Prevalence and factors associated with anemia in adults in the UAE

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Objectives To determine the prevalence of anemia and the associated factors among adults residing in the UAE. The study also aims to assess the knowledge about anemia among the study population. Materials and Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among the adults residing in the UAE using a self-administered questionnaire. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 29. A score of six and higher was considered above average, whereas below six was considered below average knowledge. A chi-square test and logistic regression were done. Results Around 8.9% of participants currently had anemia. Around 100% of participants with secondary qualifications knew average compared to 93.5% of postgraduate participants with below-average knowledge about anemia. Consumption of dates, jaggery/molasses, beef liver, and sardines possessed statistically significant associations. Conclusion 8.9% of adults in the UAE are diagnosed with anemia. Consumption of dates, jaggery/molasses, beef liver, and sardines are the statistically significant factors associated. Knowledge about anemia is associated with age, gender, education, employment, marital status and the emirate of residence. " } { "@context": "http://schema.org", "@type": "BreadcrumbList", "itemListElement": [ { "@type": "ListItem", "position": "1", "item": { "@id": "https://f1000research.com/", "name": "Home" } }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": "2", "item": { "@id": "https://f1000research.com/browse/articles", "name": "Browse" } }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": "3", "item": { "@id": "https://f1000research.com/articles/14-498/v1", "name": "Prevalence and factors associated with anemia in adults in the UAE" } } ] } Home Browse Prevalence and factors associated with anemia in adults in the UAE ALL Metrics - Views Downloads Get PDF Get XML Cite How to cite this article Pardasani P, Dhamothiran M, Shaikh J et al. Prevalence and factors associated with anemia in adults in the UAE [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations, 1 not approved] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :498 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.161294.1 ) NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. Close Copy Citation Details Export Export Citation Sciwheel EndNote Ref. Manager Bibtex ProCite Sente EXPORT Select a format first Track Share ▬ ✚ Research Article Prevalence and factors associated with anemia in adults in the UAE [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations, 1 not approved] Priya Pardasani https://orcid.org/0009-0005-9560-3879 1 , Meenadarsini Dhamothiran 1 , Juhena Shaikh https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7493-4773 1 , Razwin Mohammed 1 , Jayadevan Sreedharan https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5350-2408 1,2 Priya Pardasani https://orcid.org/0009-0005-9560-3879 1 , Meenadarsini Dhamothiran 1 , [...] Juhena Shaikh https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7493-4773 1 , Razwin Mohammed 1 , Jayadevan Sreedharan https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5350-2408 1,2 PUBLISHED 16 May 2025 Author details Author details 1 Gulf Medical University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates 2 Thumbay Institute of Population Health, Ajman, United Arab Emirates Priya Pardasani Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Methodology, Resources, Software, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Meenadarsini Dhamothiran Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Methodology, Resources, Software, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Juhena Shaikh Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Methodology, Resources, Software, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Razwin Mohammed Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Methodology, Resources, Software, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Jayadevan Sreedharan Roles: Formal Analysis, Supervision OPEN PEER REVIEW DETAILS REVIEWER STATUS This article is included in the Global Public Health gateway. This article is included in the Agriculture, Food and Nutrition gateway. Abstract Background Anemia is defined as a condition in which the number of red blood cells or the hemoglobin concentration within them is lower than normal. Objectives To determine the prevalence of anemia and the associated factors among adults residing in the UAE. The study also aims to assess the knowledge about anemia among the study population. Materials and Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among the adults residing in the UAE using a self-administered questionnaire. