Nationwide Survey on Public Knowledge and Attitudes Regarding First Aid for Common Emergencies in Pakistan with Multivariable Regression Analysis

Nationwide Survey on Public Knowledge and Attitudes Regarding First Aid for Common Emergencies in Pakistan with Multivariable Regression Analysis | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Nationwide Survey on Public Knowledge and Attitudes Regarding First Aid for Common Emergencies in Pakistan with Multivariable Regression Analysis Suleman Khan, Ang Raj Karan, Maria Qadri, Sardar Ahmad Rafique, and 12 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8517761/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 9 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background: First aid provided by lay responders can lower preventable illness and death; however, community-level skills and training access are still uneven in low- and middle-income countries. Pakistan does not have nationally representative data on first-aid knowledge and attitudes. Objective: To measure adult first-aid knowledge and attitudes in Pakistan and identify sociodemographic and geographic differences to guide public health training strategies. Methodology: We conducted a nationwide cross-sectional survey (September–November 2025) using a structured, bilingual (Urdu/English) questionnaire adapted from validated instruments. Multi-stage cluster sampling with equal quotas recruited adults (≥ 18 years) from all seven provinces and territories through community sites and online dissemination; healthcare workers and ALS-trained individuals were excluded. Knowledge (6-item score; higher = better) and attitude (3-item Likert score, 3–15; higher = more positive) were predefined outcomes. Descriptive statistics summarized distributions. χ² tests assessed associations between categorical levels of knowledge and attitude and demographics; one-way ANOVA compared provincial mean knowledge scores. Listwise deletion addressed missing data; analyses used SPSS v22. Results: Of 490 respondents (52.4% female; 89.2% aged 18–30 years), equal representation (n = 70 each) was obtained from Azad Jammu & Kashmir, Sindh, Punjab, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Balochistan, Islamabad, and Gilgit-Baltistan. The average knowledge score was 3.71 ± 1.45 out of 6; 43.1% had poor, 45.1% moderate, and 11.8% good knowledge. Provincial means differed (ANOVA F (6,483) = 11.478, p < 0.001), with the highest in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and the lowest in Sindh. Knowledge level was associated with gender, marital status, age, education, occupation, and province (all p ≤ 0.001). The mean attitude score was 11.07 ± 2.23 out of 15; 41.0% displayed a positive attitude, 49.2% neutral, and 9.8% negative. Attitude was linked to education and province (p ≤ 0.001), but not with gender, marital status, age, or occupation. Only 38.2% had attended a first-aid course, with reported barriers including “course not offered” (31.4%), lack of time (12%), and fees (6.9%). Conclusions: First-aid knowledge in Pakistan is moderate with noticeable regional and educational differences, although attitudes toward training are mostly positive. Expanding accessible, standardized first-aid education, focusing on underserved provinces and utilizing blended or community-based delivery, should become a national public health priority to bridge the gap between intent and capability. INTRODUCTION First aid is the immediate assistance provided to an ill or injured person before professional help arrives. According to international standards, the role of first aid is to save lives, decrease suffering, prevent additional injuries, and aid in recovery ( 1 ). Prehospital emergency care entails the basic, evidence-based measures, such as the administration of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), clearance of airway obstructions, hemorrhage control, and provision of simple life support. These measures are supposed to save lives, relieve pain and avoid complications ( 2 ). The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) notes that first aid is a cost-effective tool that empowers individuals; by sharing essential skills and knowledge with communities, first aid education helps create safer, more resilient societies ( 3 ). The IFRC “First Aid Vision 2030” states that first aid education must be accessible and inclusive, integrated into social programs, and tailored for vulnerable populations ( 4 ). Since communities are the first responders during emergencies, training laypersons and integrating them into emergency response systems is crucial ( 5 ). The unintended injuries are a major cause of health and mortality among the world population. Pakistan and the Eastern Mediterranean Region contribute approximately 19 percent of the global number of deaths occurring due to injuries ( 1 ). Pakistan consists of around 216.6 million people, of whom about 15–25 years of the population is almost a quarter of the total people ( 1 ). According to the first National Injury Survey of Pakistan (NISP), there was a 45.6 unintentional injury per 1,000 population, with road traffic injuries being 15 per 1,000 and falls at 22.2 per 1,000 ( 6 ). The third most common cause of death in Pakistani children is unintentional injuries, followed by cancer and heart disease ( 7 ). Influenced by school working hours, teachers commonly act as first responders, and due to their training and confidence, it may not be the most appropriate job ( 8 ). Formal pre-hospital care systems remain poorly developed in most of the low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) ( 5 ). To deal with this, the World Health Organization (WHO) launched the Community First Aid Responder (CFAR) program, whereby community members are trained and incorporated into the dispatch and response systems ( 5 ). The Democratic Republic of Congo pilot CFAR course has shown that training lay people can become a viable method of enhancing emergency care when the participants showed a high confidence in their first aid practices ( 5 ). Evidence indicates that bystanders with first aid training can effectively deliver life-saving assistance. A Norwegian observation study had observed that 97 out of 100 cases of trauma had bystanders present, and bystanders had properly administered airway management, bleeding control, and hypothermia prevention in 76, 81, and 62% respectively ( 9 ). The potential benefits of bystander first aid in terms of its impact on the health of the population are estimated as 1.8-5 percent ( 9 ). Moreover, the prehospital emergency care literacy can have a strong impact; Chinese studies found that better knowledge of the bystanders about the emergency would lead to higher survival rates of the patients ( 2 ). Despite the importance of recognizing the value of first aid, research shows that many people, including healthcare workers in Pakistan, lack proper knowledge and training. A survey of college students in Karachi revealed that only 17.5% had first-aid training, and those with training performed significantly better on knowledge tests ( 10 ). In a 2020 survey of Karachi schoolteachers, 96.9% knew about first aid, but only 40.7% understood that trained laypeople can provide it, and half of them remembered the emergency number. While they had a positive attitude, most teachers lacked practical knowledge and expressed the need for training ( 6 ). Another survey of caregivers in Bahrain indicated that 62.9% had never attended a first-aid course and had limited knowledge of managing childhood emergencies ( 11 ). A national study of Pakistani healthcare professionals and medical students revealed gaps in CPR knowledge; only 39% were aware of the prevalence of out-of-hospital cardiac arrests, and many misunderstood the correct compression–ventilation ratios ( 12 ). Similar results were reported elsewhere: two studies in Saudi Arabia found that only 15–34% of caregivers received first-aid training, and their limited knowledge hindered effective intervention ( 11 ). Existing Pakistani studies have focused on specific groups, such as teachers or medical students, and used convenience sampling within limited geographic areas. To our knowledge, no nationwide survey has examined first-aid knowledge and attitudes among the general adult population. Given Pakistan’s high injury rate and its large, diverse population, understanding baseline knowledge and perceived barriers to training is crucial. This nationwide cross-sectional study aims to assess the public’s knowledge of first aid and attitudes toward receiving first-aid training across all provinces of Pakistan. The findings will assist policymakers and health educators in developing targeted strategies to improve emergency preparedness and reduce preventable morbidity and mortality. METHODS STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING This nationwide cross-sectional study was conducted across Pakistan using a structured questionnaire adapted from validated tools employed in the Saudi Arabian study and local research ( 13 ). The design allows for the estimation of knowledge and attitudes at a single point in time across diverse regions. Pakistan was divided into multiple regions, such as · Punjab · Kpk · Baluchistan · Sindh · Gilgit Baltistan · Azad Jammu and Kashmir · Islamabad Recruitment will take place through community health centers, universities, workplaces, public events, and online platforms like social media and email. Provincial coordinators will ensure representation of both urban and rural populations. This entire study was conducted from 12th October 2025 to 29th December 2025. PARTICIPANTS Our study included all Pakistani participants older than 18 years who had provided informed consent. Since it is a national survey, we distributed our sample size to seven regions. The questionnaire was distributed in both Urdu and English, and help was given to the illiterate. All individuals under 18 years old and healthcare workers or students previously exposed to Advanced Life Support Training were excluded, as they may not reflect the general population. Participation will be voluntary; no names or identification numbers will be collected. Respondents will be informed that they can withdraw at any time without penalty. The data will be anonymized and stored securely, with electronic identifiers such as phone numbers or IP addresses removed after collection. Participants will be assured that their information will only be used for research purposes and reported in aggregate form. STUDY OUTCOMES The primary outcomes of the study are defined as follows: Evaluate awareness and attitudes about first aid practices, emergency numbers, and the significance of first aid education. Investigate the reasons why people don't attend first aid courses, such as time constraints, course availability, and fear of emergencies. DATA SOURCES AND MEASUREMENTS Demographic data were collected through a questionnaire. Participants completed a structured survey to gather information on socioeconomic factors and to assess their knowledge and attitude towards First Aid ( 11 ). STUDY SIZE The sample size was calculated using Epi Info version 3, with a 95% confidence interval and a 5% margin of error. Assuming p = 0.65 [12], this yielded a sample size of 349. To account for a 20% non-response rate, the final sample was increased to 436, allowing for non-aggregate analyses within subgroups. However, to ensure balanced representation across all provinces, the sample size was further increased to 490 participants. This adjustment helped distribute participants more evenly among the provinces, enhancing the robustness and comparability of subsequent analyses. SAMPLING TECHNIQUE : A multi-stage cluster sampling method will be implemented. First, each province or territory will serve as a stratum. Within each stratum, districts will be randomly selected. In the second stage, urban and rural clusters, such as union councils or neighborhoods, will be chosen using probability proportional to size. In the third stage, households or community gathering points will be identified, and eligible participants will be systematically sampled. To supplement community recruitment and reach populations with internet access, an online survey link will be shared through provincial health departments, universities, and social networks. This mixed-mode approach reflects the electronic distribution used in the Saudi study while expanding geographical coverage ( 11 ). QUANTITATIVE VARIABLES Knowledge and attitude scores will be treated as quantitative variables. Each correct answer in the knowledge section will earn one point. The total knowledge score will be calculated by summing all the points, with higher scores indicating a better understanding of first aid, ranging from 0 to 6. Similarly, for attitude items measured on a five-point Likert scale (from "Strongly Disagree" = 1 to "Strongly Agree" = 5), responses are summed to determine the attitude score, where higher scores represent more positive attitudes toward first-aid training and practice. Item scores are combined to generate a total attitude score ranging from 3 to 15, with higher values indicating more positive attitudes. For descriptive analysis, means and standard deviations (SD) will be reported for quantitative variables, such as total knowledge and attitude scores. STATISTICAL METHODS Data will be analyzed using SPSS Statistics version 26. All responses will first be checked for completeness and accuracy before analysis. Descriptive statistics, including frequencies, percentages, means, and standard deviations, will be used to summarize sociodemographic variables, knowledge scores, and attitude scores. Knowledge and attitude scores were treated as continuous variables. Independent-samples t-tests and one-way ANOVA will be used to compare group means. Linear regression will be employed to examine predictors of knowledge and attitude scores. Assumptions of normality and homogeneity of variance will be assessed via Shapiro–Wilk and Levene’s tests, respectively. MISSING DATA Questionnaires with more than 20% item nonresponse were excluded listwise before analysis. The remaining analyses used only complete cases. For transparency, denominators for each analysis are reported in all tables and figures. No imputation was performed. RESULT A total of 490 participants from all provinces and territories of Pakistan completed the survey. Of these, 233 (47.6%) were males and 257 (52.4%) were females. Most respondents were single (403; 82.2%), while 87 (17.8%) were married. The majority belonged to the 18–30-year age group (437; 89.2%), followed by 31–40 years (8.2%), 41–50 years (2.0%), and above 50 years (0.6%). In terms of education, most participants held a bachelor’s degree (339; 69.2%), followed by master’s (60; 12.2%), high school (37; 7.6%), and doctorate degrees (31; 6.3%), with a small proportion having secondary (20; 4.1%) or primary education (3; 0.6%). Regarding occupation, 307 (62.7%) were students, 53 (10.8%) were government employees, 52 (10.6%) worked in the private sector, 58 (11.8%) were unemployed, and 20 (4.1%) were engaged in business. Equal representation was maintained across all seven regions, with 70 participants (14.3%) from each province or territory, provided in Table No.1. Table No.1: Socio-Demographic Characteristics of the Respondents (n = 490). Variable Category Frequency (n) Percent (%) Gender Male 233 47.6 Female 257 52.4 Marital Status Single 403 82.2 Married 87 17.8 Age Group (years) 18–30 437 89.2 31–40 40 8.2 41–50 10 2.0 Above 50 3 0.6 Education Level Primary School 3 0.6 Secondary School 20 4.1 High School 37 7.6 Bachelor’s Degree 339 69.2 Master’s Degree 60 12.2 Doctorate 31 6.3 Occupation Student 307 62.7 Government Job 53 10.8 Private Job 52 10.6 Business 20 4.1 Not Working 58 11.8 Province / Residence Azad Jammu & Kashmir 70 14.3 Sindh 70 14.3 Punjab 70 14.3 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 70 14.3 Balochistan 70 14.3 Islamabad 70 14.3 Gilgit-Baltistan 70 14.3 Participants were assessed using six knowledge-based questions on basic first-aid procedures. The proportion of correct responses ranged from 45.7% to 93.7%. Most respondents (459; 93.7%) correctly identified first aid as immediate care provided before the arrival of an ambulance, while 254 (51.8%) correctly identified the Red Crescent emergency number. In a road traffic accident scenario, 274 (55.9%) correctly indicated that