Association Between Endometriosis and Mental Disorders Including Psychiatric Disorders, Suicide, and All-Cause Mortality -A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study in Taiwan

Endometriosis is an estrogen-dependent common gynecological disease, characterized by the presence of endometrial tissue in sites other than the uterine cavity. 1 , 2 Estimates of prevalence are approximately 10% in the general population; for women with reduced fertility, the prevalence rate ranges from 25% to 40%. 3 Nevertheless, visitation of the disease is required for a diagnosis; for the reason that, these values are potentially underestimated. According to the classification of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine, there are four different stages of endometriosis; stages I and II represent initial stages, while stages III and IV are advanced stages. 4 , 5 The stage of endometriosis is based on the location, amount, depth, and size of the endometriotic foci. 4–6 Even though some patients may be asymptomatic, common clinical manifestations may encompass chronic pelvic pain, dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia, dysuria, subfertility, and infertility. 7–9 Due to the range of symptoms, endometriosis is often diagnosed later in the disease process, resulting in delayed treatment, which negatively affects the quality of patients’ life. 7 , 10 The high risk of recurrence is a major challenge for females with endometriosis. 3 , 11 After treatment, the symptomatic recurrence rates of endometriosis have been reported to range from 21.5% at two years to 50% at five years. 1 , 12 Psychiatric, or mental disorders, are defined as being clinically significant behavioral or psychological syndromes, which are associated with present distress, disability, or an increased risk of suffering death, pain, or disability, and subsequent behavioral, psychological, or biological dysfunctions. 13 , 14 Psychiatric disorders are associated with suicide and all-cause mortality. 15 , 16 In our study, mental disorders encompass psychiatric disorders, suicide, and all-cause mortality. In addition, we also analyzed some details covering anxiety, depression, bipolar, sleep disorders, etc. Previous literature proved that people with endometriosis had an increased risk of anxiety, bipolar disorders, and suicide. 12 , 17 , 18 Under these circumstances, we hypothesized that endometriosis is associated with mental disorders which include psychiatric disorders, suicide, and all-cause mortality, conducted a nationwide, population-based, cohort study, and utilized the National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD). According to recent literature, endometriosis may have a negative impact on patients’ low quality of life as well as psychiatric health, similar to that for chronic pelvic pain. 19 , 20 Simultaneously, pain in endometriosis serve as a risk factor for subsequent psychiatric disorders. 20 In the discussion part, we state the association between chronic pelvic pain and subsequent psychiatric disorders. However, there is a lack of study directly utilizing large databases to examine patients with endometriosis and the risk of mental disorders in Taiwan. Therefore, it is needed to verify the association between them.

