Prevalence of hypothyroidism in infertile women and evaluation of response of treatment for hypothyroidism on infertility.

Infertility is a world health issue affecting approximately 8–10% of couple's worldwide.[ 1 ] WHO estimates the overall prevalence of primary infertility in India to be 3.5–16.8%.[ 2 ] Thyroid dysfunction is more common (4–5 times) in females than in males. Both hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism have profound effects on estrogen and androgen metabolism, menstrual function and fertility.[ 3 ] They may cause delayed onset of puberty, menstrual abnormalities, anovulatory cycles, miscarriages and infertility.[ 4 5 ] If thyroid disease is left untreated, it can be a cause for sub-fertility as well as infertility. Thyroid evaluation should be done in any woman who wants to conceive with family history of thyroid problem or irregular menstrual cycle or had more than two abortions or unable to conceive after 1-year of unprotected intercourse. Prevalence of hypothyroidism in the reproductive age group ranges from 2% to 4%.[ 6 ] Hypothyroidism can be easily detected by assessing serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels. A slight increase in TSH levels with normal T 3 and T 4 indicates subclinical hypothyroidism whereas high TSH levels accompanied by low T 3 and T 4 levels indicate clinical hypothyroidism. Elevated thyrotropin-releasing hormone levels due to hypothyroidism are often associated with increased prolactin (PRL) levels and a delayed LH response to GnRH.[ 7 ] It has been recommended that even in the presence of raised PRL levels, the treatment should be first given to treat hypothyroidism before evaluating other causes of raised PRL levels. Due to the lack of population-based study on infertile women with subclinical/clinical hypothyroidism in our state, we planned to study the prevalence of hypothyroidism in infertile women as well as to assess their response to drug treatment for hypothyroidism.

Of the 98 infertile women enrolled for the study, 3 were excluded due to microprolactinoma and endometriosis. Of the remaining 95 women, 51 (53.7%) were hypothyroid while 44 (46.3%) were euthyroid. Of 51 hypothyroid women, 48 (50.5%) had subclinical hypothyroidism and 3 (3.2%) had overt hypothyroidism. Among 48 subclinical hypothyroid infertile women, 16 (33.3%) were conceived after treatment with thyroxine. Of 16 women, 1 (6.3%) conceived within 6 months of therapy, 4 (25%) conceived after 6 months to 1-year of therapy and rest 11 (68.7%) conceived after 1–2 years of therapy. The mean time to conception was 14.56 ± 4.83 months. None of the overtly hypothyroid women conceived after treatment with levothyroxine. In Group 1 b , 50% women conceived after levothyroxine treatment. Of these two women, one had an abortion, and another continued her pregnancy. The mean TSH of pregnant women was 7.27 ± 2.81, and that of nonpregnant women was 11.16 ± 7.32 mIU/L. The difference between these two was found to be statistically significant ( P < 0.05).

Hypothyroidism is an important emerging cause of female infertility and thus, the decision to initiate treatment with levothyroxine in subclinical hypothyroidism at an early stage is justifiable in infertile women. Our data also suggests that women with normal TSH levels who are positive for thyroid antibodies should be treated with levothyroxine. Women who want to conceive should be screened for serum TSH, T 3 , T 4 and thyroid antibodies particularly thyroid peroxidase antibody and thyroglobulin antibodies in their infertility work up. Further studies with larger sample size and long-term follow-up are recommended for better understanding and management of infertility with hypothyroidism. Nil. There are no conflicts of interest.

Prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism (50.5%) was more common than overt hypothyroidism (3.2%) in this study, and the results were consistent with Verma et al. ,[ 10 ] Biradar et al. [ 11 ] and Rijal et al. (2011).[ 12 ] There was no significant difference in age among different groups according to thyroid status ( P > 0.05). The difference in the body mass index in infertile women with hypothyroidism was highly significant when compared to infertile women with normal thyroid levels ( P < 0.001). The result was similar to that of Rahman et al. [ 13 ] Most of the study population belonged to primary infertility. Most of the women of all groups had regular cycles [ Table 1 ]. The mean time to conception (14 months approximately) was higher when compared to Raber et al. [ 7 ] Higher TSH levels were associated with lower conception rate which was similar to that of Raber et al. [ 7 ] and Gerhard et al. [ 14 ] The percentage of abortion in hypothyroid infertile women who conceived with the help of levothyroxine was 31.3%, and 80% of those aborted women were positive for thyroid antibodies. Increased number of abortion was noted in this study when compared to Raber et al. [ 7 ] and Rahman et al. [ 13 ] The association between thyroid antibodies and abortions could not be made out in this study due to small sample size. Baseline clinical and demographic characteristics of the study population ( n =95) has been shown in the following tabulation The percentage of conception in euthyroid women who were positive for antithyroid antibodies was 50% (2/4) after levothyroxine treatment. Of these, 50% had miscarriage and rest 50% continued with their pregnancy. The result of the present study was not consistent with Negro et al. [ 15 ] who reported that the pregnancy rate was not affected either by the presence of antithyroid antibodies or treatment with levothyroxine.

The study was carried out in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology in collaboration with Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College and Hospital, A.M.U, Aligarh from March 2013 to August 2014. The subjects were selected from the patients coming to endocrinology outpatient department (OPD) and gynecology OPD. After informed consent, thyroid profile (serum TSH, T 3 , T 4 ) of all subjects was done at their first visit. As per National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III[ 8 ] 2002, the subjects were divided into three groups. Group 1 (euthyroid): Infertile women with normal TSH level (0.39–4.6 mIU/ml). Group 2 (subclinical hypothyroidism): Infertile women with raised TSH level ranging from 4.6–20 mIU/ml and normal free T 4 level. Group 3 (overt hypothyroidism): Infertile women with TSH level > 20 mIU/ml and low free T 4 level. As per WHO guidelines, PRL level > 25 μg/l is considered as hyperprolactinemia.[ 9 ] Group 1 (euthyroid): Infertile women with normal TSH level (0.39–4.6 mIU/ml). Group 2 (subclinical hypothyroidism): Infertile women with raised TSH level ranging from 4.6–20 mIU/ml and normal free T 4 level. Group 3 (overt hypothyroidism): Infertile women with TSH level > 20 mIU/ml and low free T 4 level. As per WHO guidelines, PRL level > 25 μg/l is considered as hyperprolactinemia.[ 9 ] Samples were taken for evaluation of serum TSH, T 3 , T 4 . These were measured using chemiluminescence assay. The machine used for chemiluminescence was immulite 1000 (this is a test unit that contains an assay specific coated bead which serves as the reaction vessel for sample processing).