Grasspea (Lathyrus sativus L.) - a potential leafy vegetable of eastern India

Grasspea (Lathyrus sativus L.) - a potential leafy vegetable of eastern India | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Grasspea (Lathyrus sativus L.) - a potential leafy vegetable of eastern India Kuldeep Tripathi, Shubha Kumari, Ravi pamarthi, A Mukherjee, Ramya KR, and 7 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4008498/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 6 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Grasspea ( Lathyrus sativus L.) locally known as “ Khesari ” was extensively cultivated in Eastern parts of India i.e. Eastern U.P, Bihar, Jharkhand and West Bengal. This study focuses on the exploration, collection, and survey of grasspea as leafy vegetable with the aim of revitalizing traditional knowledge for practical applications. The data on collected grasspea samples (46 accessions) from five germplasm expedition missions were presented in the study. These were subjected to garret ranking and biochemical profiling along with organoleptic evaluation. The findings of the study elucidated that the preference of grasspea consumption in the descending order: leafy vegetable > pulse > fodder > by-products/ processed product. The nutritional profiling of leaves of selected accessions of grasspea were assessed for proximate parametrs. This comprehensive study provides valuable insights into use and preferences associated with grasspea consumption in Eastern India, paving the way for practical applications and the revival of traditional knowledge. Grasspea exploration collection leaves Garrett ranking organoleptic Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Introduction Green leafy vegetables have attracted global attention due to their significant role in promoting a healthy diet and offering various health benefits to humans. Vegetables are commonly referred to as "protective foods" in the human diet because of their diverse health advantages, stemming from their abundance in vitamins, essential fatty acids, minerals, amino acids, dietary fibre, and various essential bioactive compounds. Plants serve as primary sources of numerous bioactive compounds collectively known as phytochemicals, which are recognized as crucial for maintaining good health (Grusak et al. 1999; Dias, 2012 ). Phytochemicals can be broadly categorized as nutritional components, including essential fatty acids, proteins, vitamins, minerals, and phenolic compounds. Leafy vegetables stand out for their high mineral content, particularly iron and calcium, surpassing that of staple food grains. Their low caloric value makes them an ideal choice for weight management (Torres et al. 2014). Encouraging the consumption, cultivation, and potentially commercialization of these leafy vegetables is therefore recommended. Additionally, leafy vegetables are natural sources of folic acid, essential for the multiplication and maturation of red blood cells (Gopalan et al. 2004 ). The World Health Organization/Food and Agriculture Organization (WHO/FAO) published a report in 2003 recommending a minimum daily intake of 400g of fruits and vegetables (excluding potatoes and other starchy tubers) to prevent chronic diseases such as heart disease, cancer, diabetes, and obesity, as well as to address micronutrient deficiencies (Lee et al. 2016; Healthy diet factsheet, WHO, 2024). The dietary guidelines for Americans suggest five servings of vegetables per day, with one of those servings specifically emphasizing green leafy vegetables HHS/USDA, 2015 (Natesh et al. 2017 ). Incorporating these green leafy vegetables into daily diets may help fulfil the daily requirements of essential nutrients, particularly for individuals with marginal nutritional status. The nutritional composition varies among genera and species of different edible leafy vegetables. Currently, underutilized foods are gaining importance as a means to enhance per capita food availability (Gopalan et al. 2004 ; Edleman and Colt, 2016). In nature, numerous underutilized greens with promising nutritive value exist, and one such example is grasspea ( Lathyrus sativus L.) as a source of green leafy vegetable. India, with its diverse natural surroundings, varying climates, and seasons, boasts a variety of leafy vegetable species. Commonly consumed leafy vegetables include spinach ( Spinacia oleracea ), amaranth ( Amaranthus gangeticus, A. viridis ), fenugreek ( Trigonella foenum graecum ), drumstick ( Moringa oleifera ), kangkong ( Ipomea aquatica ), mustard ( B. juncea var. rugosa ), jute ( Corchorus olitorius ), bathua/pigweed ( Chenopodium album ), among others. These greens are not only affordable and high-yielding but also integral to the local diet, often readily available. Grasspea is one of the oldest cultivated crops, with a long history of domestication (Smartt, 1984 ). The origin of the crop dates back to archaeological excavations in Turkey and Iraq (Jackson and Yunus, 1984 ; Lambein et al. 2019 ); oldest excavations in India of 2500 BC and 8000 BC in the Balkans (Kislev, 1989; Saraswat, 1980; Tripathi et al. 2021 ). Grasspea is cultivated in northern states of India especially in central and eastern regions for both as pulse and green leafy (Mehra et al. 1995 ). Grasspea is the climate smart crop used for both food and feed, requires minimal inputs, having ratooning capacity, used in conservation agriculture and also in pharmaceutical industries thereby act as an insurance crop to the marginal farmers (Ramya et al. 2022 ). It is considered as one of the profitable crops than boro or summer rice in West Bengal (Tripathi et al. 2022 ). The use of grasspea as a pulse has been well documented, its potential as a leafy vegetable has received less attention. The leaves of grasspea are a rich source of protein, vitamins, minerals and can be used as a fresh vegetable or as an ingredient in soups, stews, and other dishes. The young leaves and pre-flowering shoots of grasspea are consumed as leafy vegetable in Bangladesh (Arora et al. 1996). Usually, the tender young shoots of grasspea at pre-flowering stage sold as a green leafy vegetable in West Bengal (Tripathi et al. 2022 ). The straw and residual biomass from grasspea production can be used as animal feed, providing a valuable source of protein and energy for animals. The rolled and dried leaves of grasspea are also used as off-season vegetable due to its delicacy (Bharathi and Neupane (1989); Tripathi et al. 2022 ). This present study discusses the collection and documentation of grasspea about its leaves in addressing food, nutritional security and dietary diversity of the people of the eastern parts of India and aim to evaluate the nutritional value of grasspea and their potential impact on the preference of consumption over other green leafy vegetable. Materials and methods Study area and exploration The exploration trips were planned and conducted in the eastern part of India i.e., Bihar, Jharkhand, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal where grasspea is cultivated since longtime. The multi-crop explorations were undertaken in collaborative mode with crop-based institutes/ State Agricultural Universities (SAU’s) / Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK’s) during 2020-21, 2021-22, 2022-23 and collected around 46 accessions from Bihar (Nawada, Banka, Kaimur, Rohtas, Bhojpur, Buxar, Sitamarhi, Darbhanga and Saharsa) and West Bengal (Paschim Medinipur, Purba Medinipur, Murshidabad). The diversity distribution pattern, cultivation status and frequency of use were also surveyed through fields, local mandi/markets, kitchen gardens and backyards/homesteads. The passport data was collected which includes the details of state, district, village, latitude (N) and longitude (E). The number of accessions collected in different areas and years are given in the Table 1 . Table 1 List of explorations conducted for augmenting Lathyrus germplasm S. no. Year Site of collection No. of accessions collected Institute involved 1 2020 East Medinipur, West Medinipur and Mushidabad (West Bengal) 21 (Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya) BCKV Mohanpur, West Bengal 2 2021 Nawada and Banka (Bihar) 04 KVK, Nawada, Banka, Bihar 3 2021 Saharsa (Bihar) 02 KVK, Saharsa, Bihar 4 2021 Bhojpur, Buxar, Kaimur and Rohtas (Bihar) 08 KVK, Rohtas, Kaimur 5 2022 Darbhanga, Madhubani and Sitamarhi (Bihar) 11 KVK, Jale, Darbhanga, Sitamarhi, Bihar In order to know the diversity distribution pattern, DIVA-GIS software version 7.5 ( www.diva-gis.org ) was used to generate the potential distribution map (Hijmans et al. 2001 ). DIVA-GIS software version 7.5, freely downloadable software from www.diva-gis.org was used to generate the potential distribution map. Grasspea germplasm collection sites in the parts of Bihar and West Bengal states (red colour) in the present study and the regions where it has been collected already and conserved in ICAR-NBPGR national genebank (NGB)are given in the Fig. 1 . Garret ranking technique Garret ranking technique was used to rank the preferences for grasspea consumption among local consumers. The Garret ranks were calculated using the appropriate formula, and the Garret value was then determined. The Garret tables and scores for each problem in the table were multiplied and added row-wise to obtain the total Garret score. Per cent position = \(\frac{100\left({R}_{ij}-0.5\right)}{{N}_{j}}\) Where R ij represents the rank given to the i th variable by the j th respondent, and N j is the number of variables ranked by the j th respondent. The per cent positions were then converted into scores using the Garrett table provided by Garret and Woodworth ( 1969 ). The scores for each individual were then added for each factor, and the total and mean values were calculated. The factor with the highest mean value was considered the most important. Biochemical profiling The preliminary biochemical analysis was done for the selected accessions namely IC0634659, IC0634654, IC0634666, IC0634662, IC0634674, IC0634754 for proximate components along with β-ODAP estimation. The nutritional composition of the leaves were determined using the standard methods viz. moisture (AOAC 934.01), protein (AOAC 2001.11), total soluble sugar (Anthrone reagent method) and total dietary fibre by AOAC Official Method 985.29 and mineral estimation (Iron, Copper, Zinc, Calcium and Magnesium) by AAS (Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy) as per (AOAC) method 999.11 and β-ODAP (β-N-oxalyl-l-α,β-diaminopropionic acid) estimation by UPLC (Ultra-performance liquid chromatography) as per Fikre et al.