COPRAS-Based Leader Election for Distributed Computing: A Multi-Criteria Decision Making Approach

COPRAS-Based Leader Election for Distributed Computing: A Multi-Criteria Decision Making Approach | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article COPRAS-Based Leader Election for Distributed Computing: A Multi-Criteria Decision Making Approach Namrata Raj, P.K Singh, Rohit Kumar Tiwari This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8223756/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Leader election has long been viewed as one of the core challenges in distributed systems, mainly because the participating nodes must eventually agree on a single coordinator that oversees tasks such as synchronization, resource sharing, and failure handling. Earlier approaches---for instance, the Bully algorithm or the classical ring-based techniques---work reasonably well in stable and predictable networks, but they depend heavily on fixed identifiers or predefined priorities. As a result, they do not adapt well to the heterogeneous and constantly shifting conditions seen in present-day cloud, edge, and IoT deployments. In this work, we explore a leader election approach that builds on the Complex Proportional Assessment (COPRAS) method from multi-criteria decision-making. The idea is straightforward: each potential leader is evaluated using a mix of beneficial attributes (such as CPU strength, remaining energy, or reliability) and non-beneficial attributes (including latency or communication cost). Depending on the scenario, the weighting of these criteria may come from expert knowledge or an entropy-driven estimation process. These evaluations are then combined with a lightweight message-passing routine that still operates correctly even when the system is asynchronous or experiences partial failures. Through formal reasoning, we show that the proposed method satisfies the basic properties expected from a leader election protocol, including termination, uniqueness, agreement, and validity. The computational cost per node grows on the order of \((O(mn))\) , while the communication cost in the worst case reaches \((O(n^{2} m))\) for \((n)\) nodes and \((m)\) evaluation criteria. To observe how this behaves in practice, we carried out MPI-based simulations using a Google Colab setup. Across several network structures, the COPRAS-based strategy converged roughly \((15%)\) faster and achieved around \((20%)\) higher utility scores for the chosen leader compared to both TOPSIS-driven selection and simpler identifier-based methods. Overall, the study indicates that COPRAS offers a practical, interpretable, and scalable route for leader election in diverse distributed environments. COPRAS Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) Leader Election Distributed Systems Fault Tolerance Consensus Algorithms Scalability Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8223756","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":566411105,"identity":"0c7cf3b9-8fb2-4b2d-ae10-ce4ff496d410","order_by":0,"name":"Namrata Raj","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA9klEQVRIie3Rv2oCMRzA8d9xcC4/yJqj0GcICC4KvkrCwXXR3UksQnwFfYujgzim/OCmdLd0qLc4ObhI6yJNleKgF3HrkC9kCfmQfwCh0D+MxfHrSg46mACZ87T0kHSiM7G1+SOLyuM6fpMIa1vpTFMzHVtxJt6WUjxgkquitLuX9x4NoUErqBb1IppK2UTsqMK+zT/6c+KAuQBl60nMpcmQu12WfwR6AErXk4SrEaEgVXxu1ifCNn6CSNHzVLrrj2xyIvzGLryhY9ga98hQthx5SjVfC+MjXWJf3+pw/Mrfg7UZY1lV7T3kyu3cMPeAUCgUCl32A0JzWxe/+z/qAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Namrata","middleName":"","lastName":"Raj","suffix":""},{"id":566411106,"identity":"047d1779-9b0d-4112-8f91-078d0ffba603","order_by":1,"name":"P.K Singh","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"P.K","middleName":"","lastName":"Singh","suffix":""},{"id":566411107,"identity":"c25fd3ab-d453-4497-9709-99d8f555083b","order_by":2,"name":"Rohit Kumar Tiwari","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Rohit","middleName":"Kumar","lastName":"Tiwari","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-11-27 16:08:06","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8223756/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8223756/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":99135638,"identity":"b91d0abc-bb12-425a-82d2-3758baa86207","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-29 06:30:06","extension":"json","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":5793,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"e78a2e407891453da756a5cf4d2c71d0.json","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8223756/v1/cfe3def72408255f810d2b81.json"},{"id":99135639,"identity":"360dee1d-08a8-4ff1-88c2-c73848313f00","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-29 06:30:06","extension":"xml","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":120885,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"e78a2e407891453da756a5cf4d2c71d01enriched.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8223756/v1/94ee88e77fb1b5d78508c272.xml"},{"id":99135645,"identity":"7c673c30-49c0-4cbf-a565-a4603b72b291","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-29 06:30:06","extension":"pdf","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1383057,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Coprus.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8223756/v1/762efa3c568ebcdda9bcc04a.pdf"},{"id":99135640,"identity":"1192d31f-50e3-4114-8073-4e6b136f219c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-29 06:30:06","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":49298,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"boxcopras.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8223756/v1/4de41440bfbcf9f847fae5da.png"},{"id":99316105,"identity":"eb275fbf-16bc-4056-8f5d-91d405ad41f1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-31 16:27:44","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":50867,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"boxtopsis.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8223756/v1/5650bdd42dad0c506b904a7e.png"},{"id":99315347,"identity":"b8c824c3-33dd-42b3-9029-51cf6a1a8627","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-31 16:26:51","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":71232,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"coprasattributes.