calling emergency medical services was the first appropriate action. Correct responses were also observed for choking management through abdominal thrusts (269; 54.9%), positioning an unconscious but breathing victim in the recovery position (234; 45.7%), and controlling bleeding by applying direct pressure and elevating the affected limb (342; 69.8%). The mean first-aid knowledge score was 3.71 ± 1.45 (range: 0–6), with 43.1% of participants classified as having poor knowledge, 45.1% moderate knowledge, and 11.8% good knowledge, given in Table No.2. Table No.2: Knowledge of First Aid Procedures Among Respondents (n = 490) Knowledge Question Response Category Frequency (n) Percent (%) In case of emergency, the call number for the Red Crescent Authority is Correct 254 51.8 Incorrect 236 48.2 The initial first aid provided by the first responder to the injured or ill person before the ambulance arrives is Correct 459 93.7 Incorrect 31 6.3 If you face a sudden car accident with casualties, your first action is Correct 274 55.9 Incorrect 216 44.1 If you suddenly face a choking adult, you should Correct 269 54.9 Incorrect 221 45.1 If you suddenly face an unconscious victim with breathing and pulse, you should Correct 224 45.7 Incorrect 266 54.3 If you suddenly face someone bleeding from the arm, the best way to control bleeding is Correct 342 69.8 Incorrect 148 30.2 Independent-samples t -tests showed no significant differences in first-aid knowledge scores by gender ( t (488) = −0.81, p = 0.418) or marital status (Welch t (138.58) = −1.04, p = 0.302). However, one-way ANOVA revealed a significant difference across age groups ( F (3,486) = 2.82, p = 0.038). Post-hoc analysis using the Games–Howell test revealed that participants aged 18–30 years scored significantly higher than those aged 41–50 years (p = 0.011), while no other age-group comparisons were significant. Education level demonstrated a strong association with first-aid knowledge ( F (5,484) = 7.29, p < 0.001). Participants with primary and secondary education scored significantly lower than those with high school education or higher (all p < 0.05), whereas no statistically significant differences were observed among participants with high school, bachelor’s, master’s, or doctoral degrees. Occupational status was also significantly associated with knowledge scores ( F (4,485) = 7.88, p < 0.001). Post-hoc comparisons showed that participants engaged in business occupations had significantly lower knowledge scores than students, government employees, private-sector employees, and unemployed participants (all p < 0.001), while no significant differences were observed among the latter four groups. Marked regional variation in first-aid knowledge was observed ( F (6,483) = 11.48, p < 0.001). Participants from Sindh had significantly lower knowledge scores than those from Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, and Balochistan (all p < 0.001). Khyber Pakhtunkhwa demonstrated the highest mean knowledge score nationally and scored significantly higher than Sindh, Islamabad, and Gilgit-Baltistan. Punjab, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Balochistan, Islamabad, and Gilgit-Baltistan formed a statistically indistinguishable middle-performing group, show in Table No.3. Table No.3: Association of Demographic Variables with First Aid Knowledge Score Demographic Variable Group(s) / Comparison N Mean ± SD Test Statistic df p-value Significant Findings (Post-hoc) Gender Male 233 2.29 ± 0.68 t = −0.81 488 0.418 NS Female 257 2.33 ± 0.61 Marital Status Married 87 2.25 ± 0.58 t = −1.04 138.58† 0.302 NS Single 403 2.33 ± 0.65 Age Group 18–30, 31–40, 41–50, >50 — — F (3,486) = 2.823 — 0.038 18–30 > 41–50 ( p = 0.011); others NS Education Level Primary, Secondary, High School, Bachelor’s, Master’s, Doctorate — — F (5,484) = 7.291 — <0.001 Primary & Secondary < High School and above; higher education groups NS Occupation Student, Government Job, Private Job, Business, Not Working — — F (4,485) = 7.878 — <0.001 Business < all other groups; others NS Residence / Province AJK, Sindh, Punjab, KP, Balochistan, Islamabad, GB — — F (6,483) = 11.478 — <0.001 Sindh Sindh, Islamabad, GB; others NS Simple linear regression analyses showed that gender significantly predicted first-aid knowledge ( F (1,488) = 28.26, p < 0.001), explaining 5.5% of the variance, with males scoring an average of 0.68 points lower than females. Age group was also a significant predictor ( F (3,486) = 2.82, p = 0.038), although the explained variance was small (Adjusted R² = 0.011). Participants aged 41–50 years scored significantly lower than those aged 18–30 years, while other age groups did not differ significantly. Education level significantly predicted knowledge scores ( F (5,484) = 7.29, p < 0.001), explaining 7.0% of the variance, with the largest deficits observed among participants with primary and secondary education. Knowledge gains plateaued beyond the high-school level. Occupational status remained independently associated with knowledge ( F (4,485) = 7.88, p < 0.001), with business participants scoring significantly lower than students (B = −1.73, p < 0.001). Province of residence emerged as the strongest sociodemographic predictor of knowledge ( F (6,483) = 11.48, p < 0.001), explaining 12.5% of the variance. Compared with Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, significantly lower scores were observed in Sindh, Gilgit-Baltistan, Islamabad, Balochistan, and Azad Jammu and Kashmir, while the difference with Punjab was borderline, provided in Table No.4. Table No.4: Simple Linear Regression Analyses Predicting First-Aid Knowledge Score by Demographic Variables Demographic Variable Category (Reference in bold) B (Unstandardized) β (Standardized) p-value Model R² Gender Female — — — 0.055 Male −0.68 −0.234 50 years −0.45 −0.024 0.597 Education Level Bachelor’s degree — — — 0.070 Master’s degree −0.20 −0.045 0.309 Doctorate +0.33 +0.055 0.219 High school −0.43 −0.078 0.080 Secondary school −1.69 −0.229 <0.001 Primary school −1.84 −0.098 0.026 Occupation Student — — — 0.061 Business −1.73 −0.235 <0.001 Government job +0.15 +0.033 0.466 Private job −0.12 −0.024 0.586 Not working −0.36 −0.080 0.075 Province / Residence Khyber Pakhtunkhwa — — — 0.125 Punjab −0.44 −0.106 0.057 Balochistan −0.64 −0.154 0.006 Sindh −1.67 −0.402 <0.001 Islamabad −1.01 −0.244 <0.001 Gilgit-Baltistan −1.24 −0.299 <0.001 Azad Jammu & Kashmir −0.56 −0.134 0.017 Most respondents expressed positive attitudes toward learning and providing first aid. A total of 425 (86.7%) either strongly agreed or agreed that first aid training is important, and 329 (67.1%) agreed it is necessary to advise others to take first aid courses. Fear of emergencies prevented 287 (58.5%) from performing first aid, while 93 (18.9%) disagreed that fear was a barrier. Only 187 (38.2%) participants reported having attended a first aid course, with the majority having never received formal training. Among those who had not attended, the main reasons included a lack of time (12%), the course not being offered (31.4%), and high course fees (6.9%). The overall mean attitude score was 11.07 ± 2.23 out of 15, provided in Table No.5. TableNo.5: Attitudes Toward First Aid Among Respondents (n = 490) Statement Response Category Frequency (n) Percent (%) First aid learning and training are important Strongly Disagree 50 10.2 Disagree 5 1.0 Neutral 10 2.0 Agree 46 9.4 Strongly Agree 379 77.3 We need to advise others to take first aid courses Strongly Disagree 40 8.2 Disagree 9 1.8 Neutral 20 4.1 Agree 92 18.8 Strongly Agree 329 67.1 Being afraid of emergency cases prevents us from doing first aid Strongly Disagree 56 11.4 Disagree 37 7.6 Neutral 110 22.4 Agree 83 16.9 Strongly Agree 204 41.6 Have you ever joined a first aid course? Yes 187 38.2 No 303 61.8 Reason for not taking a first aid course (n = 276) I don’t have time 59 21.4 I’m not willing 15 5.4 First aid courses not offered 154 55.8 Training didn’t reflect reality 7 2.5 Poor course content 7 2.5 Courses offered with fees 34 12.3 Females demonstrated slightly higher attitude scores than males (Welch t (443.23) = −2.01, p = 0.045), although the magnitude of this difference was small. Marital status was not associated with attitude scores ( p = 0.721). One-way ANOVA showed no significant differences in attitude scores across age groups ( F (3,486) = 0.62, p = 0.603) or occupational categories ( F (4,485) = 1.61, p = 0.170). Education level was significantly associated with attitude scores ( F (5,484) = 3.86, p = 0.002), with participants holding secondary or lower education demonstrating less positive attitudes. Province of residence also showed a modest but significant association with attitude ( F (6,483) = 2.72, p = 0.013), with regression analysis indicating significantly less positive attitudes among participants from Sindh and Gilgit-Baltistan compared with those from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, shown in Table No.6. Table No.6: Association of Demographic Variables with First Aid Attitude Score (n = 490) Demographic Variable Group(s) / Comparison N Mean ± SD Test Statistic df p-value Significant Findings Gender Male 233 10.86 ± 2.47 t = −2.01 443.23† 0.045 Females > Males Female 257 11.27 ± 1.97 Marital Status Married 87 11.00 ± 2.10 t = −0.36 488 0.721 NS Single 403 11.09 ± 2.26 Age Group 18–30, 31–40, 41–50, >50 — — F (3,486) = 0.62 — 0.603 All comparisons NS Education Level Primary, Secondary, High School, Bachelor’s, Master’s, Doctorate — — F (5,484) = 3.86 — 0.002 Secondary < High School and above Occupation Student, Govt Job, Private Job, Business, Not Working — — F (4,485) = 1.61 — 0.170 Overall NS (Business lower in regression) Residence / Province AJK, Sindh, Punjab, KP, Balochistan, Islamabad, GB — — F (6,483) = 2.72 — 0.013 Sindh, GB < KP Linear regression analyses were conducted to examine the association between demographic variables and first-aid attitude scores. Gender emerged as a significant but weak predictor of attitude ( F (1,488) = 4.14, p = 0.042), explaining 0.8% of the variance ( R ² = 0.008). Female participants demonstrated slightly more positive attitudes toward first aid than males, scoring an average of 0.41 points higher. Marital status was not significantly associated with attitude scores ( F (1,488) = 0.13, p = 0.721), accounting for negligible variance. Age group did not significantly predict first-aid attitude scores ( F (3,486) = 0.62, p = 0.603), with no meaningful differences observed between participants aged 18–30 years and older age groups. Educational attainment showed a statistically significant association with attitude ( F (5,484) = 3.86, p = 0.002), explaining 3.8% of the variance. Compared with participants holding a bachelor’s degree, those with secondary school education demonstrated significantly less positive attitudes, while differences among participants with higher education levels (high school and above) were not statistically significant. Occupational status was not a significant predictor of attitude scores ( F (4,485) = 1.61, p = 0.170), despite a modest negative association observed among participants engaged in business occupations. Province of residence was significantly associated with first-aid attitude scores ( F (6,483) = 2.72, p = 0.013), explaining 3.3% of the variance. Using Khyber Pakhtunkhwa as the reference category, participants from Sindh and Gilgit-Baltistan demonstrated significantly less positive attitudes toward first aid, while differences observed for Islamabad were marginal and did not reach statistical significance. No significant differences were observed for participants from Punjab, Balochistan, or Azad Jammu and Kashmir, provided in Table No.7. Table No.7: Simple Linear Regression Analyses Predicting First-Aid Attitude Score by Demographic Variables Demographic Variable Category (Reference in bold) B (Unstandardized) β (Standardized) p-value Model R² Gender Male — — — 0.008 Female +0.41 +0.092 0.042 Marital Status Single — — — 0.000 Married −0.09 −0.016 0.721 Age Group 18–30 years — — — 0.004 31–40 years −0.39 −0.048 0.286 41–50 years −0.12 −0.008 0.868 >50 years −1.12 −0.039 0.388 Education Level Bachelor’s degree — — — 0.038 Master’s degree −0.28 −0.041 0.361 Doctorate +0.49 +0.054 0.232 High school −0.68 −0.080 0.077 Secondary school −1.72 −0.152 0.001 Primary school −2.22 −0.077 0.083 Occupation Student — — — 0.013 Business −1.12 −0.099 0.030 Government job −0.09 −0.012 0.795 Private job −0.43 −0.059 0.199 Not working −0.34 −0.049 0.288 Province / Residence Khyber Pakhtunkhwa — — — 0.033 Punjab −0.30 −0.047 0.422 Balochistan −0.16 −0.025 0.674 Sindh −1.10 −0.173 0.003 Islamabad −0.64 −0.101 0.086 Gilgit-Baltistan −1.06 −0.166 0.005 Azad Jammu & Kashmir −0.30 −0.047 0.422 DISCUSSION This nationwide cross-sectional survey recruited 490 adults from all seven provinces of Pakistan. The majority of respondents were female (52.4%) and aged 18–30 years (89.2%). The six-point first-aid knowledge score averaged 3.71 ± 1.45, with 43.1% of participants exhibiting poor knowledge, 45.1% demonstrating moderate knowledge, and only 11.8% achieving good knowledge. Knowledge levels differed significantly across provinces; Khyber Pakhtunkhwa had the highest mean score, while Sindh had the lowest. Education and occupation were strongly associated with knowledge: participants with secondary or lower education and those in business occupations scored significantly lower than others. Gender and marital status were not significant predictors in multivariable analyses. The mean attitude score was 11.07 ± 2.23 out of 15; 86.7% of respondents agreed that first-aid training is important, and 67.1% advocated advising others to take courses. Despite this favorable attitude, only 38.2% had ever attended a first-aid course. Among those who had not attended, the most common barriers were the unavailability of courses (31.4%), lack of time (12%), and high fees (6.9%). The moderate level of knowledge and high willingness to learn observed in this survey mirror findings from other low- and middle-income countries. Liu et al. conducted a cross-sectional study among Chinese medical students and reported a mean first-aid knowledge score of 23.17 ± 4.43 out of 35; male students and those from urban regions scored higher, and knowledge correlated positively with attitude and practice ( 13 ). Our data likewise show that regional and educational disparities predict knowledge and that self-identified training gaps coexist with a high perceived importance of first aid. Studies focusing on lay caregivers further emphasize the role of education and training. In a survey of caregivers in Bahrain, the mean number of correct answers was 7.33 ± 2.38 out of 14, and knowledge of specific emergencies such as febrile convulsions and ankle sprains was limited ( 14 ). Knowledge correlated positively with higher education and household income, and participants who had attended a practical course performed better ( 14 ). A similar pattern appears in our cohort: higher educational attainment was associated with better knowledge, and formal training remained uncommon yet beneficial. In Syria, Ataya et al. evaluated 1,855 medical students and found that only 10.6% had good knowledge (mean score = 6.36), while 24.4% had weak knowledge; students in senior years performed better ( 15 ). These results echo the stratification observed in our study, with knowledge improving among participants with higher educational levels. Limited awareness among the general population is not limited to LMICs. Papachristodoulou et al. assessed first-aid knowledge in Greece and found that only ~ 10% of adults provided appropriate initial management; multivariable analysis indicated that female gender, higher educational attainment, having more than three children, and previous first-aid training predicted adequate knowledge ( 16 ). The independent effect of formal training reinforces our finding that course participation is a critical determinant of knowledge. Likewise, an Indian study of non-healthcare professionals reported that 68% had average knowledge, 93.4% were willing to provide first aid, and common barriers included language difficulties, lack of information and training, legal concerns, fear, and lack of confidence ( 17 ). Our participants cited course availability, time constraints, and costs as obstacles; together, these studies suggest that structural barriers rather than willingness impede training