(2008). Results and Discussion Grasspea leaves have the potential to play an important role in contributing to improved food security and sustainable agriculture in several ways. Grasspea leaves are a nutrient-dense vegetable that is high in protein, fibre, and essential vitamins and minerals. By including grasspea leaves in the diet, people can increase their intake of important nutrients, which can help to improve their health and wellbeing. Grasspea is a drought-tolerant crop that can be grown in areas with low rainfall and poor soil quality. The stems of this plant are four-angled (quadrangular) which are very thin, featuring winged edges. Leaves arranged in a pinnately opposite to each other and consist of two or three pairs of lanceolate leaflets, culminating in a single or branching tendril. These leaflets are sessile, whole, and wedge-shaped at the base, tapering to an acuminate point at the top. The stipules take on a triangular to oval shape with a basal appendage. Farmers commonly sell the tender leaves and branches of the grasspea in markets in India and Bangladesh (Ramya et al. 2022 ). By growing grasspea and utilizing leaves, farmers can produce a nutritious crop that is well-suited to the local growing conditions, without requiring extensive irrigation or fertilization. As a drought-tolerant crop, grasspea leaves can help to build resilience to climate change, which is causing more frequent and severe droughts in many parts of the world. By growing grasspea leaves, farmers can adapt to the changing climate and continue to produce food in challenging conditions. Growing grasspea leaves can provide an important source of income for farmers, especially in areas where other crops may not grow well. By diversifying their crops and selling grasspea leaves in local markets, farmers can improve their livelihoods and contribute to the local economy. Exploration and collection A total of about 144 accessions of grasspea from the eastern parts of India were conserved in the National Genebank, ICAR-NBPGR, New Delhi (accessed PGR portal, 2023). The diversity and distribution of these accessions across the areas of study and methods of use by the communities were also recorded. Geo-referenced maps were prepared using WGS84 datum and Everest projection systems (Semwal et al. 2018 ). The field view of grasspea in West Bengal (west Medinapur) and Bihar (Madhubani) are given in the Fig. 2 The passport data of 46 collected grasspea accessions were given in the Table 2. The variability in grasspea leaves is given in the Fig. 3 . In general, they fetch a good income generation which fetches Rs.150–220/kg. Sometimes farmers sell their produce to local venders in markets @ Rs. 80–90/kg to avoid the transport charges. During the survey, it was observed that local people also prefer mostly grasspea leaves than other seasonal leafy vegetables. Additionally, leaves are used in some traditional medicine systems for their various health benefits. The comparative table of nutritional aspects of grasspea are also depicted in the Table 3. Table.2. Grasspea germplasm collection sites from the eastern India S. No. Accession/ Collection no. Village Mandal District State Name Lat Long 1 648849 Sukhnar Kawakol Nawada Bihar 24.660 85.340 2 DPS/PKK-22-46 Giddha Belhar Banka Bihar 24.890 86.600 3 648858 Uprama Rajoun Banka Bihar 24.990 86.960 4 648860 Kaitha Rajoun Banka Bihar 25.060 86.950 5 DP/SC/21 − 20 Alipur Ramgarh Kaimur Bihar 25.30 83.69 6 641907 Sadallapur Ramgarh Kaimur Bihar 25.27 83.70 7 641908 Panjrawn Nuaon Kaimur Bihar 25.38 83.78 8 641909 Mokar Sasaram Rohtas Bihar 25.01 84.03 9 641913 Karmainikhurd Dinara Rohtas Bihar 25.22 84.18 10 641918 Nathupur Kudra Kaimur Bihar 25.07 83.75 11 DP/SC/21 − 18 Fatehpur Itarhi Bhojpur Bihar 25.290 84.443 12 DP/SC/21–32 Dhansoi Rajpur Buxar Bihar 25.488 84.010 13 IC0470973 Premnagar Sitamarhi Sitamarhi Bihar 26.59 85.54 14 IC0470975 Basatpur Sonbarsa Sitamarhi Bihar 26.65 85.66 15 IC0470976 Ramnagar Bathana Sitamarhi Bihar 26.58 85.45 16 IC0470977 Piprarhi Bajpatti Sitamarhi Bihar 26.56 85.64 17 IC0470978 Birrakh Sursand Sitamarhi Bihar 26.61 85.71 18 IC0470979 Sukhet Jhanjharpur Madhubani Bihar 26.23 86.32 19 IC0470980 Berma Lakhnaur Madhubani Bihar 26.26 86.32 20 IC0470981 Bullipatti Jaynagar Madhubani Bihar 26.45 86.26 21 IC0470982 Samdhinia Jale Darbhanga Bihar 25.96 86.23 22 IC0470983 Kortho Ghanshyampur Darbhanga Bihar 26.03 86.34 23 IC0470984 Baika Tardih Darbhanga Bihar 26.15 86.25 24 643774 Hempur Nohatta Saharsha Bihar 26.02 86.49 25 643777 Barahsher Satarkataiya Saharsha Bihar 25.99 86.55 26 634654 Baragrah Debra Paschim Medinipur West Bengal 22.23 87.3400 27 KT/2020/16 Bhagwanpur Debra Paschim Medinipur West Bengal 22.2900 87.3500 28 KT/2020/21 Radhakantapur Debra Paschim Medinipur West Bengal 22.4500 87.3800 29 634655 Kamargeria Naraingarh Paschim Medinipur West Bengal 22.6000 87.2300 30 634656 Horekhali Sutahata Purba Medinipur West Bengal 22.7000 88.9000 31 634657 Begunaberia Sutahata Purba Medinipur West Bengal 22.7000 88.9000 32 634658 Masuria Mahishadal Purba Medinipur West Bengal 22.9000 88.1000 33 634659 Chandipur Mahishadal Purba Medinipur West Bengal 22.8000 87.5900 34 634660 Subdi Nandigram II Purba Medinipur West Bengal 21.8800 87.5200 35 634661 Subdi Nandigram II Purba Medinipur West Bengal 21.8800 87.5200 36 634662 Sonachura Nandigram I Purba Medinipur West Bengal 21.7900 87.5800 37 634663 Soudkhali Nandigram I Purba Medinipur West Bengal 21.7900 87.5900 38 634664 Katkadevi Chak Khejuri II Purba Medinipur West Bengal 21.7500 87.5200 39 634665 Deshduttapur Contai I Purba Medinipur West Bengal 21.8200 87.4600 40 634666 Dholgada Egra II Purba Medinipur West Bengal 21.9400 87.4000 41 634667 Galadaria Jalangi Murshidabad West Bengal 24.1100 88.4200 42 634669 Ahiran Suti-I Murshidabad West Bengal 24.3100 88.1000 43 634670 Harua Suti-I Murshidabad West Bengal 24.3100 87.5900 44 634672 Kasim Nagar Suti II Murshidabad West Bengal 24.3700 87.5900 45 634673 Gohalbari Farakka Murshidabad West Bengal 24.4400 87.5400 46 634674 Jamalpur Raninagar II Murshidabad West Bengal 24.2200 88.5400 Table.3. Comparative table of nutritional profile of grasspea with other leafy vegetables Nutritional Parameters Major Leafy Vegetables Grasspea Kangkong Mustard Jute Amaranthus Pigweed Protein (%) 28.42 23.6–27.6 (Adedokun et al. 2019 ) 18.58–33.38 (Pant et. 2020; Bhandari et al.2021; Priyanka et al. 2021 ; Tiwari, 2023 ) 12.54 ± 0.10–16.26 ± 0.34 * (Ndlovu and Afolayan, 2008 ; IDRIS et al. 2009 11.59–29.06 (Andini et al. 2013 ; Pathan et al. 2019 ) 27.84 ± 0.36–37.05 (Pathan et al. 2019 ; Villacrés, et al. 2022 ) Fibre (TDF) (%) 20.41 5.40 ± 0.20 -17.67 ± 0.35% (Umar et al. 2007 ; Shariff et al. 2019 ) 3.20 (Paula Filho et al.2018) 2.03 ± 0.1 * (Ndlovu and Afolayan, 2008 ) 14.04 ± 0.35* (Umar et al. 2011 ) 36.37 ± 2.34 (Villacrés, et al. 2022 ) Moisture (%) 13.84 4.75 (Adedokun et al. 2019 ) 68 to 88 # (Pant et al.2020) 7.48 ± 1.36 (Traoré et al. 2017 ) 7.38 ± 3.84 (Traoré et al. 2017 ) 5.23 ± 0.17 (Villacrés, et al. 2022 ) Ash (%) 8.81 10.83 ± 0.80 (Umar et al. 2007 ) 10.94–15.48 (Pant et al.2020) 18.38 ± 0.32 (IDRIS et al. 2009 ) 16.43–21.05 ± 0.30 (Kachiguma et al. 2015 ; Umar et al. 2011 ) 2.1–20.0 (Pathan et al. 2019 ; Villacrés, et al. 2022 ) Calcium (mg/100 g) 156.544 416.70 ± 5.77 (Umar et al. 2007 ) 123.25–240 (Paula Filho et al.2018; Pant et al.2020) 30.55 ± 0.05 to 1650 ± 0.83 (Zeghichi et al. 2003 ; IDRIS et al. 2009 ) 110.67–1483 (Umar et al. 2011 ; Kachiguma et al. 2015 ; Kambabazi et al. 2021 ) 147–1535.0 (Yadav et al. 2018 ; Pathan eta la. 2019; Villacrés, et al. 2022 ) Iron (mg/100 g) 52.101 210.30 ± 2.47 (Umar et al. 2007 ) 30.56–37.52 (Priyanka et al. 2021 ; Bhandari et al.2021) 19.53 ± 0.09 to 55.9 ± 3.22 (Zeghichi et al. 2003 ; IDRIS et al. 2009 ) 19.82 to 419 ± 68.81 (Umar et al. 2011 ; Kachiguma et al. 2015 ; Kambabazi et al. 2021 ) 7.6 to 148 (Yadav et al. 2018 ; Pathan et al. 2019 ) Copper (mg/100 g) 1.125 0.36 ± 0.01 (Umar et al. 2007 ) 45.2 to 48.9 (Kumar et al. 2017 ) 2.52 ± 0.02 to 22.5 ± 1.74 (Zeghichi et al. 2003 ; IDRIS et al. 2009 ) 2.87 ± 1.23 (Umar et al. 2011 ) 1.0–1.12 (Pathan et al. 2019 ) Magnesium (mg/100 g) 295.589 301.64 ± 12.69 (Umar et al. 2019) 26.82 (Paula Filho et al.2018) 76.69 ± 0.13 to 340 ± 1.11 (Zeghichi et al. 2003 ; IDRIS et al. 2009 ) 40.3.13 ± 34.27 to 462 (Umar et al. 2011 ; Kachiguma et al. 2015 ) 2.26 ± 0.23 to 902.0 (Pathan et al. 2019 ; Villacrés, et al. 2022 ) Zinc (mg/100 g) 5.271 2.47 ± 0.27 (Umar et al. 2007 ) 5.73 to 5.83 (Bhandari et al.2021; Priyanka et al. 2021 ) 4.71 ± 0.01 to 11.2 ± 0.57 (Zeghichi et al. 2003 ; IDRIS et al. 2009 ) 1.30 ± 0.70 to 1.76 (Umar et al. 2011 ; Kachiguma et al. 2015 ) 1.3 to 9.8 (Yadav et al. 2018 ; Pathan et al. 2019 ) Note: # wet basis, * crude fibre/ protein Garrett ranking technique The preference ranking for grasspea consumption by the farmers of Bihar and West Bengal was calculated by combining incomplete order of merit ranking, as suggested by Garrett et al. (1969). The respondents were asked to rank their grasspea preferences for uses like leafy vegetable, use as pulse, use as powder/pakora/other snacks item and use as fodder (Table 4 ). Grasspea cultivation is a source of income to smallholder farmers, where they can sell grasspea leaves in local markets or to processors who can pack and distribute them to wider markets. The findings of the study elucidated that the preference of grasspea consumption in the order are, in descending order: leafy vegetable > pulse > fodder > by-products. The more preference for grasspea as a leafy vegetable can be attributed to its high nutrition and other traditional uses. However, the lower preference for grasspea by-products suggests the need for more innovative ways to promote its utilization and create value addition. Table 4 Preference ranking for grasspea consumption by the consumers of Eastern states of India (n = 50) S.N. Preferences Garret Score 72 56 43 28 Total Average Rank Rank frequency 1 2 3 4 1 Bihar A Northern Bihar (n = 15) a Leafy vegetable 7 7 0 1 924 61.6 I b Pulse 6 5 4 0 884 58.93 II c By-product (Powder/ Pakoda /other snacks item) 0 2 7 6 581 38.73 IV d Fodder 2 1 4 8 596 39.73 III B Southern Bihar (n = 14) a Leafy vegetable 13 1 0 0 992 70.85 I b Pulse 1 12 1 0 787 56.21 II c By-product (Powder/Pakoda/other snacks item) 0 1 0 13 420 30 IV d Fodder 0 1 12 1 600 42.85 III 2 West Bengal (n = 21) a Leafy vegetable 7 13 1 0 1275 60.71 II b Pulse 10 8 3 0 1297 61.76 I c By-product (Powder/ Pakoda /other snacks item) 0 0 1 20 603 28.71 IV d Fodder 4 0 16 1 1004 47.80 III 3 Pooled a Leafy vegetable 27 21 1 1 3191 63.82 I b Pulse 17 25 8 0 2968 59.36 II c By-product (Powder/Pakoda/other snacks item) 0 3 8 39 1604 32.08 IV d Fodder 6 2 32 10 2200 44 III Grasspea was predominantly favoured as a leafy vegetable in northern Bihar with a Garrett's ranking scores of 61.6 and 70.85 in southern Bihar and as a pulse in West Bengal with a ranking score of 61.76, which was very closely matched by its ranking as a leafy vegetable at 60.71. Notably, no significant difference in ranking was observed between the northern and southern regions of Bihar, despite their distinct agro ecological characteristics. Organoleptic assessment and biochemical profiling The leaves were harvested at 50–60 days after sowing, specifically during the pre-flowering stage, and were subsequently used for cooking and sensory evaluation. The assessment involves 20 participants, including individuals from diverse backgrounds such as scientists, students, project assistants, and daily wage labourers and the information was recorded through structured/ semi-structured questionnaire method. The consensus among this group was that the taste of khesari as leafy vegetable ( L. sativus ) was greatly preferred over other available saag during that season, including karamua ( Ipomea aquatica ), mustard leaves, patsan ( Corchorus olitorius ), amaranthus and bathua ( Chenopodium album ). The feedback and recommendations from the individuals under study further validated the suitability of Khesari saag as a green leafy vegetable. The sensory (organoleptic) assessment has confirmed that the knowledge regarding the utilization of leaves as saag and the preparation of dishes from them may have been passed down through generations within traditional culture by trial-and-error approach (Pandey et al. 2019). The preference for grasspea as a leafy vegetable is consistent with its high nutritional value, as it is a good source of protein, iron, and other essential nutrients (Bogale et al. 2015 ). The use of grasspea as a pulse is also popular due to its unique taste and versatility in various dishes (Sarker et al. 2018 ). The preliminary biochemical analysis of grasspea leaves showed the higher nutritional value of the crop and the values are given in the table 5. The nutritional profiling of grasspea for its leaves as follows: protein content ranged from 26.49 to 31.47%; sugar – 3.07 to 4.61%; phenols – 0.42 to 0.5%; TDF- 16.35 to 24.69%; Moisture – 11.90 to 15.60%; ash content- 7.38 to 11.31% and β-ODAP ranged from 0.034 mg/kg and the minerals values are given in the Table 4 which is expressed in mg/100g. Table 4 Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) of proximate parameters of grasspea leaves Acc. no Protein (%) Sugar (%) Phenol (%) TDF (%) Moisture (%) Ash (%) Cu (mg/100g) Fe (mg/100g) Zn (mg/100g) Ca (mg/100g) Mg (mg/100g) IC0634659 26.4900 a 3.0567 a .4200 a 16.3500 a 11.9033 a 7.3767 a 0.98067 a 37.24767 a 3.89400 a 84.25067 a 252.55767 a IC0634654 27.2933 ab 3.3067 ab .4267 a 17.4833 a 13.2700 ab 7.6700 a 1.08733 b 51.13900 b 4.87267 b 91.92800 b 253.16733 a IC0634666 27.5033 ab 3.5800 bc .4733 a 17.4933 a 13.3600 ab 7.8433 a 1.10333 b 51.77600 b 5.05967 c 106.56700 c 291.16967 b IC0634662 28.3600 ab 4.0367 cd .4900 a 23.2033 b 13.9167 bc 8.2167 a 1.11167 b 53.95667 bc 5.56033 d 173.32600 d 293.54167 b IC0634674 29.3933 b 4.2400 de .4933 a 23.2233 b 15.0133 bc 10.4367 b 1.20600 c 56.21867 c 5.94867 e 223.78100 e 312.90900 c IC0634754 31.4700 c 4.6133 e .5000 a 24.6867 b 15.6033 c 11.3100 b 1.26033 c 62.26933 d 6.28967 f 259.40933 f 370.18800 d Similarly, the parameters like sugar, zinc, calcium showed significant difference with each other and each fall into different groups. Parameters like TDF, moisture, ash, copper, iron and magnesium showed significant difference between the accessions and falls into a group of 2, 4, 2, 3, 5, 4 respectively. The phenol content doesn’t show any significant difference with each other and all the accessions were grouped together in a single group. The biochemical analysis highlighted that grasspea leaves contain high amount of protein and other proximate components and of less β-ODAP in its leaves. However, β-ODAP need to be validated over the years and locations. Conclusion The research findings highlighted the widespread preference for grasspea as a green leafy vegetable in the Eastern states of India. The traditional use of grasspea as a leafy vegetable provide a foundation for the development of research, policies and strategies to promote grasspea cultivation and consumption, ultimately enhancing nutritional security. It also underscores the importance of understanding local preferences and the need to promote crop diversification to ensure food and nutrition security in the face of climate change and other challenges. The extensive studies are required to validate the greater number of accessions from national genebank for nutritional parameters in view of reported use as pulses, vegetables, confectionaries and fodder. The exploratory traits, cultivation technology, package of practices to be developed for this leafy vegetable. A high yielding grasspea with superior nutritional quality as green leafy vegetable can be a boon for farmers of eastern India. A smart value addition and processing technology, strengthening the linkage can also help in, promoting and upliftment of this crop. Declarations Conflict of interest Authors declare that they have no conflict of interest on the content of the manuscript and study undertaken Author Contribution K.T. and K.S. wrote the main manuscript text; K.T., R.P. and P.V. conducted exploration; A.M. did Garret ranking; R.K. and R.B. did nutritional analysis; R.R. prepared figures; D.S. prepared map; K.B. and P.S. provided passport data of germplasm expeditions and K.T. and R.G. reviewed and did final editing. All authors reviewed the manuscript." Acknowledgements The authors are thankful to the Director, ICAR-NBPGR, New Delhi for continued support and logistic facilities for the present study. References Adedokun, M. A., Ogundiran, M. A., & Alatise, S. P. (2019). Preliminary assessment of water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica) and morning glory ( Ipomoea asarifolia ) leaves meals as non-conventional fish feed stuffs. Int J Fish Aquat Stud, 7(5), 446-450. Andini, R., Yoshida, S., & Ohsawa, R. (2013). 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Nutritional composition of molokhia (Corchorus olitorius) and stamnagathi (Cichorium spinosum). Plants in human health and nutrition policy, 91, 1-21. Diet, nutrition and the prevention of chronic diseases: report of a Joint WHO/FAO Expert Consultation. WHO Technical Report Series, No. 916. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2003 Healthy diet. Fact sheet number 394. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2024. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs394/en (accessed Jan 26, 2024) Natesh, H. N., Abbey, L., & Asiedu, S. K. (2017). An overview of nutritional and antinutritional factors in green leafy vegetables. Horticult Int J, 1(2), 00011. Lee, A. (2016). Affordability of fruits and vegetables and dietary quality worldwide. The Lancet Global Health, 4(10), e664-e665. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Reviews received at journal 14 Mar, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 09 Mar, 2024 Reviewers invited by journal 06 Mar, 2024 Submission checks completed at journal 03 Mar, 2024 Editor assigned by journal 03 Mar, 2024 First submitted to journal 03 Mar, 2024 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4008498","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":277693850,"identity":"1c0b7687-5172-4534-8d69-97e444cfe68c","order_by":0,"name":"Kuldeep 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collection sites in the parts of Bihar and West Bengal states and conservation in NGB in the parts of Bihar, Jharkhand, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal states of Eastern India\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4008498/v1/c230bf50ad42bffc625037b4.png"},{"id":52409927,"identity":"923a848a-d75c-496c-a171-4ee334789472","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-11 10:11:04","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":989578,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(a). Field view of grasspea in West Bengal (West Medinapur) and (b). Field view of grasspea in Bihar (Madhubani)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4008498/v1/babcd8edcdbb26f22b739d4b.png"},{"id":52409928,"identity":"ad0d8734-d3e1-4204-93b3-304efc0069d5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-11 10:11:04","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":307314,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariability in leaf shapes in the cultivated varieties of\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003egrasspea.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4008498/v1/21d3988af4c746f626fb0703.png"},{"id":52410191,"identity":"ccd7bdbc-bb6e-4f96-a7b7-469dc1c45bae","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-11 10:19:04","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1753863,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4008498/v1/4ad88c60-8fa2-49bc-83ff-50836a0de8b6.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Grasspea (Lathyrus sativus L.) - a potential leafy vegetable of eastern India","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eGreen leafy vegetables have attracted global attention due to their significant role in promoting a healthy diet and offering various health benefits to humans. Vegetables are commonly referred to as \"protective foods\" in the human diet because of their diverse health advantages, stemming from their abundance in vitamins, essential fatty acids, minerals, amino acids, dietary fibre, and various essential bioactive compounds. Plants serve as primary sources of numerous bioactive compounds collectively known as phytochemicals, which are recognized as crucial for maintaining good health (Grusak et al. 1999; Dias, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). Phytochemicals can be broadly categorized as nutritional components, including essential fatty acids, proteins, vitamins, minerals, and phenolic compounds. Leafy vegetables stand out for their high mineral content, particularly iron and calcium, surpassing that of staple food grains. Their low caloric value makes them an ideal choice for weight management (Torres et al. 2014). Encouraging the consumption, cultivation, and potentially commercialization of these leafy vegetables is therefore recommended. Additionally, leafy vegetables are natural sources of folic acid, essential for the multiplication and maturation of red blood cells (Gopalan et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e). The World Health Organization/Food and Agriculture Organization (WHO/FAO) published a report in 2003 recommending a minimum daily intake of 400g of fruits and vegetables (excluding potatoes and other starchy tubers) to prevent chronic diseases such as heart disease, cancer, diabetes, and obesity, as well as to address micronutrient deficiencies (Lee et al. 2016; Healthy diet factsheet, WHO, 2024). The dietary guidelines for Americans suggest five servings of vegetables per day, with one of those servings specifically emphasizing green leafy vegetables HHS/USDA, 2015 (Natesh et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR57\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). Incorporating these green leafy vegetables into daily diets may help fulfil the daily requirements of essential nutrients, particularly for individuals with marginal nutritional status. The nutritional composition varies among genera and species of different edible leafy vegetables. Currently, underutilized foods are gaining importance as a means to enhance per capita food availability (Gopalan et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e; Edleman and Colt, 2016). In nature, numerous underutilized greens with promising nutritive value exist, and one such example is grasspea (\u003cem\u003eLathyrus sativus\u003c/em\u003e L.) as a source of green leafy vegetable. India, with its diverse natural surroundings, varying climates, and seasons, boasts a variety of leafy vegetable species. Commonly consumed leafy vegetables include spinach (\u003cem\u003eSpinacia oleracea\u003c/em\u003e), amaranth (\u003cem\u003eAmaranthus gangeticus, A. viridis\u003c/em\u003e), fenugreek (\u003cem\u003eTrigonella foenum graecum\u003c/em\u003e), drumstick (\u003cem\u003eMoringa oleifera\u003c/em\u003e), kangkong (\u003cem\u003eIpomea aquatica\u003c/em\u003e), mustard (\u003cem\u003eB. juncea\u003c/em\u003e var. \u003cem\u003erugosa\u003c/em\u003e), jute (\u003cem\u003eCorchorus olitorius\u003c/em\u003e), bathua/pigweed (\u003cem\u003eChenopodium album\u003c/em\u003e), among others. These greens are not only affordable and high-yielding but also integral to the local diet, often readily available. Grasspea is one of the oldest cultivated crops, with a long history of domestication (Smartt, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1984\u003c/span\u003e). The origin of the crop dates back to archaeological excavations in Turkey and Iraq (Jackson and Yunus, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1984\u003c/span\u003e; Lambein et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e); oldest excavations in India of 2500 BC and 8000 BC in the Balkans (Kislev, 1989; Saraswat, 1980; Tripathi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Grasspea is cultivated in northern states of India especially in central and eastern regions for both as pulse and green leafy (Mehra et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1995\u003c/span\u003e). Grasspea is the climate smart crop used for both food and feed, requires minimal inputs, having ratooning capacity, used in conservation agriculture and also in pharmaceutical industries thereby act as an insurance crop to the marginal farmers (Ramya et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). It is considered as one of the profitable crops than \u003cem\u003eboro\u003c/em\u003e or summer rice in West Bengal (Tripathi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). The use of grasspea as a pulse has been well documented, its potential as a leafy vegetable has received less attention. The leaves of grasspea are a rich source of protein, vitamins, minerals and can be used as a fresh vegetable or as an ingredient in soups, stews, and other dishes. The young leaves and pre-flowering shoots of grasspea are consumed as leafy vegetable in Bangladesh (Arora et al. 1996). Usually, the tender young shoots of grasspea at pre-flowering stage sold as a green leafy vegetable in West Bengal (Tripathi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). The straw and residual biomass from grasspea production can be used as animal feed, providing a valuable source of protein and energy for animals. The rolled and dried leaves of grasspea are also used as off-season vegetable due to its delicacy (Bharathi and Neupane (1989); Tripathi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). This present study discusses the collection and documentation of grasspea about its leaves in addressing food, nutritional security and dietary diversity of the people of the eastern parts of India and aim to evaluate the nutritional value of grasspea and their potential impact on the preference of consumption over other green leafy vegetable.