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8223756/v1/a4497e43df6a5208cc8b4880.png"},{"id":99315087,"identity":"3d952555-8e08-446d-8248-f442de86d2ea","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-31 16:26:18","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":31993,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"coprasdegreedist.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8223756/v1/347d5f115cdb006f104d643a.png"},{"id":99315163,"identity":"72f58226-c2c5-479d-910a-dbdb8b37ca8e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-31 16:26:31","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":94170,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"coprasmatrix.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8223756/v1/0903c8d482bc642fb0705caf.png"},{"id":99315583,"identity":"d22a23ca-6af5-43d6-96e2-87206d032df5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-31 16:27:05","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":144048,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"coprasnetwork.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8223756/v1/23de6534131d7f11648c9ce9.png"},{"id":99135650,"identity":"a987e467-e29b-4523-9182-05501e3a9639","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-29 06:30:06","extension":"png","order_by":9,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":47254,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"coprasscores.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8223756/v1/c1886af37b4677098cf92513.png"},{"id":99316719,"identity":"8f7ab489-59d7-4d85-a5b7-0d686fb5035c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-31 16:29:04","extension":"png","order_by":10,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":103553,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"coprastopsisbar.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8223756/v1/3d90bb9ef65f5b20ec24c78f.png"},{"id":99135651,"identity":"a341c6aa-80fe-47d5-81bd-f54641e46dc4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-29 06:30:06","extension":"png","order_by":11,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":543388,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"corpusleaderelection.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8223756/v1/1cb838afaea0d3772a5c0530.png"},{"id":99315329,"identity":"47dfab23-600a-4707-8e1b-bc75b9660be7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-31 16:26:48","extension":"png","order_by":12,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":131829,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"costvsn.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8223756/v1/6ec4066769b674cf0c084fec.png"},{"id":99135653,"identity":"79b0f881-ea03-4e8a-95ee-06054a21e11d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-29 06:30:06","extension":"pdf","order_by":13,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":434554,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"coverletter.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8223756/v1/581ac91682a119c7aff198cf.pdf"},{"id":99315316,"identity":"59bc5aa5-13c2-4c3b-b0ed-2a16e9c472df","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-31 16:26:48","extension":"png","order_by":14,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":57945,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"deltautilbox.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8223756/v1/7be9d0fe180238df7de56901.png"},{"id":99135668,"identity":"58e58dc2-8e0f-4323-b538-1969e6cb51a6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-29 06:30:07","extension":"eps","order_by":15,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":2890,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"empty.eps","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8223756/v1/d0a8fffd17aa4a7b3d62dca1.eps"},{"id":99135659,"identity":"e8be273e-e7cb-4241-87de-3a3b137c9b46","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-29 06:30:07","extension":"png","order_by":16,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":70551,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"fault.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8223756/v1/deb212152b361de002d47428.png"},{"id":99135661,"identity":"1a72d648-ffae-4cfc-927d-85d90239145b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-29 06:30:07","extension":"eps","order_by":17,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":91593,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"fig.eps","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8223756/v1/c8672b08fed7ae8966549ac5.eps"},{"id":99135669,"identity":"bfe564b2-2664-437e-8bc8-6753c86e3c68","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-29 06:30:07","extension":"png","order_by":18,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":146987,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"fig1electiontimevsn.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8223756/v1/7d6af856c75c93f384a32377.png"},{"id":99314985,"identity":"c5072745-0f68-422e-ae18-c77bf973c4c2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-31 16:25:23","extension":"png","order_by":19,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":191797,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"fig2messagesvsn.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8223756/v1/a59d5ff29ed46db3627c5c08.png"},{"id":99135670,"identity":"3af7c1d1-c51b-45b7-8103-bfca08ad2832","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-29 06:30:07","extension":"png","order_by":20,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":130408,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"heatmap.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8223756/v1/713b47729692709958129a09.png"},{"id":99315243,"identity":"5bea1063-86e3-4584-965a-3520538d6a14","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-31 16:26:41","extension":"png","order_by":21,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":132637,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"msgvsedges.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8223756/v1/f65f65ba42a3fb979190c874.png"},{"id":99316699,"identity":"0ef9e4ae-5780-4a98-b94e-4b8118428191","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-31 16:29:02","extension":"png","order_by":22,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":136508,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"performacetrend.