Investigation of the Electrochemical Properties of Desert Rose-Like ZIF-67/NiCoTe Hybrid Composite as Asymmetric Supercapacitors for Energy Storage Applications

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L. Meghanathan, M. Parthibavarman This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3844900/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The distinctive morphology of the desert rose structure facilitates enhanced accessibility to many electroactive sites, hence enhancing the internal electrical characteristics of the ZIF-67/NiCoTe composite. This allows for the effective utilization of the whole resource and enhances rapid redox response kinetics. The synthesis was achieved by a direct hydrothermal technique. The electrode materials that have been manufactured have exceptional electrochemical characteristics. The ZIF-67/NiCoTe material exhibits a specific capacitance of 2215 Fg − 1 when subjected to an imposed current density of 1 Ag − 1 . In addition, it retains 97.4% of its original capacitance even after enduring 10000 cycles. In addition, the ZIF-67/NiCoTe//AC hybrid supercapacitor operates at a specific voltage of 1.5 V. The system has an energy density of 67.5 Wh kg − 1 , with a corresponding power density of 2422.2 W kg − 1 . Furthermore, it retains 93.5% of its capacitance even after enduring 10000 cycles at a significant current density of 10 Ag − 1 . This research introduces a straightforward and efficient method for fabricating desert rose-shaped electrodes made of bimetallic nickel-cobalt telluride. These electrodes demonstrate excellent performance in hybrid supercapacitors. ZIF-67/NiCoTe Desert rose Supercapacitors Hydrothermal Asymmetric supercapacitor Energy storage device Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 1. Introduction The escalating global need for energy, along with rapid global urbanization and excessive dependence on non-renewable energy sources, has led to the release of a substantial quantity of carbon dioxide, causing environmental deterioration and climate change. As a result, scientists have been motivated to explore and develop sources of clean energy and the corresponding energy storage technologies, which are essential for addressing ecological and energy-related problems [ 1 ]. However, the main problem with these developing sources of energy is their intermittent and unstable nature. Therefore, there's a want for storage of energy devices that possess high efficiency and dependability to swiftly store these growing sources of energy. Supercapacitors, known for their superior power density, long cycle life, and lightning-fast charging abilities, have been extensively researched for many years [ 2 – 3 ]. Supercapacitors may be categorized into three groups according to the method they use to store charge: electric double-layer capacitors (EDLCs), pseudo capacitors, and hybrid capacitors [ 4 – 5 ]. During the energy storage process in EDLCs, ions adhere to the surface of the electrode material. However, in the case of pseudo capacitors, the storage of energy is facilitated by reversible redox reactions [ 6 ]. Pseudo capacitors often exhibit greater specific capacitance and energy density compared to EDLCs. These properties provide them a favorable option for forthcoming high-performance supercapacitors that have user-friendly characteristics. Hybrid supercapacitors (HSCs) consist of a battery-type electrode with a high specific capacity and a capacitive electrode with high power and durability. Moreover, the complementary ranges of potential of the two electrodes may enhance the operational currents, as demonstrated by previous research [ 7 – 8 ]. The energy storage capacity of supercapacitors is mostly determined by the electrode material. The energy density and power density of the devices mostly rely on the electrochemical performance of the electrodes. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are structured porous materials composed of metal ions, collections, and organic linkers. These studies have attracted considerable interest and are now the main focus of research in the field of material science [ 9 – 12 ]. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have many significant advantages, such as the capacity to regulate their chemical makeup, tailor their structure, possess a high specific surface area, and modify their pore structure. Their adaptable nature and extensive variety of applications in disciplines such as gas sorption and separation, catalysis, chemical sensing, drug administration, and energy storage and conversion make them extremely appropriate [ 12 – 14 ]. MOFs have been widely used in many applications such as lithium/sodium/potassium ion batteries, photo/electro-catalytic water splitting, fuel cells, metal-air batteries, and supercapacitors for their function of storing electricity and transmission [ 15 – 19 ]. To augment the conductivity of MOFs while preserving their advantageous properties, it is feasible to amalgamate MOFs with different materials or partially alter them to generate MOF derivatives. Electrode materials made from MOF (Metal-Organic Frameworks), which consist of both organic and inorganic components, have shown potential. A comprehensive investigation has been carried out to assess their capacity for use in energy storage applications [ 20 – 21 ]. Transition metal (TM) based materials have been increasingly recognized as promising materials for electrodes for energy storage applications, particularly for supercapacitors, over the past few years. The materials include transition metal oxides (TMO), transition metal sulfides (TMS), transition metal phosphides (TMP), transition metal selenides (TMSe), transition metal tellurides (TMTe), and their combined pieces. Individuals are attracted to these items due to their affordability, substantial hypothetical specific capacity and capacitance, distinctive physiochemical characteristics, and ability to facilitate rapid charge transfer [ 22 – 24 ]. Transition metal tellurides have enhanced electrical conductivity and electrochemical reactions when compared to transition metal sulfides and selenides. This is because Te is situated in the intermediate position between metallic and nonmetallic substances on the periodic table of elements. It demonstrates more metallicity and has a larger atomic radius in comparison to the main group elements S and Se. Consequently, Te can tolerate a larger quantity of electrolyte ions, thus improving the efficiency of charge transfer. The material has a significant electrical conductivity of 10 × 103 S/m and possesses a p-type narrow energy band gap of 0.35 eV, which is anticipated to enhance its electrochemical performance. Tellurium has a distinctive helical chain-like structure in its crystal lattice, tending to uneven growth along the crystallographic direction of the (001) plane [ 25 – 26 ]. The electrocatalytic activity of bimetallic MOFs is enhanced due to the flexible metal node architecture and the beneficial relationship between the various metals. Bimetallic metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) can increase the valence state of the metal and optimize the electron orbitals. Bimetallic Ni-Co compounds have the potential to exhibit favorable electrochemical performances in practice, owing to their high theoretical particularity and electrical conductivity. The thorough documentation of the use of bimetallic Ni-Co oxides [ 27 ], sulfides [ 28 ], and selenides [ 29 ] as electroactive materials in supercapacitors is well-established. Bimetallic Ni-Co tellurides are expected to provide a significant degree of electrical conductivity, facilitating efficient electron transportation and fast charge/discharge rates for faradaic redox reactions. so, Ni-Co tellurides are anticipated to possess advantageous energy storage properties as materials for electrodes, despite their limited documentation so far. Moreover, the shape and structure of electroactive materials have a direct effect on their surface area and the stability of their structure, which in turn affect their electrochemical capabilities [ 30 – 31 ]. We want to produce and fabricate Ni-Co tellurides that possess a significant degree of porosity and a precisely regulated structure. The Co-MOF structure will be used to generate these materials, which will function as high-performance electrode materials. The ZIF-67/NiCoTe composite material has a special and remarkable attribute, namely its capacity to operate as an electrode that works over various voltage ranges. More precisely, it may function as a cathode with a voltage range of -0.8 to 0 V and as an anode with a voltage range of 0 to 0.5 V. When evaluated in a water-based electrolyte containing 1 M KOH, the asymmetric device ZIF-67/NiCoTe//AC exhibited an energy density (ED) of 67.5 Wh kg − 1 at a power density (PD) of 557 W kg − 1 . Furthermore, it maintained a retention of 43.5 Wh kg − 1 even when subjected to a high power density of 2422 W kg − 1 . This work introduces a novel method for efficiently integrating the benefits of bimetallic nanostructures derived from MOFs to fabricate energy storage devices with a high energy density. 2. Experimental 2.1. Synthesis of ZIF-67 nanocrystals The Co-MOF-NiF synthesis was performed utilizing a procedure that closely mirrored a previously described investigation. At first, Ni Foam was divided into portions of 2 cm × 4 cm. Following that, a purification process was carried out, including the application of ultrasound for 15 minutes in a 3 M HCl solution. The Ni foam was subjected to a cleaning process including sequential rinsing with DI water and acetone after being removed from the acid solution. Initially, two solutions were prepared by dissolving 582.4 mg (2.0 mmol) of cobalt nitrate hexahydrate and 656.2 mg (8.0 mmol) of 2-methylimidazole in 50 ml of methanol. Subsequently, the 2-methylimidazole mixture was rapidly introduced into the Co(NO 3 ) 2 . 