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 29. A score of six and higher was considered above average, whereas below six was considered below average knowledge. A chi-square test and logistic regression were done. Results Around 8.9% of participants currently had anemia. Around 100% of participants with secondary qualifications knew average compared to 93.5% of postgraduate participants with below-average knowledge about anemia. Consumption of dates, jaggery/molasses, beef liver, and sardines possessed statistically significant associations. Conclusion 8.9% of adults in the UAE are diagnosed with anemia. Consumption of dates, jaggery/molasses, beef liver, and sardines are the statistically significant factors associated. Knowledge about anemia is associated with age, gender, education, employment, marital status and the emirate of residence. READ ALL READ LESS Keywords Anemia, Adults, Factors, Prevalence, UAE Corresponding Author(s) Jayadevan Sreedharan ( [email protected] ) Close Corresponding author: Jayadevan Sreedharan Competing interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information: The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work. Copyright: © 2025 Pardasani P et al . This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. How to cite: Pardasani P, Dhamothiran M, Shaikh J et al. Prevalence and factors associated with anemia in adults in the UAE [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations, 1 not approved] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :498 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.161294.1 ) First published: 16 May 2025, 14 :498 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.161294.1 ) Latest published: 16 May 2025, 14 :498 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.161294.1 ) Introduction As per the World Health Organization (WHO), “anemia is defined as hemoglobin (Hb) levels <12.0 g dL −1 in women and <13.0 g dL −1 in men”. 1 Weakness, fatigue, dizziness, and shortness of breath - common symptoms of anemia. The primary nutritional deficiency contributing to anemia is iron deficiency. 2 A patient may be symptomatic depending on underlying etiology or concurrent co-morbidities. Reduced RBC synthesis, increased hemolysis (the breakdown of red blood cells), or blood loss could cause a drop in hemoglobin levels. A systematic review assessing the global prevalence of anemia found mild anemia ranges from 53.8% to 54.4%, moderate anemia ranges from 42.2% to 42.7% and severe anemia ranges from 3.3% to 3.5%. 3 In 2021, 1.92 billion individuals worldwide were anemic. As per WHO, the prevalence of anemia in 15–49-year-old women was 24.3%. 4 Rates of incidence for anemic men increased monotonically with age, but in adult women, it bimodally peaked within the age group 40-49 years and 80-85 years. The prevalence was 29.6% in reproductive-age non-pregnant women and 36.5% in pregnant women. 4 Western regions are least impacted, but South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa are most affected (36.5% in East Africa). 5 In Ethiopia (among the Sub-Saharan nations), anemia is a significant problem. Anemia is highly prevalent in both men and women dwelling in urban areas of Cameroon, Africa. In a Pakistan study, mild anemia was found among 46-60 year old’s while moderate anemia was present in 10-30 year olds. 6 A study in India found that nine out of 93 men had anemia with a hemoglobin level <10 mg dl −1 . According to a South Australian study, 23% of expectant mothers took their Iron and Folic acid supplements as prescribed. In Europe, the prevalence of anemia in adults aged 16 to 50 is from 4% to 33%. A study on European adults found that 11% of the iron-deficient population had anemia. 9.1% of iron-deficient men had anemia, while 12.1% of iron-deficient women had anemia. 23.2% of adults in Saudi Arabia present with iron deficiency, with younger persons having greater frequency than older adults. 7 In Saudi Arabia, the reported prevalence of iron deficiency anemia ranges from 10% to 60%. The prevalence of anemia in women ranges from 27% to 69.6%, with 34.4% in Morocco, 28.5% in Egypt, 32.5% in Libya, and 30.7% in Sudan. 8 Age, sex, pregnancy status, smoking habits and altitude above sea level, along with contagious diseases like tuberculosis, parasitic infections, malaria, HIV, and other hemoglobinopathies determine hemoglobin levels. 2 , 9 Studies reported that red meat, eggs, green leafy vegetables, dates, beetroot juice, pomegranate, lentils, jaggery, dates, beef liver, and sardine are protective factors of anemia. 2 , 10 – 19 A study from Iran indicated that consuming dates increases hematocrit, hemoglobin and serum ferritin levels across every age group. Through studies conducted in Pondicherry and Saudi Arabia, it was proved significantly that Hb levels, serum iron, and ferritin improved with beetroot juice and jaggery, and a decrease in the levels of Total Iron Binding Capacity (TIBC) and transferrin was observed regardless of the age group. 18 Pomegranate helps in increasing the absorption and assimilation of iron. A study concluded that 100g of pomegranate arils for 30 days increased the hemoglobin concentration in adolescent girls. 19 A study from India reported that smokers had a significant increase in their hemoglobin, RBC count, MCHC, MCV, and WBC count compared to smokers without anemia. 