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eStudy area and exploration\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe exploration trips were planned and conducted in the eastern part of India i.e., Bihar, Jharkhand, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal where grasspea is cultivated since longtime. The multi-crop explorations were undertaken in collaborative mode with crop-based institutes/ State Agricultural Universities (SAU\u0026rsquo;s) / Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK\u0026rsquo;s) during 2020-21, 2021-22, 2022-23 and collected around 46 accessions from Bihar (Nawada, Banka, Kaimur, Rohtas, Bhojpur, Buxar, Sitamarhi, Darbhanga and Saharsa) and West Bengal (Paschim Medinipur, Purba Medinipur, Murshidabad). The diversity distribution pattern, cultivation status and frequency of use were also surveyed through fields, local mandi/markets, kitchen gardens and backyards/homesteads. The passport data was collected which includes the details of state, district, village, latitude (N) and longitude (E). The number of accessions collected in different areas and years are given in the Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eList of explorations conducted for augmenting \u003cem\u003eLathyrus\u003c/em\u003e germplasm\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS. no.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYear\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSite of collection\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo. of accessions collected\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInstitute involved\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2020\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEast Medinipur, West Medinipur and Mushidabad (West Bengal)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya) BCKV Mohanpur, West Bengal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNawada and Banka (Bihar)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKVK, Nawada, Banka, Bihar\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSaharsa (Bihar)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKVK, Saharsa, Bihar\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBhojpur, Buxar, Kaimur and Rohtas (Bihar)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKVK, Rohtas, Kaimur\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2022\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDarbhanga, Madhubani and Sitamarhi (Bihar)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKVK, Jale, Darbhanga, Sitamarhi, Bihar\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn order to know the diversity distribution pattern, DIVA-GIS software version 7.5 (\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ewww.diva-gis.org\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"http://www.diva-gis.org\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e) was used to generate the potential distribution map (Hijmans et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e). DIVA-GIS software version 7.5, freely downloadable software from \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ewww.diva-gis.org\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"http://www.diva-gis.org\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e was used to generate the potential distribution map. Grasspea germplasm collection sites in the parts of Bihar and West Bengal states (red colour) in the present study and the regions where it has been collected already and conserved in ICAR-NBPGR national genebank (NGB)are given in the Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eGarret ranking technique\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGarret ranking technique was used to rank the preferences for grasspea consumption among local consumers. The Garret ranks were calculated using the appropriate formula, and the Garret value was then determined. The Garret tables and scores for each problem in the table were multiplied and added row-wise to obtain the total Garret score.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePer cent position = \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\frac{100\\left({R}_{ij}-0.5\\right)}{{N}_{j}}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhere R\u003csub\u003eij\u003c/sub\u003e represents the rank given to the i\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e variable by the j\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e respondent, and N\u003csub\u003ej\u003c/sub\u003e is the number of variables ranked by the j\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e respondent. The per cent positions were then converted into scores using the Garrett table provided by Garret and Woodworth (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1969\u003c/span\u003e). The scores for each individual were then added for each factor, and the total and mean values were calculated. The factor with the highest mean value was considered the most important.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eBiochemical profiling\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe preliminary biochemical analysis was done for the selected accessions namely IC0634659, IC0634654, IC0634666, IC0634662, IC0634674, IC0634754 for proximate components along with β-ODAP estimation. The nutritional composition of the leaves were determined using the standard methods viz. moisture (AOAC 934.01), protein (AOAC 2001.11), total soluble sugar (Anthrone reagent method) and total dietary fibre by AOAC Official Method 985.29 and mineral estimation (Iron, Copper, Zinc, Calcium and Magnesium) by AAS (Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy) as per (AOAC) method 999.11 and β-ODAP (β-N-oxalyl-l-α,β-diaminopropionic acid) estimation by UPLC (Ultra-performance liquid chromatography) as per Fikre et al.(2008).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results and Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eGrasspea leaves have the potential to play an important role in contributing to improved food security and sustainable agriculture in several ways. Grasspea leaves are a nutrient-dense vegetable that is high in protein, fibre, and essential vitamins and minerals. By including grasspea leaves in the diet, people can increase their intake of important nutrients, which can help to improve their health and wellbeing. Grasspea is a drought-tolerant crop that can be grown in areas with low rainfall and poor soil quality. The stems of this plant are four-angled (quadrangular) which are very thin, featuring winged edges. Leaves arranged in a pinnately opposite to each other and consist of two or three pairs of lanceolate leaflets, culminating in a single or branching tendril. These leaflets are sessile, whole, and wedge-shaped at the base, tapering to an acuminate point at the top. The stipules take on a triangular to oval shape with a basal appendage. Farmers commonly sell the tender leaves and branches of the grasspea in markets in India and Bangladesh (Ramya et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). By growing grasspea and utilizing leaves, farmers can produce a nutritious crop that is well-suited to the local growing conditions, without requiring extensive irrigation or fertilization. As a drought-tolerant crop, grasspea leaves can help to build resilience to climate change, which is causing more frequent and severe droughts in many parts of the world. By growing grasspea leaves, farmers can adapt to the changing climate and continue to produce food in challenging conditions. Growing grasspea leaves can provide an important source of income for farmers, especially in areas where other crops may not grow well. By diversifying their crops and selling grasspea leaves in local markets, farmers can improve their livelihoods and contribute to the local economy.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eExploration and collection\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA total of about 144 accessions of grasspea from the eastern parts of India were conserved in the National Genebank, ICAR-NBPGR, New Delhi (accessed PGR portal, 2023). The diversity and distribution of these accessions across the areas of study and methods of use by the communities were also recorded. Geo-referenced maps were prepared using WGS84 datum and Everest projection systems (Semwal et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). The field view of grasspea in West Bengal (west Medinapur) and Bihar (Madhubani) are given in the Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe passport data of 46 collected grasspea accessions were given in the Table\u0026nbsp;2. The variability in grasspea leaves is given in the Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e. In general, they fetch a good income generation which fetches Rs.150\u0026ndash;220/kg. Sometimes farmers sell their produce to local venders in markets @ Rs. 80\u0026ndash;90/kg to avoid the transport charges. During the survey, it was observed that local people also prefer mostly grasspea leaves than other seasonal leafy vegetables. Additionally, leaves are used in some traditional medicine systems for their various health benefits. The comparative table of nutritional aspects of grasspea are also depicted in the Table\u0026nbsp;3.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eTable.2. Grasspea germplasm collection sites from the eastern India\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Taba\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS. No.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccession/\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCollection no.