6H 2 O the solution. This is and the resulting combination was agitated for 5 minutes. The resultant amalgam was after allowed to undergo maturation at the outside temperature for 24 hours. The purple deposit was acquired by the process of centrifugation followed by drying at a temperature of 60 ºC for twelve hours. 2.2 Synthesis of desert rose-like nanoflakes NiCoTe/NF: Initially, rectangular pieces of Ni Foam measuring 2 cm × 4 cm were obtained. Subsequently, these fragments were subjected to a cleaning process including a 3 M HCl aqueous solution and a sonicator for 20 minutes. To cleanse the Ni Foam manufactured by Taiyuan Liyuan Lithium Technology Co. Ltd. in China, we first eliminated the acid solution, then rinsed it with deionized (DI) water, and finally purified it using acetic acid. The conventional synthesis technique is combining 1 mmol of Ni(NO 3 ) 2 .6H 2 O, 2 mmol of Co(NO 3 ) 2 .6H 2 O, and 4 mmol of Sodium telluride, colorado in a ratio that is stoichiometric of 1:2:4. The compounds were dissolved in 50 ml of water that had been deionized with magnetic stirring for 30 minutes, yielding a uniform green solution. The solution was thereafter put into a 50 cc Teflon-lined brass reactor and held at a constant temperature of 160 ◦C for 12 hours. Subsequently, Teflon was cooled to ambient temperature, and the substrate coated with NiCoTe was meticulously cleaned by repeatedly washing it with ethanol, acetone, and DI water to eliminate any lingering residues. Ultimately, it underwent a drying process at a temperature of 60 ◦C for 8 hours.. 2.3. Synthesis of ZIF-67/NiCoTe nanocomposites The NiCoTe nanocomposites are produced with the same methodology as the ZIF-67 at NiCoTe nanocomposite. To do this, a precise amount of 0.25 grams of ZIF-67 was gradually added to a solution containing 0.35 grams of pure NiCoTe suspended in 50 mL of deionized water. Additionally, hydrazine hydrate was incrementally and carefully injected. The following instances followed the same pattern as previously explained. Figure 1 (a) depicts the schematic diagram of the synthesis procedure for a ZIF-67/NiCoTe 3D core-shell nanocomposite. 2.4. Preparation of working electrode and electrochemical measurements We used a CHI660C electrochemical workstation (Chen Hua Instruments, Shanghai, China) to test how well the synthesized materials worked. Evaluated in a three-electrode configuration, the electrolyte was a 1 M KOH aqueous solution. A saturated calomel electrode (SCE) served as the baseline electrode, while platinum foil served as the counter electrode. Making the electrode that worked in the slurry included mixing acetylene black, the active ingredient, with a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) adhesive in the ratio of mass of 80:10:10, with the use of an ethyl alcohol liquid. The next step was to pour the slurry over a Ni foam base and then dry it under a vacuum at 60°C for 12 hours. The Ni foam was then subjected to a 10-MPa compression with the slurry. We used electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) with an operating frequency range of 0.01 Hz to 100 kHz, galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD) with a potential range of 0 to 0.6 V, and cyclic voltammetry (CV) with a potential range of 0 to 0.6 V to examine the materials' electrochemical characteristics. 3. Results and discussion 3.1 XRD analysis The phase identifications of NiCoTe and ZIF-67/NiCoTe were verified using the X-ray diffraction (XRD) method. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern in Fig. 1 (b) of ZIF-67 exhibited a strong resemblance to the crystal structure published in the literature and the simulated data [ 32 ], suggesting an effective synthesis of ZIF-67. The XRD pattern of NiCoTe in Fig. 1 (b) reveals specific diffraction peaks at 2θ angles of 27.1°, 32.9°, 36.8°, 43.1°, 46.3°, 58.7 o , 64.2 o and 78.5°. These peaks correspond to the (100), (101), (102), (110), (103), (202), and (203) planes of the monoclinic NiCoTe, as indicated by JCPDS No. 34–0420. The average grain size of NiCoTe and ZIF-67/NiCoTe samples was determined to be 25.3 nm and 17.2 nm, respectively. This measurement was obtained using the FWHM value in the XRD graph, applying the Scherer equation. The refinement findings also validate the crystal structure of ZIF-67/NiCoTe. The ZIF-67/NiCoTe sample has cell parameters with values of a = b = c = 8.123 Å and α = β = γ = 90◦. The tetragonal structure of the produced samples is shown in Fig. 1 (c) using VESTA software. The refinement findings validate the XRD analysis, indicating the successful attainment of a pure crystalline state for the sample. 3.2 Morphological analysis Figure 2 represents the field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) images of both the NiCoTe sample and its composite samples. The FESEM picture in Fig. 2 (a) displays the bare Ni foam, characterized by its very porous structure. Figure 2 (b-g) shows the ZIF-67/NiCoTe coated on Ni foam with various magnifications. The photos reveal that NiCoTe nanoparticles are in the Ni foam core configuration. The NiCoTe particles exhibit a desert rose-like shape that is under 3D nanoflakes, with thicknesses ranging from 20 to 30 nm [ 33 ]. The addition of ZIF-67 during the polymerization process made it possible to see a heterostructure made up of several 2D nanowires covered in nanoflakes. Figure 2 (h)]. The core-shell structure, consisting of nanoflakes and nanowires, has been expanded and promoted for electrochemical redox processes in supercapacitor applications [ 34 ]. Figure 2 (i) displays the EADX spectrum of both the bare and composite materials. The presence of Ni, Co, Te, and C components is evident, with no impurities detected. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy research was conducted to evaluate the elemental composition of ZIF-67/NiTe, as seen in Fig. 3 (a–f). The distribution of Ni, Co, C, O, and Te in ZIF-67/NiCoTe is uniformly shown. The findings indicate the absence of any additional materials, confirming the purity of the final product. Additionally, the results demonstrate a highly porous nature and a uniform distribution of the constituent elements in the hybrid material. The ZIF-67/NiCoTe directly grown on nickel foam exhibits robust adhesion. The linked structure and high adhesion to the nickel-based foam substrate lead to a reduction in barrier to charge transmission and the diffusion of ions during electrochemical processes, leading to favorable electrochemical properties. 3.3 BET analysis The permeability of the ZIF-67/NiCoTe hybrid material is further verified by the BET SSA and BJH pore size distribution generated from the N 2 adsorption-desorption isotherm in Fig. 4 (a-b). According to the (BET) technique, the specific surface area of ZIF-67/NiCoTe is much higher (590.76 m 2 g − 1 ) than that of pure NiCoTe (472.27 m 2 g − 1 ), as seen in Fig. 3 (a). The pore size is limited to a narrow range of 3–6 nm. Porosity structures with greater specific surface area facilitate enhanced ion transport and provide greater interaction across the electrode and electrolyte [ 35 – 36 ]. The large surface area may also help to lessen the effects of changes in the electrode materials' volumes, which would improve the ZIF-67/NiCoTe anode's electrochemical properties. 3.4 XPS analysis XPS evaluates the chemical states of ZIF-67/NiCoTe composite elements. XPS survey spectra peak at 855.4, 873.2, 780.9, 796.8, 575.8, and 586.5 eV may represent Ni2p, Co2p, and Te3d orbitals. Ni, Co, and Te are likely in the sample. In Fig. 5 (a), the ZIF-67/NiCoTe XPS survey spectrum shows C 1s, Ni 2p, and Te 3d peaks. The Gaussian fitting method fitted these peaks. Figure 5 (b) shows Ni 2p's XPS spectrum, which contains the Ni 2p 1/2 and Ni 2p 3/2 peaks and two shakeup satellite peaks. Ni 2p 1/2 and 2p 3/2 have two peaks. Peaks at 855.4 and 873.2 eV indicate Ni 3+ and Ni 2+ ions [ 37 ]. This indicates Ni 2+ and Ni 3+ in the sample. Figure 4 (c) shows Co 2p's XPS spectrum. Like the Ni component, the Co 2p 3/2 and Co 2p 1/2 peaks are precise Co 3+ and Co 2+ peaks. This shows Co 2+ and Co 3+ in the sample [ 38 ]. Figure 5 (d) shows the Te3d XPS pattern with four peaks. The satellites at 572 and 583 eV are the Te2 ions' Te 3d 5/2 and Te 3d 3/2 orbitals. Te4 + ions dominate the energies at 575.8 and 586.5 eV [ 39 ]. A ZIF-67/NiCoTe nanocomposite may explain this phenomenon. 3.5 Electrochemical studies 3.5.1 Three electrode Electrochemical studies on supercapacitor-derived ZIF-67/NiCoTe nanocomposites in 1M KOH electrolyte included cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge/discharge, and impedance. Figure 6 (a–b) displays pure NiCoTe and ZIF-67/NiCoTe composites' cyclic voltammetry. Variable scan speeds (10–150 mV s − 1 ) produced CV curves. In pure and ZIF-67/NiCoTe electrodes rectangular CV curves demonstrate pseudo-capacitive behaviour. With the scan rate from 10 to 150 mV/s, all electrodes' current densities rose. As seen in Fig. 5 (c), CV curve profiles remained intact, showing high rate capacity. When the scan rate increased, the peak value did too, suggesting quasi-reversibility. Since the electrolyte and electrode material exchange anions and electrons quickly, this phenomenon may occur. CV measurements determined the material's specific capacitance (Cs) using the formula [ 40 ]. At various scan speeds (10–150 mV/s), ZIF-67/NiCoTe had specific capacitance values of 1127,1101,1082,1063,1047,1001, and,981Fg − 1 . At the same scan speeds, NiCoTe had specific capacitance values of 715,701, 682,662,640,601,and588 Fg − 1 . NiCoTe claims that peak anodic and cathodic currents correspond to the inverse square root of scan rates in a diffusion-controlled electrochemical operation. The line relating log I and log v in Fig. 6 (d-e) has a slope of 0.0839 for NiCoTe and 0.7974 for ZIF-67/NiCoTe. The voltage rises mostly due to the capacitive mechanism. At various scan speeds (10, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, and 150 mVs − 1 ), the ZIF-67/NiCoTe electrode shows capacitance contributions of 95.2%, 92.0%, 90.4%, 89.36%, 83.0%,80.30%and 79.11%. These findings suggest capacitive coupling-dominated