20 Insufficient intake of protein sources, such as eggs, legumes, and red meat like mutton/beef, caused a low hemoglobin level (below 12 g dL −1 ) and influenced serum ferritin levels in the blood. 14 Studies observed that exercise, smoking and alcohol are protective factors, 6 , 20 , 21 whereas other studies reported them as risk factors. 22 Poverty, low educational and socioeconomic status, scarce water resources and toilet facilities are important lifestyle factors contributing to anemia. Anemia can worsen vascular ischemia in vulnerable patients and increase mortality rates. 23 This study aimed to determine the prevalence of anemia and the associated factors among adults residing in the UAE. The study also aimed to assess the knowledge about anemia among the study population. Methods This was a cross-sectional study conducted from July 2023 to February 2024, targeting adults residing in the UAE. We followed STROBE guidelines as given on https://www.equator-network.org/ . Participants of any nationality with the ability to read, write, and understand English and males and females of 18-50 years were included. Adult subjects with severe chronic diseases, individuals unable to comprehend the questionnaire, those deemed incompetent, and those who did not provide consent were excluded. The minimum sample size calculated was 341. Three hundred ninety-five adults participated in the research. The questionnaire included domains like sociodemographic characteristics, history of anemia, diet and lifestyle, knowledge about anemia, and reproductive health questions for females. The questionnaire was sent for validation to ensure it was structured. After validation, a pilot study was conducted. Before conducting the study, approval was taken from the University Institutional Review Board (No. IRB-COM-STD-100-May-2023). We followed Declaration of Helsinki. Informed consent was obtained from each participant before the commencement of the research. We maintained confidentiality, anonymity, and privacy of the participant's data. After finalizing the questionnaire, we created a Google form with a consent form and collected data through a QR code. Once all the required sample size responses had been collated, data was entered into Microsoft Excel and transferred to SPSS for statistical analysis. Descriptive statistics was used to summarize the data and the Chi-Square test was used to determine the association. Simple and multiple binary logistic regression was used to assess the degree of association. This was a cross sectional study so possibility of bias such as recall bias and non response bias along with social desirability. Results Among the 395 participants, 220 (55.7%) were females and 175 (44.3%) males. Among the participants, 143 (36.2%) were below 20 years old, while only 72 fell within the 30-40 age group. The majority of participants, 165 (41.8%), had received education up to the university level, and 50.6% were employed. The study included various professions such as Nurses, Teachers, Construction workers, Labourers, Engineers, Doctors, Technicians, Hotel employees, Accountants, and Managers. Of the participants, 299 (75.7%) were from the Southeast Asian region, comprising the majority, and 57.7% were unmarried. In terms of residence, 41.8% were from Dubai, 24.6% from Umm Al Quwain, and the rest were evenly distributed across all the emirates of the UAE. 18.5% of the participants reported having a previous positive history of anemia; 8.9% were currently diagnosed with anemia, and 10.6% reported taking iron supplements. Additionally, 16.2% of the participants had a family history of anemia. In the study, 114 participants reported purchasing iron-fortified foods. The participants' dietary habits revealed that a majority consumed green leafy vegetables, accounting for 93.7%, while approximately 78.5% included dates in their diet. Beetroot was consumed by around 59.5% of the participants, and pomegranate intake was reported by about 67.3%. Red meat was part of the diet for approximately 63.2% of the participants, while 50.6% included jaggery/molasses. Eggs were consumed by a substantial 86.8% of the participants, and lentils were part of the diet for around 83.2%. Similarly, beans were consumed by approximately 83.8%, while beef liver was included by about 25.8% of the participants. Chickpeas were part of the diet for around 74.4%, and sardines were consumed by approximately 35.9%. Furthermore, chicken was a dietary choice for about 85.1%, and tea was consumed by approximately 84.5% of the participants. Approximately 33 participants (8.4%) reported smoking, while around 62 participants (15.7%) indicated alcohol consumption. A significant portion of the participants reported regular exercise, totaling approximately 244 (61.8%). Among the 244 adults who exercised, 95.9% preferred walking, whereas only 29.9% reported swimming as part of their exercise routine. Association between sociodemographic, lifestyle and dietary variables with Anemia Table 1 presents the cross-tabulation of the presence of anemia with sociodemographic variables. 