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVillage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMandal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDistrict\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eState Name\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLat\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLong\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e648849\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSukhnar\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKawakol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNawada\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBihar\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.660\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e85.340\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDPS/PKK-22-46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGiddha\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBelhar\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBanka\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBihar\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.890\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e86.600\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e648858\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUprama\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRajoun\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBanka\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBihar\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.990\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e86.960\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e648860\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKaitha\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRajoun\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBanka\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBihar\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.060\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e86.950\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDP/SC/21\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlipur\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRamgarh\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKaimur\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBihar\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83.69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e641907\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSadallapur\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRamgarh\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKaimur\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBihar\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e641908\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePanjrawn\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNuaon\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKaimur\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBihar\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83.78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e641909\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMokar\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSasaram\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRohtas\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBihar\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e84.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e641913\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKarmainikhurd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDinara\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRohtas\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBihar\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e84.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e641918\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNathupur\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKudra\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKaimur\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBihar\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDP/SC/21\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFatehpur\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eItarhi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBhojpur\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBihar\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.290\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e84.443\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDP/SC/21\u0026ndash;32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDhansoi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRajpur\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBuxar\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBihar\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.488\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e84.010\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIC0470973\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePremnagar\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSitamarhi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSitamarhi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBihar\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e85.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIC0470975\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBasatpur\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSonbarsa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSitamarhi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBihar\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e85.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIC0470976\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRamnagar\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBathana\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSitamarhi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBihar\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e85.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIC0470977\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePiprarhi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBajpatti\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSitamarhi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBihar\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e85.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIC0470978\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBirrakh\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSursand\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSitamarhi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBihar\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e85.71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIC0470979\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSukhet\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJhanjharpur\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMadhubani\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBihar\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e86.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIC0470980\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBerma\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLakhnaur\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMadhubani\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBihar\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e86.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIC0470981\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBullipatti\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJaynagar\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMadhubani\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBihar\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e86.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIC0470982\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSamdhinia\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDarbhanga\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBihar\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e86.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIC0470983\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKortho\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGhanshyampur\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDarbhanga\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBihar\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e86.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIC0470984\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBaika\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTardih\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDarbhanga\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBihar\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e86.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e643774\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHempur\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNohatta\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSaharsha\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBihar\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e86.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e643777\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBarahsher\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSatarkataiya\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSaharsha\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBihar\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e86.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e634654\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBaragrah\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDebra\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePaschim Medinipur\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWest Bengal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e87.3400\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKT/2020/16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBhagwanpur\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDebra\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePaschim Medinipur\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWest Bengal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.2900\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e87.3500\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKT/2020/21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRadhakantapur\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDebra\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePaschim Medinipur\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWest Bengal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.4500\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e87.3800\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e634655\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKamargeria\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNaraingarh\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePaschim Medinipur\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWest Bengal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.6000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e87.2300\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e634656\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHorekhali\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSutahata\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePurba Medinipur\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWest Bengal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.7000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e88.9000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e634657\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBegunaberia\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSutahata\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePurba Medinipur\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWest Bengal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.7000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e88.9000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e634658\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMasuria\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMahishadal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePurba Medinipur\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWest Bengal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.9000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e88.1000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e634659\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChandipur\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMahishadal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePurba Medinipur\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWest Bengal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.8000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e87.5900\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e634660\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSubdi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNandigram II\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePurba Medinipur\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWest Bengal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.8800\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e87.5200\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e634661\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSubdi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNandigram II\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePurba Medinipur\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWest Bengal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.8800\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e87.5200\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e634662\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSonachura\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNandigram I\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePurba Medinipur\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWest Bengal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.7900\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e87.5800\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e634663\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSoudkhali\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNandigram I\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePurba Medinipur\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWest Bengal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.7900\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e87.5900\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e634664\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKatkadevi Chak\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKhejuri II\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePurba Medinipur\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWest Bengal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.7500\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e87.5200\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e634665\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDeshduttapur\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eContai I\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePurba Medinipur\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWest Bengal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.8200\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e87.4600\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e634666\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDholgada\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEgra II\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePurba Medinipur\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWest Bengal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.9400\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e87.4000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e634667\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGaladaria\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJalangi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMurshidabad\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWest Bengal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.1100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e88.4200\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e634669\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAhiran\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSuti-I\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMurshidabad\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWest Bengal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.3100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e88.1000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e634670\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHarua\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSuti-I\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMurshidabad\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWest Bengal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.3100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e87.5900\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e634672\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKasim Nagar\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSuti II\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMurshidabad\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWest Bengal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.3700\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e87.5900\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e634673\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGohalbari\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFarakka\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMurshidabad\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWest Bengal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.4400\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e87.5400\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e634674\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJamalpur\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRaninagar II\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMurshidabad\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWest Bengal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.2200\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e88.5400\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eTable.3. Comparative table of nutritional profile of grasspea with other leafy vegetables\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Tabb\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNutritional Parameters\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMajor Leafy Vegetables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGrasspea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKangkong\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMustard\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJute\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmaranthus\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePigweed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProtein (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.6\u0026ndash;27.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Adedokun et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.58\u0026ndash;33.38 (Pant et. 2020; Bhandari et al.2021; Priyanka et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Tiwari, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.54\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.10\u0026ndash;16.26\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.34 * (Ndlovu and Afolayan, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e; IDRIS et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.59\u0026ndash;29.06 (Andini et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Pathan et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.84\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.36\u0026ndash;37.05 (Pathan et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Villacr\u0026eacute;s, et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFibre (TDF) (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.20 -17.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.35% (Umar et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e; Shariff et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.20 (Paula Filho et al.2018)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1 * (Ndlovu and Afolayan, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.04\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.35* (Umar et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.37\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.34 (Villacr\u0026eacute;s, et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMoisture (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.75 (Adedokun et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68 to 88\u003csup\u003e#\u003c/sup\u003e (Pant et al.2020)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.48\u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;1.36 (Traor\u0026eacute; et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.38\u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;3.84 \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Traor\u0026eacute; et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.23\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.17 (Villacr\u0026eacute;s, et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAsh (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.83\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Umar et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.94\u0026ndash;15.48 (Pant et al.2020)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.38\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.32 (IDRIS et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.43\u0026ndash;21.05\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.30 (Kachiguma et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Umar et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1\u0026ndash;20.0 (Pathan et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Villacr\u0026eacute;s, et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCalcium\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(mg/100 g)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e156.544\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e416.70\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.77 (Umar et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e123.25\u0026ndash;240 (Paula Filho et al.2018; Pant et al.2020)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.55\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.05 to 1650\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.83 (Zeghichi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e; IDRIS et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e110.67\u0026ndash;1483 (Umar et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e; Kachiguma et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Kambabazi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e147\u0026ndash;1535.0 (Yadav et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Pathan eta la. 2019; Villacr\u0026eacute;s, et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIron (mg/100 g)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52.101\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e210.30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.47 (Umar et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.56\u0026ndash;37.52 (Priyanka et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Bhandari et al.2021)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.53\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.09 to 55.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.22 (Zeghichi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e; IDRIS et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.82 to 419\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;68.81 (Umar et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e; Kachiguma et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Kambabazi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6 to 148 (Yadav et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Pathan et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCopper\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(mg/100 g)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.125\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.36\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Umar et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.2 to 48.9 (Kumar et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.52\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02 to 22.