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8223756/v1/9b8feb06d723ce157a714431.png"},{"id":99135680,"identity":"4c5aa406-02fd-49a6-b8f7-3323f24e5bc1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-29 06:30:08","extension":"png","order_by":23,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":273270,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"radargraph.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8223756/v1/052bbb20cea8708da992d652.png"},{"id":99315651,"identity":"d8c05486-5ef4-4388-92fd-d02b799977d2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-31 16:27:12","extension":"png","order_by":24,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":83879,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"roundsvsn.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8223756/v1/9e5f12b9b234ab46ab9445fd.png"},{"id":99135683,"identity":"420fa27d-f4a4-4001-b97f-38568f7823a0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-29 06:30:08","extension":"bst","order_by":25,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":146013,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"snapacite.bst","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8223756/v1/a991d143ab2033822d116b54.bst"},{"id":99135657,"identity":"da234589-767c-445f-97d2-8cb578eea5ac","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-29 06:30:07","extension":"bst","order_by":26,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":29828,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"snaps.bst","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8223756/v1/7051c4a719ba6a5254497d30.bst"},{"id":99135694,"identity":"0304fd24-6bae-4489-ae69-33d87ae92fa2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-29 06:30:08","extension":"pdf","order_by":27,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":421391,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"snarticle.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8223756/v1/3273f47afe404ea32be953e0.pdf"},{"id":99135674,"identity":"1ca8c510-6570-4a9e-b527-9c0ac96dfe9a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-29 06:30:07","extension":"bst","order_by":28,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":35515,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"snbasic.bst","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8223756/v1/dcbfc3ca1cab192c7ffc111f.bst"},{"id":99315435,"identity":"26503f3a-8ead-4653-a411-4006c0ebd37e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-31 16:26:55","extension":"bst","order_by":29,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":33968,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"snchicago.bst","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8223756/v1/fdee455cc20b945e4aaca852.bst"},{"id":99315325,"identity":"a6c03a40-783c-4041-86e7-b589576bbd01","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-31 16:26:48","extension":"cls","order_by":30,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":55857,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"snjnl.cls","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8223756/v1/615917adfd56b450e8cdc3c2.cls"},{"id":99316118,"identity":"4066fedb-e401-4636-9af5-93f7523d9552","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-31 16:27:45","extension":"bst","order_by":31,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":64023,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"snmathphysay.bst","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8223756/v1/63a1cab28012a0589eb4762e.bst"},{"id":99135654,"identity":"04dc5901-37eb-4d22-a7b8-d8cc910da87a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-29 06:30:06","extension":"bst","order_by":32,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":64166,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"snmathphysnum.bst","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8223756/v1/7594d906abd3e9b2a02f8b98.bst"},{"id":99316641,"identity":"f78138c4-8364-4250-9c4f-bb8fcde4a6db","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-31 16:28:47","extension":"bst","order_by":33,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":37333,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"snnature.bst","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8223756/v1/cd704d958f929115fe2d39bb.bst"},{"id":99135656,"identity":"387ccf6d-5299-433b-bf47-b2c74d32eb57","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-29 06:30:07","extension":"bst","order_by":34,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":39951,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"snvancouveray.bst","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8223756/v1/517e7b8df18125256a53f20f.bst"},{"id":99135666,"identity":"02ae5cb1-abd6-484a-857b-1ec549758e5b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-29 06:30:07","extension":"bst","order_by":35,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":40758,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"snvancouvernum.bst","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8223756/v1/e9b50c77fc4c9baef018ce23.bst"},{"id":99135658,"identity":"6e5f5829-4cec-4e85-9231-b15bf73994d4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-29 06:30:07","extension":"png","order_by":36,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":175539,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"stastical.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8223756/v1/8d9cce4061df751062b7a5b5.png"},{"id":99315688,"identity":"0c2e65aa-1ceb-44eb-8db6-0b7f39b5b961","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-31 16:27:15","extension":"png","order_by":37,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":315289,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"topologyall.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8223756/v1/13d38df7b39a076b86190dc0.png"},{"id":99135696,"identity":"1ce3a34b-1a8d-4beb-a24e-3f9475ede486","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-29 06:30:08","extension":"pdf","order_by":38,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":418495,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"usermanual.