Of a total of 100,770 participants, Kaplan-Meier survival analysis revealed that there was a statistically significant difference in the development of mental disorders, including psychiatric disorders and suicide besides, at the 1st year of follow-up, the difference between the two groups became significant (long-rank, p<0.001) ( Figure 2 ). Figure 2 Kaplan-Meier for survival of mental disorders among aged 18–49 women stratified by endometriosis with Log rank test. Kaplan-Meier for survival of mental disorders among aged 18–49 women stratified by endometriosis with Log rank test. The average follow-up period for the diagnosis of endometriosis to mental disorders was 7.21±5.34 years, which is less than the comparison group (7.84±5.80 years). Besides, we also studied the incidence and prevalence of mental disorders among different cohorts ( Tables 1 and S2 ). Table 1 Years to Mental Disorders Endometriosis Min Median Max Mean ± SD With 0.02 6.12 15.85 7.21 ± 5.34 Without 0.02 6.86 15.89 7.84 ± 5.80 Overall 0.02 6.67 15.89 7.71 ± 5.72 Note : Mean: average number. Abbreviation : SD, standard deviation. Years to Mental Disorders Note : Mean: average number. Abbreviation : SD, standard deviation. Table 2 shows age groups, monthly insured premiums, comorbidities, season of medical visits, geographical area of residence, urbanization, level of care, of the study subjects, and controls. The distribution of age, pneumonia, injury, tumor, and season of medical visits between these two groups was not a statistically significant difference. The majority of participants were above 40 (48.55%) for the endometriosis group and the control group. The patients suffering from endometriosis were more likely to live in northern and southern Taiwan and urbanization level 1 and 2, receiving medical care from the hospital centers and regional hospitals, paying the less insured premium. The endometriosis cohort tended to have more diabetes mellitus (DM), hypertension (HTN), renal disease, hyperlipidemia, thyrotoxicosis, chronic liver disease (CLD) than the non-endometriosis control cohort. Table 2 Characteristics of Study in the Baseline Endometriosis Total With Without P Variables n % n % n % Total 100,770 20,154 20.00 80,616 80.00 Age (years) 40.10 ± 18.26 40.08 ± 18.22 40.11 ± 18.27 0.835 Age groups (yrs) 0.999 ≦19 1020 1.01 204 1.01 816 1.01 20–29 14,875 14.76 2975 14.76 11,900 14.76 30–39 35,950 35.68 7190 35.68 28,760 35.68 ≧40 48,925 48.55 9785 48.55 39,140 48.55 Insured premium (NT$) <0.001 <18,000 82,104 81.48 16,452 81.63 65,652 81.44 18,000–34,999 10,444 10.36 2331 11.57 8113 10.06 ≧35,000 8222 8.16 1371 6.80 6851 8.50 DM <0.001 Without 88,161 87.49 17,257 85.63 70,904 87.95 With 12,609 12.51 2897 14.37 9712 12.05 HTN <0.001 Without 87,391 86.72 16,753 83.12 70,638 87.62 With 13,379 13.28 3401 16.88 9978 12.38 Renal disease <0.001 Without 89,216 88.53 17,634 87.50 71,582 88.79 With 11,554 11.47 2520 12.50 9034 11.21 Hyperlipidemia 0.009 Without 93,705 92.99 18,656 92.57 75,049 93.09 With 7065 7.01 1498 7.43 5567 6.91 Thyrotoxicosis <0.001 Without 98,870 98.11 19,668 97.59 79,202 98.25 With 1900 1.89 486 2.41 1414 1.75 Pneumonia 0.064 Without 89,964 89.28 17,920 88.92 72,044 89.37 With 10,806 10.72 2234 11.08 8572 10.63 CLD 0.003 Without 92,436 91.73 18,382 91.21 74,054 91.86 With 8334 8.27 1772 8.79 6562 8.14 Injury 0.247 Without 85,449 84.80 17,037 84.53 68,412 84.86 With 15,321 15.20 3117 15.47 12,204 15.14 Tumor 0.632 Without 97,618 96.87 19,513 96.82 78,105 96.89 With 3152 3.13 641 3.18 2511 3.11 Season of medical visit 0.999 Spring (Mar-May) 25,250 25.06 5050 25.06 20,200 25.06 Summer (Jun-Aug) 25,560 25.36 5112 25.36 20,448 25.36 Autumn (Sep-Nov) 25,375 25.18 5075 25.18 20,300 25.18 Winter (Dec-Feb) 24,585 24.40 4917 24.40 19,668 24.40 Location <0.001 Northern Taiwan 34,377 34.11 6275 31.14 28,102 34.86 Central Taiwan 26,395 26.19 5145 25.53 21,250 26.36 Southern Taiwan 25,308 25.11 5523 27.40 19,785 24.54 Eastern Taiwan 12,082 11.99 2991 14.84 9091 11.28 Outlying islands 2608 2.59 220 1.09 2388 2.96 