capacitance is the main cause. Figure 5 (f). Synthesized composites underwent galvanostatic charge-discharge studies with current densities from 1 to 10 Ag − 1 . The technique [ 40 ] calculated GCD-specific capacitance values. The combination ZIF-67/NiCoTe has a potential range of 0.0–0.5 V, whereas NiCoTe had 0.0–0.5 V. Figure 7 (a-b) shows discharge curves for ZIF-67/NiCoTe and NiCoTe alloys at various current densities: 1, 3, 5, 10, and 20 Ag − 1 . As demonstrated in Fig. 7 (c), ZIF-67/NiCoTe and NiCoTe had specific capacitances of 2215 Fg − 1 and 1217 Fg − 1 , respectively. Similar discharge patterns on both composites' GCD curves indicate pseudocapacitive behavior. As shown in Fig. 7 (b-c), increasing the current density from 1 Ag − 1 to 20 Ag − 1 decreased discharge length. Consequently, particular capacitance values decreased. NiCoTe had specific capacitance values of 1217,1191,1154,1101, and 921 Fg − 1 for current densities of 1, 3, 5, 10, and 20 Ag − 1 . ZIF-67/NiCoTe had specific capacitance values of 2215,2201,2156,2131, and,2082 Fg − 1 at the same current density. High current densities create considerable voltage drops and restricted contact between ions and the active material, which may lower specific capacitance [ 41 ]. GCD experiments at 20 Ag − 1 current density for 10000 cycles assessed the composites' cyclic stability. Figure 7 (d-e) shows how ZIF-67/NiCoTe and NiCoTe composites preserve capacitance across cycles. After 10000 cycles, ZIF-67/NiCoTe had a capacitive retention rate of 95%, whereas NiCoTe alone had 70%. This suggests that ZIF-67/NiCoTe has better cycle stability. The GCD curves' discharge-to-charge ratio (td/tc) indicated the composites' coulombic effectiveness. Electrically active substances are more reversible with higher coulombic efficiency. The composite ZIF-67/NiCoTe reached 92% columbic efficiency (η) after 10000 cycles, whereas NiCoTe only achieved 81%. The CV data matches ZIF-67/NiCoTe's high reversibility coulombic efficiency values. ZIF-67/NiCoTe outperformed NiCoTe in capacitive performance according to CV and GCD studies. The BET research shows this composite has more surface area and pores. X-ray diffraction images show that electrolyte ions may infiltrate the electrode material due to its surface characteristics and improved crystallinity. The enhanced crystallite size of ZIF-67/NiCoTe may boost capacitance by minimizing agglomeration and increasing ion access to electrode pores [ 42 ]. Table 1 compares electrochemical performance between current and previous efforts [ 43 – 51 ]. The Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) technique measures material resistance and frequency-dependent specific capacitance. Conducting electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) on synthesized composites at their OCP, the frequency range was 10 − 2 Hz to 105 Hz. Nyquist plots show the electrode/electrolyte system's frequency response in Fig. 7 (f). The graphic compares the imaginary (− Z) and actual impedance components. Figure 7 (f) shows the nanocomposites' Nyquist plots: a semicircular arc in high frequency and a linear segment in low frequency. The electrolyte in contact with the electrode and current collector causes resistance (Rs) at the semicircle's x-axis intersection. The resistance (Rs) of both composites was 4.2 Ω. Instead, the semicircle's width represents charge transfer resistance (Rct), which results from the electrode-electrolyte interaction. The Rct values for ZIF-67/NiCoTe and NiCoTe were 12.11 and 7.024 Ω, respectively. Table 2 compares pure and composite electrode EIS parameters. Table 1 Displays a comparison of the presented works specific capacitance and capacitive retention values with other works that have been published. Electrodes Rs (Ω cm 2 ) Rct (Ω cm 2 ) CdI (µF/cm 2 ) Zw Cp (F/c m 2 ) NiCoTe 2.4 12.4 2.24 7.81 x 10 − 11 3.651 NiCoTe/ ZIF-67 1.4 8.6 7.12 11.5 x 10 − 11 5.871 Table 2 EIS various kinetic parameters. Electrodes Rs (Ω cm 2 ) Rct (Ω cm 2 ) CdI (µF/cm 2 ) Zw Cp (F/c m 2 ) NiCoTe 2.4 12.4 2.24 7.81 x 10 − 11 3.651 NiCoTe/ ZIF-67 1.4 8.6 7.12 11.5 x 10 − 11 5.871 3.5.2 Two electrode Configuration The compound is ZIF-67/NiCoTe/AC. Analysis of electrochemical processes. The positive and negative electrodes were AC and ZIF-67/NiCoTe in a 1 M KOH electrolyte to test the NiCo-decorated Te electrode for energy storage applications. See Fig. 8 (a) for an ASC equipment schematic. CV, GCD, and EIS study examined the ASC cell's electrical activity. Figure 8 (b) displays the CV profiles of the ZIF-67/NiCoTe and AC electrodes at a scan rate of 10.0 mVs − 1 . These profiles determine the best operating voltage. AC performs well from − 1 to 0 V, whereas ZIF-67/NiCoTe has capacitive properties from 0 to 0.6 V. Keeping a cell voltage of 1.5 V, Fig. 8 (c) shows the ZIF-67/NiCoTe //AC hybrid asymmetric supercapacitor (ASC) CV plots at scan speeds from 10 to 150 mV s − 1 . With rising scan speeds, oxidation, and reduction peaks move towards negative and positive potentials due to the necessity for a constrained ion diffusion rate to accomplish electronic neutralization during the redox process. Slow scanning allows OH ions to intercalate with the electrode's inner and outer surfaces. Under rapid scan rates, OH ions have less chance to intercalate with electrode surfaces. Electric double-layer capacitance and Faradaic pseudo capacitance completely explain the ZIF-67/NiCoTe//AC ASC's capacitance behavior. Figure 8 (d) shows ASC GCD curves at 1.5 V and different current densities. Discharge curves calculated ZIF-67/NiCoTe//AC ASC capacity. ZIF-67/NiCoTe//AC has good reversibility due to its approximately symmetrical GCD curves. Calculated discharge curve-specific capacitance. At 1 A g − 1 , the ZIF-67/NiCoTe//AC electrode exhibited the largest specific capacitance (242 F g − 1 ) and had good rate performance. The capacitance values for current densities of 242, 221, 201,191, and 181 F g − 1 (or 1, 3, 5, 10, and 20 A g − 1 ) follow a precise sequence. Similarly. Increased current density from 1 to 20 Ag − 1 resulted in a hybrid ASC cell with 181 Fg − 1 specific capacitance at 20 A/g at high current density. Figure 8 (f). The electrochemical stability of the supercapacitor is crucial to application practicality. The ASC was tested at 20 Ag − 1 current density for 10,000 cycles of continuous charge discharge. Throughout 10,000 cycles, capacity retention was 91% and columbic efficiency was 98.8%. The lowest decline in capacity is in the metal-organic NiTe composite. Figure 8 (g) shows the cycle stability of the ZIF-67/NiCoTe/AC HSC at 1 A g − 1 . Over the previous 5000 cycles, distortions have been negligible, showing excellent cycling performance (Fig. 8 (h)). Even after 10000 cycles, 90% of its functionality remains. Under open circuit circumstances, the ZIF-67/NiCoTe//AC electrode was EIS tested. The test assessed the capacitive and resistive characteristics of the electrode from 0.1 to 10 KHz. See Fig. 8 (i) for findings. Ion mobility in the electrode's material determines Rct and Rs. The EIS curves' semicircle area in the high-frequency zone indicates Rct, while the horizontal line in the low-frequency region provides Rs. Calculate Rct by measuring the EIS curve semicircle diameter. The Ragone graphs in Fig. 9 (a) and equations calculated the energy and power densities of the as-assembled ASC devices. E = 1/2CU 2 and P = E/t. The ZIF-67/NiCoTe/AC ASC has a high energy density of 59.8 Whkg − 1 and 800 Wkg − 1 power density. This exceeds most transition metal superconductors of recent discovery [ 43 – 54 ]. Using two ZIF-67/NiCoTe //AC ASCs in sequence produces 3.2 V. This voltage can power a green LED for 20 minutes, proving the ZIF-67/NiCoTe //AC ASC device in Fig. 9 (b) is feasible. 4. Conclusion In conclusion, the desert rose-like shaped ZIF-67/NiCoTe was successfully prepared through a facile solvothermal route. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern indicated the creation of a tetragonal structure, and the compositional analysis verified the existence of Nickel (Ni), Cobalt (Co), Oxygen (O), and Tellurium (Te). When the produced materials were used as electrode materials in a supercapacitor, there was a notable improvement in their electrochemical performance. The ZIF-67/NiCoTe electrode exhibits a notable specific capacity of 170 Fg − 1 when subjected to a current density of 0.5 Ag − 1 , along with an outstanding life cycle of 99%. Furthermore, the practical use of the ZIF-67/NiCoTe electrode has been confirmed by constructing a ZIF-67/NiCoTe//AC ASC. This configuration achieves a remarkable energy density of 59.8 Wh kg − 1 at a power density of 800 W kg − 1 , while maintaining 96.6% of its capacitance after 10000 cycles at a current density of 2 A g − 1 . A green LED can be operated for a minimum of 20 minutes, which offers further proof of its potential practical use. The current study unambiguously asserts that the NiCoTe electrode material has significant promise in the development of a novel supercapacitor for energy storage applications. Declarations Funding declaration No funding was received to assist with the preparation of this manuscript Competing interest declaration The author declares they have competing or conflict of interest in this manuscript. Author Contribution K.L. Meghanathan study the data curationM. Parthibavarman study the formal analysis Data availability statement The data that support the funding of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. References Wu F, Bai J, Feng J, Xiong S (2015) Porous mixed metal oxides: design, formation mechanism, and application in lithium-ion batteries. Nanoscale 7(41):17211–17230. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5NR04791A Li R, He C, Han X, Yang Y Carbon-Based Polyaniline Nanocomposites for Supercapacitors. In Carbon-Based Polymer Nanocomposites for Environmental and Energy Applications 2018 Jan 1 (pp. 489–535). 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J Alloys Compd 776:993–1001. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.10.358 Bhol P, Patil SA, Barman N, Siddharthan EE, Thapa R, Saxena M, Altaee A, Samal AK (2023) Design and fabrication of cobalt x nickel (1-x) telluride microfibers on nickel foam for battery-type supercapacitor and oxygen evolution reaction study. Mater Today Chem 30:101557. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtchem.2023.101557 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-3844900","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":267165903,"identity":"76b4ddca-70f6-42f8-8864-5123526417e4","order_by":0,"name":"K. L. 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\u003cstrong\u003e(b)\u003c/strong\u003e XRD pattern; \u003cstrong\u003e(c) \u003c/strong\u003erefinement pattern with full probe software (inset crystal structure of NiCoTe)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3844900/v1/5d7250e06b4c3d7fb9c4e2e0.jpeg"},{"id":49729875,"identity":"f3e55993-4709-4f22-8f07-309c2d184e1a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-17 05:35:03","extension":"jpeg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1441782,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(a–d)\u003c/strong\u003e FESEM images of NiCoTe sample; \u003cstrong\u003e(e \u0026amp;h) \u003c/strong\u003eFESEM images of ZIF-67/NiCoTe and \u003cstrong\u003e(f)\u003c/strong\u003eEDS image of ZIF-67/NiCoTe\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3844900/v1/96fa09f819c8ecd2b5b20ab0.jpeg"},{"id":49729877,"identity":"7285163c-8587-4622-a960-fa02f0601cf0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-17 05:35:03","extension":"jpeg","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1118677,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eElemental mapping image of ZIF-67/NiCoTe.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage3.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3844900/v1/519b9d2a6305be2b93f22a09.jpeg"},{"id":49730581,"identity":"1d3ccf85-ca16-4cd7-8020-bcc312c609dc","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-17 05:51:03","extension":"jpeg","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":403822,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(a) \u003c/strong\u003eN\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e adsorption and \u003cstrong\u003e(b)\u003c/strong\u003e pore size plot of NiCoTe and ZIF-67/NiCoTe.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage4.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3844900/v1/91403f18816f96e0bca69500.jpeg"},{"id":49729881,"identity":"eae90912-0677-4c93-8ba8-a2aa583e10b1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-17 05:35:03","extension":"jpeg","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":805365,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eXPS of ZIF-67/NiCoTe \u003cstrong\u003e(a)\u003c/strong\u003e survey spectra\u003cstrong\u003e (b) \u003c/strong\u003eNi 2p; \u003cstrong\u003e(c) \u003c/strong\u003eCo 2p; \u003cstrong\u003e(d)\u003c/strong\u003e Te 3d.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage5.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3844900/v1/0abec34d390ed1ce58a31fd4.jpeg"},{"id":49729880,"identity":"ccfc20b4-5cd9-4277-bedb-8f2200e519e5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-17 05:35:03","extension":"jpeg","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":726655,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eCV curves of \u003cstrong\u003e(a)\u003c/strong\u003eNiCoTe; \u003cstrong\u003e(b)\u003c/strong\u003e ZIF-67/NiCoTe; \u003cstrong\u003e(c) \u003c/strong\u003evariation of SC values with scan rates; \u003cstrong\u003e(d) \u003c/strong\u003eplot of logi vs log ν; \u003cstrong\u003e(e)\u003c/strong\u003e b value of ZIF-67/NiCoTe; \u003cstrong\u003e(f)\u003c/strong\u003e capacitive contribution of plot of ZIF-67/NiCoTe.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage6.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3844900/v1/69ca0f19353321b1a40742e2.jpeg"},{"id":49729879,"identity":"5c61395a-c370-459d-a9fa-ea814d9ec7d0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-17 05:35:03","extension":"jpeg","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":589193,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eGCD curves of \u003cstrong\u003e(a)\u003c/strong\u003e NiCoTe; \u003cstrong\u003e(b)\u003c/strong\u003e ZIF-67/NiCoTe; \u003cstrong\u003e(c)\u003c/strong\u003e variation of SC values with current densities; retention curves of \u003cstrong\u003e(d) \u003c/strong\u003eNiCoTe; \u003cstrong\u003e(e) \u003c/strong\u003eZIF-67/NiCoTe; \u003cstrong\u003e(f)\u003c/strong\u003e Nyquits plot with equivalent circuit (inset).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage7.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3844900/v1/bae79cfa7fff2781bdd24797.jpeg"},{"id":49730073,"identity":"50b53f7c-211b-47a7-bdee-091bcbb7d432","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-17 05:43:03","extension":"jpeg","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":872682,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(a)\u003c/strong\u003e Schematic representation for fabricated ASC; \u003cstrong\u003e(b)\u003c/strong\u003e CV curves of ZIF-67/NiCoTe and AC; \u003cstrong\u003e(c)\u003c/strong\u003e CV curves of ASC with various scan rates; (d) GCD curve of ASC; (e) capacitance variation; \u003cstrong\u003e(f)\u003c/strong\u003e Columbia efficiency; \u003cstrong\u003e(g)\u003c/strong\u003e capacity retention; \u003cstrong\u003e(h) \u003c/strong\u003eGCD curve for last 10000 cycles; (i) Nyquist plot of ASC before and after cycles\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage8.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3844900/v1/b8909e1fafb91beca4ee62cb.jpeg"},{"id":49730075,"identity":"9f8cd7bb-2b30-4a5e-bd31-42996357b2d0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-17 05:43:03","extension":"jpeg","order_by":9,"title":"Figure 9","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":576789,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(a)\u003c/strong\u003e Ragone plot and \u003cstrong\u003e(b)\u003c/strong\u003ephotograph of a device (2 V LED connected serial in both ZIF-67/NiCoTeand AC terminals).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage9.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3844900/v1/a2f6cd6eacf5f9f3699b4de5.jpeg"},{"id":57723945,"identity":"8c5440ec-d802-4390-b6c7-e8eff3beb0f4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-04 19:32:37","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":7756281,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3844900/v1/7326d87e-2f4a-4e9d-b2a7-287c1eb73097.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Investigation of the Electrochemical Properties of Desert Rose-Like ZIF-67/NiCoTe Hybrid Composite as Asymmetric Supercapacitors for Energy Storage Applications","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe escalating global need for energy, along with rapid global urbanization and excessive dependence on non-renewable energy sources, has led to the release of a substantial quantity of carbon dioxide, causing environmental deterioration and climate change. As a result, scientists have been motivated to explore and develop sources of clean energy and the corresponding energy storage technologies, which are essential for addressing ecological and energy-related problems [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. However, the main problem with these developing sources of energy is their intermittent and unstable nature. Therefore, there's a want for storage of energy devices that possess high efficiency and dependability to swiftly store these growing sources of energy. Supercapacitors, known for their superior power density, long cycle life, and lightning-fast charging abilities, have been extensively researched for many years [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. Supercapacitors may be categorized into three groups according to the method they use to store charge: electric double-layer capacitors (EDLCs), pseudo capacitors, and hybrid capacitors [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. During the energy storage process in EDLCs, ions adhere to the surface of the electrode material. However, in the case of pseudo capacitors, the storage of energy is facilitated by reversible redox reactions [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. Pseudo capacitors often exhibit greater specific capacitance and energy density compared to EDLCs. These properties provide them a favorable option for forthcoming high-performance supercapacitors that have user-friendly characteristics. Hybrid supercapacitors (HSCs) consist of a battery-type electrode with a high specific capacity and a capacitive electrode with high power and durability. Moreover, the complementary ranges of potential of the two electrodes may enhance the operational currents, as demonstrated by previous research [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]. The energy storage capacity of supercapacitors is mostly determined by the electrode material. The energy density and power density of the devices mostly rely on the electrochemical performance of the electrodes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMetal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are structured porous materials composed of metal ions, collections, and organic linkers. These studies have attracted considerable interest and are now the main focus of research in the field of material science [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR10 CR11\" citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have many significant advantages, such as the capacity to regulate their chemical makeup, tailor their structure, possess a high specific surface area, and modify their pore structure. Their adaptable nature and extensive variety of applications in disciplines such as gas sorption and separation, catalysis, chemical sensing, drug administration, and energy storage and conversion make them extremely appropriate [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR13\" citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]. MOFs have been widely used in many applications such as lithium/sodium/potassium ion batteries, photo/electro-catalytic water splitting, fuel cells, metal-air batteries, and supercapacitors for their function of storing electricity and transmission [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR16 CR17 CR18\" citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e]. To augment the conductivity of MOFs while preserving their advantageous properties, it is feasible to amalgamate MOFs with different materials or partially alter them to generate MOF derivatives.