Key Issues in Quantitative Analysis of Physical Energy Consumption

Key Issues in Quantitative Analysis of Physical Energy Consumption | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Key Issues in Quantitative Analysis of Physical Energy Consumption yu xing, xiaojun zhou, zhaohui wang, jun zhang, jian wang This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3952616/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Understanding and mastering the characteristics and laws of physical energy consumption can not only improve work efficiency, but also ensure safety. Currently, physical energy consumption remains at the level of inferring physiological load conditions through changes in exercise load. According to the literature and previous experimental data, it is found that blood pressure and heart rate are highly consistent with the exercise process. Based on the differential and integral results of B.P. and H.R. multiplier curves at different exercise intensities, the rate and amount characteristics of physical energy consumption are analyzed. It is concluded that the key problem of quantitative analysis of physical energy consumption is real-time high-frequency collection of B.P. and H.R., and accurate heat consumption. Consider collecting data on B.P., H.R., heat consumption, and tissue oxygen in various states from different populations, professions, and genders, and construct models for physical energy assessment, exercise risk detection, and physical energy training. Biological sciences/Biophysics Biological sciences/Physiology blood pressure heart rate quantification of physical energy consumption human body heat consumption detection Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 1. Research meaning Understanding the characteristics of physical energy consumption and mastering the patterns of physical energy consumption are important needs in people's daily life and production. In particular, athletes engaged in competitive sports training and competition, special soldiers performing special tasks, and workers at high labor intensity posts, understanding and mastering the characteristics and laws of physical energy consumption can not only improve work efficiency, but also ensure safety. The quantitative analysis of physical energy expenditure still remains at the level of inferring physiological load conditions through changes in exercise load, and some beneficial attempts have not been further studied. Therefore, we plan to propose several key issues for quantitative analysis of physical energy consumption and provide reasonable solutions through practice. 2. Current research status at home and abroad 2.1 Debate and analysis of physical energy concept There has been a heated debate on the concept of physical energy for decades [ 1 – 7 ] . We believe that the discussion of the concept of physical energy should start from its essence and describe the connotation and extension of physical energy according to the standards of logic. Firstly, the energy of the human body is basically consumed in the following three intersecting or overlapping aspects: metabolism, physical activity, psychological activity, and the simultaneous generation of heat. Secondly, physical fitness is not only manifested in athletic ability, but also in physical form and adaptability. Physical strength and physique are both manifestations of it. Thirdly, physical energy can be transformed into mechanical energy, thermal energy, and chemical energy through external manifestations such as body shape, survival ability, and motor skills. Therefore, we believe that physical energy can be defined in this way. Physical energy is stored in the form of energy substances in the human body, supporting metabolism, mechanical movements, and thinking activities. It is manifested externally in terms of body shape, survival ability, and motor skills. 2.2 Physical energy level and cardiac function Physical energy levels cannot be directly measured, but can be inferred from the working level of the heart. Blood pressure and heart rate are quantifiable indicators that characterize the working level of the cardiovascular system. Heart rate reflects the working frequency of the heart, while blood pressure reflects the working intensity of the heart. Under normal circumstances, the highest blood pressure and heart rate levels during exercise are closely related to age and are a direct reflection of exercise ability. Arterial blood pressure is the result of the interaction between ventricular ejection and peripheral resistance. Systolic blood pressure mainly reflects the change of stroke volume. With the increase of peripheral resistance, blood flow to the periphery is blocked. Systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure both increase, but the increase of diastolic blood pressure is more significant [ 8 ] . Diastolic blood pressure mainly reflects the size of peripheral resistance, and can temporarily increase during physical labor, exercise, or emotional excitement. The arterial blood pressure gradually increases with age, but the increase of systolic blood pressure is more significant than that of diastolic blood pressure [ 9 ] . 2.3 Current status of research on exercise blood pressure and heart rate The current research on blood pressure and heart rate focuses on pathological characteristics, and there is relatively little exploration of the non-clinical significance of blood pressure and heart rate, especially the changes in blood pressure and heart rate during high-intensity exercise. Li Peng (2005) found through dynamic blood pressure monitoring that the probability of detecting early hypertension through exercise blood pressure is 36.11% [ 10 ] . Zhao Xiaoqin (2006) reviewed exercise blood pressure and its related influencing factors, believing that exercise blood pressure can be used as a basis for predicting hypertension, but lacking standards [ 11 ] . Xing Yu et al. (2012) studied the impact of high-intensity exercise on cardiovascular system using real-time collected heart rate and tissue oxygen parameters [ 12 ] ; it is believed that the tolerance of the amplitude and duration of the continued increase in heart rate after high-intensity exercise can be used as a criterion for evaluating exercise intensity. Zhao Lujing et al. (2012) conducted a comparative experiment using VS-1000 on normal blood pressure and primary hypertension, and found that local exercise (tying a 1.5kg sandbag to the right lower limb while lying flat, and moving up and down at a frequency of 30 times/min) had a significantly higher impact on normal blood pressure than on hypertension [ 13 ] . Liang Chen et al. (2016) used Suntec Tango to compare the hypertensive group and the normal group under different physical activities (exercise treadmill incremental load test). The subjects were all over 50 years old and did not conduct high physical activity group experiments. They believed that moderate physical activity had a strong impact on hypertension [ 14 ] . Wang Chen (2018) also used Suntec Tango to conduct an experiment on blood pressure monitoring during incremental load on college students. The subjects had an average age of 20 years, an average height of 180 cm for males and 166 cm for females, and an average weight of 67 kg for males and 57 kg for females. He believed that moderate physical activity could effectively prevent and control the incidence of chronic diseases such as early hypertension in young people [ 15 ] . Recent research abroad has shown several scenarios, including reducing excitatory neurotransmission and arterial pressure, the response to intermittent exercise blood pressure, and the impact of aerobic exercise on blood pressure [ 16 – 18 ] . However, there is no research on the relationship between blood pressure and exercise intensity, and the detection equipment is all using indirect cuff pressure measurement methods. The conclusion is similar to that of domestic research, and almost all of them have the effect of exercise on lowering blood pressure. 