uptake. Studies focused on specific emergencies also corroborate the interplay among knowledge, attitudes, and practice. In a Saudi Arabian survey on choking-hazard first aid, adults achieved a mean knowledge score of 4.28 ± 1.54, and 43.3% were classified as having good knowledge; knowledge scores correlated positively with attitudes and practice, and higher knowledge was associated with the 30–40 year age group and previous training ( 18 ). Our results similarly demonstrate that regional differences and educational attainment predict knowledge, while attitudes were moderately positive across demographic groups. However, our regression analysis found only a small effect of gender on attitude, with females scoring 0.41 points higher on average, and no differences across most age groups. Within Pakistan, previous studies have been limited to specific populations. Hisam et al. surveyed 251 medical students and reported that 33.9% had good knowledge, 42.6% intermediate, and 23.5% poor knowledge; knowledge improved significantly across academic years but was not associated with prior training ( 19 ). While our study enrolled lay adults, the distribution of knowledge categories is comparable, suggesting that both medical and nonmedical communities have substantial deficits. A Spanish investigation of first-aid knowledge across educational stages found that university students scored highest, whereas secondary-school students had superficial knowledge ( 20 ), reinforcing our observation that knowledge improves with educational attainment and plateaus after high school. Collectively, these studies confirm that first-aid knowledge is often suboptimal among lay populations and junior healthcare trainees. Socio-demographic factors such as education and region consistently predict knowledge, while gender and age exert variable influence. Formal training is a robust predictor of better knowledge, yet participation rates remain low due to structural barriers. Our national survey uniquely reveals intra-country provincial disparities in Pakistan, with Sindh and Gilgit-Baltistan scoring lower than other regions. These findings underscore the need for province-specific public health initiatives and equitable resource distribution. Strengths and limitations The strengths of our study lie in its robust methodological design and statistical rigor. Descriptive statistics provided clear summaries of demographic variables and first-aid knowledge and attitudes, ensuring comprehensive insights into the population's preparedness. χ² tests identified significant associations between sociodemographic factors and first-aid knowledge, and one-way ANOVA allowed a detailed examination of regional and educational differences in first-aid knowledge, highlighting areas for focused intervention. Linear regression analysis was a key strength, identifying significant predictors of knowledge and attitudes, which are crucial for tailoring public health strategies. Additionally, the multi-stage cluster sampling method, paired with a large sample size of 490 participants, ensured nationwide representation, making our findings highly generalizable. The listwise deletion method for handling missing data further enhanced the reliability of our results, ensuring that only valid, complete data were included in the analysis. These strengths contribute to the study's overall high quality and provide actionable insights for improving first-aid training and public health strategies in Pakistan. However, the study also has limitations. The cross-sectional design limits the ability to infer causality because the data represent a snapshot at one point in time. While regional disparities were identified, the study did not explore deeper cultural, socioeconomic, or infrastructural factors that may contribute to these differences. Reliance on self-reported data may introduce response bias, as participants may overestimate their knowledge or willingness to participate in first-aid courses. Additionally, excluding healthcare workers and those with advanced life support training, while necessary to focus on the general population, may limit the broader scope of first-aid readiness in the country. Implications for policy and practice The combination of moderate knowledge and high willingness to learn indicates that public health interventions can substantially improve emergency preparedness in Pakistan. Given that course availability was the most frequently cited barrier, expanding access to standardized first-aid training through community centers, schools, universities, and online platforms should be prioritized. Incorporating first-aid modules into secondary and tertiary education curricula could address the observed educational gradient. Tailored outreach programs are needed for regions such as Sindh and Gilgit-Baltistan, where knowledge scores were lowest. Subsidizing or offering free training may mitigate financial barriers. Given the positive correlation between knowledge and attitude reported in multiple studies, enhancing awareness campaigns may concurrently improve attitudes and practice. Future research should evaluate the effectiveness of these interventions and explore innovative delivery models, including mobile applications and community first-responder programs, to broaden reach in resource-limited settings. CONCLUSION This nationwide study shows that first-aid knowledge among Pakistani adults is moderate but inadequate, with significant provincial and educational disparities, despite generally positive attitudes toward training. Although most participants recognized the importance of first aid, only 38.2% had received formal training, largely due to limited course availability, time constraints, and cost. These findings underscore the need for accessible, standardized, and regionally targeted first-aid education programs to translate willingness into effective bystander action and reduce preventable morbidity and mortality. Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the Institutional Research and Ethical Review Board (IREB) of Khyber Medical College prior to the initiation of data collection (Approval No. 886/DME/KMC; dated 22 September 2025). Participation was entirely voluntary, and electronic informed consent was obtained as the first mandatory question of the questionnaire, allowing participants to proceed only after providing consent of their own free will. For illiterate participants, the study information was explained verbally in the local language, and verbal informed consent was obtained directly from the participants themselves, with assistance provided where necessary. The study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. No personally identifiable information was collected, all responses were recorded anonymously, and participants consented to the publication of the study findings in aggregate form. Consent for publication Not applicable. Availability of data and materials The datasets generated and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests, financial or otherwise. Funding This research did not receive any financial support or grant from public, commercial, or not-for-profit funding agencies. Authors' contributions S.K. conceptualized and supervised the entire study, designed the methodology, conducted data verification, and led manuscript writing and final editing. A.R.K., M.Q., S.A. and S.A.R. coordinated data collection and assisted in statistical analysis. A.S., A.K., and A.H. contributed to data validation, table preparation, and results interpretation. H.I., M.Y., and S.B. participated in literature review, reference management, and formatting. M.J., M.A., and S.M. contributed to questionnaire distribution and provincial coordination. S.K., H.S., and A.A. conducted essential manuscript revision, technical review, and overall supervision. All authors reviewed and approved the final version of the manuscript. Clarification on the Questionnaire The questionnaire used in this study was adapted from previously published instruments, as cited in the manuscript [13]. Since it has been validated in earlier research, no changes were made to its content for the current study. Acknowledgements The authors express sincere gratitude to all regional coordinators and participants across Pakistan who contributed to this nationwide survey. Special thanks are extended to community organizations, academic institutions, and healthcare professionals who supported data collection and facilitated questionnaire dissemination across all provinces and territories. AI Tool Disclosure ChatGPT (OpenAI) was utilized solely for language editing, formatting, and technical refinement, while all aspects of study design, data analysis, interpretation, and final manuscript approval were carried out by the authors. References International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. First Aid Vision 2030. (2022). Liu X, Wang B, Xing J, et al. Knowledge, attitude, and practice of medical students toward prehospital emergency care: A cross-sectional study. Adv Med Educ Pract. 2025;16:15591568. Rehn M, Handal N, Groda L et al. Bystander first aid in trauma – prevalence and quality: A prospective observational study. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2018. Diango K, Mafuta E, Wallis LA, et al. Implementation and evaluation of a pilot WHO Community First Aid Responder training in Kinshasa, DR Congo: A mixedmethod study. Afr J Emerg Med. 2023;13(4):258264. Khan M, Siddiqui A, Shah M, et al. Epidemiology of unintentional injuries among vocational-school youth in Peshawar, Pakistan: A cross-sectional survey. BMC Public Health. 2023;23:1128. Khalid T, Bashir S, Joseph F, et al. Knowledge, Attitude and Practices of First Aid Management among School Teachers. J Bahria Uni Med Dent Coll. 2020;10(4):306309. Khan A, Shaikh S, Shuaib F, et al. Knowledge, attitude and practices of undergraduate students regarding first aid measures. J Pak Med Assoc. 2010;60(1):6872. Alfawaz RM, Alqahtani R, Alghamdi E et al. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices of first aid among adults in AlAhsa City. Cureus. 2023. Al Haddad HA, Alawainati M, Hasan HF, et al. Knowledge about first aid of childhood emergency conditions among caregivers attending primary care centers in Bahrain – A crosssectional study. J Family Med Prim Care. 2025;14(6):24022406. Qadir M, Shah N, Khan F, et al. Knowledge and competency of healthcare professionals and medical students in cardiac arrest and CPR in Pakistan. Health Sci Rep. 2025;8:e10096. Almutairi S, Almezini M, Alshammari S et al. Assessment of public knowledge and attitudes towards first aid in the Al Qassim region, Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study【237984499. Ahmer Z, Moin D, Khalil A, Akram A, Obaid E, Jawaid H. Knowledge, attitude and practices of first aid among non-medical students of Karachi University. Liaquat Natl J Prim Care. 2020;2:22–8. Liu X, Wang B, Xing J, Zhang H, Ye S. Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of Medical Students Toward Prehospital Emergency Care: A Cross-Sectional Study. Adv Med Educ Pract. 2025;16:1559–68. 10.2147/AMEP.S540797 . Published 2025 Aug 27. Al Haddad HA, Alawainati M, Hasan HF, Husain HA, Mubarak S, Sanad AH. Knowledge about first aid of childhood emergency conditions among caregivers attending primary care centers in Bahrain - A cross-sectional study. J Family Med Prim Care. 2025;14(6):2402–6. 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1682_24 . Ataya J, Ataya J, Aljarad Z. Bridging the first-aid knowledge gap: a cross-sectional study of medical scope students in Syria. Prim Health Care Res Dev. 2024;25:e8. 10.1017/S1463423624000033 . Published 2024 Feb 8. Abraham J, Alva J, Vinish V. Assessment of knowledge, readiness, and barriers hindering the performance of first aid measures in emergency situations among non-healthcare professionals of selected organizations of Udupi Taluk. J Educ Health Promot . 2023;12:359. Published 2023 Oct 31. 10.4103/jehp.jehp_1860_22 Papachristodoulou V, Tripsianis G, Constantinidis TC, Kakagia DD. Knowledge and Attitudes in First Aid Practices for Thermal Burns: a Cross-sectional Study Among Adults in Northern Greece. Mater Sociomed. 2023;35(3):228–33. 10.5455/msm.2023.35.228-233 . Thirunavukkarasu A, Alanazi AR, Al-Rasheedi AN, et al. Assessment of knowledge, attitude, and practice toward first aid management of choking hazards among Eastern Province Saudi adults: an observational study. Front Public Health. 2024;12:1376033. 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1376033 . Published 2024 Jun 13. Hisam A, Mashhadi F, Ameer Z, Khan A, Sattar D, Tahir, Zeeshan, Yaqub P. Assessment of First Aid Emergency Knowledge Among Medical Students from First Year to Final Year-A Comparative Study. Pakistan Armed Forces Med J. 2023;72:S889–93. 10.51253/pafmj.v72iSUPPL-4.9831 . García-Blaya JÁ, Abraldes JA, Vaquero-Cristóbal R. Assessment of First Aid Knowledge at Different Stages of Education. Healthcare (Basel) . 2025;13(13):1507. Published 2025 Jun 24. 10.3390/healthcare13131507 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Reviews received at journal 26 Mar, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 19 Mar, 2026 Reviews received at journal 05 Mar, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 28 Feb, 2026 Reviewers invited by journal 20 Feb, 2026 Editor invited by journal 02 Feb, 2026 Editor assigned by journal 21 Jan, 2026 Submission checks completed at journal 20 Jan, 2026 First submitted to journal 20 Jan, 2026 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8517761","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":594543784,"identity":"14a9b1ad-717f-4a99-8061-aae5e122daf3","order_by":0,"name":"Suleman Khan","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Khyber Medical College","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Suleman","middleName":"","lastName":"Khan","suffix":""},{"id":594543785,"identity":"6be9171a-159d-47d9-94e8-79833a37604a","order_by":1,"name":"Ang Raj Karan","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Khyber Medical 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Ahmed","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"","institution":"Sir Salimullah Medical College","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Somaiya","middleName":"","lastName":"Ahmed","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2026-01-05 06:53:16","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8517761/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8517761/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":103506354,"identity":"c28ab545-0f48-46d7-8b91-56d8d12b34c7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-26 13:35:32","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1344694,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8517761/v1/ba36d54f-9360-46aa-9f8f-a923cb8530d8.