13.2% of total female participants and 3.4% of total male participants were found to have anemia. Marital status also showed variation, with 9% of married participants and 8% of unmarried participants experiencing anemia. Age-wise, anemia prevalence was 9.8% for participants below 20 years and 13.8% for individuals above 40. Employment status also indicated differences, with 8.5% of employed participants having anemia. Anemia was observed in 9% of participants of Southeast Asian descent. One participant out of 33 participants who smoked had anemia, whereas about 9.4% of non-smoking participants had anemia (34 participants). Those with regular exercise, 8.2% had anemia, whereas 9.9% of participants who didn’t exercise had anemia. Table 1. Association between sociodemographic variables and lifestyle variables with Anemia. Variable Group Anemia P Yes No No. % No. % Gender Female 29 13.2 191 86.8 <0.001 Male 6 3.4 169 96.6 Marital Status Married 15 9.0 151 91.0 NS Unmarried 20 8.8 208 91.2 Widowed/Divorce -- -- 1 100.0 Age groups Below 20 years 14 9.8 129 90.2 NS 20-30 years 7 7.1 91 92.9 30-40 years 3 4.2 69 95.8 Above 40 years 11 13.4 71 86.6 Employment Employed 17 8.5 183 91.5 NS Unemployed 18 9.2 177 90.8 Smoking Yes 1 3.0 32 97.0 NS No 34 9.4 328 90.6 Alcohol Yes 3 4.8 59 95.2 NS No 32 9.6 301 90.4 Exercise Yes 20 8.2 224 91.8 NS No 15 9.9 136 90.1 Table 2 presents the association between various dietary factors and anemia. It categorizes individuals based on anemia status (Yes/No) and dietary habits. Consumption of dates (P < 0.01), jaggery/molasses (P < 0.05) beef liver (P < 0.01), and sardines (P < 0.01) shows a statistically significant relationship with anemia prevalence. Other dietary factors such as green leafy vegetables, eggs, beans, and tea do not show a significant association with anemia (NS). Percentages are provided for each group to illustrate the distribution. This analysis highlights the potential impact of specific dietary habits on anemia. Table 2. Association between dietary factors and Anemia. Variable Group Anemia P Yes No No. % No. % Green leafy vegetables Yes 33 8.9 339 91.1 NS No 2 8.7 21 91.3 Dates Yes 21 6.7 294 93.3 <0.01 No 14 17.5 66 82.5 Beetroot Yes 34 9.0 345 91.0 NS No 1 6.3 15 93.8 Pomegranate Yes 26 9.2 258 90.8 NS No 9 8.1 102 91.9 Red meat Yes 23 9.3 224 90.7 NS No 12 8.1 136 91.9 Jaggery/molasses Yes 12 5.8 196 94.2 <0.05 No 23 12.3 164 87.7 Eggs Yes 31 9.2 305 90.8 NS No 4 6.9 54 93.1 Beans Yes 26 7.8 308 92.2 NS No 9 14.8 52 85.2 Beef liver Yes 2 1.8 112 98.2 <0.01 No 33 11.7 248 88.3 Chickpeas Yes 23 7.8 273 92.2 NS No 12 12.1 87 87.9 Sardine Yes 3 2.1 142 97.9 <0.001 No 32 12.8 218 87.2 Chicken Yes 30 9.1 300 90.9 NS No 5 7.7 60 92.3 Tea Yes 26 7.8 306 92.2 NS No 9 14.3 54 85.7 Degree of association In our study, out of 35 participants who currently have anemia, 13.2% are females, while 3.4% are males. Around 6.7% of participants who consumed dates were anemic compared to 17.5% of participants who did not consume dates. 12.3% of participants who do not consume jaggery/molasses are anemic, but only 5.8% of those who consume jaggery/molasses are anemic. About 11.7% of participants who do not consume beef liver have anemia, while hardly 1.8% of participants who incorporate beef liver in their diet have anemia. 2.1% of adults who consume sardine suffer from anemia, compared to the 12.8% of adults who do not. The statistically significant variables were included in the simple binary logistic regression, the crude OR was calculated, and the variables that showed statistical significance in simple binary logistic regression were included in the multiple binary logistic regression to estimate the adjusted OR. The chance of anemia in females is 4.3 times that of males. The confidence interval is 1.7-10.6, which is statistically significant. The adjusted odds ratio is 3.2, which is statistically significant. Participants who do not consume dates are three times more likely to suffer from anemia than participants who consume it. The confidence interval is 1.4-6.1, which is statistically significant. The adjusted odds ratio is not significant. Jaggery/molasses consumers have 2.3 times less likelihood of developing anemia compared to those who do not consume. The confidence interval is 1.1-4.7. The adjusted odds ratio is not significant. Adults who do not consume Beef Liver are at a 7.5 times higher risk of having anemia than those who consume. The confidence interval is 1.8-31.6. The adjusted odds ratio is not significant. Adults who incorporate sardine in their diet are seven times less likely to suffer from anemia. The confidence interval is 2.1-23.1. The adjusted odds ratio is 3.8, which is statistically significant. Further details are in Table 3 . Table 3. Crude and Adjusted OR for Anemia. Variable Group Crude Adjusted OR CI OR CI Gender Male 1 -- 1 -- Female 4.3 1.7 – 10.6 3.2 1.3-8 Dates Yes 1 -- 1 -- No 3.0 1.4 – 6.1 2.1 1 – 4.7 Jaggery/molasses Yes 1 -- 1 -- No 2.3 1.1-4.7 1.3 0.6 – 2.9 Beef liver Yes 1 -- 1 -- No 7.5 1.8 – 31.6 3.6 0.8 – 16.1 Sardine Yes 1 -- 1 -- No 7 2.1-23.1 3.8 1.1-13.2 Discussion Prevalence: The present study shows 3.4% of male and 13.2% of female adults had anemia. A study among university students revealed that 18.1% of females suffered from anemia. 