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8223756/v1/b818206c18b17563db4eb99d.pdf"},{"id":99135655,"identity":"ff035a93-a3c1-4bc2-b1f1-e6fda806e728","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-29 06:30:07","extension":"png","order_by":39,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":114995,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"utilityvsn.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8223756/v1/8b07a0d4887a51d082dfe099.png"},{"id":99314748,"identity":"1f7cdf95-3039-4c9e-82c0-364237d90eea","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-31 16:22:55","extension":"png","order_by":40,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":42744,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineboxcopras.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8223756/v1/96ab0cca6bf13ebf0f9379b8.png"},{"id":99135678,"identity":"ca3bb0db-7e24-4621-9a4b-ba1cea0eb2ff","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-29 06:30:08","extension":"png","order_by":41,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":44154,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineboxtopsis.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8223756/v1/989885d7ec389a37794924f7.png"},{"id":99135671,"identity":"68dbd47a-79a5-43ad-ab23-761286fce6c7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-29 06:30:07","extension":"png","order_by":42,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":60756,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinecoprasattributes.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8223756/v1/a7d7610870596f5104e3d6fd.png"},{"id":99135665,"identity":"6ebe258e-3c75-41a3-ac1c-0be470b46cbf","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-29 06:30:07","extension":"png","order_by":43,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":26777,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinecoprasdegreedist.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8223756/v1/ebed79a312890cfe203f7baa.png"},{"id":99135663,"identity":"16dcf1bc-b4f5-4337-8da3-c0aa23f81e4d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-29 06:30:07","extension":"png","order_by":44,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":83511,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinecoprasmatrix.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8223756/v1/b07cf83f5d60464c328790bb.png"},{"id":99314908,"identity":"4e1d63c2-951f-4832-8e1c-f69467390a94","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-31 16:24:28","extension":"png","order_by":45,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":132585,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinecoprasnetwork.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8223756/v1/10887f8a7c23d8f5d6bd352c.png"},{"id":99316389,"identity":"42e63de3-49d8-4e81-b2bd-eee62632be9e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-31 16:28:23","extension":"png","order_by":46,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":41200,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinecoprasscores.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8223756/v1/5c34472cf30e1ffba1658d64.png"},{"id":99135677,"identity":"9e819d57-7a11-43c4-a688-cbb66700a2b3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-29 06:30:07","extension":"png","order_by":47,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":89997,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinecoprastopsisbar.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8223756/v1/f3514450fe832616682b807a.png"},{"id":99135688,"identity":"e9f80d86-6ac9-492e-98d1-93654622ecd9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-29 06:30:08","extension":"png","order_by":48,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":461867,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinecorpusleaderelection.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8223756/v1/ee12361e795efa83f91adb73.png"},{"id":99135693,"identity":"719814a9-0609-417e-b8ab-5f5f98523f27","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-29 06:30:08","extension":"png","order_by":49,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":116993,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinecostvsn.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8223756/v1/7fb7076d23c68f1b868b0857.png"},{"id":99314995,"identity":"90fff151-ceb9-4a7c-b0bf-246da482b430","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-31 16:25:30","extension":"png","order_by":50,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":49884,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinedeltautilbox.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8223756/v1/8689be4d7182ec6b440f2c9e.png"},{"id":99135689,"identity":"77658b24-ad94-4df4-abae-4aae82050ad4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-29 06:30:08","extension":"png","order_by":52,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":127441,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefig1electiontimevsn.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8223756/v1/9715ed70c1d1ac27e7f2515b.png"},{"id":99135698,"identity":"b9c39e2d-f898-4996-887e-4a6eb57c02ad","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-29 06:30:08","extension":"png","order_by":53,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":167278,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefig2messagesvsn.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8223756/v1/25bd1703ddf31e39bca3dfcf.png"},{"id":99315133,"identity":"d3e0d1b4-93d6-4c5e-b43f-53bd13bbd802","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-31 16:26:27","extension":"png","order_by":54,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":115228,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineheatmap.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8223756/v1/8f55048c96c8e89412ef1c1e.png"},{"id":99316440,"identity":"f1bbd151-cce1-4c07-8792-456f6b048478","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-31 16:28:28","extension":"png","order_by":55,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":114389,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinemsgvsedges.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8223756/v1/451c6b45efc42adcd8154a8b.png"},{"id":99135686,"identity":"faf65bab-54f2-4d74-97e3-f81e4af01ae1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-29 06:30:08","extension":"png","order_by":58,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":71802,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineroundsvsn.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8223756/v1/d33c3952e4e47158b3836ca7.png"},{"id":99135682,"identity":"8746dca2-9cad-45a6-8a7f-d7697e585974","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-29 06:30:08","extension":"png","order_by":60,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":275507,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinetopologyall.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8223756/v1/d0abe1aec4fdc36f4a4c2441.png"},{"id":99135690,"identity":"ba52f745-0542-4873-bfc7-ddd84ae317de","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-29 06:30:08","extension":"png","order_by":61,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":98896,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineutilityvsn.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8223756/v1/290a431772f734f635d8d3b0.png"},{"id":99315235,"identity":"af418cce-923e-4978-8518-977c1c35c8e4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-31 16:26:40","extension":"xml","order_by":62,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":133345,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"e78a2e407891453da756a5cf4d2c71d01structuring.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8223756/v1/207618665e9b397e1d1fed56.xml"},{"id":99135684,"identity":"1de187a2-a724-489b-b4b9-326cff12753d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-29 06:30:08","extension":"html","order_by":63,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":158901,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"earlyproof.html","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8223756/v1/e5e08c0f7879a3dc0c32f8bd.html"},{"id":105880905,"identity":"b4cd108c-039f-4d7d-b6fe-b468296144bb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-01 06:43:44","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1154079,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Coprus.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8223756/v1_covered_11183b92-36db-4f5e-8c7e-3dad6e115f3d.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"COPRAS-Based Leader Election for Distributed Computing: A Multi-Criteria Decision Making Approach","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"COPRAS, Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM), Leader Election, Distributed Systems, Fault Tolerance, Consensus Algorithms Scalability","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8223756/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8223756/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eLeader election has long been viewed as one of the core challenges in distributed systems, mainly because the participating nodes must eventually agree on a single coordinator that oversees tasks such as synchronization, resource sharing, and failure handling. Earlier approaches---for instance, the Bully algorithm or the classical ring-based techniques---work reasonably well in stable and predictable networks, but they depend heavily on fixed identifiers or predefined priorities. As a result, they do not adapt well to the heterogeneous and constantly shifting conditions seen in present-day cloud, edge, and IoT deployments. In this work, we explore a leader election approach that builds on the Complex Proportional Assessment (COPRAS) method from multi-criteria decision-making. The idea is straightforward: each potential leader is evaluated using a mix of beneficial attributes (such as CPU strength, remaining energy, or reliability) and non-beneficial attributes (including latency or communication cost). Depending on the scenario, the weighting of these criteria may come from expert knowledge or an entropy-driven estimation process. These evaluations are then combined with a lightweight message-passing routine that still operates correctly even when the system is asynchronous or experiences partial failures. Through formal reasoning, we show that the proposed method satisfies the basic properties expected from a leader election protocol, including termination, uniqueness, agreement, and validity. The computational cost per node grows on the order of \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\((O(mn))\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e, while the communication cost in the worst case reaches \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\((O(n^{2} m))\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e for \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\((n)\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e nodes and \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\((m)\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e evaluation criteria. To observe how this behaves in practice, we carried out MPI-based simulations using a Google Colab setup. Across several network structures, the COPRAS-based strategy converged roughly \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\((15%)\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e faster and achieved around \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\((20%)\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e higher utility scores for the chosen leader compared to both TOPSIS-driven selection and simpler identifier-based methods. Overall, the study indicates that COPRAS offers a practical, interpretable, and scalable route for leader election in diverse distributed environments.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"COPRAS-Based Leader Election for Distributed Computing: A Multi-Criteria Decision Making Approach","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-12-29 06:30:01","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8223756/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"297d1ad5-9bba-46cd-ada6-d3cfd8f9b64d","owner":[],"postedDate":"December 29th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-04-01T06:42:49+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-12-29 06:30:01","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8223756","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8223756","identity":"rs-8223756","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}