Urbanization level <0.001 1 (The highest) 32,716 32.47 6173 30.63 26,543 32.93 2 36,769 36.49 6972 34.59 29,797 36.96 3 14,360 14.25 3125 15.51 11,235 13.94 4 (The lowest) 16,925 16.80 3884 19.27 13,041 16.18 Level of care <0.001 Hospital center 27,413 27.20 7652 37.97 19,761 24.51 Regional hospital 38,903 38.61 6862 34.05 32,041 39.75 Local hospital 34,454 34.19 5640 27.98 28,814 35.74 Notes : P : Chi-square/Fisher exact test on category variables and t -test on continue variables; the pink boxes demonstrate the statistical significance. (p-value<0.05). Characteristics of Study in the Baseline Notes : P : Chi-square/Fisher exact test on category variables and t -test on continue variables; the pink boxes demonstrate the statistical significance. (p-value<0.05). Table 3 demonstrated the result of Cox regression analysis of some factors associated with the risk to developmental disorders. The crude HR is 2.978 (95% CI= 2.237–3.865, p<0.001). After adjusting for age, monthly insured premium, comorbidities, season of medical visits, geographical area of residence, and urbanization level of the residence, the adjusted HR is 2.131 (95% CI= 1.531–2.788, p<0.001). For the subgroup aged≥40 of the endometriosis group, the risk of developing mental disorders is 2.251 times higher than the participants aged≤19. Table 3 Factors of Mental Disorders by Using Cox Regression Variables Crude HR 95% CI 95% CI P Adjusted HR 95% CI 95% CI P Endometriosis Without Reference Reference With 2.978 2.237 3.865 <0.001 2.131 1.531 2.788 <0.001 Age groups (yrs) ≦19 Reference Reference 20–29 1.897 1.234 2.701 <0.001 1.435 1.134 1.798 <0.001 30–39 2.765 1.883 3.342 <0.001 1.862 1.370 2.131 <0.001 ≧40 3.004 2.245 3.798 <0.001 2.251 1.883 2.842 <0.001 Insured premium (NT$) <18,000 Reference Reference 18,000–34,999 0.782 0.286 1.567 0.725 0.883 0.372 1.771 0.682 ≧35,000 0.645 0.201 1.268 0.789 0.725 0.295 1.482 0.735 DM Without Reference Reference With 2.250 1.860 2.776 <0.001 2.025 1.672 2.553 <0.001 HTN Without Reference Reference With 2.786 2.035 3.672 <0.001 2.421 1.896 3.112 <0.001 Renal disease Without Reference Reference With 2.120 1.455 2.679 <0.001 2.018 1.431 2.621 <0.001 Hyperlipidemia Without Reference Reference With 1.562 1.134 1.972 <0.001 1.403 1.048 1.886 0.002 Thyrotoxicosis Without Reference Reference With 1.322 1.065 1.664 <0.001 1.276 1.001 1.596 0.050 Pneumonia Without Reference Reference With 1.786 1.256 2.576 <0.001 1.603 1.189 2.431 <0.001 CLD Without Reference Reference With 2.235 1.465 2.767 <0.001 2.111 1.352 2.577 <0.001 Injury Without Reference Reference With 2.330 1.425 3.239 <0.001 2.065 1.207 2.844 <0.001 Tumor Without Reference Reference With 2.706 1.756 3.875 <0.001 2.129 1.573 3.091 <0.001 Season of medical visit Spring Reference Reference Summer 0.925 0.620 1.372 0.446 0.844 0.531 1.221 0.511 Autumn 1.031 0.743 1.452 0.358 0.986 0.682 1.324 0.425 Winter 0.972 0.688 1.398 0.412 0.912 0.586 1.298 0.498 Location Multicollinearity with urbanization level Northern Taiwan Reference Multicollinearity with urbanization level Central Taiwan 0.986 0.771 1.352 0.347 Multicollinearity with urbanization level Southern Taiwan 1.265 0.835 1.850 0.262 Multicollinearity with urbanization level Eastern Taiwan 0.771 0.465 1.221 0.564 Multicollinearity with urbanization level Outlying islands 0.523 0.121 2.894 0.899 Multicollinearity with urbanization level Urbanization level 1 (The highest) 2.354 1.476 3.398 <0.001 1.996 1.267 2.789 <0.001 2 1.986 1.255 2.737 <0.001 1.789 1.044 2.420 0.007 3 1.531 1.003 2.030 0.048 1.235 0.842 2.060 0.159 4 (The lowest) Reference Reference Level of care Hospital center 2.989 1.689 3.311 <0.001 2.603 