the sow variety on both farms were almost identical in structure. Under the same management condition \u003cstrong\u003e(\u003c/strong\u003eTable \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e)\u003c/strong\u003e, the control farm used the amino acid chelated (AAC) trace element addition unchanged, in other farm, the Zn-, Cu- and Mn-MHAC were used to replace the original organic trace elements addition which was same as that in control farm began in May 10, 2021. Therefore, the historical period (HP) is before May 10, 2021, and the full application period (FAP) is after September 1, 2021 when sows are fed Mintrex\u0026reg; in the whole gestation. While May 11, 2021 to August 31, 2021 was considered as the partial application period (PAP) for statistics.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSince Yorkshire and LY sows account for the largest proportion, the historical reproductive performance analyzed by variety (Yorkshire and LY) in two farms was shown in Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e. In historical period, the treatment farm had worse reproductive performance data that related with litter size and litter weight, especially litter weight (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001), birth average weight (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001) and weaned piglets (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001) in Yorkshire sows, and the weaned piglets of LY sows in control farm was significantly higher than that in treatment farm (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). In addition, the index of adverse reproductive performance in treatment farm was significantly higher than that of control farm, such as death litter size, weak litter size and so on (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001, \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001, \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001, \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001) which reflected in two varieties. There are many factors for this difference, but considering that the data collected in treatment farm are all from the first farrowing sows since the farm was established shortly, we also compared the historical reproductive performance between the two farms by parity \u003cstrong\u003e(\u003c/strong\u003eTable \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e)\u003c/strong\u003e. Analogously, all reproductive performance of the 1st parity was still much worse than that in the control farm, the litter size, healthy litter size, litter weight and weaned piglets in control farm were better than that in treatment farm (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.017, \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.006, \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.018, \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). In addition, all the incidence of adverse pregnancy outcomes in control farm was less than that in treatment farm (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" id=\"Tab4\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReproductive performance of Yorkshire and LY sows in historical period\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eItem\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYorkshire\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLY\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCon\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTrt\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSEM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e-value\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCon\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTrt\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSEM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e-value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLitter size\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.052\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.064\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLive litter size\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.628\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHealthy litter size\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.065\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLitter weight (kg)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.053\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBirth average weight (kg)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.913\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWeaned piglets\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDeath litter size\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWeak litter size\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStillborn\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMummies\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003ctfoot\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"9\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003eCon, control farm.\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"9\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003eTrt, treatment farm.\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"9\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e-Value reflects differences between reproductive performance in two farms.\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tfoot\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003ctable border=\"1\" id=\"Tab5\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReproductive performance of sows in historical period according to parity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eItem\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1st parity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2nd parity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3rd parity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eParity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTrt\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCon\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSEM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e-value\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCon\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCon\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSEM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e-value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLitter size\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.017\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.607\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLive litter size\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.314\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.454\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHealthy litter size\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.006\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.479\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLitter weight (kg)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.018\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.03\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.55\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.055\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBirth average weight (kg)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.37\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.477\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.42\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.4\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.077\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWeaned piglets\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.609\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDeath litter size\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.459\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWeak litter size\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.232\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStillborn\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.44\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.29\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.109\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMummies\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003ctfoot\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"9\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003eTrt, treatment farm.\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"9\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003eCon, control farm.