Optimized Cluster-Head Selection and Energy-Efficient Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks using Advanced Normalization Techniques

Optimized Cluster-Head Selection and Energy-Efficient Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks using Advanced Normalization Techniques | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Optimized Cluster-Head Selection and Energy-Efficient Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks using Advanced Normalization Techniques Md. Kamaruzzaman, Abhijit Chandra This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6309617/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 21 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract During last few years, extensive research had been carried out to enhance the lifetime of wireless sensor network. However, most of the approaches centred on energy efficiency to prolong the lifetime of the network but kept quiet about normalization of conditional parameters which is equally significant to minimize the energy consumption of the overall network. In this paper, we propose efficient cluster head selection as well as proper cluster formation and energy efficient and energy balance routing which is premised with normalized condition parameters. For selecting the cluster head efficiently, we introduce an energy efficient algorithm using normalized conditional parameters. Subsequently, an efficient load balanced clustering algorithm using normalized conditional parameters has been proposed to increase the lifespan of sensor network. Finally, we propose the energy efficient and energy balanced routing algorithm considering normalized conditional parameters. We also propose the LP formulation for the clustering and routing problem. Proposed algorithm has been simulated and the results are compared in terms of relevant metrics such as network lifetime, time for first node die, dead sensor nodes etc. with some of the existing algorithms to show the effectiveness of the proposed work. cluster head selection clustering lifetime normalization routing Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 30 Sep, 2025 Reviews received at journal 28 Sep, 2025 Reviews received at journal 26 Sep, 2025 Reviews received at journal 22 Sep, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 21 Sep, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 19 Sep, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 18 Sep, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 18 Sep, 2025 Reviews received at journal 17 Sep, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 16 Sep, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 16 Sep, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 16 Sep, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 16 Sep, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 16 Sep, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 16 Sep, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 16 Sep, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 16 Sep, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 16 Sep, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 10 Sep, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 27 Mar, 2025 First submitted to journal 26 Mar, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6309617","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":518554786,"identity":"a9c435fe-0a8d-4cac-a3fd-a1f29b9cbfdf","order_by":0,"name":"Md. 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Techniques","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"wireless-networks","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"wine","sideBox":"Learn more about [Wireless Networks](http://link.springer.com/journal/11276)","snPcode":"11276","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/11276/3","title":"Wireless Networks","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"cluster head selection, clustering, lifetime, normalization, routing","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6309617/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6309617/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"During last few years, extensive research had been carried out to enhance the lifetime of wireless sensor network. However, most of the approaches centred on energy efficiency to prolong the lifetime of the network but kept quiet about normalization of conditional parameters which is equally significant to minimize the energy consumption of the overall network. In this paper, we propose efficient cluster head selection as well as proper cluster formation and energy efficient and energy balance routing which is premised with normalized condition parameters. For selecting the cluster head efficiently, we introduce an energy efficient algorithm using normalized conditional parameters. Subsequently, an efficient load balanced clustering algorithm using normalized conditional parameters has been proposed to increase the lifespan of sensor network. Finally, we propose the energy efficient and energy balanced routing algorithm considering normalized conditional parameters. We also propose the LP formulation for the clustering and routing problem. Proposed algorithm has been simulated and the results are compared in terms of relevant metrics such as network lifetime, time for first node die, dead sensor nodes etc. with some of the existing algorithms to show the effectiveness of the proposed work.","manuscriptTitle":"Optimized Cluster-Head Selection and Energy-Efficient Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks using Advanced Normalization Techniques","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-09-25 18:19:31","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6309617/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-09-30T06:41:26+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-09-28T14:36:52+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-09-26T10:03:39+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-09-22T08:06:46+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"189947095815636690586041782577101359588","date":"2025-09-21T17:25:50+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"215238510090066955384996540841504431636","date":"2025-09-19T06:24:05+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"6739208021535017148899888486199101140","date":"2025-09-18T11:33:38+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"119345787310668444000182697355395777817","date":"2025-09-18T09:30:30+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-09-17T18:12:39+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"163576961334095715700429139084072754564","date":"2025-09-17T01:09:32+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"102679391143190801267341182263717189448","date":"2025-09-16T14:25:08+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"68335807405583298915479871167354028547","date":"2025-09-16T13:25:38+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"264825359853062916758456519848883054968","date":"2025-09-16T10:57:34+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"95447566949941224140841786904852792917","date":"2025-09-16T10:07:24+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"13433688814470480249490332818024842535","date":"2025-09-16T09:37:59+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"308868960753203147203679596111893073632","date":"2025-09-16T09:36:36+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"247083218056595032102813526872943970563","date":"2025-09-16T09:36:24+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-09-16T09:27:57+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-09-10T07:47:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-03-28T01:13:09+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Wireless Networks","date":"2025-03-26T07:09:30+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"wireless-networks","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"wine","sideBox":"Learn more about [Wireless Networks](http://link.springer.com/journal/11276)","snPcode":"11276","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/11276/3","title":"Wireless Networks","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"0fde714d-5a64-4f11-bc68-8c37516bf862","owner":[],"postedDate":"September 25th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-01-03T12:38:32+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-09-25 18:19:31","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6309617","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6309617","identity":"rs-6309617","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}