2.4 Understanding of blood pressure and two monitoring methods Blood pressure is an important physiological parameter that maintains vital characteristics, and it always fluctuates within a certain range. Normal people's diastolic blood pressure is generally in the range of 60-80mmHg, systolic blood pressure is in the range of 100-120mmHg, and pulse pressure is generally 30-40mmHg [ 19 ] . It is generally believed that diastolic blood pressure between 60-90mmHg and systolic blood pressure between 90-140mmHg belong to healthy blood pressure values [ 20 ] . Both high and low blood pressure are life-threatening. The definition of healthy blood pressure is that blood pressure fluctuates within a certain range, and in fact, the ability to tolerate high and low blood pressure should also be the connotation of health attributes. The detection method of exercise blood pressure (or dynamic blood pressure) is mostly non-invasive pressure measurement. Suntec Tango, VS-1000, Omron, and others are cuff pressure measuring devices, which generally adopt the technique of measuring pressure during the decompression process, with a measurement time of about 60 seconds. The technique of measuring pressure during the pressor process also takes 30 seconds [ 10 , 13 – 15 ] . Invasive arterial blood pressure monitoring is a method of directly measuring arterial blood pressure by puncturing the artery and placing an arterial catheter into the patient's artery. Heart rate can be detected synchronously. The sampling frequency can reach more than 200Hz, and the screen display frequency is 1Hz. The advantage is that it can continuously monitor the changes of arterial pressure, with high sampling rate and accurate results. 3. Experimental design We have designed and arranged two high-intensity exercises under invasive blood pressure monitoring. The testing equipment is Mindray Benevision N15, which is an invasive blood pressure monitoring device that can simultaneously monitor parameters such as systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, tissue oxygen, and provide a mean arterial pressure curve. Sports equipment: ordinary bicycle power meter, adjustable load. 1) The experiment was conducted in two sessions, with the first session being conducted by the project leader as the subject, and the entire testing lasted for two hours; Observing no adverse reactions, after a one week interval, with deep communication and informed consent, 30 young people aged 18–20 (including 10 second level sprinters) were selected to participate in the test. 2) When the blood pressure and heart rate are observed to be basically stable, start cycling with low load and high frequency. Continue pedaling until you cannot maintain high intensity, and rest until heart rate returns to pre pedal level and remains basically stable, and start the second pedal, repeat multiple times. 3) Record changes in heart rate, blood pressure, etc. throughout the entire process, and copy the test data after each participant completes the test. During data analysis, the heart rate and blood pressure data between the start of each cycle and the recovery of heart rate are taken. 4) The difference between general strength and maximum strength is that maximum strength requires conscious effort to overcome fatigue, while general strength does not require clear awareness of overcoming fatigue. 4. Test results and analysis 4.1 Typical test results 4.1.1 Project leader, 50 years old, male, in good health. At the beginning of one cycle, the blood pressure and heart rate were 122/65mmHg and 114 beats per minute. At the end, the blood pressure and heart rate were 173/84mmHg and 135 beats per minute. The blood pressure continued to rise for 2 seconds, reaching 175/85mmHg, and the heart rate continued to rise for 13 seconds, reaching 145 beats per minute. Within 13 seconds after the end of the exercise, the systolic blood pressure drop reaches the level at which the pedal movement began, and continues to decrease for 20 seconds to reach 108mmHg then rebound. After the exercise, the diastolic blood pressure decreased to a quiet level after 9 seconds, and continued to decrease for 23 seconds, decreasing by 10mmHg compared to the initial diastolic blood pressure, after 1 minute and 24 seconds, it returned to a quiet level. As shown in Fig. 1 , the exercise process lasted for 40 seconds. At the beginning, the driver tried to pedal the car as fast as possible for 16 seconds. Take a deep breath at t1 for 7 seconds, and the systolic blood pressure decreased from 144mmHg to 139mmHg, while the diastolic blood pressure decreased from 75mmHg to 72mmHg. The heart rate was not very sensitive. At this point, subconsciously persist and try again to maintain a high pedal speed of 16 seconds. As the intensity of exercise continues to increase, blood pressure responds promptly and quickly increases. Multiple tests have shown that as long as the subconscious persists in cycling, there are inflection points in the blood pressure curve. After the end of maximum intensity exercise, heart rate continues to rise for a period of time, while blood pressure drops rapidly, usually, it takes more than ten seconds to reach the initial level and will continue to decrease. Generally, when the heart rate begins to decrease, the rate of blood pressure drop will slow down. According to the several sets of data, usually when fatigue accumulates to the limit, blood pressure drops to 60/30mmHg or even lower, leading to a feeling of nausea and vomiting. 4.1.2 A certain youth: male, 18 years old, 100 meter runner, in training. One of the pedals lasted for 18 seconds, with a general intensity duration of 9 seconds. Then, the pedal was applied quickly with maximum intensity duration of 9 seconds. During the recovery period, systolic blood pressure decreased continuously for 9 seconds before rebounding. As shown in Fig. 2 , T1 is the boundary between the general intensity and the maximum intensity. At the maximum intensity, the systolic blood pressure rises sharply and the diastolic blood pressure stops rising and drops slowly. Typically, at time t4, the systolic blood pressure begins to rise and the heart rate begins to fall, almost in mirror symmetry, which means that there is a relatively fixed and reasonable range of heart rate and blood pressure multipliers during the recovery period. We found that blood pressure changes with physical exercise. Through in-depth observation, we can find that the derivative function of the systolic blood pressure curve can represent the power of the human body's work. 4.1.3 A certain youth: male, 20 years old, healthy. As shown in Fig. 3 , starting from moment t1, the subject tried hard to pedal for 10 seconds, and the blood pressure heart rate curve showed inflection points. End of pedaling at time t2, the heart rate reached its maximum at time t3 and began to decrease. The blood pressure decrease slowed down, but the diastolic blood pressure decreased to the extent that the body felt uncomfortable. 4.1.4 Limb Muscle Contraction Experiment under Quiet State In order to clarify the role of muscle contraction in the process of blood pressure increase, we collected blood pressure and heart rate values during alternating quiet sitting and squatting positions to observe the effect of muscle contraction on blood pressure. It was found that both blood pressure and heart rate showed an increase, with the range of changes in systolic blood pressure (122–144) and diastolic blood pressure (74–95) basically exceeding 20mmHg and the change in heart rate was close to 20 beats per minute. After multiple tests, all three indicators showed a downward trend. It is speculated that squatting is not a quiet state and is a strong physical activity, with a significant decrease in blood pressure during the recovery period. 