\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"9\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e-Value reflects differences between reproductive performance in two farms and at different parities.\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"9\"\u003e\u003csup\u003eabc\u003c/sup\u003e means significant differences (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) between different groups.\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tfoot\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"BoldItalic\" name=\"Emphasis\" type=\"BoldItalic\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethionine hydroxy analogue chelated (MHAC) trace elements narrows gap of reproductive performance of sows between the treatment farm and control farm\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIn order to evaluate the effect of methionine hydroxy analogue chelated (MHAC) trace elements on reproductive performance of sows, reproductive performance data of LY sows in two farms was tracked and recorded. we counted and analyzed the mean value of reproductive performance data compared the difference between two farms by calculating the \u0026ldquo;adjust change\u0026rdquo; value, and the results were shown in Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e. Obviously, compared with the HP, the reproductive performance of the control farm in PAP and FAP decreased significantly, including live litter size, healthy litter size, litter weight, birth average weight and weaned piglets (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001, \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001, \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001, \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.016, \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.004) except litter size (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.083), while all reproductive performance in treatment farm has been significantly improved in PAP and FAP compared to HP (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). At the same time, adverse reproductive performance in treatment farm decreased obviously, such as weak litter size and mummies (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001, \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.013). And the \u0026ldquo;adjusted change\u0026rdquo; calculated by mean value revealed that the production performance of the treatment farm had been greatly improved compared with that of the control farm.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" id=\"Tab6\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReproductive performance of LY 1st sows in different trial periods\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eItem\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCon\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTrt\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTrt vs Con\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePAP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFAP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSEM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e-value\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNet change\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePAP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFAP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSEM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e-value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNet change\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAdj change\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePAP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFAP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePAP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFAP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePAP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFAP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLitter size\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.88\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.36\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.06\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.083\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.16\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.94\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLive litter size\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.29\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.59\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.39\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.05\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.56\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.78\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHealthy litter size\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.05\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.48\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.19\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.69\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.04\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.77\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLitter weight (kg)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.45\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.96\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.72\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-2.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.04\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.41\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.29\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBirth average weight (kg)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.39\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.33\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.37\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.016\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.12\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.19\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.24\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWeaned piglets\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.51\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.88\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.39\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.004\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.66\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.48\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.33\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDeath litter size\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.59\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.79\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.67\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.111\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWeak litter size\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.593\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.26\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.02\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.62\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStillborn\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.33\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.64\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.53\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.084\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.286\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMummies\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.26\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.14\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.47\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.69\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.42\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.013\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003ctfoot\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"17\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003eCon, control farm.\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"17\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003eTrt, treatment farm.\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"17\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e-Value reflects differences between reproductive performance at different periods.\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"17\"\u003e\u003csup\u003eabc\u003c/sup\u003e means significant differences (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) between different groups.