1.581 2.989 <0.001 Regional hospital 2.065 1.452 2.689 <0.001 1.751 1.303 2.446 <0.001 Local hospital Reference Reference Notes : Adjusted HR: Adjusted variables listed in the table; Multicollinearity: correlated with other independent variables; the pink boxes demonstrate the statistical significance. (p-value<0.05). Abbreviation : HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval. Factors of Mental Disorders by Using Cox Regression Notes : Adjusted HR: Adjusted variables listed in the table; Multicollinearity: correlated with other independent variables; the pink boxes demonstrate the statistical significance. (p-value<0.05). Abbreviation : HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval. In Table 4 , by stratification with age, monthly insured premiums, comorbidities, season of medical visits, urbanization levels, levels of care from medical visits, etc., the risk to develop mental disorders in the endometriosis cohort is higher than the control group. In different urbanization levels, geographic areas of residence, monthly income, levels of care, seasons of visit, the subjects were associated with an increased risk of mental disorders, encompassing psychiatric disorders, suicide, and all-cause mortality. Table 4 Factors of Mental Disorders Stratified by Variables Listed in the Table by Using Cox Regression Endometriosis With With vs Without (Reference) Stratified Events PYs Rate (Per 10 5 PYs) Adjusted HR 95% CI 95% CI P Total 4083 188,033.75 2171.42 2.131 1.531 2.788 <0.001 Age groups (yrs) ≦19 32 1847.30 1732.26 1.671 1.200 2.186 <0.001 20–29 583 27,392.41 2128.33 2.090 1.502 2.735 <0.001 30–39 1435 65,971.35 2175.19 2.136 1.534 2.794 <0.001 ≧40 2033 92,822.69 2190.20 2.149 1.544 2.811 <0.001 Insured premium (NT$) <18,000 3310 152,369.22 2172.35 2.164 1.555 2.831 <0.001 18,000–34,999 572 23,931.20 2390.19 2.132 1.532 2.789 <0.001 ≧35,000 201 11,733.33 1713.07 1.640 1.178 2.145 <0.001 DM Without 3438 160,268.64 2145.15 2.105 1.512 2.753 <0.001 With 645 27,765.11 2323.06 2.285 1.642 2.990 <0.001 HTN Without 3348 154,801.69 2162.77 2.124 1.526 2.778 <0.001 With 735 33,232.06 2211.72 2.163 1.554 2.830 <0.001 Renal disease Without 3550 163,912.67 2165.79 2.124 1.526 2.779 <0.001 With 533 24,121.08 2209.69 2.182 1.568 2.854 <0.001 Hyperlipidemia Without 3761 173,710.50 2165.10 2.125 1.527 2.780 <0.001 With 322 14,323.25 2248.09 2.201 1.582 2.880 <0.001 Thyrotoxicosis Without 3982 183,435.30 2170.79 2.129 1.530 2.786 <0.001 With 101 4598.45 2196.39 2.206 1.585 2.886 <0.001 Pneumonia Without 3600 165,922.60 2169.69 2.131 1.531 2.788 <0.001 With 483 22,111.15 2184.42 2.132 1.531 2.789 <0.001 CLD Without 3705 170,962.79 2167.14 2.127 1.528 2.783 <0.001 With 378 17,070.96 2214.29 2.168 1.557 2.836 <0.001 Injury Without 3420 158,308.87 2160.33 2.120 1.523 2.774 <0.001 With 663 29,724.88 2230.45 2.187 1.571 2.861 <0.001 Tumor Without 3940 181,615.53 2169.42 2.130 1.530 2.786 <0.001 With 143 6418.22 2228.03 2.161 1.553 2.828 <0.001 Season of medical visit Spring 995 46,764.70 2127.67 2.202 1.582 2.881 <0.001 Summer 1013 47,927.65 2113.60 2.074 1.490 2.713 <0.001 Autumn 1065 47,388.22 2247.39 2.159 1.551 2.824 <0.001 Winter 1010 45,953.18 2197.89 2.089 1.501 2.733 <0.001 Urbanization level 1 (The highest) 1305 56,949.38 2291.51 2.249 1.616 2.942 <0.001 2 1404 65,038.72 2158.71 2.111 1.517 2.762 <0.001 3 625 29864.11 2092.81 2.071 1.488 2.710 <0.001 4 (The lowest) 749 36,181.54 2070.12 2.032 1.460 2.659 <0.001 Level of care Hospital center 1789 71,814.44 2491.14 2.556 1.836 3.344 <0.001 Regional hospital 1231 62,696.85 1963.42 2.044 1.469 2.674 <0.001 Local hospital 1063 53,522.46 1986.08 1.779 1.278 