4.2 Result analysis A reasonable definition of exercise volume is the integration of blood pressure and heart rate multiplier curve fitting function over time [12], and physical energy consumption can also be represented by this value, i.e. Ic \(={\int }_{0}^{Ts}BP*HR\left(t\right)dt\) , As mentioned earlier, physical energy consumption is different in terms of different needs, as shown in Fig. 4 . During a test, the multiplier curves of systolic and diastolic blood pressure with heart rate are plotted. The dashed line above is the fitting function curve of the systolic blood pressure and heart rate multiplier tracing line, and the dashed line below is the fitting function curve of the diastolic blood pressure and heart rate multiplier tracing line. The A line is the start time of cycling, the B line is the end time of cycling, and the F line is the extension line of the resting period blood pressure and heart rate multiplier plot line, Basically parallel to the diastolic blood and pressure heart rate multiplier line. The area between the A line and B line, as well as the area between the F line and the systolic blood pressure and heart rate multiplier line, represents the physical energy consumption caused by exercise. The goodness of fit of quadratic polynomial has reached R 2 = 0.9954, so the quadratic equation was chosen to analyze the systolic blood pressure and heart rate multiplier line. y F = -10.178x 2 + 335.61x + 14250, R²=0.9512 (1–1) y systolic pressure =35.294x 2 + 117.93x + 14250, R²=0.9954 (1–2) Select time as the integral variable, T \(\in \left[0,17\right]\) , So the area, dA=(35.294x 2 + 117.93x + 14250 + 10.178x 2 -335.61x-14250)/dx (1–3) A exercise \(={\int }_{0}^{17}dA={\left[15.124{x}^{3}-58.84{x}^{2}\right]}_{0}^{17}\) =57299.452 (1-4) The area between the fitting function curve of F-line and diastolic blood pressure and heart rate multiplier curve represents the physical energy consumption of basal metabolism, y diastolic pressure = -10.178x 2 + 335.61x + 7244.8, R² = 0.9512 (1–5) A basic consumption =(14250 − 7244.8)×17 = 119088.4 (1–6) As can be seen from the above, the exercise expenditure of high-intensity exercise within 17 seconds is approximately 57299 units, and the metabolic expenditure is 119088 units. Similarly, the physical energy consumption during the recovery period after the end of the exercise process can be calculated, confirming the phenomenon of inertial energy consumption after the exercise process is completed. By measuring the total physical energy consumption level of multiple groups of sports, one can evaluate their athletic ability and set threshold warnings to ensure exercise safety. The derivative function of the fitting function of the systolic blood pressure curve can obtain the physical energy consumption rate for a certain period of time, which is consistent with the exercise intensity. Taking Fig. 2 as an example, the derivative functions before t1 and between t1 and t2 can be obtained to observe the changes in the rate of physical energy consumption. As shown in Fig. 5 , on the right side of the dash line, in the second half of the cycling process, when fatigue begins, the slope of a certain athlete's blood pressure change curve (z) is the highest, indicating that the athlete's work power is the highest. Therefore, the intensity of exercise can be characterized by the derivative function of the blood pressure change curve during exercise. Table 1 Expression of exercise intensity Subjects Tracing line derivative function R 2 value x1 y' = 1.8214x + 156.18 0.9821 x2 y' = 1.6429x + 160.11 0.9446 z y' = 6.131x + 147.29 0.98 g y' = 1.5595x + 198.36 0.7002 c1 y' = 2.5833x + 179 0.9164 c2 y' = 4.4643x + 166.79 0.9838 It can be seen from Table 1 that the intercept of the linear function represents the blood pressure level at the beginning of the exercise. The tension level of ordinary young subjects is high, reaching 166 and 179. However, after the tension level decreases, the slope of their heart rate curve also reaches 4.46. Due to the age of the project leader, the maximum power is not high. The values of the derivative function of their blood pressure curve are different when the two pedaling powers are different. From Figs. 6 and 7 , it can be seen that during high-intensity exercise, the value of blood pressure heart rate multiplication can generally reach around 25000. The stronger the exercise ability or the higher the exercise reserve, the higher the work power. The larger the derivative function of the t1-t2 segment, the higher the peak values of blood pressure and heart rate multipliers, and the shorter the recovery period. 5. Preliminary conclusion 5.1 Physical exercise is an independent factor that affects systolic blood pressure, regardless of age and exercise ability. The changes in systolic blood pressure are consistent with the intensity of exercise, and the maximum intensity of exercise can reach over 200mmHg. 5.2 The contraction of limb muscles is the main reason for the increase in peripheral resistance. Blood pressure generally decreases from its maximum value to its initial level and continues to decrease after about 10 seconds. The magnitude of blood pressure decrease after exercise is positively correlated with exercise intensity. 5.3 The real-time, efficient and accurate collection of blood pressure, heart rate, and thermal efficiency is a key issue in the quantitative analysis of physical energy consumption. The derivative function of the blood pressure heart rate multiplier curve reflects the rate of physical energy consumption during a certain time period, and the integration of time can represent the total amount of physical energy consumption during that time period. The real-time, efficient and accurate collection of blood pressure, heart rate, and heat consumption are key issues in the quantitative analysis of physical energy consumption. The derivative function of the blood pressure and heart rate multiplier curve reflects the rate of physical energy consumption during a certain time period, and the integral of time can represent the total amount of physical energy consumption during that time period. 6. Research prospects and application prospects At present, there are only blood pressure and heart rate data for over 30 people during high-intensity exercise, and there is a lack of blood pressure and heart rate data for different intensities of exercise, as well as real-time changes in heart rate and blood pressure during different postures and limb muscle contractions. There is also no change in other physiological and biochemical parameters during exercise, such as heat consumption, tissue oxygen, skin temperature, skin electricity, respiratory composition, and granulocyte accumulation, the changes in these parameters can further deepen the quantitative analysis of physical energy consumption. The formation of these difficulties is directly related to the inability to monitor blood pressure in real-time and high-frequency. As mentioned earlier, after the end of maximum intensity exercise, blood pressure can return to a quiet state in about 10 seconds, while the current minimum period for non-invasive blood pressure monitoring is 30 seconds; In addition, human heat consumption testing is also a difficult task. Invasive blood pressure monitoring is the biggest challenge in obtaining large sample data. If high-frequency non-invasive blood pressure monitoring and heat consumption monitoring become a reality, there will be high social benefits, and the possibility of improving exercise efficiency and reducing exercise risks will greatly increase. Correct physical energy assessment for employees in special positions can greatly reduce social costs such as labor and material resources in production and life. Declarations Author Contribution Xing Yu: Research coordination, writing papersZhou Xiaojun: Design experimentsWang Zhaohui: Conduct experiments and collect dataZhang Jun: Data AnalysisWang Jian: Research process References Xiong Douyin. Analysis of the concept of "physical fitness" [J]. Journal of the People's Liberation Army Institute of Physical Education, 2000 (01): 1-3 Li Huaihai, Chen Nanshang, Ren Jun. Differentiation and analysis of the concepts of physique and physical fitness [J]. 