\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tfoot\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"Section2\" id=\"Sec9\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eChanging trend of reproductive performance in two farms between January 1,2021 to November 30, 2021\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTo reveal the changing trend of the reproductive performance in the two farms, we displayed the reproductive performance from LY and 1st parity sows in line charts. As shown in the Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, we analyzed the monthly reproductive performance indicators since May 2021 to compared with historical period.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe reproductive performance in control farm was almost stable even slightly down for about one year while that in treatment farm had an overall upward trend. In HP, litter size, live litter size, healthy litter size, litter weight and weaned piglets in control farm was significantly better than that in treatment farm (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). These indexes in the treatment farm reached or even exceeded those in the control farm after September due to the continuous improvement of reproductive performance in the treatment throughout the whole trial period, especially litter size and live litter size in treatment was significantly better compared to control farm (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.003, \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.039) \u003cstrong\u003e(\u003c/strong\u003eFig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003ea-d, f\u003cstrong\u003e)\u003c/strong\u003e. However, the birth average weight of the control farm was significantly higher than that of the treatment farm during the whole experimental period, although which had a continuous upward trend in treatment farm \u003cstrong\u003e(\u003c/strong\u003eFig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003ee\u003cstrong\u003e)\u003c/strong\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"BoldItalic\" name=\"Emphasis\" type=\"BoldItalic\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eChanging trend of adverse reproductive performance in two farms between January 1,2021 to November 30, 2021\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWe also show the changes in adverse reproductive performance in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. Methionine hydroxy analogue chelated (MHAC) trace elements had a very significant effect on reducing adverse birth outcomes, especially in death litter size and mummies compared with traditional organic trace element additive. All adverse reproductive performance index was higher in treatment farm compared with control farm, death litter size and mummies maintained the downward trend after May in treatment farm while increased in control farm. As a result, death litter size and mummies in treatment farm were almost the same as and lower than the control farm at the end of the trial period (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.606, \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.011) \u003cstrong\u003e(\u003c/strong\u003eFig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003ea, d\u003cstrong\u003e)\u003c/strong\u003e. However, the weak litter size of the control farm was significantly lower than that of the treatment farm during the whole experimental period, although which had a continuous downward trend in treatment farm. And stillborn in two farms basically remain unchanged \u003cstrong\u003e(\u003c/strong\u003eFig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003eb-c\u003cstrong\u003e)\u003c/strong\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn order to evaluate effect of methionine hydroxy analogue chelate (MHAC) on reproductive performance of sow compared to traditional amino acid chelated (AAC) trace elements, the experiment was conducted in two large-scale commercial sow farms in Fujian province. To ensure that the results of the experiment are minimally affected by the environment and other factors[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e], the two farms with almost identical genetic constitution, basic diet and management model. The 120 km distance between the two farms ensured that the experiments in almost identical climatic conditions. Different from other previous organic trace element assessment experiments of sow, this research data come directly from a large number of samples in actual production which has more than two-thousand replications while almost researches used about one hundred sow replicates[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e]. Furthermore, our evaluation experiment lasted a long time, almost one year, as opposed to just a few months, which covers the entire gestation and lactation period of sows. A large number of studies only compared the control group and the treatment group[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e], but we analyzed the data from a multidimensional perspective which not only compared the data of the two farms at the same periods, but also analyzed the change trend of the data of each farm throughout the trial period and compared the data of different feeding periods. It has been reported that the reproductive performance of sows is significantly affected by variety and parity[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e], the reproductive performance data of sows also was performed statistic by variety and parity. Such methods of analyzing data are used to objectively reflect the effect of methionine hydroxy analogue chelate (MHAC) on the reproductive performance of sows in actual production.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFirstly, the historical data of Yorkshire and LY sows which account for the largest proportion in two farms was analyzed, the differences between the two farms are similar in both Yorkshire and LY, the majority number and weight related reproductive performance of control farm was significantly higher than that of treatment farm, and the incidence of adverse pregnancy was significantly lower. These results generally reflected that the production of the treatment farm was worse than that of the control farm, which may be due to that the treatment farm was a newly built with all data of HP in 1st parity. It has been reported that the reproductive performance of sows is significantly affected by parities, 1st parity is significantly lower than over 2nd parity[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e], which is also consistent with our previous research[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e] and the results of HP analyzed according to parity in control farm. Obviously, the number and weight related reproductive performance of control farm increased with parity, while the grade of adverse pregnancy outcome decreased significantly. In the actual production of sows, LY sows, as the main variety of breeding sow, which have significantly better reproductive performance of other varieties such as DLY, landrace and Duroc sows[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e]. Therefore, improving the reproductive performance of LY sows in 1st parity is the critical point to enhance the production efficiency of sow farm.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThen, we analyzed the variation trend monthly and compared difference of reproductive performance between feeding period of LY 1st parity sows which has importance to production performance of farm. Obviously, reproductive performance related to litter size and weight (\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;100g average weight) of treatment farm significantly increased while the probability of adverse pregnancy outcomes reduced not only in PAP but also in FAP compared with HP. And production performance of treatment farm was similar as the control farm in the end of experiment which was much worse than that of control farm in the beginning. All these results indicate that Zn-, Cu- and Mn-MHAC can greatly improve the production efficiency of the LY 1st parity sows compared with amino acid chelated (AAC) trace element which is consistent with previous reports on sows, piglets, broilers, cows and other animals which made comparison between methionine hydroxy analogue chelate (MHAC) and inorganic trace elements. A similar study of sows showed that sows fed Cu-, Zn- and Mn-MHAC affects the intestinal health of fetuses and piglets, promotes the development of skeletal muscle to improves the growth performance of offspring[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e]. Cu-MHAC even 50% Cu-, Zn-, Mn-MHAC substitution also significantly increased feed intake and weight gain of piglets, resulting