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Nationwide Survey on Public Knowledge and Attitudes Regarding First Aid for Common Emergencies in Pakistan with Multivariable Regression Analysis","fulltext":[{"header":"INTRODUCTION","content":"\u003cp\u003eFirst aid is the immediate assistance provided to an ill or injured person before professional help arrives. According to international standards, the role of first aid is to save lives, decrease suffering, prevent additional injuries, and aid in recovery (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). Prehospital emergency care entails the basic, evidence-based measures, such as the administration of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), clearance of airway obstructions, hemorrhage control, and provision of simple life support. These measures are supposed to save lives, relieve pain and avoid complications (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) notes that first aid is a cost-effective tool that empowers individuals; by sharing essential skills and knowledge with communities, first aid education helps create safer, more resilient societies (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). The IFRC “First Aid Vision 2030” states that first aid education must be accessible and inclusive, integrated into social programs, and tailored for vulnerable populations (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). Since communities are the first responders during emergencies, training laypersons and integrating them into emergency response systems is crucial (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe unintended injuries are a major cause of health and mortality among the world population. Pakistan and the Eastern Mediterranean Region contribute approximately 19 percent of the global number of deaths occurring due to injuries (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). Pakistan consists of around 216.6\u0026nbsp;million people, of whom about 15–25 years of the population is almost a quarter of the total people (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). According to the first National Injury Survey of Pakistan (NISP), there was a 45.6 unintentional injury per 1,000 population, with road traffic injuries being 15 per 1,000 and falls at 22.2 per 1,000 (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e). The third most common cause of death in Pakistani children is unintentional injuries, followed by cancer and heart disease (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e). Influenced by school working hours, teachers commonly act as first responders, and due to their training and confidence, it may not be the most appropriate job (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e). Formal pre-hospital care systems remain poorly developed in most of the low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). To deal with this, the World Health Organization (WHO) launched the Community First Aid Responder (CFAR) program, whereby community members are trained and incorporated into the dispatch and response systems (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). The Democratic Republic of Congo pilot CFAR course has shown that training lay people can become a viable method of enhancing emergency care when the participants showed a high confidence in their first aid practices (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eEvidence indicates that bystanders with first aid training can effectively deliver life-saving assistance. A Norwegian observation study had observed that 97 out of 100 cases of trauma had bystanders present, and bystanders had properly administered airway management, bleeding control, and hypothermia prevention in 76, 81, and 62% respectively (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e). The potential benefits of bystander first aid in terms of its impact on the health of the population are estimated as 1.8-5 percent (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e). Moreover, the prehospital emergency care literacy can have a strong impact; Chinese studies found that better knowledge of the bystanders about the emergency would lead to higher survival rates of the patients (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDespite the importance of recognizing the value of first aid, research shows that many people, including healthcare workers in Pakistan, lack proper knowledge and training. A survey of college students in Karachi revealed that only 17.5% had first-aid training, and those with training performed significantly better on knowledge tests (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e). In a 2020 survey of Karachi schoolteachers, 96.9% knew about first aid, but only 40.7% understood that trained laypeople can provide it, and half of them remembered the emergency number. While they had a positive attitude, most teachers lacked practical knowledge and expressed the need for training (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e). Another survey of caregivers in Bahrain indicated that 62.9% had never attended a first-aid course and had limited knowledge of managing childhood emergencies (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e). A national study of Pakistani healthcare professionals and medical students revealed gaps in CPR knowledge; only 39% were aware of the prevalence of out-of-hospital cardiac arrests, and many misunderstood the correct compression–ventilation ratios (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e). Similar results were reported elsewhere: two studies in Saudi Arabia found that only 15–34% of caregivers received first-aid training, and their limited knowledge hindered effective intervention (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eExisting Pakistani studies have focused on specific groups, such as teachers or medical students, and used convenience sampling within limited geographic areas. To our knowledge, no nationwide survey has examined first-aid knowledge and attitudes among the general adult population. Given Pakistan’s high injury rate and its large, diverse population, understanding baseline knowledge and perceived barriers to training is crucial. This nationwide cross-sectional study aims to assess the public’s knowledge of first aid and attitudes toward receiving first-aid training across all provinces of Pakistan. The findings will assist policymakers and health educators in developing targeted strategies to improve emergency preparedness and reduce preventable morbidity and mortality.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"METHODS","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSTUDY DESIGN AND SETTING\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis nationwide cross-sectional study was conducted across Pakistan using a structured questionnaire adapted from validated tools employed in the Saudi Arabian study and local research (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e). The design allows for the estimation of knowledge and attitudes at a single point in time across diverse regions. Pakistan was divided into multiple regions, such as\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e· Punjab\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e· Kpk\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e· Baluchistan\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e· Sindh\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e· Gilgit Baltistan\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e· Azad Jammu and Kashmir\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e· Islamabad\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRecruitment will take place through community health centers, universities, workplaces, public events, and online platforms like social media and email. Provincial coordinators will ensure representation of both urban and rural populations.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis entire study was conducted from 12th October 2025 to 29th December 2025.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePARTICIPANTS\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOur study included all Pakistani participants older than 18 years who had provided informed consent. Since it is a national survey, we distributed our sample size to seven regions. The questionnaire was distributed in both Urdu and English, and help was given to the illiterate.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAll individuals under 18 years old and healthcare workers or students previously exposed to Advanced Life Support Training were excluded, as they may not reflect the general population.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eParticipation will be voluntary; no names or identification numbers will be collected. Respondents will be informed that they can withdraw at any time without penalty. The data will be anonymized and stored securely, with electronic identifiers such as phone numbers or IP addresses removed after collection. Participants will be assured that their information will only be used for research purposes and reported in aggregate form.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSTUDY OUTCOMES\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe primary outcomes of the study are defined as follows:\u003c/p\u003e\u003col\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eEvaluate awareness and attitudes about first aid practices, emergency numbers, and the significance of first aid education.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eInvestigate the reasons why people don't attend first aid courses, such as time constraints, course availability, and fear of emergencies.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003c/ol\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDATA SOURCES AND MEASUREMENTS\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDemographic data were collected through a questionnaire. Participants completed a structured survey to gather information on socioeconomic factors and to assess their knowledge and attitude towards First Aid (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSTUDY SIZE\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe sample size was calculated using Epi Info version 3, with a 95% confidence interval and a 5% margin of error. Assuming p = 0.65 [12], this yielded a sample size of 349. To account for a 20% non-response rate, the final sample was increased to 436, allowing for non-aggregate analyses within subgroups. However, to ensure balanced representation across all provinces, the sample size was further increased to 490 participants. This adjustment helped distribute participants more evenly among the provinces, enhancing the robustness and comparability of subsequent analyses.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSAMPLING TECHNIQUE\u003c/b\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA multi-stage cluster sampling method will be implemented. First, each province or territory will serve as a stratum. Within each stratum, districts will be randomly selected. In the second stage, urban and rural clusters, such as union councils or neighborhoods, will be chosen using probability proportional to size. In the third stage, households or community gathering points will be identified, and eligible participants will be systematically sampled. To supplement community recruitment and reach populations with internet access, an online survey link will be shared through provincial health departments, universities, and social networks. This mixed-mode approach reflects the electronic distribution used in the Saudi study while expanding geographical coverage (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eQUANTITATIVE VARIABLES\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eKnowledge and attitude scores will be treated as quantitative variables. Each correct answer in the knowledge section will earn one point. The total knowledge score will be calculated by summing all the points, with higher scores indicating a better understanding of first aid, ranging from 0 to 6.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSimilarly, for attitude items measured on a five-point Likert scale (from \"Strongly Disagree\" = 1 to \"Strongly Agree\" = 5), responses are summed to determine the attitude score, where higher scores represent more positive attitudes toward first-aid training and practice. Item scores are combined to generate a total attitude score ranging from 3 to 15, with higher values indicating more positive attitudes.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFor descriptive analysis, means and standard deviations (SD) will be reported for quantitative variables, such as total knowledge and attitude scores.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSTATISTICAL METHODS\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eData will be analyzed using SPSS Statistics version 26. All responses will first be checked for completeness and accuracy before analysis. Descriptive statistics, including frequencies, percentages, means, and standard deviations, will be used to summarize sociodemographic variables, knowledge scores, and attitude scores. Knowledge and attitude scores were treated as continuous variables. Independent-samples t-tests and one-way ANOVA will be used to compare group means. Linear regression will be employed to examine predictors of knowledge and attitude scores. Assumptions of normality and homogeneity of variance will be assessed via Shapiro–Wilk and Levene’s tests, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMISSING DATA\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eQuestionnaires with more than 20% item nonresponse were excluded listwise before analysis. The remaining analyses used only complete cases. For transparency, denominators for each analysis are reported in all tables and figures. No imputation was performed.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"RESULT","content":"\u003cp\u003eA total of 490 participants from all provinces and territories of Pakistan completed the survey. Of these, 233 (47.6%) were males and 257 (52.4%) were females. Most respondents were single (403; 82.2%), while 87 (17.8%) were married. The majority belonged to the 18\u0026ndash;30-year age group (437; 89.2%), followed by 31\u0026ndash;40 years (8.2%), 41\u0026ndash;50 years (2.0%), and above 50 years (0.6%). In terms of education, most participants held a bachelor\u0026rsquo;s degree (339; 69.2%), followed by master\u0026rsquo;s (60; 12.2%), high school (37; 7.6%), and doctorate degrees (31; 6.3%), with a small proportion having secondary (20; 4.1%) or primary education (3; 0.6%). Regarding occupation, 307 (62.7%) were students, 53 (10.8%) were government employees, 52 (10.6%) worked in the private sector, 58 (11.8%) were unemployed, and 20 (4.1%) were engaged in business. Equal representation was maintained across all seven regions, with 70 participants (14.3%) from each province or territory, provided in Table No.1.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable No.1:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eSocio-Demographic Characteristics of the Respondents (n = 490).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"498\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCategory\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFrequency (n)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePercent (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGender\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e233\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e257\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMarital Status\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSingle\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e403\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge Group (years)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18\u0026ndash;30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e437\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e89.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31\u0026ndash;40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41\u0026ndash;50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAbove 50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEducation Level\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrimary School\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSecondary School\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHigh School\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBachelor\u0026rsquo;s Degree\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e339\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMaster\u0026rsquo;s Degree\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDoctorate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOccupation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStudent\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e307\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGovernment Job\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrivate Job\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBusiness\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNot Working\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProvince / Residence\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAzad Jammu \u0026amp; Kashmir\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSindh\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePunjab\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKhyber Pakhtunkhwa\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBalochistan\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIslamabad\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGilgit-Baltistan\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eParticipants were assessed using six knowledge-based questions on basic first-aid procedures. The proportion of correct responses ranged from 45.7% to 93.7%. Most respondents (459; 93.7%) correctly identified first aid as immediate care provided before the arrival of an ambulance, while 254 (51.8%) correctly identified the Red Crescent emergency number. In a road traffic accident scenario, 274 (55.9%) correctly indicated that calling emergency medical services was the first appropriate action. Correct responses were also observed for choking management through abdominal thrusts (269; 54.9%), positioning an unconscious but breathing victim in the recovery position (234; 45.7%), and controlling bleeding by applying direct pressure and elevating the affected limb (342; 69.8%). The mean first-aid knowledge score was 3.71 \u0026plusmn; 1.45 (range: 0\u0026ndash;6), with 43.1% of participants classified as having poor knowledge, 45.1% moderate knowledge, and 11.8% good knowledge, given in Table No.2.