2.327 <0.001 Notes : Adjusted HR = Adjusted Hazard ratio: Adjusted for the variables listed in Table 3 .; CI = confidence interval; the pink boxes demonstrate the statistical significance. (p-value<0.05). Abbreviations : PYs, Person-years. Factors of Mental Disorders Stratified by Variables Listed in the Table by Using Cox Regression Notes : Adjusted HR = Adjusted Hazard ratio: Adjusted for the variables listed in Table 3 .; CI = confidence interval; the pink boxes demonstrate the statistical significance. (p-value<0.05). Abbreviations : PYs, Person-years. Table 5 revealed the adjusted HR of suicide with adjusted HR: 1.447, p=0.009, all-cause mortality with adjusted HR: 2.315, p<0.001, psychiatric disorders with adjusted HR: 2.125, p<0.001, depression with adjusted HR: 2.773, p<0.001, anxiety with adjusted HR: 2.494, p<0.001, sleep disorders with adjusted HR: 2.295, p<0.001 in the study cohort, in comparison with participants without endometriosis. Besides, we found a surprising thing that PTSD/ASD was statistically significant on the whole. When the first year was excluded, PTSD/ASD was statistically significant as well. Nevertheless, there is no statistically significant when the first five years were excluded. Table 5 Factors of Mental Disorders Subgroups by Using Cox Regression Endometriosis With vs Without (Reference) Sensitivity Test Mental Disorders Subgroups Adjusted HR 95% CI 95% CI P Overall Overall 2.131 1.531 2.788 <0.001  Mental disorders 2.125 1.527 2.781 <0.001   Anxiety 2.494 1.791 3.262 <0.001   Depression 2.773 1.992 3.628 <0.001   Bipolar 1.367 0.982 1.788 0.072   Sleep disorders 2.295 1.649 3.002 <0.001   PTSD / ASD 2.194 1.576 2.870 <0.001   Dementia 1.128 0.811 1.476 0.186   Eating disorders 1.971 1.416 2.579 <0.001   SRD 2.080 1.494 2.721 <0.001   Psychotic disorders 1.794 1.289 2.348 <0.001   Autism 1.126 0.809 1.473 0.197   Other mental disorders 1.061 0.763 1.389 0.245   Suicide 1.447 1.040 1.893 0.009   All-caused mortality 2.315 1.663 3.029 <0.001 In the first year excluded Overall 2.132 1.532 2.789 <0.001  Mental disorders 2.123 1.525 2.777 <0.001   Anxiety 2.491 1.790 3.259 <0.001   Depression 2.755 1.979 3.604 <0.001   Bipolar 1.363 0.979 1.783 0.083   Sleep disorders 2.295 1.649 3.002 <0.001   PTSD / ASD 2.696 1.937 3.528 <0.001   Dementia 1.146 0.824 1.500 0.172   Eating disorders 1.946 1.398 2.546 <0.001   SRD 2.075 1.491 2.715 <0.001   Psychotic disorders 1.761 1.265 2.304 <0.001   Autism 0.963 0.692 1.260 0.305   Other mental disorders 1.130 0.812 1.479 0.199   Suicide 1.455 1.045 1.903 0.003   All-caused mortality 2.331 1.674 3.049 <0.001 In the first 5 years excluded Overall 2.141 1.538 2.802 <0.001  Mental disorders 2.123 1.525 2.778 <0.001   Anxiety 2.545 1.828 3.329 <0.001   Depression 2.839 2.040 3.714 <0.001   Bipolar 1.380 0.992 1.806 0.060   Sleep disorders 2.328 1.672 3.045 <0.001   PTSD / ASD 1.076 0.773 1.408 0.270   Dementia 1.101 0.791 1.440 0.209   Eating disorders 1.928 1.385 2.522 <0.001   SRD 1.926 1.384 2.520 <0.001   Psychotic disorders 1.812 1.302 2.371 <0.001   Autism 1.020 0.733 1.334 0.278   Other mental disorders 1.016 0.730 1.330 0.264   Suicide 1.389 0.998 1.818 0.053   All-caused mortality 2.417 1.736 3.162 <0.001 Notes : Adjusted HR = Adjusted Hazard ratio: Adjusted for the variables listed in Table 3 .; CI = confidence interval; the pink boxes demonstrate the statistical significance. (p-value<0.05). Factors of Mental Disorders Subgroups by Using Cox Regression Notes : Adjusted HR = Adjusted Hazard ratio: Adjusted for the variables listed in Table 3 .; CI = confidence interval; the pink boxes demonstrate the statistical significance. (p-value<0.05).