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Exercise Physiology [M] Wuhan: Huazhong University of Science and Technology Press, 2015 Wang Ruiyuan, Su Quansheng. Exercise Physiology [M] Beijing: People's Sports Publishing House, 2012 Liu Dawei. Clinical Hemodynamics [M]. Beijing: People's Health Publishing House, 2013 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-3952616","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":276675505,"identity":"6ed11acb-f2cd-4c65-9f18-c8a12d0ddf44","order_by":0,"name":"yu xing","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"shandong sports university","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"yu","middleName":"","lastName":"xing","suffix":""},{"id":276675506,"identity":"6a94255f-33bd-4056-acb5-f80f9120c4cf","order_by":1,"name":"xiaojun zhou","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"nanjing sports university","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"xiaojun","middleName":"","lastName":"zhou","suffix":""},{"id":276675507,"identity":"d3ecdb05-bb86-4b0d-8079-8eafc338f138","order_by":2,"name":"zhaohui wang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"shandong sports university","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"zhaohui","middleName":"","lastName":"wang","suffix":""},{"id":276675508,"identity":"a315e4b9-c455-40a3-8a0b-abdd607f3230","order_by":3,"name":"jun zhang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"shandong sports university","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"jun","middleName":"","lastName":"zhang","suffix":""},{"id":276675509,"identity":"bec2299d-0004-439e-90a3-3a3a3b5e7176","order_by":4,"name":"jian wang","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAxUlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACxmbmAwYfeGzs+NkbiNTC3N6WUDhDJi1ZsucAkVrYe84YfOaxOcy44UYCkVp4Z+QYbubJOcxscPPxxhsMNTbRBLVIzkgrNpxzJp1P8nZasQXDsbTcBkJaDGckbzN422PNzHc7x0yCseEwYS32NxLMf/D+Y2ZsuHmGSC2MPUcMDHl4nBkn3OAhVgswkA1n8IACGeiXBGL8ghSVhzfe+FBjQ1gLMjCQSCBFOUQLqTpGwSgYBaNgZAAAPiFDNOWuSxkAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Shihezi University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"jian","middleName":"","lastName":"wang","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-02-13 04:15:42","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3952616/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3952616/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":52125400,"identity":"e9760fef-4618-4bb5-b3df-1617aef38c95","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-07 06:21:06","extension":"jpg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":50831,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eChanges in B.P. and H.R. during a single pedaling process by the project leader\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eT2 is the end of the exercise process, t3 is the intersection of a decrease in systolic blood pressure and an increase in heart rate, t2-t5 is the time when blood pressure continues to rise, and t2-t6 is the time when heart rate continues to rise. After T6, the heart rate begins to decrease, and the rate of blood pressure decrease slows down and gradually returns to normal levels.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3952616/v1/1caf4988d63901203ac008d3.jpg"},{"id":52125402,"identity":"6e3fc96b-9468-486d-b5e2-4c5e4f816152","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-07 06:21:06","extension":"jpg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":42999,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eChanges in B.P. and H.R. of a young athlete during a single pedaling process\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3952616/v1/774b238784ae9651c83a81e5.jpg"},{"id":52125552,"identity":"76aaadf5-bb96-4e54-a9d5-b2ed6cf542b3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-07 06:29:06","extension":"jpg","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":43397,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eChanges in B.P. and H.R. during a young man's cycling process\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3952616/v1/c5a36c2b9430eddb44f285f3.jpg"},{"id":52125405,"identity":"da8424a9-62a4-4b50-a894-9f50dda064bc","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-07 06:21:06","extension":"jpg","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":39132,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eIntegration of time by fitting function of blood pressure heart rate multiplier tracing line\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3952616/v1/d56694f722ac1ed5c8138e4e.jpg"},{"id":52125404,"identity":"c66aa4d7-cbf6-4965-b543-12891f8cbb92","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-07 06:21:06","extension":"jpg","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":35305,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eBlood pressure change rate under different power consumption times\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3952616/v1/14be61225c9b974337554abd.jpg"},{"id":52125553,"identity":"1d5ea6ab-7394-4175-9083-847d5d4b380d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-07 06:29:06","extension":"jpg","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":34203,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe quadratic curve of primary blood pressure and heart rate of an athlete\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3952616/v1/3fc9e8a54ecb5142f2046d9c.jpg"},{"id":52125406,"identity":"81687cca-5852-4212-bba0-d735523213f2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-07 06:21:06","extension":"jpg","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":39861,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe quadratic curve of primary blood pressure and heart rate of the project leader\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"7.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3952616/v1/c182b8903567b3923ac9af40.jpg"},{"id":54069649,"identity":"4185a191-6318-4eca-9f90-457fd83eaffd","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-04 07:00:12","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":539766,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3952616/v1/d6a47b79-40b2-4355-a190-8a917334f074.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Key Issues in Quantitative Analysis of Physical Energy Consumption","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Research meaning","content":"\u003cp\u003eUnderstanding the characteristics of physical energy consumption and mastering the patterns of physical energy consumption are important needs in people's daily life and production. In particular, athletes engaged in competitive sports training and competition, special soldiers performing special tasks, and workers at high labor intensity posts, understanding and mastering the characteristics and laws of physical energy consumption can not only improve work efficiency, but also ensure safety.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe quantitative analysis of physical energy expenditure still remains at the level of inferring physiological load conditions through changes in exercise load, and some beneficial attempts have not been further studied. Therefore, we plan to propose several key issues for quantitative analysis of physical energy consumption and provide reasonable solutions through practice.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Current research status at home and abroad","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1 Debate and analysis of physical energy concept\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThere has been a heated debate on the concept of physical energy for decades \u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR2 CR3 CR4 CR5 CR6\" citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. We believe that the discussion of the concept of physical energy should start from its essence and describe the connotation and extension of physical energy according to the standards of logic.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFirstly, the energy of the human body is basically consumed in the following three intersecting or overlapping aspects: metabolism, physical activity, psychological activity, and the simultaneous generation of heat. Secondly, physical fitness is not only manifested in athletic ability, but also in physical form and adaptability. Physical strength and physique are both manifestations of it. Thirdly, physical energy can be transformed into mechanical energy, thermal energy, and chemical energy through external manifestations such as body shape, survival ability, and motor skills.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTherefore, we believe that physical energy can be defined in this way. Physical energy is stored in the form of energy substances in the human body, supporting metabolism, mechanical movements, and thinking activities. It is manifested externally in terms of body shape, survival ability, and motor skills.