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable No.2: Knowledge of First Aid Procedures Among Respondents (n = 490)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"623\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 358px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKnowledge Question\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eResponse Category\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFrequency (n)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePercent (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 358px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIn case of emergency, the call number for the Red Crescent Authority is\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCorrect\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e254\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 358px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIncorrect\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e236\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 358px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe initial first aid provided by the first responder to the injured or ill person before the ambulance arrives is\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCorrect\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e459\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e93.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 358px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIncorrect\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 358px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIf you face a sudden car accident with casualties, your first action is\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCorrect\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e274\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 358px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIncorrect\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e216\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 358px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIf you suddenly face a choking adult, you should\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCorrect\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e269\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 358px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIncorrect\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e221\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 358px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIf you suddenly face an unconscious victim with breathing and pulse, you should\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCorrect\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e224\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 358px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIncorrect\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e266\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 358px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIf you suddenly face someone bleeding from the arm, the best way to control bleeding is\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCorrect\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e342\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 358px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIncorrect\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e148\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIndependent-samples \u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e-tests showed no significant differences in first-aid knowledge scores by gender (\u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e(488) = \u0026minus;0.81, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e = 0.418) or marital status (Welch \u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e(138.58) = \u0026minus;1.04, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e = 0.302). However, one-way ANOVA revealed a significant difference across age groups (\u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e (3,486) = 2.82, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e = 0.038). Post-hoc analysis using the Games\u0026ndash;Howell test revealed that participants aged 18\u0026ndash;30 years scored significantly higher than those aged 41\u0026ndash;50 years (p = 0.011), while no other age-group comparisons were significant. Education level demonstrated a strong association with first-aid knowledge (\u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e(5,484) = 7.29, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; 0.001). Participants with primary and secondary education scored significantly lower than those with high school education or higher (all \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; 0.05), whereas no statistically significant differences were observed among participants with high school, bachelor\u0026rsquo;s, master\u0026rsquo;s, or doctoral degrees. Occupational status was also significantly associated with knowledge scores (\u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e(4,485) = 7.88, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; 0.001). Post-hoc comparisons showed that participants engaged in business occupations had significantly lower knowledge scores than students, government employees, private-sector employees, and unemployed participants (all \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; 0.001), while no significant differences were observed among the latter four groups. Marked regional variation in first-aid knowledge was observed (\u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e(6,483) = 11.48, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; 0.001). Participants from Sindh had significantly lower knowledge scores than those from Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, and Balochistan (all \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; 0.001). Khyber Pakhtunkhwa demonstrated the highest mean knowledge score nationally and scored significantly higher than Sindh, Islamabad, and Gilgit-Baltistan. Punjab, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Balochistan, Islamabad, and Gilgit-Baltistan formed a statistically indistinguishable middle-performing group, show in Table No.3.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable No.3: Association of Demographic Variables with First Aid Knowledge Score\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"623\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDemographic Variable\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGroup(s) / Comparison\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean \u0026plusmn; SD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 73px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTest Statistic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003edf\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep-value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSignificant Findings (Post-hoc)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGender\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e233\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.29 \u0026plusmn; 0.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 73px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e = \u0026minus;0.81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e488\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.418\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e257\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.33 \u0026plusmn; 0.61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 73px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMarital Status\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.25 \u0026plusmn; 0.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 73px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e = \u0026minus;1.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e138.58\u0026dagger;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.302\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSingle\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e403\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.33 \u0026plusmn; 0.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 73px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge Group\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18\u0026ndash;30, 31\u0026ndash;40, 41\u0026ndash;50, \u0026gt;50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 73px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e(3,486) = 2.823\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.038\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18\u0026ndash;30 \u0026gt; 41\u0026ndash;50 (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e = 0.011); others NS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEducation Level\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrimary, Secondary, High School, Bachelor\u0026rsquo;s, Master\u0026rsquo;s, Doctorate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 73px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e(5,484) = 7.291\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrimary \u0026amp; Secondary \u0026lt; High School and above; higher education groups NS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOccupation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStudent, Government Job, Private Job, Business, Not Working\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 73px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e(4,485) = 7.878\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBusiness \u0026lt; all other groups; others NS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eResidence / Province\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAJK, Sindh, Punjab, KP, Balochistan, Islamabad, GB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 73px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e(6,483) = 11.478\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSindh \u0026lt; AJK, Punjab, KP, Balochistan; KP \u0026gt; Sindh, Islamabad, GB; others NS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Simple linear regression analyses showed that gender significantly predicted first-aid knowledge (\u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e(1,488) = 28.26, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; 0.001), explaining 5.5% of the variance, with males scoring an average of 0.68 points lower than females. Age group was also a significant predictor (\u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e(3,486) = 2.82, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e = 0.038), although the explained variance was small (Adjusted \u003cem\u003eR\u0026sup2;\u003c/em\u003e = 0.011). Participants aged 41\u0026ndash;50 years scored significantly lower than those aged 18\u0026ndash;30 years, while other age groups did not differ significantly. Education level significantly predicted knowledge scores (\u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e(5,484) = 7.29, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; 0.001), explaining 7.0% of the variance, with the largest deficits observed among participants with primary and secondary education. Knowledge gains plateaued beyond the high-school level. Occupational status remained independently associated with knowledge (\u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e(4,485) = 7.88, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; 0.001), with business participants scoring significantly lower than students (B = \u0026minus;1.73, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; 0.001). Province of residence emerged as the strongest sociodemographic predictor of knowledge (\u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e(6,483) = 11.48, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; 0.001), explaining 12.5% of the variance. Compared with Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, significantly lower scores were observed in Sindh, Gilgit-Baltistan, Islamabad, Balochistan, and Azad Jammu and Kashmir, while the difference with Punjab was borderline, provided in \u003cstrong\u003eTable No.4.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable No.4: Simple Linear Regression Analyses Predicting First-Aid Knowledge Score by Demographic Variables\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"623\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDemographic Variable\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCategory (Reference in bold)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 137px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eB (Unstandardized)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026beta; (Standardized)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep-value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eModel R\u0026sup2;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGender\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFemale\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 137px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.055\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 137px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.234\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMarital Status\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSingle\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 137px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.004\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 137px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.061\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.181\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge Group\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e18\u0026ndash;30 years\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 137px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.017\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31\u0026ndash;40 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 137px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.080\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.074\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41\u0026ndash;50 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 137px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;1.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.105\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.020\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;50 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 137px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.024\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.597\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEducation Level\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBachelor\u0026rsquo;s degree\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 137px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.070\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMaster\u0026rsquo;s degree\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 137px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.045\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.309\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDoctorate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 137px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+0.