In 1995, the National Health Insurance (NHI) program was launched, and it has included contracts with 97% of medical providers with approximately a 23million beneficiaries, or more than 99% of the entire population, as of June 2009. 21 , 22 The NHIRD contains all claims data of the beneficiaries, using the International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) codes to record diagnoses. 23 , 24 The details of this program have been documented in a previous study. 22 In this study, we used data from the NHIRD to investigate the association between subjects with endometriosis over a 16-year period. 25 As a subset of the NHIRD, the Longitudinal Health Insurance Database of a two million randomized sampled population in 2000–2015, was used to study the association between endometriosis and the risk of mental disorders, including psychiatric disorders, suicide, all-cause mortality. 26 In this study, we used data from the NHIRD to investigate the association between patients with endometriosis (ICD-9-CM:617) and patients suffering from mental disorders, encompassing all-cause mortality (ICD-9-CM: 800–999), suicide (ICD-9-CM: E950-E959), and psychiatric disorders (ICD-9-CM: 290–319) over a 16-year period, from the total hospitalization Longitudinal Health Insurance Database in Taiwan (2000–2015). All procedure concerning human participants in this study were carried out in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and institutional research council and similar relevant ethical standards. The study was approved by the Institution Review Board of Tri-Service General Hospital at the National Defense Medical Center in Taipei, Taiwan. (TSGH IRB No. B-111-19) Additionally, on account of the regulations in Taiwan, our ethics committee waived the need for informed consent. Figure 1 is the flowchart of this study, illustrating the case-screening process (inclusion and exclusion criteria) and the follow-up results, as well as the risk of mental disorders between patients with endometriosis and the reference cohort. After the exclusion criteria took effect, a total of 100,770 participants, encompassing 20,154 in the study group and 80,616 in the comparison group (1:4), were enrolled during the study period (2000–2015). The mental disorders incidence of the endometriosis group is 20.26%; nevertheless, the control group showed mental disorders incidence of 11.44%. Figure 1 The flowchart of this study. The flowchart of this study. This study was of a population-based, matched-cohort design. Patients with newly diagnosed endometriosis were selected from the Longitudinal Health Insurance Database from January 1, 2000, to December 31, 2015. The patients with endometriosis before 2000 were excluded. This method could function as a way to make sure that these diseases were recent-onset with references from other studies for the association between endometriosis and mental disorders, utilizing the NHIRD. 27 Additionally, the patients diagnosed with mental disorders (including anxiety, depression, bipolar, sleep disorders, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)/ acute stress disorder (ASD), dementia, eating disorders, substance-related disorders (SRD), psychotic disorders, autism, and other mental disorders) suicide, all-caused mortality, sleep disorders, and psychotic disorders, before 2000, or before their first visit for endometriosis were also excluded. 28 A total of the patients who were enrolled, covering 20,154 participants in the study cohort and 80,616 controls without endometriosis, were matched for age and index date. 28 , 29 Each enrolled participant was required to have made at least three outpatient visits or one inpatient episode in the 1-year study period for endometriosis according to these ICD-9-CM codes. 29 ( Table S1 ) The covariates included age groups (<=19, 20–44, 45–64, ≥65 years), geographical area of residence (north, center, south, and east of Taiwan), urbanization level of residence (levels 1 to 4), and monthly income (in New Taiwan Dollars [NT$]; < 18,000, 18,000–34,999, ≥35,000; approximately 30 New Taiwan Dollars to US dollar). The urbanization level of residence was defined according to the population and various indicators of the level of development. 30 Level 1 was defined as a population of > 1,250,000, and a specific designation as political, economic, cultural, and metropolitan development. Level 2 was defined as a population between 500,000 and 1,249,999, and as playing an important role in politics, economy, and culture. Urbanization levels 3 and 4 were defined as a population between 149,999 and 499,999, and <149,999, respectively. 