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2 Physical energy level and cardiac function\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhysical energy levels cannot be directly measured, but can be inferred from the working level of the heart. Blood pressure and heart rate are quantifiable indicators that characterize the working level of the cardiovascular system. Heart rate reflects the working frequency of the heart, while blood pressure reflects the working intensity of the heart. Under normal circumstances, the highest blood pressure and heart rate levels during exercise are closely related to age and are a direct reflection of exercise ability.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eArterial blood pressure is the result of the interaction between ventricular ejection and peripheral resistance. Systolic blood pressure mainly reflects the change of stroke volume. With the increase of peripheral resistance, blood flow to the periphery is blocked. Systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure both increase, but the increase of diastolic blood pressure is more significant \u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. Diastolic blood pressure mainly reflects the size of peripheral resistance, and can temporarily increase during physical labor, exercise, or emotional excitement. The arterial blood pressure gradually increases with age, but the increase of systolic blood pressure is more significant than that of diastolic blood pressure \u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.3 Current status of research on exercise blood pressure and heart rate\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe current research on blood pressure and heart rate focuses on pathological characteristics, and there is relatively little exploration of the non-clinical significance of blood pressure and heart rate, especially the changes in blood pressure and heart rate during high-intensity exercise. Li Peng (2005) found through dynamic blood pressure monitoring that the probability of detecting early hypertension through exercise blood pressure is 36.11% \u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. Zhao Xiaoqin (2006) reviewed exercise blood pressure and its related influencing factors, believing that exercise blood pressure can be used as a basis for predicting hypertension, but lacking standards \u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. Xing Yu et al. (2012) studied the impact of high-intensity exercise on cardiovascular system using real-time collected heart rate and tissue oxygen parameters \u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e; it is believed that the tolerance of the amplitude and duration of the continued increase in heart rate after high-intensity exercise can be used as a criterion for evaluating exercise intensity. Zhao Lujing et al. (2012) conducted a comparative experiment using VS-1000 on normal blood pressure and primary hypertension, and found that local exercise (tying a 1.5kg sandbag to the right lower limb while lying flat, and moving up and down at a frequency of 30 times/min) had a significantly higher impact on normal blood pressure than on hypertension \u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. Liang Chen et al. (2016) used Suntec Tango to compare the hypertensive group and the normal group under different physical activities (exercise treadmill incremental load test). The subjects were all over 50 years old and did not conduct high physical activity group experiments. They believed that moderate physical activity had a strong impact on hypertension \u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. Wang Chen (2018) also used Suntec Tango to conduct an experiment on blood pressure monitoring during incremental load on college students. The subjects had an average age of 20 years, an average height of 180 cm for males and 166 cm for females, and an average weight of 67 kg for males and 57 kg for females. He believed that moderate physical activity could effectively prevent and control the incidence of chronic diseases such as early hypertension in young people \u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRecent research abroad has shown several scenarios, including reducing excitatory neurotransmission and arterial pressure, the response to intermittent exercise blood pressure, and the impact of aerobic exercise on blood pressure \u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR17\" citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. However, there is no research on the relationship between blood pressure and exercise intensity, and the detection equipment is all using indirect cuff pressure measurement methods. The conclusion is similar to that of domestic research, and almost all of them have the effect of exercise on lowering blood pressure.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.4 Understanding of blood pressure and two monitoring methods\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eBlood pressure is an important physiological parameter that maintains vital characteristics, and it always fluctuates within a certain range. Normal people's diastolic blood pressure is generally in the range of 60-80mmHg, systolic blood pressure is in the range of 100-120mmHg, and pulse pressure is generally 30-40mmHg \u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. It is generally believed that diastolic blood pressure between 60-90mmHg and systolic blood pressure between 90-140mmHg belong to healthy blood pressure values \u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. Both high and low blood pressure are life-threatening. The definition of healthy blood pressure is that blood pressure fluctuates within a certain range, and in fact, the ability to tolerate high and low blood pressure should also be the connotation of health attributes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe detection method of exercise blood pressure (or dynamic blood pressure) is mostly non-invasive pressure measurement. Suntec Tango, VS-1000, Omron, and others are cuff pressure measuring devices, which generally adopt the technique of measuring pressure during the decompression process, with a measurement time of about 60 seconds. The technique of measuring pressure during the pressor process also takes 30 seconds \u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR14\" citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. Invasive arterial blood pressure monitoring is a method of directly measuring arterial blood pressure by puncturing the artery and placing an arterial catheter into the patient's artery. Heart rate can be detected synchronously. The sampling frequency can reach more than 200Hz, and the screen display frequency is 1Hz. The advantage is that it can continuously monitor the changes of arterial pressure, with high sampling rate and accurate results.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. Experimental design","content":"\u003cp\u003eWe have designed and arranged two high-intensity exercises under invasive blood pressure monitoring. The testing equipment is Mindray Benevision N15, which is an invasive blood pressure monitoring device that can simultaneously monitor parameters such as systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, tissue oxygen, and provide a mean arterial pressure curve.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSports equipment: ordinary bicycle power meter, adjustable load.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e 1) The experiment was conducted in two sessions, with the first session being conducted by the project leader as the subject, and the entire testing lasted for two hours; Observing no adverse reactions, after a one week interval, with deep communication and informed consent, 30 young people aged 18\u0026ndash;20 (including 10 second level sprinters) were selected to participate in the test.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2) When the blood pressure and heart rate are observed to be basically stable, start cycling with low load and high frequency. Continue pedaling until you cannot maintain high intensity, and rest until heart rate returns to pre pedal level and remains basically stable, and start the second pedal, repeat multiple times.