Biological control of Alternaria alternata causing surface rot on Amasya Apples using apple endophytic bacteria

Biological control of Alternaria alternata causing surface rot on Amasya Apples using apple endophytic bacteria | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Biological control of Alternaria alternata causing surface rot on Amasya Apples using apple endophytic bacteria Idris Bektas, Ferit Can Yazdic, Mustafa Kusek This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3419754/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract In this study, an isolate of Alternaria alternata , the causal agent of apple fruit rot, was isolated from rotten cv Amasya Apple and identified based on ITS gene analysis and morphological analyses. Out of 58 different endophytic bacteria isolated from internal tissues of apples, twenty-six isolates caused the radial growth inhibition of A. alternata in dual cultures. Based on 16S rRNA sequencing analysis, these endophytic antagonistic bacteria were identified as Bacillus ssp. Bacillus methylotrophicus (ib17) exhibited the highest significant inhibitory effect on the mycelial growth of A. alternata at a rate of 79.45% under in vitro conditions. The in vivo analysis revealed that the biocontrol efficiency of the Bacillus licheniformis (ib20) against A. alternata reached 100% with a treatment duration of 24 h before the introduction of A. alternata . When the bacteria and A. alternata were introduced simultaneously, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (ib1), Bacillus licheniformis (ib21), and Endophytic bacterium (ib16) showed the highest biocontrol effect against A. alternata at 81.8%. Moreover, when the bacteria introduced 24 h after A. alternata , Bacillus licheniformis (ib21) showed the highest biocontrol efficacy at 83.3% against the fungus compared to the controls. The endophytic bacteria could produce fungus cell wall hydrolyzing enzymes such as chitinase, cellulase, amylase, and protease. According to the results of this study, apple endophytic bacteria are a potential candidate to control apple rot caused by A. alternata due to cell wall hydrolyzing enzymes, as well as to reduce disease severity. However, further research needs to be carried out on the biochemical basis of their activity against A. alternata . Biological control Amasya Apple Alternaria alternata Endophytic bacteria Hydrolyzing enzymes Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-3419754","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":238901075,"identity":"c4c808a7-6230-47eb-b1ae-e89d26ad4e76","order_by":0,"name":"Idris Bektas","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"","institution":"Amasya University","correspondingAuthor":true,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Idris","middleName":"","lastName":"Bektas","suffix":""},{"id":238901076,"identity":"8b503880-a8f4-497f-a312-a37605a40c73","order_by":1,"name":"Ferit Can Yazdic","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Munzur University","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ferit","middleName":"Can","lastName":"Yazdic","suffix":""},{"id":238901077,"identity":"0f02edbb-0344-4d76-b717-77a82be45531","order_by":2,"name":"Mustafa Kusek","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mustafa","middleName":"","lastName":"Kusek","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2023-10-07 18:29:05","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3419754/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3419754/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":44510206,"identity":"225cf5aa-944f-414d-8f97-691afd809a0b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-10-12 13:37:21","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":633467,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"BiologicalcontrolofAlternariaalternata.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3419754/v1_covered_844e921e-5994-4a2f-bb59-64b10d76923d.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Biological control of Alternaria alternata causing surface rot on Amasya Apples using apple endophytic bacteria","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Biological control, Amasya Apple, Alternaria alternata, Endophytic bacteria, Hydrolyzing enzymes","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3419754/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3419754/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eIn this study, an isolate of \u003cem\u003eAlternaria alternata\u003c/em\u003e, the causal agent of apple fruit rot, was isolated from rotten cv Amasya Apple and identified based on ITS gene analysis and morphological analyses. Out of 58 different endophytic bacteria isolated from internal tissues of apples, twenty-six isolates caused the radial growth inhibition of \u003cem\u003eA. alternata\u003c/em\u003e in dual cultures. Based on 16S rRNA sequencing analysis, these endophytic antagonistic bacteria were identified as \u003cem\u003eBacillus\u003c/em\u003e ssp. \u003cem\u003eBacillus methylotrophicus\u003c/em\u003e(ib17) exhibited the highest significant inhibitory effect on the mycelial growth of \u003cem\u003eA. alternata\u003c/em\u003e at a rate of 79.45% under \u003cem\u003ein vitro\u003c/em\u003e conditions. The \u003cem\u003ein vivo\u003c/em\u003e analysis revealed that the biocontrol efficiency of the \u003cem\u003eBacillus licheniformis\u003c/em\u003e(ib20) against \u003cem\u003eA. alternata\u003c/em\u003e reached 100% with a treatment duration of 24 h before the introduction of \u003cem\u003eA. alternata\u003c/em\u003e. When the bacteria and \u003cem\u003eA. alternata\u003c/em\u003e were introduced simultaneously, \u003cem\u003eBacillus amyloliquefaciens\u003c/em\u003e(ib1), \u003cem\u003eBacillus licheniformis\u003c/em\u003e(ib21), and \u003cem\u003eEndophytic bacterium\u003c/em\u003e (ib16) showed the highest biocontrol effect against \u003cem\u003eA. alternata\u003c/em\u003e at 81.8%. Moreover, when the bacteria introduced 24 h after \u003cem\u003eA. alternata\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eBacillus licheniformis\u003c/em\u003e(ib21) showed the highest biocontrol efficacy at 83.3% against the fungus compared to the controls. The endophytic bacteria could produce fungus cell wall hydrolyzing enzymes such as chitinase, cellulase, amylase, and protease. According to the results of this study, apple endophytic bacteria are a potential candidate to control apple rot caused by \u003cem\u003eA. alternata\u003c/em\u003e due to cell wall hydrolyzing enzymes, as well as to reduce disease severity. 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