24 From 2007-2019, the prevalence of anemia among women in UAE between 15-49 years was noted to be 24.3%. 25 Our study agrees with another study, which showed that males across all ages have a reduced prevalence of anemia compared to females. In 2021, 17.5% of males had anemia, while 31.2% women had anemia. 26 The values reported in our study are much lower, possibly due to improvement in adults' educational and socioeconomic status and regular usage of iron supplements. Since the rates of thalassemia, hemoglobinopathies, and dietary inadequacies are elevated, the prevalence of anemia among individuals from the Middle East is significantly greater than in Western societies. 23 Sociodemographic factors associated: A statistically significant association between gender and anemia reported from the present study. As per our study, the chance of anemia in females is 3.2 times that of males. Females are more likely to suffer from anemia due to stress, multiple pregnancies, menstrual blood loss and negligence of regular health checkups. 27 Dietary factors associated: A study found that those who consumed fewer or no green leafy vegetables were roughly twice as likely to be anemic as those who did not. 28 In our study, no significant association was found. 17 Sukkari Dates can raise blood iron levels, particularly in menstruating women and prevent anemia. 10 Our study found a significant association between the consumption of dates and anemia. By raising Hb levels, beetroot juice can treat anemia, as shown by a study of giving beetroot juice to adults. Our study found no significant association between the consumption of beetroot and anemia. A study in Greece found that pomegranate juice supplementation can increase RBC count, hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit in healthy individuals by promoting RBC formation and erythropoiesis or in preventing RBC degradation. 15 Our study found no significant association between the consumption of pomegranate and anemia. A study found a link between animal meat consumption and iron status and that meat-based heme iron absorbs far better (up to 35%) than plant-based non-heme iron (2-10%). 29 Our study found no significant association between the consumption of red meat and anemia. A study from Columbia reported that red meat and eggs were determined to positively influence serum ferritin levels in the blood. 14 No association was found in our study between the consumption of eggs and anemia. Eating jaggery and raisins could aid in treating anemia and improve iron absorption. 16 Our study found a significant association between the consumption of jaggery/molasses and anemia. 5.8% of participants who consumed jaggery/molasses had anemia, while 12.3% of participants who did not consume jaggery/molasses had anemia. Consumption of chicken, fresh fish, and dried fish was positively linked with knowledge of iron sources and iron-rich meals. Consumption of chicken and dry fish lowered the risk of anemia development. 30 Lentils are frequently considered a nutrient-dense food that is high in iron. 31 Our study found no significant association between the consumption of lentils and anemia. In Brazil, fortified wheat flour was identified as the main food contributor to dietary iron, with contributions exceeding those of traditional food sources such as red meat and beans, frequently consumed in the Brazilian dietary regimen. Chickpeas have been studied as a potential source of iron fortification. 26 Our study found no significant association between the consumption of chickpeas and anemia. A study found that beef liver had the maximum total iron content among all beef viscera. 32 This was in agreement with our study, which found that 1.8% of adults in UAE who eat beef liver currently have anaemia, while 11.7% of adults who do not consume beef liver suffer from anemia. Oil-rich sardine improves iron absorption. Our study found a significant association between the consumption of sardine and anemia. 2.1% of adults in UAE who eat sardines have anemia, while 12.8% of adults who do not currently consume sardines suffer from anemia. Our study also found that adults who incorporate sardines into their diet are 3.8 times less likely to suffer from anemia. A study shows the inhibitory effect of iron absorption inhibitors found in tea, coffee, and cocoa. 33 Our study found no significant association between the consumption of tea and anemia. Lifestyle factors associated: Hemoglobin levels were substantially higher in smokers than non-smokers, regardless of gender, whereas there was no significant difference in hematocrit levels between smokers and non-smokers. 34 Male smokers, on the other hand, had significantly higher hematocrit values than female smokers. Our study found no significant association between anemia and smoking. Consumption of up to two alcoholic drinks per day appears to be related to a lower risk of iron deficiency and anemia. 