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3) Record changes in heart rate, blood pressure, etc. throughout the entire process, and copy the test data after each participant completes the test. During data analysis, the heart rate and blood pressure data between the start of each cycle and the recovery of heart rate are taken.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4) The difference between general strength and maximum strength is that maximum strength requires conscious effort to overcome fatigue, while general strength does not require clear awareness of overcoming fatigue.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"4. Test results and analysis","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.1 Typical test results\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.1.1 Project leader, 50 years old, male, in good health.\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAt the beginning of one cycle, the blood pressure and heart rate were 122/65mmHg and 114 beats per minute. At the end, the blood pressure and heart rate were 173/84mmHg and 135 beats per minute. The blood pressure continued to rise for 2 seconds, reaching 175/85mmHg, and the heart rate continued to rise for 13 seconds, reaching 145 beats per minute.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWithin 13 seconds after the end of the exercise, the systolic blood pressure drop reaches the level at which the pedal movement began, and continues to decrease for 20 seconds to reach 108mmHg then rebound. After the exercise, the diastolic blood pressure decreased to a quiet level after 9 seconds, and continued to decrease for 23 seconds, decreasing by 10mmHg compared to the initial diastolic blood pressure, after 1 minute and 24 seconds, it returned to a quiet level.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, the exercise process lasted for 40 seconds. At the beginning, the driver tried to pedal the car as fast as possible for 16 seconds. Take a deep breath at t1 for 7 seconds, and the systolic blood pressure decreased from 144mmHg to 139mmHg, while the diastolic blood pressure decreased from 75mmHg to 72mmHg. The heart rate was not very sensitive. At this point, subconsciously persist and try again to maintain a high pedal speed of 16 seconds. As the intensity of exercise continues to increase, blood pressure responds promptly and quickly increases.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMultiple tests have shown that as long as the subconscious persists in cycling, there are inflection points in the blood pressure curve. After the end of maximum intensity exercise, heart rate continues to rise for a period of time, while blood pressure drops rapidly, usually, it takes more than ten seconds to reach the initial level and will continue to decrease. Generally, when the heart rate begins to decrease, the rate of blood pressure drop will slow down. According to the several sets of data, usually when fatigue accumulates to the limit, blood pressure drops to 60/30mmHg or even lower, leading to a feeling of nausea and vomiting.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.1.2 A certain youth: male, 18 years old, 100 meter runner, in training.\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eOne of the pedals lasted for 18 seconds, with a general intensity duration of 9 seconds. Then, the pedal was applied quickly with maximum intensity duration of 9 seconds. During the recovery period, systolic blood pressure decreased continuously for 9 seconds before rebounding.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, T1 is the boundary between the general intensity and the maximum intensity. At the maximum intensity, the systolic blood pressure rises sharply and the diastolic blood pressure stops rising and drops slowly. Typically, at time t4, the systolic blood pressure begins to rise and the heart rate begins to fall, almost in mirror symmetry, which means that there is a relatively fixed and reasonable range of heart rate and blood pressure multipliers during the recovery period.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe found that blood pressure changes with physical exercise. Through in-depth observation, we can find that the derivative function of the systolic blood pressure curve can represent the power of the human body's work.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.1.3 A certain youth: male, 20 years old, healthy.\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, starting from moment t1, the subject tried hard to pedal for 10 seconds, and the blood pressure heart rate curve showed inflection points. End of pedaling at time t2, the heart rate reached its maximum at time t3 and began to decrease. The blood pressure decrease slowed down, but the diastolic blood pressure decreased to the extent that the body felt uncomfortable.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.1.4 Limb Muscle Contraction Experiment under Quiet State\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn order to clarify the role of muscle contraction in the process of blood pressure increase, we collected blood pressure and heart rate values during alternating quiet sitting and squatting positions to observe the effect of muscle contraction on blood pressure. It was found that both blood pressure and heart rate showed an increase, with the range of changes in systolic blood pressure (122\u0026ndash;144) and diastolic blood pressure (74\u0026ndash;95) basically exceeding 20mmHg and the change in heart rate was close to 20 beats per minute. After multiple tests, all three indicators showed a downward trend. It is speculated that squatting is not a quiet state and is a strong physical activity, with a significant decrease in blood pressure during the recovery period.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.2 Result analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA reasonable definition of exercise volume is the integration of blood pressure and heart rate multiplier curve fitting function over time [12], and physical energy consumption can also be represented by this value, i.e. Ic\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(={\\int }_{0}^{Ts}BP*HR\\left(t\\right)dt\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs mentioned earlier, physical energy consumption is different in terms of different needs, as shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e. During a test, the multiplier curves of systolic and diastolic blood pressure with heart rate are plotted. The dashed line above is the fitting function curve of the systolic blood pressure and heart rate multiplier tracing line, and the dashed line below is the fitting function curve of the diastolic blood pressure and heart rate multiplier tracing line. The A line is the start time of cycling, the B line is the end time of cycling, and the F line is the extension line of the resting period blood pressure and heart rate multiplier plot line, Basically parallel to the diastolic blood and pressure heart rate multiplier line.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe area between the A line and B line, as well as the area between the F line and the systolic blood pressure and heart rate multiplier line, represents the physical energy consumption caused by exercise. The goodness of fit of quadratic polynomial has reached R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.9954, so the quadratic equation was chosen to analyze the systolic blood pressure and heart rate multiplier line.