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eElectrode materials made from MOF (Metal-Organic Frameworks), which consist of both organic and inorganic components, have shown potential. A comprehensive investigation has been carried out to assess their capacity for use in energy storage applications [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e]. Transition metal (TM) based materials have been increasingly recognized as promising materials for electrodes for energy storage applications, particularly for supercapacitors, over the past few years. The materials include transition metal oxides (TMO), transition metal sulfides (TMS), transition metal phosphides (TMP), transition metal selenides (TMSe), transition metal tellurides (TMTe), and their combined pieces. Individuals are attracted to these items due to their affordability, substantial hypothetical specific capacity and capacitance, distinctive physiochemical characteristics, and ability to facilitate rapid charge transfer [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR23\" citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e]. Transition metal tellurides have enhanced electrical conductivity and electrochemical reactions when compared to transition metal sulfides and selenides. This is because Te is situated in the intermediate position between metallic and nonmetallic substances on the periodic table of elements. It demonstrates more metallicity and has a larger atomic radius in comparison to the main group elements S and Se. Consequently, Te can tolerate a larger quantity of electrolyte ions, thus improving the efficiency of charge transfer. The material has a significant electrical conductivity of 10 \u0026times; 103 S/m and possesses a p-type narrow energy band gap of 0.35 eV, which is anticipated to enhance its electrochemical performance. Tellurium has a distinctive helical chain-like structure in its crystal lattice, tending to uneven growth along the crystallographic direction of the (001) plane [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e]. The electrocatalytic activity of bimetallic MOFs is enhanced due to the flexible metal node architecture and the beneficial relationship between the various metals. Bimetallic metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) can increase the valence state of the metal and optimize the electron orbitals. Bimetallic Ni-Co compounds have the potential to exhibit favorable electrochemical performances in practice, owing to their high theoretical particularity and electrical conductivity. The thorough documentation of the use of bimetallic Ni-Co oxides [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e], sulfides [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e], and selenides [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e] as electroactive materials in supercapacitors is well-established. Bimetallic Ni-Co tellurides are expected to provide a significant degree of electrical conductivity, facilitating efficient electron transportation and fast charge/discharge rates for faradaic redox reactions. so, Ni-Co tellurides are anticipated to possess advantageous energy storage properties as materials for electrodes, despite their limited documentation so far. Moreover, the shape and structure of electroactive materials have a direct effect on their surface area and the stability of their structure, which in turn affect their electrochemical capabilities [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe want to produce and fabricate Ni-Co tellurides that possess a significant degree of porosity and a precisely regulated structure. The Co-MOF structure will be used to generate these materials, which will function as high-performance electrode materials. The ZIF-67/NiCoTe composite material has a special and remarkable attribute, namely its capacity to operate as an electrode that works over various voltage ranges. More precisely, it may function as a cathode with a voltage range of -0.8 to 0 V and as an anode with a voltage range of 0 to 0.5 V. When evaluated in a water-based electrolyte containing 1 M KOH, the asymmetric device ZIF-67/NiCoTe//AC exhibited an energy density (ED) of 67.5 Wh kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e at a power density (PD) of 557 W kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e. Furthermore, it maintained a retention of 43.5 Wh kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e even when subjected to a high power density of 2422 W kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e. This work introduces a novel method for efficiently integrating the benefits of bimetallic nanostructures derived from MOFs to fabricate energy storage devices with a high energy density.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Experimental","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e\u003cb\u003e2.1. Synthesis of ZIF-67 nanocrystals\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Co-MOF-NiF synthesis was performed utilizing a procedure that closely mirrored a previously described investigation. At first, Ni Foam was divided into portions of 2 cm \u0026times; 4 cm. Following that, a purification process was carried out, including the application of ultrasound for 15 minutes in a 3 M HCl solution. The Ni foam was subjected to a cleaning process including sequential rinsing with DI water and acetone after being removed from the acid solution. Initially, two solutions were prepared by dissolving 582.4 mg (2.0 mmol) of cobalt nitrate hexahydrate and 656.2 mg (8.0 mmol) of 2-methylimidazole in 50 ml of methanol. Subsequently, the 2-methylimidazole mixture was rapidly introduced into the Co(NO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e. 6H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO the solution. This is and the resulting combination was agitated for 5 minutes. The resultant amalgam was after allowed to undergo maturation at the outside temperature for 24 hours. The purple deposit was acquired by the process of centrifugation followed by drying at a temperature of 60 \u0026ordm;C for twelve hours.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2 Synthesis of desert rose-like nanoflakes NiCoTe/NF:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eInitially, rectangular pieces of Ni Foam measuring 2 cm \u0026times; 4 cm were obtained. Subsequently, these fragments were subjected to a cleaning process including a 3 M HCl aqueous solution and a sonicator for 20 minutes. To cleanse the Ni Foam manufactured by Taiyuan Liyuan Lithium Technology Co. Ltd. in China, we first eliminated the acid solution, then rinsed it with deionized (DI) water, and finally purified it using acetic acid. The conventional synthesis technique is combining 1 mmol of Ni(NO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e.6H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO, 2 mmol of Co(NO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e.6H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO, and 4 mmol of Sodium telluride, colorado in a ratio that is stoichiometric of 1:2:4. The compounds were dissolved in 50 ml of water that had been deionized with magnetic stirring for 30 minutes, yielding a uniform green solution. The solution was thereafter put into a 50 cc Teflon-lined brass reactor and held at a constant temperature of 160 ◦C for 12 hours. Subsequently, Teflon was cooled to ambient temperature, and the substrate coated with NiCoTe was meticulously cleaned by repeatedly washing it with ethanol, acetone, and DI water to eliminate any lingering residues. Ultimately, it underwent a drying process at a temperature of 60 ◦C for 8 hours..\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.3. Synthesis of ZIF-67/NiCoTe nanocomposites\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe NiCoTe nanocomposites are produced with the same methodology as the ZIF-67 at NiCoTe nanocomposite. To do this, a precise amount of 0.25 grams of ZIF-67 was gradually added to a solution containing 0.35 grams of pure NiCoTe suspended in 50 mL of deionized water. Additionally, hydrazine hydrate was incrementally and carefully injected. The following instances followed the same pattern as previously explained. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e(a) depicts the schematic diagram of the synthesis procedure for a ZIF-67/NiCoTe 3D core-shell nanocomposite.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.4. Preparation of working electrode and electrochemical measurements\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe used a CHI660C electrochemical workstation (Chen Hua Instruments, Shanghai, China) to test how well the synthesized materials worked. Evaluated in a three-electrode configuration, the electrolyte was a 1 M KOH aqueous solution. A saturated calomel electrode (SCE) served as the baseline electrode, while platinum foil served as the counter electrode. Making the electrode that worked in the slurry included mixing acetylene black, the active ingredient, with a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) adhesive in the ratio of mass of 80:10:10, with the use of an ethyl alcohol liquid. The next step was to pour the slurry over a Ni foam base and then dry it under a vacuum at 60\u0026deg;C for 12 hours. The Ni foam was then subjected to a 10-MPa compression with the slurry. We used electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) with an operating frequency range of 0.01 Hz to 100 kHz, galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD) with a potential range of 0 to 0.6 V, and cyclic voltammetry (CV) with a potential range of 0 to 0.6 V to examine the materials' electrochemical characteristics.