35 In our study, we found no association between anemia and alcohol consumption. While comparing resistance and aerobic exercises, resistance exercises were found to elevate exercise-induced hepcidin to a greater extent, thus causing iron deficiency anemia. 11 Our study did not find an association between anemia and exercise. Conclusion This study observed that 18.4% of adults in the UAE had experienced anemia at some point. Furthermore, the current prevalence of anemia among adults in the UAE stands at 8.9%. Females exhibit a higher prevalence of anemia than males, with 13.2% of females currently affected compared to 3.4% of males. The age group above 40 years demonstrated the highest prevalence of anemia at 13.4%, while the age group 30-40 years had the lowest prevalence at 4.2%. Significant associations observed between gender, consumption of dates, jaggery/molasses, beef liver, and sardines, and anemia. No significant associations were found between anemia and the consumption of green leafy vegetables, beetroot juice, pomegranate juice, red meat, eggs, lentils, beans, chickpeas, chicken, and tea. Lifestyle factors such as smoking, alcohol consumption, and exercise. This study also reveals that females with 3.2 times higher likelihood of anaemia, and those who are not consuming sardine the likelihood of anaemia is 3.8 times higher. Ethics declarations This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Gulf Medical University (IRB-COM-STD-100-May-2023) on 29 th May 2023. Signed consent form was received from all participants. This research was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Consent for publication All authors consent to the publication of the paper. We followed STROBE checklist to complete this manuscript. Authors’ contributions P.P – concept development, data collection, data analysis, manuscript preparation. J.S – concept development, data collection, data analysis, manuscript preparation. M.D – concept development, data collection, data analysis, manuscript preparation. M.R – concept development, data collection, manuscript preparation. J.D – supervising the work. All the authors read, revised, and approved the final manuscript. Data Availability statement Underlying data Figshare: Prevalence and factors associated with anemia in adults in the UAE, https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.28566368 36 This project contains the following underlying data: Prevalence and factors associated with anemia in adults in the UAE. Data are available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC-BY 4.0). Extended data Figshare: Prevalence and factors associated with anemia in adults in the UAE, https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.28566368 36 This project contains the following underlying data: Anemia Final Questionnaire Data are available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC-BY 4.0). References 1. Cappellini MD, Motta I: Anemia in clinical practice—definition and classification: does hemoglobin change with ageing? Seminars in hematology. WB Saunders; 2015 Oct 1; Vol. 52 (4): pp. 261–269. 2. Anaemia: Who.int.[cited 2023 Jan 18]. Reference Source 3. Gardner W, Kassebaum N: Global, regional, and national prevalence of anemia and its causes in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019. Curr. Dev. Nutr. 2020 Jun; 4 (Supplement_2): nzaa053_035. Publisher Full Text 4. World Health Organization: Detail.2023. Reference Source Reference Source 5. 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[Dataset]. figshare. 2025 [cited 2025 Mar 18]. https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.2856636836 Comments on this article Comments (0) Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 16 May 2025 ADD YOUR COMMENT Comment Author details Author details 1 Gulf Medical University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates 2 Thumbay Institute of Population Health, Ajman, United Arab Emirates Priya Pardasani Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Methodology, Resources, Software, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Meenadarsini Dhamothiran Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Methodology, Resources, Software, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Juhena Shaikh Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Methodology, Resources, Software, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Razwin Mohammed Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Methodology, Resources, Software, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Jayadevan Sreedharan Roles: Formal Analysis, Supervision Competing interests No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work. Article Versions (1) version 1 Published: 16 May 2025, 14:498 https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.161294.1 Copyright © 2025 Pardasani P et al . This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Download Export To Sciwheel Bibtex EndNote ProCite Ref. Manager (RIS) Sente metrics Views Downloads F1000Research - - PubMed Central info_outline Data from PMC are received and updated monthly. - - Citations open_in_new 0 open_in_new 0 open_in_new SEE MORE DETAILS CITE how to cite this article Pardasani P, Dhamothiran M, Shaikh J et al. Prevalence and factors associated with anemia in adults in the UAE [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations, 1 not approved] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :498 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.161294.1 ) NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS track receive updates on this article Track an article to receive email alerts on any updates to this article. TRACK THIS ARTICLE Share Open Peer Review Current Reviewer Status: ? Key to Reviewer Statuses VIEW HIDE Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 16 May 2025 Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: Rinaldi I. Reviewer Report For: Prevalence and factors associated with anemia in adults in the UAE [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations, 1 not approved] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :498 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.177304.r391065 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-498/v1#referee-response-391065 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 09 Aug 2025 Ikhwan Rinaldi , Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia Approved with Reservations VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.177304.r391065 -Definition of variables should be explain in method section. For example, what is the definition of iron-fortified foods used in the study? -How was the minimum sample size calculated? -Result of Table 2 can be explained more clearly ... Continue reading READ ALL -Definition of variables should be explain in method section. For example, what is the definition of iron-fortified foods used in the study? -How was the minimum sample size calculated? -Result of Table 2 can be explained more clearly by providing quantity of food used for the analysis. For example, the Authors stated eggs, beans, etc are not associated with anemia, but how many eggs or how many cups of tea were defined in the study? Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Yes Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Yes Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Partly If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Partly Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Partly Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Yes Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: Hematology and Medical Oncology, epidemiology I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT Rinaldi I. Reviewer Report For: Prevalence and factors associated with anemia in adults in the UAE [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations, 1 not approved] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :498 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.177304.r391065 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-498/v1#referee-response-391065 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: Sari P. Reviewer Report For: Prevalence and factors associated with anemia in adults in the UAE [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations, 1 not approved] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :498 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.177304.r391069 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-498/v1#referee-response-391069 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 25 Jun 2025 Puspa Sari , Padjadjaran University, Sumedang, Indonesia Not Approved VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.177304.r391069 The purpose of this study is actually quite good. However, the abstract is very uninformative; for example, the background should be filled with an explanation of the problem being studied, not just a definition. The ... Continue reading READ ALL The purpose of this study is actually quite good. However, the abstract is very uninformative; for example, the background should be filled with an explanation of the problem being studied, not just a definition. The background does not raise the issue of knowledge, the issue of knowledge and its relation to anemia, even though the objective states that it is intended to research knowledge. The research method is incomplete; there is no explanation of sampling techniques, how to determine sample size, or hemoglobin examination methods that can establish a diagnosis of anemia. The conclusion does not adequately answer the objective. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? No Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? No Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? No If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? No Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Partly Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? No Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: Woman Reproductive Health, Anemia among Woman and adolescent I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to state that I do not consider it to be of an acceptable scientific standard, for reasons outlined above. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT Sari P. Reviewer Report For: Prevalence and factors associated with anemia in adults in the UAE [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations, 1 not approved] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :498 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.177304.r391069 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-498/v1#referee-response-391069 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Comments on this article Comments (0) Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 16 May 2025 ADD YOUR COMMENT Comment keyboard_arrow_left keyboard_arrow_right Open Peer Review Reviewer Status info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Reviewer Reports Invited Reviewers 1 2 Version 1 16 May 25 read read Puspa Sari , Padjadjaran University, Sumedang, Indonesia Ikhwan Rinaldi , Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia Comments on this article All Comments (0) Add a comment Sign up for content alerts Sign Up You are now signed up to receive this alert Browse by related subjects keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2025 Rinaldi I. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 09 Aug 2025 | for Version 1 Ikhwan Rinaldi , Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia 0 Views copyright © 2025 Rinaldi I. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (0) Approved With Reservations info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions -Definition of variables should be explain in method section. For example, what is the definition of iron-fortified foods used in the study? -How was the minimum sample size calculated? -Result of Table 2 can be explained more clearly by providing quantity of food used for the analysis. For example, the Authors stated eggs, beans, etc are not associated with anemia, but how many eggs or how many cups of tea were defined in the study? Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Yes Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Yes Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Partly If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Partly Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Partly Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Yes Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise Hematology and Medical Oncology, epidemiology I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. reply Respond to this report Responses (0) Rinaldi I. Peer Review Report For: Prevalence and factors associated with anemia in adults in the UAE [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations, 1 not approved] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :498 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.177304.r391065) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-498/v1#referee-response-391065 keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2025 Sari P. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 25 Jun 2025 | for Version 1 Puspa Sari , Padjadjaran University, Sumedang, Indonesia 0 Views copyright © 2025 Sari P. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (0) Not Approved info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions The purpose of this study is actually quite good. However, the abstract is very uninformative; for example, the background should be filled with an explanation of the problem being studied, not just a definition. The background does not raise the issue of knowledge, the issue of knowledge and its relation to anemia, even though the objective states that it is intended to research knowledge. The research method is incomplete; there is no explanation of sampling techniques, how to determine sample size, or hemoglobin examination methods that can establish a diagnosis of anemia. The conclusion does not adequately answer the objective. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? No Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? No Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? No If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? No Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Partly Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? No Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise Woman Reproductive Health, Anemia among Woman and adolescent I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to state that I do not consider it to be of an acceptable scientific standard, for reasons outlined above. reply Respond to this report Responses (0) Sari P. Peer Review Report For: Prevalence and factors associated with anemia in adults in the UAE [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations, 1 not approved] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :498 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.177304.r391069) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. 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