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ey\u003csub\u003eF\u003c/sub\u003e = -10.178x\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;335.61x\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;14250, R\u0026sup2;=0.9512 (1\u0026ndash;1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ey \u003csub\u003esystolic pressure\u003c/sub\u003e=35.294x\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;117.93x\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;14250, R\u0026sup2;=0.9954 (1\u0026ndash;2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelect time as the integral variable, T\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\in \\left[0,17\\right]\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSo the area,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003edA=(35.294x\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;117.93x\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;14250\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;10.178x\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e-335.61x-14250)/dx (1\u0026ndash;3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA \u003csub\u003eexercise\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(={\\int }_{0}^{17}dA={\\left[15.124{x}^{3}-58.84{x}^{2}\\right]}_{0}^{17}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e=57299.452 (1-4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe area between the fitting function curve of F-line and diastolic blood pressure and heart rate multiplier curve represents the physical energy consumption of basal metabolism,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ey \u003csub\u003ediastolic pressure\u003c/sub\u003e= -10.178x\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;335.61x\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;7244.8, R\u0026sup2; = 0.9512 (1\u0026ndash;5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA \u003csub\u003ebasic consumption\u003c/sub\u003e=(14250\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;7244.8)\u0026times;17\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;119088.4 (1\u0026ndash;6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs can be seen from the above, the exercise expenditure of high-intensity exercise within 17 seconds is approximately 57299 units, and the metabolic expenditure is 119088 units. Similarly, the physical energy consumption during the recovery period after the end of the exercise process can be calculated, confirming the phenomenon of inertial energy consumption after the exercise process is completed. By measuring the total physical energy consumption level of multiple groups of sports, one can evaluate their athletic ability and set threshold warnings to ensure exercise safety.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe derivative function of the fitting function of the systolic blood pressure curve can obtain the physical energy consumption rate for a certain period of time, which is consistent with the exercise intensity. Taking Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e as an example, the derivative functions before t1 and between t1 and t2 can be obtained to observe the changes in the rate of physical energy consumption.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, on the right side of the dash line, in the second half of the cycling process, when fatigue begins, the slope of a certain athlete's blood pressure change curve (z) is the highest, indicating that the athlete's work power is the highest. Therefore, the intensity of exercise can be characterized by the derivative function of the blood pressure change curve during exercise.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExpression of exercise intensity\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSubjects\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTracing line derivative function\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ex1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ey' = 1.8214x\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;156.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.9821\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ex2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ey' = 1.6429x\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;160.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.9446\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ez\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ey' = 6.131x\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;147.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ey' = 1.5595x\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;198.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.7002\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ec1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ey' = 2.5833x\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;179\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.9164\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ec2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ey' = 4.4643x\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;166.79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.9838\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt can be seen from Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e that the intercept of the linear function represents the blood pressure level at the beginning of the exercise. The tension level of ordinary young subjects is high, reaching 166 and 179. However, after the tension level decreases, the slope of their heart rate curve also reaches 4.46. Due to the age of the project leader, the maximum power is not high. The values of the derivative function of their blood pressure curve are different when the two pedaling powers are different.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrom Figs.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e, it can be seen that during high-intensity exercise, the value of blood pressure heart rate multiplication can generally reach around 25000. The stronger the exercise ability or the higher the exercise reserve, the higher the work power. The larger the derivative function of the t1-t2 segment, the higher the peak values of blood pressure and heart rate multipliers, and the shorter the recovery period.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"5. Preliminary conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003e5.1 Physical exercise is an independent factor that affects systolic blood pressure, regardless of age and exercise ability. The changes in systolic blood pressure are consistent with the intensity of exercise, and the maximum intensity of exercise can reach over 200mmHg.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.2 The contraction of limb muscles is the main reason for the increase in peripheral resistance. Blood pressure generally decreases from its maximum value to its initial level and continues to decrease after about 10 seconds. The magnitude of blood pressure decrease after exercise is positively correlated with exercise intensity.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.3 The real-time, efficient and accurate collection of blood pressure, heart rate, and thermal efficiency is a key issue in the quantitative analysis of physical energy consumption. The derivative function of the blood pressure heart rate multiplier curve reflects the rate of physical energy consumption during a certain time period, and the integration of time can represent the total amount of physical energy consumption during that time period.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe real-time, efficient and accurate collection of blood pressure, heart rate, and heat consumption are key issues in the quantitative analysis of physical energy consumption. The derivative function of the blood pressure and heart rate multiplier curve reflects the rate of physical energy consumption during a certain time period, and the integral of time can represent the total amount of physical energy consumption during that time period.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"6. Research prospects and application prospects","content":"\u003cp\u003eAt present, there are only blood pressure and heart rate data for over 30 people during high-intensity exercise, and there is a lack of blood pressure and heart rate data for different intensities of exercise, as well as real-time changes in heart rate and blood pressure during different postures and limb muscle contractions. There is also no change in other physiological and biochemical parameters during exercise, such as heat consumption, tissue oxygen, skin temperature, skin electricity, respiratory composition, and granulocyte accumulation, the changes in these parameters can further deepen the quantitative analysis of physical energy consumption.