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+0.055\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.219\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHigh school\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 137px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.078\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.080\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSecondary school\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 137px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;1.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.229\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrimary school\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 137px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;1.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.098\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.026\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOccupation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStudent\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 137px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.061\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBusiness\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 137px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;1.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.235\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGovernment job\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 137px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+0.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+0.033\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.466\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrivate job\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 137px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.024\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.586\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNot working\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 137px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.080\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.075\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProvince / Residence\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eKhyber Pakhtunkhwa\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 137px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.125\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePunjab\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 137px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.106\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.057\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBalochistan\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 137px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.154\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.006\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSindh\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 137px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;1.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.402\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIslamabad\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 137px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;1.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.244\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGilgit-Baltistan\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 137px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;1.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.299\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAzad Jammu \u0026amp; Kashmir\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 137px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.134\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.017\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMost respondents expressed positive attitudes toward learning and providing first aid. A total of 425 (86.7%) either strongly agreed or agreed that first aid training is important, and 329 (67.1%) agreed it is necessary to advise others to take first aid courses. Fear of emergencies prevented 287 (58.5%) from performing first aid, while 93 (18.9%) disagreed that fear was a barrier. Only 187 (38.2%) participants reported having attended a first aid course, with the majority having never received formal training. Among those who had not attended, the main reasons included a lack of time (12%), the course not being offered (31.4%), and high course fees (6.9%). The overall mean attitude score was 11.07 \u0026plusmn; 2.23 out of 15, provided in \u003cstrong\u003eTable No.5.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTableNo.5: Attitudes Toward First Aid Among Respondents (n = 490)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"623\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 300px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStatement\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eResponse Category\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFrequency (n)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePercent (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 300px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFirst aid learning and training are important\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStrongly Disagree\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 300px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDisagree\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 300px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNeutral\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 300px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAgree\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 300px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStrongly Agree\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e379\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 300px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWe need to advise others to take first aid courses\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStrongly Disagree\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 300px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDisagree\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 300px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNeutral\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 300px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAgree\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 300px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStrongly Agree\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e329\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 300px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBeing afraid of emergency cases prevents us from doing first aid\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStrongly Disagree\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 300px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDisagree\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 300px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNeutral\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e110\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 300px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAgree\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 300px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStrongly Agree\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e204\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 300px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHave you ever joined a first aid course?\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e187\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 300px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e303\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 300px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReason for not taking a first aid course \u003cem\u003e(n = 276)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI don\u0026rsquo;t have time\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 300px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI\u0026rsquo;m not willing\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 300px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFirst aid courses not offered\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e154\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 300px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTraining didn\u0026rsquo;t reflect reality\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 300px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePoor course content\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 300px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCourses offered with fees\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eFemales demonstrated slightly higher attitude scores than males (Welch \u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e(443.23) = \u0026minus;2.01, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e = 0.045), although the magnitude of this difference was small. Marital status was not associated with attitude scores (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e = 0.721). One-way ANOVA showed no significant differences in attitude scores across age groups (\u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e(3,486) = 0.62, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e = 0.603) or occupational categories (\u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e(4,485) = 1.61, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e = 0.170). Education level was significantly associated with attitude scores (\u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e(5,484) = 3.86, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e = 0.002), with participants holding secondary or lower education demonstrating less positive attitudes. Province of residence also showed a modest but significant association with attitude (\u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e(6,483) = 2.72, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e = 0.013), with regression analysis indicating significantly less positive attitudes among participants from Sindh and Gilgit-Baltistan compared with those from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, shown in Table No.6.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable No.6: Association of Demographic Variables with First Aid Attitude Score (n = 490)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"623\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDemographic Variable\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGroup(s) / Comparison\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean \u0026plusmn; SD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTest Statistic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003edf\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep-value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 107px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSignificant Findings\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGender\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e233\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.86 \u0026plusmn; 2.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e = \u0026minus;2.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e443.23\u0026dagger;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.045\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 107px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemales \u0026gt; Males\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e257\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.27 \u0026plusmn; 1.97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 107px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMarital Status\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.00 \u0026plusmn; 2.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e = \u0026minus;0.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e488\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.721\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 107px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSingle\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e403\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.09 \u0026plusmn; 2.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 107px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge Group\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18\u0026ndash;30, 31\u0026ndash;40, 41\u0026ndash;50, \u0026gt;50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e(3,486) = 0.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.603\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 107px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAll comparisons NS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEducation Level\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrimary, Secondary, High School, Bachelor\u0026rsquo;s, Master\u0026rsquo;s, Doctorate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e(5,484) = 3.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 107px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSecondary \u0026lt; High School and above\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOccupation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStudent, Govt Job, Private Job, Business, Not Working\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e(4,485) = 1.61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.170\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 107px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOverall NS (Business lower in regression)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eResidence / Province\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAJK, Sindh, Punjab, KP, Balochistan, Islamabad, GB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e(6,483) = 2.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.013\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 107px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSindh, GB \u0026lt; KP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eLinear regression analyses were conducted to examine the association between demographic variables and first-aid attitude scores. Gender emerged as a significant but weak predictor of attitude (\u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e(1,488) = 4.14, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e = 0.042), explaining 0.8% of the variance (\u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u0026sup2; = 0.008). Female participants demonstrated slightly more positive attitudes toward first aid than males, scoring an average of 0.41 points higher. Marital status was not significantly associated with attitude scores (\u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e(1,488) = 0.13, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e = 0.721), accounting for negligible variance. Age group did not significantly predict first-aid attitude scores (\u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e(3,486) = 0.62, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e = 0.603), with no meaningful differences observed between participants aged 18\u0026ndash;30 years and older age groups. Educational attainment showed a statistically significant association with attitude (\u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e(5,484) = 3.86, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e = 0.002), explaining 3.8% of the variance. Compared with participants holding a bachelor\u0026rsquo;s degree, those with secondary school education demonstrated significantly less positive attitudes, while differences among participants with higher education levels (high school and above) were not statistically significant. Occupational status was not a significant predictor of attitude scores (\u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e(4,485) = 1.61, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e = 0.170), despite a modest negative association observed among participants engaged in business occupations. Province of residence was significantly associated with first-aid attitude scores (\u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e(6,483) = 2.72, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e = 0.013), explaining 3.3% of the variance. Using Khyber Pakhtunkhwa as the reference category, participants from Sindh and Gilgit-Baltistan demonstrated significantly less positive attitudes toward first aid, while differences observed for Islamabad were marginal and did not reach statistical significance. No significant differences were observed for participants from Punjab, Balochistan, or Azad Jammu and Kashmir, provided in Table No.7.