in better muscle development[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e]. In addition, Zn-MHAC improved milk production and significantly inhibited the inflammatory response of udder[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e]. Methionine hydroxy analogue chelate (MHAC) may improve animal production performance due to its unique structural and chemical character. Different with amino acid chelate (AAC), methionine hydroxy analogue chelated (MHAC) has higher chelating titer (2:1) and hydroxyl modified methionine ligands which may be able to explain the better effectiveness of improving production performance. Both in vivo and in vitro experiments have proved that Fe- and Zn-MHAC have higher absorption efficiency without apparent toxicity compared with inorganic form[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e], caused by great stability and integral absorption[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e]. For broilers and hens, higher deposition and lower fecal emissions were also observed in Cu-, Zn- and Mn-MHAC, indicating better bioavailability in animals[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e44\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e45\u003c/span\u003e]. Better absorption and transport efficiency may improve the number and weight related reproductive performance of sows, which explains the significant improvement of reproductive performance such as live litter size, healthy litter size and litter weight by methionine hydroxy analogue chelate (MHAC). Interestingly, the reproductive performance especially in litter size, litter weight death litter size and stillborn of the control farm fluctuated obviously from July to October with hot weather, which usually results in severe heat stress in sows reduced production performance[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e46\u003c/span\u003e]. On the contrary, treatment farm maintained steady and slowly improving production performance over the same period. In addition to higher absorption efficiency, methionine hydroxy analogue chelate (MHAC) has been proved to possess a variety of biological regulatory functions. Zn-MHAC has antioxidant function and improves broiler meat quality by alleviating heat stress[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e47\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e48\u003c/span\u003e]. Zn-, Cu- and Mn-MHAC reduced arthritis biomarkers by improving antioxidant function and immune response of cows[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e49\u003c/span\u003e]. Therefore, antioxidant and enhanced immune function caused by methionine hydroxy analogue chelate (MHAC) may be responsible for stable and ideal production performance of sow. In summary, these may be the reasons for methionine hydroxy analogue chelate (MHAC) to effectively improve the reproductive performance of sows, but the mechanism remains to be further studied.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe large-scale farm experiment conducted on two farms under similar conditions showed that substituting Zn-, Cu- and Mn-MHAC for amino acid chelated (AAC) trace element significantly improved the reproductive performance of LY 1st sow which occupy the largest proportion. Obviously, methionine hydroxy analogue chelated (MHAC) trace elements significantly increased reproductive performance related to litter size and weight while reduced the probability of adverse pregnancy outcomes not only in PAP but also in FAP compared with HP. Zn-, Cu- and Mn-MHAC have higher bioavailability, antioxidant and immune-promoting functions compared to amino acid chelated (AAC) trace elements that may be responsible for maintaining stable and efficient of production performance.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eFunding\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis work was supported by the National Key R\u0026amp;D Program of China (2016YFD0501201), the Outstanding Youth Fund of Hunan Natural Science Foundation (2021JJ20045), the Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by CAST (2018QNRC001), the Science and Technology Program of Hunan Province (2020NK2013, 2020GK4095), the key R\u0026amp;D Program of Guangxi Province (2021AB200663).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eCompeting Interests\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contributions\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYulong Yin, Dan Wan and Cimin Long contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by Shuan Liu, Chengyan Gong, Wei Zhao and Yuyun Mu. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Liu Guo and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eData Availability\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHovdenak N and Haram K. (2012) Influence of mineral and vitamin supplements on pregnancy outcome. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 164: 127\u0026ndash;132.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMatte JJ and Audet I. (2020) Maternal perinatal transfer of vitamins and trace elements to piglets. 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J Vet Sci 16: 439\u0026ndash;446.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"methionine hydroxy analogue chelate, microelements, sows, reproductive performance","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-1765234/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1765234/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eTrace element additives are widely supplemented in animal feed to improve growth and reproductive performance, especially for pregnant sows. Although organic trace elements significantly improved production performance compared with inorganic form due to the better bioavailability, antioxidant and immune-promoting function, reports on comparison of the effects on different ligands is still limited. And it is not known that microelement methionine hydroxy analogue chelate (MHAC) whether has similar or even better bioavailability than amino acid chelate (AAC). Thus, the Zn, Cu and Mn chelated with methionine hydroxy analogue (Zn-, Cu- and Mn-MHAC) and amino acid chelate (AAC) were compared in two large-scaled farms under similar conditions. The results showed Zn-, Cu- and Mn-MHAC trace elements significantly increased reproductive performance of Landrace \u0026times; Yorkshire (LY) 1st sows in treatment farm related to litter size and weight while reduced all adverse pregnancy outcomes (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001) not only in partial application period but also in full application period compared with historical period, especially in live litter size (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001), healthy litter size (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001) and litter weight (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001), and the increase of birth average weight more than 100g. Treatment farm has similar-level (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) even significantly better production performance included litter size (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.003), live litter size (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.039) and mummies (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.011) compared to the control farm in the end of trial period which was much worse than that of control farm in historical period (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). In addition, all production performance of treatment farm had a continuous upward trend while control farm showed instability and decreasing trend. Our research revealed Zn-, Cu- and Mn-MHAC may have better effect on improving the performance of sows compared to amino acid chelate (AAC).\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Assessment of the application for microelement methionine hydroxy analogue chelate replacing amino acid chelate in pregnant sows","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2022-06-27 14:06:41","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-1765234/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"7008b3a6-d648-4ee9-bfcf-6dd72b84f663","owner":[],"postedDate":"June 27th, 2022","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2022-08-22T13:44:30+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2022-06-27 14:06:41","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-1765234","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-1765234","identity":"rs-1765234","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"_2-kVJe1T_tPrBINL-cwx","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}