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe formation of these difficulties is directly related to the inability to monitor blood pressure in real-time and high-frequency. As mentioned earlier, after the end of maximum intensity exercise, blood pressure can return to a quiet state in about 10 seconds, while the current minimum period for non-invasive blood pressure monitoring is 30 seconds; In addition, human heat consumption testing is also a difficult task. Invasive blood pressure monitoring is the biggest challenge in obtaining large sample data.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIf high-frequency non-invasive blood pressure monitoring and heat consumption monitoring become a reality, there will be high social benefits, and the possibility of improving exercise efficiency and reducing exercise risks will greatly increase. Correct physical energy assessment for employees in special positions can greatly reduce social costs such as labor and material resources in production and life.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eXing Yu: Research coordination, writing papersZhou Xiaojun: Design experimentsWang Zhaohui: Conduct experiments and collect dataZhang Jun: Data AnalysisWang Jian: Research process\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eXiong Douyin. Analysis of the concept of \u0026quot;physical fitness\u0026quot; [J]. Journal of the People\u0026apos;s Liberation Army Institute of Physical Education, 2000 (01): 1-3\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLi Huaihai, Chen Nanshang, Ren Jun. Differentiation and analysis of the concepts of physique and physical fitness [J]. Journal of the People\u0026apos;s Liberation Army Institute of Physical Education, 2001 (03): 4-6\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTian Yupu. Analysis of Physical Fitness and Related Concepts [J]. Journal of the People\u0026apos;s Liberation Army Institute of Physical Education, 2000 (01): 4-6\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eYuan Yunping A Study on the Theoretical System of Physical Fitness Training for High Level Male 100m Runners in China [D]. Beijing Sport University, 2002\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eChen Yuanyuan. Misunderstanding of Physical Fitness Concept and Content of Physical Training [J]. Journal of Wuhan Institute of Physical Education, 2005 (12): 72-75\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGou Bo, Li Zhijun, Gao Binghong, Zhao Renqing Analysis of the Concept of \u0026quot;Physical Energy\u0026quot; [J]. Sports Research, 2008 (02): 47-52\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eChen Yueyue, Wang Xuan, Zhao Yuhua. Overview of Research on the Concept of Physical Fitness [J]. Sports Science Research, 2009,13 (04): 41-43\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDeng Shuxun et al. Sports Physiology [M] Beijing: Higher Education Press, 2009\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWang Ruiyuan et al. Exercise Physiology [M] Beijing: People\u0026apos;s Sports Publishing House, 2011\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLi Peng, Xiao Qingye. The predictive value of exercise testing and 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring for hypertension [J]. Jiangsu Medicine. 2005, 5 (5): 387-387\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZhao Xiaoqin, Wang Ruiying. Exercise blood pressure and its related influencing factors [J]. Advances in Cardiology. 2006,27 (5): 569-571\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eXing Yu, Wang Peiyong, Zhang Wei, et al. The impact of high-intensity exercise on cardiovascular system in 100 meter running [J]. Journal of Chengdu Institute of Physical Education. 2012,38 (1): 86-91\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZhao Lujing. Research on the correlation between local exercise and arterial blood pressure and pulse wave velocity [D]. Master\u0026apos;s thesis, Nanchang University, 2012\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLiang Chen, Ma Yun, Zhang Chenxi, et al. Cardiopulmonary endurance and blood pressure response during exercise in hypertensive patients with different levels of physical activity [J]. Journal of Beijing Sport University. 2016,39 (5): 41-44\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWang Chen. Research on the Characteristics of Exercise Blood Pressure of College Students with Different Physical Activity Levels [D] Master\u0026apos;s Thesis, Shandong Normal University, 2018\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWeon H,Jun J,Kim T W,etal.Voltage-dependent calcium channel \u0026beta; subunit-derived peptides reduce excitatory neurotransmission and arterial blood pressure[J].Life Sciences.2021, 264(11):86-90.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGasparini-Neto Victor Hugo, Caldas Leonardo Carvalho, de Lira Claudio Andre Barbosa,etal.Profile of blood pressure and glycemic responses after interval exercise in older women attending (in) a public health physical activity program[J].Journal of Bodywork \u0026amp; Movement Therapies.2021,25(1):119-125.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHeberle Isabel, de Barcelos Guilherme Tadeu, Silveira Leonardo Mendona Pilar,etal.Effects of aerobic training with and without progression on blood pressure in patients with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review with meta-analyses and meta-regressions[J].Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice.2021,171(10):81-85.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFeng Feihu, Ling Bo. Exercise Physiology [M] Wuhan: Huazhong University of Science and Technology Press, 2015\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWang Ruiyuan, Su Quansheng. Exercise Physiology [M] Beijing: People\u0026apos;s Sports Publishing House, 2012\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLiu Dawei. Clinical Hemodynamics [M]. Beijing: People\u0026apos;s Health Publishing House, 2013\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"blood pressure, heart rate, quantification of physical energy consumption, human body heat consumption detection","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3952616/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3952616/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eUnderstanding and mastering the characteristics and laws of physical energy consumption can not only improve work efficiency, but also ensure safety. Currently, physical energy consumption remains at the level of inferring physiological load conditions through changes in exercise load. According to the literature and previous experimental data, it is found that blood pressure and heart rate are highly consistent with the exercise process. Based on the differential and integral results of B.P. and H.R. multiplier curves at different exercise intensities, the rate and amount characteristics of physical energy consumption are analyzed. It is concluded that the key problem of quantitative analysis of physical energy consumption is real-time high-frequency collection of B.P. and H.R., and accurate heat consumption. Consider collecting data on B.P., H.R., heat consumption, and tissue oxygen in various states from different populations, professions, and genders, and construct models for physical energy assessment, exercise risk detection, and physical energy training.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Key Issues in Quantitative Analysis of Physical Energy Consumption","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-03-07 06:21:01","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3952616/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"9ad36364-eba0-4e3f-a284-a9ac73a701e1","owner":[],"postedDate":"March 7th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":29160953,"name":"Biological sciences/Biophysics"},{"id":29160954,"name":"Biological sciences/Physiology"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-04-04T06:52:04+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-03-07 06:21:01","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-3952616","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-3952616","identity":"rs-3952616","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}