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable No.7: Simple Linear Regression Analyses Predicting First-Aid Attitude Score by Demographic Variables\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" align=\"\" width=\"623\" class=\"fr-table-selection-hover\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 122px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDemographic Variable\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCategory (Reference in bold)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eB (Unstandardized)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026beta; (Standardized)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep-value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eModel R\u0026sup2;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 122px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGender\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.008\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 122px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+0.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+0.092\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.042\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 122px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMarital Status\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSingle\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 122px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.016\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.721\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 122px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge Group\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18\u0026ndash;30 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.004\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 122px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31\u0026ndash;40 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.048\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.286\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 122px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41\u0026ndash;50 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.008\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.868\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 122px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;50 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;1.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.039\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.388\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 122px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEducation Level\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBachelor\u0026rsquo;s degree\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.038\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 122px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMaster\u0026rsquo;s degree\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.041\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.361\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 122px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDoctorate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+0.49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+0.054\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.232\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 122px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHigh school\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.080\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.077\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 122px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSecondary school\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;1.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.152\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 122px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrimary school\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;2.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.077\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.083\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 122px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOccupation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStudent\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.013\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 122px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBusiness\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;1.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.099\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.030\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 122px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGovernment job\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.012\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.795\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 122px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrivate job\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.059\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.199\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 122px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNot working\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.049\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.288\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 122px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProvince / Residence\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKhyber Pakhtunkhwa\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.033\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 122px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePunjab\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.047\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.422\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 122px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBalochistan\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.025\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.674\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 122px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSindh\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;1.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.173\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 122px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIslamabad\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.101\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.086\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 122px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGilgit-Baltistan\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;1.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.166\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.005\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 122px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAzad Jammu \u0026amp; Kashmir\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.047\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.422\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e"},{"header":"DISCUSSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis nationwide cross-sectional survey recruited 490 adults from all seven provinces of Pakistan. The majority of respondents were female (52.4%) and aged 18\u0026ndash;30 years (89.2%). The six-point first-aid knowledge score averaged 3.71\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.45, with 43.1% of participants exhibiting poor knowledge, 45.1% demonstrating moderate knowledge, and only 11.8% achieving good knowledge. Knowledge levels differed significantly across provinces; Khyber Pakhtunkhwa had the highest mean score, while Sindh had the lowest. Education and occupation were strongly associated with knowledge: participants with secondary or lower education and those in business occupations scored significantly lower than others. Gender and marital status were not significant predictors in multivariable analyses. The mean attitude score was 11.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.23 out of 15; 86.7% of respondents agreed that first-aid training is important, and 67.1% advocated advising others to take courses. Despite this favorable attitude, only 38.2% had ever attended a first-aid course. Among those who had not attended, the most common barriers were the unavailability of courses (31.4%), lack of time (12%), and high fees (6.9%).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe moderate level of knowledge and high willingness to learn observed in this survey mirror findings from other low- and middle-income countries. Liu et al. conducted a cross-sectional study among Chinese medical students and reported a mean first-aid knowledge score of 23.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.43 out of 35; male students and those from urban regions scored higher, and knowledge correlated positively with attitude and practice (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e). Our data likewise show that regional and educational disparities predict knowledge and that self-identified training gaps coexist with a high perceived importance of first aid.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudies focusing on lay caregivers further emphasize the role of education and training. In a survey of caregivers in Bahrain, the mean number of correct answers was 7.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.38 out of 14, and knowledge of specific emergencies such as febrile convulsions and ankle sprains was limited (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e). Knowledge correlated positively with higher education and household income, and participants who had attended a practical course performed better (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e). A similar pattern appears in our cohort: higher educational attainment was associated with better knowledge, and formal training remained uncommon yet beneficial. In Syria, Ataya et al. evaluated 1,855 medical students and found that only 10.6% had good knowledge (mean score\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;6.36), while 24.4% had weak knowledge; students in senior years performed better (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e). These results echo the stratification observed in our study, with knowledge improving among participants with higher educational levels.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLimited awareness among the general population is not limited to LMICs. Papachristodoulou et al. assessed first-aid knowledge in Greece and found that only\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;10% of adults provided appropriate initial management; multivariable analysis indicated that female gender, higher educational attainment, having more than three children, and previous first-aid training predicted adequate knowledge (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e). The independent effect of formal training reinforces our finding that course participation is a critical determinant of knowledge. Likewise, an Indian study of non-healthcare professionals reported that 68% had average knowledge, 93.4% were willing to provide first aid, and common barriers included language difficulties, lack of information and training, legal concerns, fear, and lack of confidence (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e). Our participants cited course availability, time constraints, and costs as obstacles; together, these studies suggest that structural barriers rather than willingness impede training uptake.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudies focused on specific emergencies also corroborate the interplay among knowledge, attitudes, and practice. In a Saudi Arabian survey on choking-hazard first aid, adults achieved a mean knowledge score of 4.28\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.54, and 43.3% were classified as having good knowledge; knowledge scores correlated positively with attitudes and practice, and higher knowledge was associated with the 30\u0026ndash;40 year age group and previous training (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e). Our results similarly demonstrate that regional differences and educational attainment predict knowledge, while attitudes were moderately positive across demographic groups. However, our regression analysis found only a small effect of gender on attitude, with females scoring 0.41 points higher on average, and no differences across most age groups.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWithin Pakistan, previous studies have been limited to specific populations. Hisam et al. surveyed 251 medical students and reported that 33.9% had good knowledge, 42.6% intermediate, and 23.5% poor knowledge; knowledge improved significantly across academic years but was not associated with prior training (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e). While our study enrolled lay adults, the distribution of knowledge categories is comparable, suggesting that both medical and nonmedical communities have substantial deficits. A Spanish investigation of first-aid knowledge across educational stages found that university students scored highest, whereas secondary-school students had superficial knowledge (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e), reinforcing our observation that knowledge improves with educational attainment and plateaus after high school.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCollectively, these studies confirm that first-aid knowledge is often suboptimal among lay populations and junior healthcare trainees. Socio-demographic factors such as education and region consistently predict knowledge, while gender and age exert variable influence. Formal training is a robust predictor of better knowledge, yet participation rates remain low due to structural barriers. Our national survey uniquely reveals intra-country provincial disparities in Pakistan, with Sindh and Gilgit-Baltistan scoring lower than other regions. These findings underscore the need for province-specific public health initiatives and equitable resource distribution.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eStrengths and limitations\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe strengths of our study lie in its robust methodological design and statistical rigor. Descriptive statistics provided clear summaries of demographic variables and first-aid knowledge and attitudes, ensuring comprehensive insights into the population's preparedness. χ\u0026sup2; tests identified significant associations between sociodemographic factors and first-aid knowledge, and one-way ANOVA allowed a detailed examination of regional and educational differences in first-aid knowledge, highlighting areas for focused intervention. Linear regression analysis was a key strength, identifying significant predictors of knowledge and attitudes, which are crucial for tailoring public health strategies. Additionally, the multi-stage cluster sampling method, paired with a large sample size of 490 participants, ensured nationwide representation, making our findings highly generalizable. The listwise deletion method for handling missing data further enhanced the reliability of our results, ensuring that only valid, complete data were included in the analysis. These strengths contribute to the study's overall high quality and provide actionable insights for improving first-aid training and public health strategies in Pakistan.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHowever, the study also has limitations. The cross-sectional design limits the ability to infer causality because the data represent a snapshot at one point in time. While regional disparities were identified, the study did not explore deeper cultural, socioeconomic, or infrastructural factors that may contribute to these differences. Reliance on self-reported data may introduce response bias, as participants may overestimate their knowledge or willingness to participate in first-aid courses. Additionally, excluding healthcare workers and those with advanced life support training, while necessary to focus on the general population, may limit the broader scope of first-aid readiness in the country.