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.74 (Zeghichi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e; IDRIS et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.87\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.23 (Umar et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u0026ndash;1.12 (Pathan et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMagnesium\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(mg/100 g)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e295.589\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e301.64\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.69 (Umar et al. 2019)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.82\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Paula Filho et al.2018)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e76.69\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.13 to 340\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.11 (Zeghichi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e; IDRIS et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.3.13\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;34.27 to 462 (Umar et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e; Kachiguma et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.26\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.23 to 902.0 (Pathan et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Villacr\u0026eacute;s, et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZinc (mg/100 g)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.271\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.47\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.27 (Umar et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.73 to 5.83 (Bhandari et al.2021; Priyanka et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.71\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01 to 11.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.57 (Zeghichi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e; IDRIS et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.70 to 1.76 (Umar et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e; Kachiguma et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 to 9.8 (Yadav et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Pathan et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNote: # wet basis, * crude fibre/ protein\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eGarrett ranking technique\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe preference ranking for grasspea consumption by the farmers of Bihar and West Bengal was calculated by combining incomplete order of merit ranking, as suggested by Garrett et al. (1969). The respondents were asked to rank their grasspea preferences for uses like leafy vegetable, use as pulse, use as powder/pakora/other snacks item and use as fodder (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). Grasspea cultivation is a source of income to smallholder farmers, where they can sell grasspea leaves in local markets or to processors who can pack and distribute them to wider markets. The findings of the study elucidated that the preference of grasspea consumption in the order are, in descending order: leafy vegetable\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;pulse\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;fodder\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;by-products. The more preference for grasspea as a leafy vegetable can be attributed to its high nutrition and other traditional uses. However, the lower preference for grasspea by-products suggests the need for more innovative ways to promote its utilization and create value addition.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePreference ranking for grasspea consumption by the consumers of Eastern states of India (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;50)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"10\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS.N.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePreferences\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGarret Score\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAverage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRank\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRank frequency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBihar\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eA\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNorthern Bihar (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;15)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeafy vegetable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e924\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eb\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePulse\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e884\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58.93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eII\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ec\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBy-product\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Powder/\u003cem\u003ePakoda\u003c/em\u003e/other snacks item)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e581\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIV\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFodder\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e596\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIII\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eB\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSouthern Bihar (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;14)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeafy vegetable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e992\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eb\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePulse\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e787\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eII\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ec\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBy-product\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Powder/Pakoda/other snacks item)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e420\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIV\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFodder\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e600\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIII\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWest Bengal (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;21)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeafy vegetable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1275\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eII\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eb\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePulse\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1297\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ec\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBy-product\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Powder/\u003cem\u003ePakoda\u003c/em\u003e/other snacks item)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e603\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIV\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFodder\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1004\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIII\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePooled\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeafy vegetable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3191\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63.82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eb\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePulse\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2968\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eII\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ec\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBy-product\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Powder/Pakoda/other snacks item)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1604\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIV\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFodder\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2200\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIII\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGrasspea was predominantly favoured as a leafy vegetable in northern Bihar with a Garrett's ranking scores of 61.6 and 70.85 in southern Bihar and as a pulse in West Bengal with a ranking score of 61.76, which was very closely matched by its ranking as a leafy vegetable at 60.71. Notably, no significant difference in ranking was observed between the northern and southern regions of Bihar, despite their distinct agro ecological characteristics.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eOrganoleptic assessment and biochemical profiling\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe leaves were harvested at 50\u0026ndash;60 days after sowing, specifically during the pre-flowering stage, and were subsequently used for cooking and sensory evaluation. The assessment involves 20 participants, including individuals from diverse backgrounds such as scientists, students, project assistants, and daily wage labourers and the information was recorded through structured/ semi-structured questionnaire method. The consensus among this group was that the taste of khesari as leafy vegetable (\u003cem\u003eL. sativus\u003c/em\u003e) was greatly preferred over other available saag during that season, including karamua (\u003cem\u003eIpomea aquatica\u003c/em\u003e), mustard leaves, patsan (\u003cem\u003eCorchorus olitorius\u003c/em\u003e), amaranthus and bathua (\u003cem\u003eChenopodium album\u003c/em\u003e). The feedback and recommendations from the individuals under study further validated the suitability of Khesari saag as a green leafy vegetable. The sensory (organoleptic) assessment has confirmed that the knowledge regarding the utilization of leaves as \u003cem\u003esaag\u003c/em\u003e and the preparation of dishes from them may have been passed down through generations within traditional culture by trial-and-error approach (Pandey et al. 2019). The preference for grasspea as a leafy vegetable is consistent with its high nutritional value, as it is a good source of protein, iron, and other essential nutrients (Bogale et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). The use of grasspea as a pulse is also popular due to its unique taste and versatility in various dishes (Sarker et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). The preliminary biochemical analysis of grasspea leaves showed the higher nutritional value of the crop and the values are given in the table 5. The nutritional profiling of grasspea for its leaves as follows: protein content ranged from 26.49 to 31.47%; sugar \u0026ndash; 3.07 to 4.61%; phenols \u0026ndash; 0.42 to 0.5%; TDF- 16.35 to 24.69%; Moisture \u0026ndash; 11.90 to 15.60%; ash content- 7.38 to 11.31% and β-ODAP ranged from 0.034 mg/kg and the minerals values are given in the Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e which is expressed in mg/100g.