Quantification of Surgical Workflow during Robotic Proctectomy

Abstract Aim: Assessments of surgical workflow offer insight regarding procedure variability, case complexity and surgeon proficiency. We utilize an objective method to evaluate step-by-step workflow and step transitions during robotic proctectomy (RP). Methods: We annotated 31 RPs using a procedure-specific annotation card. Using Spearman’s correlation, we measured strength of association of step time and step visit frequency with console time (CT) and total operative time (TOT). Results: Across 31 RPs, a mean (± standard deviation) of 49.0 (± 20.3) steps occurred per procedure. Mean CT and TOT were 213 (± 90) and 283 (± 108) minutes. Posterior mesorectal dissection required most visits (8.7 ± 5.0), while anastomosis required most time (18.0 [± 8.5] minutes). Inferior mesenteric vein (IMV) ligation required least visits (1.0 ± 0.0) and lowest duration (0.9 [± 0.5] minutes). Strong correlations were seen with CT and step times for IMV dissection and ligation (ρ = 0.60 for both), lateral-to-medial splenic flexure mobilization (SFM) (ρ = 0.63), left rectal dissection (ρ = 0.64) and mesorectal division (ρ = 0.71). CT correlated strongly with medial-to-lateral and supracolic SFM visit frequency (ρ = 0.75 and ρ = 0.65). There were strong correlations with TOT and initial exposure time (ρ = 0.60), as well as visit frequency for medial-to-lateral (ρ = 0.67) and supracolic SFM (ρ = 0.65). Descending colon mobilization was nodal, rectal mobilization convergent and rectal transection divergent. Conclusion: This study correlates individual surgical steps with CT and TOT through standardized annotation. It provides an objective approach to quantify workflow.