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eImplications for policy and practice\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe combination of moderate knowledge and high willingness to learn indicates that public health interventions can substantially improve emergency preparedness in Pakistan. Given that course availability was the most frequently cited barrier, expanding access to standardized first-aid training through community centers, schools, universities, and online platforms should be prioritized. Incorporating first-aid modules into secondary and tertiary education curricula could address the observed educational gradient. Tailored outreach programs are needed for regions such as Sindh and Gilgit-Baltistan, where knowledge scores were lowest. Subsidizing or offering free training may mitigate financial barriers. Given the positive correlation between knowledge and attitude reported in multiple studies, enhancing awareness campaigns may concurrently improve attitudes and practice. Future research should evaluate the effectiveness of these interventions and explore innovative delivery models, including mobile applications and community first-responder programs, to broaden reach in resource-limited settings.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"CONCLUSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis nationwide study shows that first-aid knowledge among Pakistani adults is moderate but inadequate, with significant provincial and educational disparities, despite generally positive attitudes toward training. Although most participants recognized the importance of first aid, only 38.2% had received formal training, largely due to limited course availability, time constraints, and cost. These findings underscore the need for accessible, standardized, and regionally targeted first-aid education programs to translate willingness into effective bystander action and reduce preventable morbidity and mortality.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEthical approval for this study was obtained from the Institutional Research and Ethical Review Board (IREB) of Khyber Medical College prior to the initiation of data collection (Approval No. 886/DME/KMC; dated 22 September 2025). Participation was entirely voluntary, and electronic informed consent was obtained as the first mandatory question of the questionnaire, allowing participants to proceed only after providing consent of their own free will. For illiterate participants, the study information was explained verbally in the local language, and verbal informed consent was obtained directly from the participants themselves, with assistance provided where necessary. The study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. No personally identifiable information was collected, all responses were recorded anonymously, and participants consented to the publication of the study findings in aggregate form.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe datasets generated and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare no competing interests, financial or otherwise.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis research did not receive any financial support or grant from public, commercial, or not-for-profit funding agencies.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026apos; contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eS.K. conceptualized and supervised the entire study, designed the methodology, conducted data verification, and led manuscript writing and final editing.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA.R.K., M.Q., S.A. and S.A.R. coordinated data collection and assisted in statistical analysis.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA.S., A.K., and A.H. contributed to data validation, table preparation, and results interpretation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eH.I., M.Y., and S.B. participated in literature review, reference management, and formatting.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eM.J., M.A., and S.M. contributed to questionnaire distribution and provincial coordination.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eS.K., H.S., and A.A. conducted essential manuscript revision, technical review, and overall supervision.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll authors reviewed and approved the final version of the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eClarification on the Questionnaire\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe questionnaire used in this study was adapted from previously published instruments, as cited in the manuscript [13]. Since it has been validated in earlier research, no changes were made to its content for the current study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors express sincere gratitude to all regional coordinators and participants across Pakistan who contributed to this nationwide survey. Special thanks are extended to community organizations, academic institutions, and healthcare professionals who supported data collection and facilitated questionnaire dissemination across all provinces and territories.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAI Tool Disclosure\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eChatGPT (OpenAI) was utilized solely for language editing, formatting, and technical refinement, while all aspects of study design, data analysis, interpretation, and final manuscript approval were carried out by the authors.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eInternational Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. First Aid Vision 2030. (2022).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLiu X, Wang B, Xing J, et al. Knowledge, attitude, and practice of medical students toward prehospital emergency care: A cross-sectional study. Adv Med Educ Pract. 2025;16:15591568.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRehn M, Handal N, Groda L et al. Bystander first aid in trauma \u0026ndash; prevalence and quality: A prospective observational study. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2018.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDiango K, Mafuta E, Wallis LA, et al. Implementation and evaluation of a pilot WHO Community First Aid Responder training in Kinshasa, DR Congo: A mixedmethod study. Afr J Emerg Med. 2023;13(4):258264.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKhan M, Siddiqui A, Shah M, et al. Epidemiology of unintentional injuries among vocational-school youth in Peshawar, Pakistan: A cross-sectional survey. BMC Public Health. 2023;23:1128.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKhalid T, Bashir S, Joseph F, et al. Knowledge, Attitude and Practices of First Aid Management among School Teachers. J Bahria Uni Med Dent Coll. 2020;10(4):306309.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKhan A, Shaikh S, Shuaib F, et al. Knowledge, attitude and practices of undergraduate students regarding first aid measures. J Pak Med Assoc. 2010;60(1):6872.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAlfawaz RM, Alqahtani R, Alghamdi E et al. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices of first aid among adults in AlAhsa City. Cureus. 2023.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAl Haddad HA, Alawainati M, Hasan HF, et al. Knowledge about first aid of childhood emergency conditions among caregivers attending primary care centers in Bahrain \u0026ndash; A crosssectional study. J Family Med Prim Care. 2025;14(6):24022406.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eQadir M, Shah N, Khan F, et al. Knowledge and competency of healthcare professionals and medical students in cardiac arrest and CPR in Pakistan. Health Sci Rep. 2025;8:e10096.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAlmutairi S, Almezini M, Alshammari S et al. Assessment of public knowledge and attitudes towards first aid in the Al Qassim region, Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study【237984499.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAhmer Z, Moin D, Khalil A, Akram A, Obaid E, Jawaid H. Knowledge, attitude and practices of first aid among non-medical students of Karachi University. Liaquat Natl J Prim Care. 2020;2:22\u0026ndash;8.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLiu X, Wang B, Xing J, Zhang H, Ye S. Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of Medical Students Toward Prehospital Emergency Care: A Cross-Sectional Study. 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Bridging the first-aid knowledge gap: a cross-sectional study of medical scope students in Syria. Prim Health Care Res Dev. 2024;25:e8. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1017/S1463423624000033\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1017/S1463423624000033\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e. Published 2024 Feb 8.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAbraham J, Alva J, Vinish V. Assessment of knowledge, readiness, and barriers hindering the performance of first aid measures in emergency situations among non-healthcare professionals of selected organizations of Udupi Taluk. \u003cem\u003eJ Educ Health Promot\u003c/em\u003e. 2023;12:359. Published 2023 Oct 31. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.4103/jehp.jehp_1860_22\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.4103/jehp.jehp_1860_22\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePapachristodoulou V, Tripsianis G, Constantinidis TC, Kakagia DD. Knowledge and Attitudes in First Aid Practices for Thermal Burns: a Cross-sectional Study Among Adults in Northern Greece. Mater Sociomed. 2023;35(3):228\u0026ndash;33. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.5455/msm.2023.35.228-233\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.5455/msm.2023.35.228-233\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThirunavukkarasu A, Alanazi AR, Al-Rasheedi AN, et al. 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Published 2025 Jun 24. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.3390/healthcare13131507\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.3390/healthcare13131507\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"discover-health-systems","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"dihs","sideBox":"Learn more about [Discover Health Systems](https://www.springer.com/44250)","snPcode":"44250","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/44250/3","title":"Discover Health Systems","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Discover Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8517761/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8517761/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFirst aid provided by lay responders can lower preventable illness and death; however, community-level skills and training access are still uneven in low- and middle-income countries. Pakistan does not have nationally representative data on first-aid knowledge and attitudes.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eObjective:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo measure adult first-aid knowledge and attitudes in Pakistan and identify sociodemographic and geographic differences to guide public health training strategies.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethodology:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe conducted a nationwide cross-sectional survey (September\u0026ndash;November 2025) using a structured, bilingual (Urdu/English) questionnaire adapted from validated instruments. Multi-stage cluster sampling with equal quotas recruited adults (\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;18 years) from all seven provinces and territories through community sites and online dissemination; healthcare workers and ALS-trained individuals were excluded. Knowledge (6-item score; higher\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;better) and attitude (3-item Likert score, 3\u0026ndash;15; higher\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;more positive) were predefined outcomes. Descriptive statistics summarized distributions. χ\u0026sup2; tests assessed associations between categorical levels of knowledge and attitude and demographics; one-way ANOVA compared provincial mean knowledge scores. Listwise deletion addressed missing data; analyses used SPSS v22.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eOf 490 respondents (52.4% female; 89.2% aged 18\u0026ndash;30 years), equal representation (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;70 each) was obtained from Azad Jammu \u0026amp; Kashmir, Sindh, Punjab, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Balochistan, Islamabad, and Gilgit-Baltistan. The average knowledge score was 3.71\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.45 out of 6; 43.1% had poor, 45.1% moderate, and 11.8% good knowledge. Provincial means differed (ANOVA F (6,483)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;11.478, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001), with the highest in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and the lowest in Sindh. Knowledge level was associated with gender, marital status, age, education, occupation, and province (all p\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.001). The mean attitude score was 11.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.23 out of 15; 41.0% displayed a positive attitude, 49.2% neutral, and 9.8% negative. Attitude was linked to education and province (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.001), but not with gender, marital status, age, or occupation. Only 38.2% had attended a first-aid course, with reported barriers including \u0026ldquo;course not offered\u0026rdquo; (31.4%), lack of time (12%), and fees (6.9%).\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusions:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFirst-aid knowledge in Pakistan is moderate with noticeable regional and educational differences, although attitudes toward training are mostly positive. Expanding accessible, standardized first-aid education, focusing on underserved provinces and utilizing blended or community-based delivery, should become a national public health priority to bridge the gap between intent and capability.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Nationwide Survey on Public Knowledge and Attitudes Regarding First Aid for Common Emergencies in Pakistan with Multivariable Regression Analysis","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-02-24 13:27:35","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8517761/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-03-26T06:26:28+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"126525388591308359647186581486514725016","date":"2026-03-19T07:07:31+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-03-06T04:46:09+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"207627345985701186723884404210780779855","date":"2026-02-28T10:52:32+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2026-02-20T13:21:18+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2026-02-02T19:46:12+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2026-01-21T06:07:08+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2026-01-20T21:40:30+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Discover Health Systems","date":"2026-01-20T21:35:26+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"discover-health-systems","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"dihs","sideBox":"Learn more about [Discover Health Systems](https://www.springer.com/44250)","snPcode":"44250","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/44250/3","title":"Discover Health Systems","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Discover Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"6e67a7ce-7e34-4a8c-ada5-ecc487c3536d","owner":[],"postedDate":"February 24th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-02-24T13:27:35+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-02-24 13:27:35","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8517761","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8517761","identity":"rs-8517761","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}