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDuncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) of proximate parameters of grasspea leaves\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"12\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcc. no\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProtein (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSugar\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhenol\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTDF (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMoisture (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAsh\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCu (mg/100g)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFe\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(mg/100g)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZn\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(mg/100g)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCa\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(mg/100g)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMg\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(mg/100g)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIC0634659\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.4900 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.0567\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.4200\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3500\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.9033\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3767\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.98067\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.24767\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.89400\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e84.25067\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e252.55767\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIC0634654\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.2933\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3067\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.4267\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4833\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2700\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6700\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.08733\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51.13900\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.87267\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e91.92800\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e253.16733\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIC0634666\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.5033\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5800\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.4733\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4933\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3600\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.8433\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.10333\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51.77600\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.05967\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e106.56700\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e291.16967\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIC0634662\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.3600\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.0367\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.4900\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.2033\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.9167\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2167\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.11167\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53.95667\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.56033\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e173.32600\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e293.54167\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIC0634674\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.3933\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2400\u003csup\u003ede\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.4933\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.2233\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.0133\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4367\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.20600\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56.21867\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.94867\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e223.78100\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e312.90900\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIC0634754\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.4700\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6133\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.5000\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.6867\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6033\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3100\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.26033\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62.26933\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.28967\u003csup\u003ef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e259.40933\u003csup\u003ef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e370.18800\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSimilarly, the parameters like sugar, zinc, calcium showed significant difference with each other and each fall into different groups. Parameters like TDF, moisture, ash, copper, iron and magnesium showed significant difference between the accessions and falls into a group of 2, 4, 2, 3, 5, 4 respectively. The phenol content doesn\u0026rsquo;t show any significant difference with each other and all the accessions were grouped together in a single group. The biochemical analysis highlighted that grasspea leaves contain high amount of protein and other proximate components and of less β-ODAP in its leaves. However, β-ODAP need to be validated over the years and locations.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe research findings highlighted the widespread preference for grasspea as a green leafy vegetable in the Eastern states of India. The traditional use of grasspea as a leafy vegetable provide a foundation for the development of research, policies and strategies to promote grasspea cultivation and consumption, ultimately enhancing nutritional security. It also underscores the importance of understanding local preferences and the need to promote crop diversification to ensure food and nutrition security in the face of climate change and other challenges. The extensive studies are required to validate the greater number of accessions from national genebank for nutritional parameters in view of reported use as pulses, vegetables, confectionaries and fodder. The exploratory traits, cultivation technology, package of practices to be developed for this leafy vegetable. A high yielding grasspea with superior nutritional quality as green leafy vegetable can be a boon for farmers of eastern India. A smart value addition and processing technology, strengthening the linkage can also help in, promoting and upliftment of this crop.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003ch2\u003eConflict of interest\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAuthors declare that they have no conflict of interest on the content of the manuscript and study undertaken\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eK.T. and K.S. wrote the main manuscript text; K.T., R.P. and P.V. conducted exploration; A.M. did Garret ranking; R.K. and R.B. did nutritional analysis; R.R. prepared figures; D.S. prepared map; K.B. and P.S. provided passport data of germplasm expeditions and K.T. and R.G. reviewed and did final editing. All authors reviewed the manuscript.\"\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe authors are thankful to the Director, ICAR-NBPGR, New Delhi for continued support and logistic facilities for the present study.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAdedokun, M. A., Ogundiran, M. A., \u0026amp; Alatise, S. P. (2019). Preliminary assessment of water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica) and morning glory (\u003cem\u003eIpomoea asarifolia\u003c/em\u003e) leaves meals as non-conventional fish feed stuffs. Int J Fish Aquat Stud, 7(5), 446-450.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAndini, R., Yoshida, S., \u0026amp; Ohsawa, R. (2013). Variation in protein content and amino acids in the leaves of grain, vegetable and weedy types of amaranths. Agronomy, 3(2), 391-403.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAOAC G (2016) Official methods of analysis of AOAC International. 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Geneva: World Health Organization, 2024. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs394/en (accessed Jan 26, 2024)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNatesh, H. N., Abbey, L., \u0026amp; Asiedu, S. K. (2017). An overview of nutritional and antinutritional factors in green leafy vegetables. Horticult Int J, 1(2), 00011.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLee, A. (2016). Affordability of fruits and vegetables and dietary quality worldwide. The Lancet Global Health, 4(10), e664-e665.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"genetic-resources-and-crop-evolution","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"gres","sideBox":"Learn more about [Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution](https://www.springer.com/journal/10722)","snPcode":"10722","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/10722/3","title":"Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Grasspea, exploration, collection, leaves, Garrett ranking, organoleptic","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4008498/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4008498/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eGrasspea (\u003cem\u003eLathyrus sativus\u003c/em\u003e L.) locally known as \u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003eKhesari\u003c/em\u003e\u0026rdquo; was extensively cultivated in Eastern parts of India i.e. Eastern U.P, Bihar, Jharkhand and West Bengal. This study focuses on the exploration, collection, and survey of grasspea as leafy vegetable with the aim of revitalizing traditional knowledge for practical applications. The data on collected grasspea samples (46 accessions) from five germplasm expedition missions were presented in the study. These were subjected to garret ranking and biochemical profiling along with organoleptic evaluation. The findings of the study elucidated that the preference of grasspea consumption in the descending order: leafy vegetable\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;pulse\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;fodder\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;by-products/ processed product. The nutritional profiling of leaves of selected accessions of grasspea were assessed for proximate parametrs. This comprehensive study provides valuable insights into use and preferences associated with grasspea consumption in Eastern India, paving the way for practical applications and the revival of traditional knowledge.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Grasspea (Lathyrus sativus L.) - a potential leafy vegetable of eastern India","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-03-11 10:10:57","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4008498/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-03-14T19:13:10+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"1235c41c-53b2-4527-a253-8ea4627904b5","date":"2024-03-09T13:43:23+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2024-03-07T04:04:41+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2024-03-04T04:45:14+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2024-03-04T04:45:14+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution","date":"2024-03-03T11:54:28+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"genetic-resources-and-crop-evolution","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"gres","sideBox":"Learn more about [Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution](https://www.springer.com/journal/10722)","snPcode":"10722","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/10722/3","title":"Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"7e04f220-23e5-4e15-af5b-d6543482b6bf","owner":[],"postedDate":"March 11th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-03-11T10:10:57+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-03-11 10:10:57","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4008498","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4008498","identity":"rs-4008498","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}