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. Results and discussion","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e3.1 XRD analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe phase identifications of NiCoTe and ZIF-67/NiCoTe were verified using the X-ray diffraction (XRD) method. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e(b) of ZIF-67 exhibited a strong resemblance to the crystal structure published in the literature and the simulated data [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e], suggesting an effective synthesis of ZIF-67. The XRD pattern of NiCoTe in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e(b) reveals specific diffraction peaks at 2\u0026theta; angles of 27.1\u0026deg;, 32.9\u0026deg;, 36.8\u0026deg;, 43.1\u0026deg;, 46.3\u0026deg;, 58.7\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003e, 64.2\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003e and 78.5\u0026deg;. These peaks correspond to the (100), (101), (102), (110), (103), (202), and (203) planes of the monoclinic NiCoTe, as indicated by JCPDS No. 34\u0026ndash;0420. The average grain size of NiCoTe and ZIF-67/NiCoTe samples was determined to be 25.3 nm and 17.2 nm, respectively. This measurement was obtained using the FWHM value in the XRD graph, applying the Scherer equation. The refinement findings also validate the crystal structure of ZIF-67/NiCoTe. The ZIF-67/NiCoTe sample has cell parameters with values of a\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;b\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;c\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;8.123 \u0026Aring; and \u0026alpha;\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026beta;\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026gamma;\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;90◦. The tetragonal structure of the produced samples is shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e(c) using VESTA software. The refinement findings validate the XRD analysis, indicating the successful attainment of a pure crystalline state for the sample.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e3.2 Morphological analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e represents the field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) images of both the NiCoTe sample and its composite samples. The FESEM picture in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e(a) displays the bare Ni foam, characterized by its very porous structure. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e (b-g) shows the ZIF-67/NiCoTe coated on Ni foam with various magnifications. The photos reveal that NiCoTe nanoparticles are in the Ni foam core configuration. The NiCoTe particles exhibit a desert rose-like shape that is under 3D nanoflakes, with thicknesses ranging from 20 to 30 nm [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e]. The addition of ZIF-67 during the polymerization process made it possible to see a heterostructure made up of several 2D nanowires covered in nanoflakes. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e(h)]. The core-shell structure, consisting of nanoflakes and nanowires, has been expanded and promoted for electrochemical redox processes in supercapacitor applications [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e]. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e(i) displays the EADX spectrum of both the bare and composite materials. The presence of Ni, Co, Te, and C components is evident, with no impurities detected. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy research was conducted to evaluate the elemental composition of ZIF-67/NiTe, as seen in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e(a\u0026ndash;f). The distribution of Ni, Co, C, O, and Te in ZIF-67/NiCoTe is uniformly shown. The findings indicate the absence of any additional materials, confirming the purity of the final product. Additionally, the results demonstrate a highly porous nature and a uniform distribution of the constituent elements in the hybrid material. The ZIF-67/NiCoTe directly grown on nickel foam exhibits robust adhesion. The linked structure and high adhesion to the nickel-based foam substrate lead to a reduction in barrier to charge transmission and the diffusion of ions during electrochemical processes, leading to favorable electrochemical properties.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e3.3 BET analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe permeability of the ZIF-67/NiCoTe hybrid material is further verified by the BET SSA and BJH pore size distribution generated from the N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e adsorption-desorption isotherm in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e(a-b). According to the (BET) technique, the specific surface area of ZIF-67/NiCoTe is much higher (590.76 m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e) than that of pure NiCoTe (472.27 m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003eg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e), as seen in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e(a). The pore size is limited to a narrow range of 3\u0026ndash;6 nm. Porosity structures with greater specific surface area facilitate enhanced ion transport and provide greater interaction across the electrode and electrolyte [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e]. The large surface area may also help to lessen the effects of changes in the electrode materials' volumes, which would improve the ZIF-67/NiCoTe anode's electrochemical properties.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e3.4 XPS analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eXPS evaluates the chemical states of ZIF-67/NiCoTe composite elements. XPS survey spectra peak at 855.4, 873.2, 780.9, 796.8, 575.8, and 586.5 eV may represent Ni2p, Co2p, and Te3d orbitals. Ni, Co, and Te are likely in the sample. In Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e(a), the ZIF-67/NiCoTe XPS survey spectrum shows C 1s, Ni 2p, and Te 3d peaks. The Gaussian fitting method fitted these peaks. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e(b) shows Ni 2p's XPS spectrum, which contains the Ni 2p\u003csub\u003e1/2\u003c/sub\u003e and Ni 2p\u003csub\u003e3/2\u003c/sub\u003e peaks and two shakeup satellite peaks. Ni 2p\u003csub\u003e1/2\u003c/sub\u003e and 2p\u003csub\u003e3/2\u003c/sub\u003e have two peaks. Peaks at 855.4 and 873.2 eV indicate Ni\u003csup\u003e3+\u003c/sup\u003e and Ni\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e ions [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e]. This indicates Ni\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e and Ni\u003csup\u003e3+\u003c/sup\u003e in the sample. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e(c) shows Co 2p's XPS spectrum. Like the Ni component, the Co 2p\u003csub\u003e3/2\u003c/sub\u003e and Co 2p\u003csub\u003e1/2\u003c/sub\u003e peaks are precise Co\u003csup\u003e3+\u003c/sup\u003e and Co\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e peaks. This shows Co\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e and Co\u003csup\u003e3+\u003c/sup\u003e in the sample [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e]. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e(d) shows the Te3d XPS pattern with four peaks. The satellites at 572 and 583 eV are the Te2 ions' Te 3d\u003csub\u003e5/2\u003c/sub\u003e and Te 3d\u003csub\u003e3/2\u003c/sub\u003e orbitals. Te4\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;ions dominate the energies at 575.8 and 586.5 eV [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e]. A ZIF-67/NiCoTe nanocomposite may explain this phenomenon.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e3.5 Electrochemical studies\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e3.5.1 Three electrode\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eElectrochemical studies on supercapacitor-derived ZIF-67/NiCoTe nanocomposites in 1M KOH electrolyte included cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge/discharge, and impedance. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e(a\u0026ndash;b) displays pure NiCoTe and ZIF-67/NiCoTe composites' cyclic voltammetry. Variable scan speeds (10\u0026ndash;150 mV s\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e) produced CV curves. In pure and ZIF-67/NiCoTe electrodes rectangular CV curves demonstrate pseudo-capacitive behaviour. With the scan rate from 10 to 150 mV/s, all electrodes' current densities rose. As seen in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e(c), CV curve profiles remained intact, showing high rate capacity. When the scan rate increased, the peak value did too, suggesting quasi-reversibility. Since the electrolyte and electrode material exchange anions and electrons quickly, this phenomenon may occur. CV measurements determined the material's specific capacitance (Cs) using the formula [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e]. At various scan speeds (10\u0026ndash;150 mV/s), ZIF-67/NiCoTe had specific capacitance values of 1127,1101,1082,1063,1047,1001, and,981Fg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e. At the same scan speeds, NiCoTe had specific capacitance values of 715,701, 682,662,640,601,and588 Fg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e. NiCoTe claims that peak anodic and cathodic currents correspond to the inverse square root of scan rates in a diffusion-controlled electrochemical operation. The line relating log I and log v in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e(d-e) has a slope of 0.0839 for NiCoTe and 0.7974 for ZIF-67/NiCoTe. The voltage rises mostly due to the capacitive mechanism. At various scan speeds (10, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, and 150 mVs\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e), the ZIF-67/NiCoTe electrode shows capacitance contributions of 95.2%, 92.0%, 90.4%, 89.36%, 83.0%,80.30%and 79.11%. These findings suggest capacitive coupling-dominated capacitance is the main cause. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e(f). Synthesized composites underwent galvanostatic charge-discharge studies with current densities from 1 to 10 Ag\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e. The technique [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e] calculated GCD-specific capacitance values. The combination ZIF-67/NiCoTe has a potential range of 0.0\u0026ndash;0.5 V, whereas NiCoTe had 0.0\u0026ndash;0.5 V. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e(a-b) shows discharge curves for ZIF-67/NiCoTe and NiCoTe alloys at various current densities: 1, 3, 5, 10, and 20 Ag\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e. As demonstrated in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e(c), ZIF-67/NiCoTe and NiCoTe had specific capacitances of 2215 Fg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e and 1217 Fg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, respectively. Similar discharge patterns on both composites' GCD curves indicate pseudocapacitive behavior. As shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e(b-c), increasing the current density from 1 Ag\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e to 20 Ag\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e decreased discharge length. Consequently, particular capacitance values decreased. NiCoTe had specific capacitance values of 1217,1191,1154,1101, and 921 Fg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e for current densities of 1, 3, 5, 10, and 20 Ag\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e. ZIF-67/NiCoTe had specific capacitance values of 2215,2201,2156,2131, and,2082 Fg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e at the same current density. High current densities create considerable voltage drops and restricted contact between ions and the active material, which may lower specific capacitance [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e]. GCD experiments at 20 Ag\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e current density for 10000 cycles assessed the composites' cyclic stability. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e(d-e) shows how ZIF-67/NiCoTe and NiCoTe composites preserve capacitance across cycles. After 10000 cycles, ZIF-67/NiCoTe had a capacitive retention rate of 95%, whereas NiCoTe alone had 70%. This suggests that ZIF-67/NiCoTe has better cycle stability. The GCD curves' discharge-to-charge ratio (td/tc) indicated the composites' coulombic effectiveness. Electrically active substances are more reversible with higher coulombic efficiency. The composite ZIF-67/NiCoTe reached 92% columbic efficiency (\u0026eta;) after 10000 cycles, whereas NiCoTe only achieved 81%. The CV data matches ZIF-67/NiCoTe's high reversibility coulombic efficiency values. ZIF-67/NiCoTe outperformed NiCoTe in capacitive performance according to CV and GCD studies. The BET research shows this composite has more surface area and pores. X-ray diffraction images show that electrolyte ions may infiltrate the electrode material due to its surface characteristics and improved crystallinity. The enhanced crystallite size of ZIF-67/NiCoTe may boost capacitance by minimizing agglomeration and increasing ion access to electrode pores [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e]. Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e compares electrochemical performance between current and previous efforts [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e51\u003c/span\u003e]. The Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) technique measures material resistance and frequency-dependent specific capacitance. Conducting electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) on synthesized composites at their OCP, the frequency range was 10\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2 Hz to 105 Hz. Nyquist plots show the electrode/electrolyte system's frequency response in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e(f). The graphic compares the imaginary (\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;Z) and actual impedance components. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e(f) shows the nanocomposites' Nyquist plots: a semicircular arc in high frequency and a linear segment in low frequency. The electrolyte in contact with the electrode and current collector causes resistance (Rs) at the semicircle's x-axis intersection. The resistance (Rs) of both composites was 4.2 Ω. Instead, the semicircle's width represents charge transfer resistance (Rct), which results from the electrode-electrolyte interaction. The Rct values for ZIF-67/NiCoTe and NiCoTe were 12.11 and 7.024 Ω, respectively. Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e compares pure and composite electrode EIS parameters.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ctable id=\"Tab1\" style=\"width: 392px;\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;Displays a comparison of the presented works specific capacitance and capacitive retention values with other works that have been published.\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cbr /\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/caption\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth style=\"width: 64px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eElectrodes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth style=\"width: 34px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRs (Ω\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ecm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e )\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth style=\"width: 39px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRct (Ω\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ecm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e )\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth style=\"width: 88.4097px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCdI (\u0026micro;F/cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e )\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth style=\"width: 73.5903px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eZw\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth style=\"width: 58px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCp\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(F/c m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e )\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNiCoTe\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 34px;\" align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 39px;\" align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12.4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 88.4097px;\" align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.24\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 73.5903px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7.81 x 10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;11\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 58px;\" align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.651\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNiCoTe/\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eZIF-67\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 34px;\" align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 39px;\" align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 88.4097px;\" align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7.12\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 73.5903px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11.5 x 10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;11\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 58px;\" align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.871\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"char\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"char\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ctable id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEIS various kinetic parameters.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/caption\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eElectrodes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRs (Ω\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ecm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e )\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRct (Ω\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ecm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e )\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCdI (\u0026micro;F/cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e )\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eZw\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCp\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(F/c m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e )\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNiCoTe\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12.4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.24\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7.81 x 10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;11\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.651\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNiCoTe/\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eZIF-67\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7.12\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11.5 x 10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;11\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.871\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e3.5.2 Two electrode Configuration\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe compound is ZIF-67/NiCoTe/AC. Analysis of electrochemical processes. The positive and negative electrodes were AC and ZIF-67/NiCoTe in a 1 M KOH electrolyte to test the NiCo-decorated Te electrode for energy storage applications. See Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e (a) for an ASC equipment schematic. CV, GCD, and EIS study examined the ASC cell's electrical activity. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e(b) displays the CV profiles of the ZIF-67/NiCoTe and AC electrodes at a scan rate of 10.0 mVs\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e. These profiles determine the best operating voltage. AC performs well from \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1 to 0 V, whereas ZIF-67/NiCoTe has capacitive properties from 0 to 0.6 V. Keeping a cell voltage of 1.5 V, Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e(c) shows the ZIF-67/NiCoTe //AC hybrid asymmetric supercapacitor (ASC) CV plots at scan speeds from 10 to 150 mV s\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e. With rising scan speeds, oxidation, and reduction peaks move towards negative and positive potentials due to the necessity for a constrained ion diffusion rate to accomplish electronic neutralization during the redox process. Slow scanning allows OH ions to intercalate with the electrode's inner and outer surfaces. Under rapid scan rates, OH ions have less chance to intercalate with electrode surfaces. Electric double-layer capacitance and Faradaic pseudo capacitance completely explain the ZIF-67/NiCoTe//AC ASC's capacitance behavior. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e(d) shows ASC GCD curves at 1.5 V and different current densities. Discharge curves calculated ZIF-67/NiCoTe//AC ASC capacity. ZIF-67/NiCoTe//AC has good reversibility due to its approximately symmetrical GCD curves. Calculated discharge curve-specific capacitance. At 1 A g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, the ZIF-67/NiCoTe//AC electrode exhibited the largest specific capacitance (242 F g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e) and had good rate performance. The capacitance values for current densities of 242, 221, 201,191, and 181 F g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e (or 1, 3, 5, 10, and 20 A g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e) follow a precise sequence. Similarly. Increased current density from 1 to 20 Ag\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e resulted in a hybrid ASC cell with 181 Fg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e specific capacitance at 20 A/g at high current density. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e(f). The electrochemical stability of the supercapacitor is crucial to application practicality. The ASC was tested at 20 Ag\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e current density for 10,000 cycles of continuous charge discharge. Throughout 10,000 cycles, capacity retention was 91% and columbic efficiency was 98.8%. The lowest decline in capacity is in the metal-organic NiTe composite. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e(g) shows the cycle stability of the ZIF-67/NiCoTe/AC HSC at 1 A g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e. Over the previous 5000 cycles, distortions have been negligible, showing excellent cycling performance (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e(h)). Even after 10000 cycles, 90% of its functionality remains. Under open circuit circumstances, the ZIF-67/NiCoTe//AC electrode was EIS tested. The test assessed the capacitive and resistive characteristics of the electrode from 0.1 to 10 KHz. See Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e(i) for findings. Ion mobility in the electrode's material determines Rct and Rs. The EIS curves' semicircle area in the high-frequency zone indicates Rct, while the horizontal line in the low-frequency region provides Rs. Calculate Rct by measuring the EIS curve semicircle diameter. The Ragone graphs in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e(a) and equations calculated the energy and power densities of the as-assembled ASC devices. E\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1/2CU\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e and P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;E/t. The ZIF-67/NiCoTe/AC ASC has a high energy density of 59.8 Whkg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e and 800 Wkg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e power density. This exceeds most transition metal superconductors of recent discovery [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e54\u003c/span\u003e]. Using two ZIF-67/NiCoTe //AC ASCs in sequence produces 3.2 V. This voltage can power a green LED for 20 minutes, proving the ZIF-67/NiCoTe //AC ASC device in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e(b) is feasible.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4. Conclusion ","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn conclusion, the desert rose-like shaped ZIF-67/NiCoTe was successfully prepared through a facile solvothermal route. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern indicated the creation of a tetragonal structure, and the compositional analysis verified the existence of Nickel (Ni), Cobalt (Co), Oxygen (O), and Tellurium (Te). When the produced materials were used as electrode materials in a supercapacitor, there was a notable improvement in their electrochemical performance. The ZIF-67/NiCoTe electrode exhibits a notable specific capacity of 170 Fg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e when subjected to a current density of 0.5 Ag\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, along with an outstanding life cycle of 99%. Furthermore, the practical use of the ZIF-67/NiCoTe electrode has been confirmed by constructing a ZIF-67/NiCoTe//AC ASC. This configuration achieves a remarkable energy density of 59.8 Wh kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e at a power density of 800 W kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, while maintaining 96.6% of its capacitance after 10000 cycles at a current density of 2 A g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e. A green LED can be operated for a minimum of 20 minutes, which offers further proof of its potential practical use. The current study unambiguously asserts that the NiCoTe electrode material has significant promise in the development of a novel supercapacitor for energy storage applications.\u003c/p\u003e "},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding declaration\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo funding was received to assist with the preparation of this manuscript\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interest declaration\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe author declares they have competing or conflict of interest in this manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eK.L. Meghanathan study the data curationM. 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Mater Today Chem 30:101557. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtchem.2023.101557\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.mtchem.2023.101557\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"ZIF-67/NiCoTe, Desert rose, Supercapacitors, Hydrothermal, Asymmetric supercapacitor, Energy storage device","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3844900/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3844900/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe distinctive morphology of the desert rose structure facilitates enhanced accessibility to many electroactive sites, hence enhancing the internal electrical characteristics of the ZIF-67/NiCoTe composite. This allows for the effective utilization of the whole resource and enhances rapid redox response kinetics. The synthesis was achieved by a direct hydrothermal technique. The electrode materials that have been manufactured have exceptional electrochemical characteristics. The ZIF-67/NiCoTe material exhibits a specific capacitance of 2215 Fg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e when subjected to an imposed current density of 1 Ag\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e. In addition, it retains 97.4% of its original capacitance even after enduring 10000 cycles. In addition, the ZIF-67/NiCoTe//AC hybrid supercapacitor operates at a specific voltage of 1.5 V. The system has an energy density of 67.5 Wh kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, with a corresponding power density of 2422.2 W kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e. Furthermore, it retains 93.5% of its capacitance even after enduring 10000 cycles at a significant current density of 10 Ag\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e. This research introduces a straightforward and efficient method for fabricating desert rose-shaped electrodes made of bimetallic nickel-cobalt telluride. These electrodes demonstrate excellent performance in hybrid supercapacitors.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Investigation of the Electrochemical Properties of Desert Rose-Like ZIF-67/NiCoTe Hybrid Composite as Asymmetric Supercapacitors for Energy Storage Applications","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-01-17 05:34:58","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3844900/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"923920a3-0db2-4391-8012-7ea645ec0aa9","owner":[],"postedDate":"January 17th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-08-29T04:30:55+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-01-17 05:34:58","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-3844900","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-3844900","identity":"rs-3844900","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}