31 All of the study participants were followed from the index date until the onset of, mental disorders (ICD-9-CM: 290–319) (including anxiety (ICD-9-CM: 300), depression (ICD-9-CM: 296.2–296.3, 300.4, 311), bipolar (ICD-9-CM: 296.0, 296.4–296.8), sleep disorders (ICD-9-CM: 307.4, 780.5), PTSD/ASD (ICD-9-CM: 308, 309.81), dementia (ICD-9-CM: 290.0–290.4, 290.8–290.9, 331.0), eating disorders (ICD-9-CM: 307.1, 307.5), SRD (ICD-9-CM: 291–292, 303.3, 303.9, 304–305), psychotic disorders (ICD-9-CM: 295, 297–298), autism (ICD-9-CM: 299.0), and other mental disorders (ICD-9-CM: 290–319 excluding listed above)), suicide (ICD-9-CM: E950-E959), all-cause mortality (ICD-9-CM: 800–999), withdrew from the NHI program, or the end of 2015. In addition, each psychiatric diagnosis was required to have made at least three outpatient visits within the 1-year study period for psychiatric disorders according to these ICD-9-CM codes. 27 , 32 All statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS for Windows, version 22.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). χ 2 and t -tests were used to evaluate the distributions of the categorical and continuous variables, respectively. The results were presented as hazard ratio (HR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI). 25 The differences in the risk of subsequent mental disorders between the endometriosis and non-endometriosis cohorts were estimated via the Kaplan-Meier method and Log rank tests. A two-tailed p-value < 0.05 was considered to indicate the statistical significance. 32 , 33

In conclusion, the present study was designed to determine the association between endometriosis and mental disorders, including psychiatric disorders and suicide, especially in elder females. These experiments confirmed that endometriosis may be a risk factor for mental disorders by multiple regression analysis. Women with endometriosis were nearly twofold inclined to develop mental disorders. This project is the first comprehensive investigation to examine the association between endometriosis and mental disorders; nevertheless, the study was limited by the absence of the data from other nations and regions. We recommend that Health Promotion Administration complete of scales, advocate, and form the medical policies for the physical and mental health of women.

In our study, by using two million NHIRD with the advantage of a large dataset, we investigated the association between endometriosis and mental disorders covering psychiatric disorders, suicide, and all-cause mortality. In our study, we have excluded the patients and controls with psychiatric disorders before the follow-up period. After adjusting for comorbidities and other covariates, the overall adjusted HR was 2.131 (95% CI =1.531–2.788, p<0.001) when compared to the comparison cohort. To put it differently, patients with endometriosis had a 2.1-fold risk of developing mental disorders. Participants with endometriosis are associated with an increased risk of mental disorders, especially in depression and anxiety in this group. As a consequence, a regular psychiatric follow-up might be important for the patients who received endometriosis. The Kaplan–Meier analysis demonstrated that the study group had a significantly higher 16-year mental disorders-free survival rate than the controls. In our study, mental disorders encompassing psychiatric disorders, 34 , 35 suicide, 36 , 37 and all-cause mortality are associated with endometriosis. Menghan (2020) carried out a cohort study in Sweden, which showed that for those with endometriosis, the adjusted HR of depressive disorders was 1.89, the adjusted HR of anxiety and stress-related disorders was 1.82, and the adjusted HR of bipolar and other affective psychotic disorders was 1.62. 38 Another cross-section study in the United States demonstrated that anxiety disorders predominated at 45% in patients with endometriosis, and this was followed by depressive disorders (31.3%). 1 By conducting a retrospective matched cohort study in the United States, comparing patients with documented endometriosis to those without, the adjusted HR of anxiety, depression, and self-directed violence were 1.38, 1.48, and 2.03, respectively. 12 In the same vein, after adjusting for other factors, the adjusted HR of depression was 2.494, the adjusted HR of anxiety was 2.773 in our study, similar to a previous study, utilizing the NHIRD as well. 39 Besides, Chen (2020) claimed that patients with endometriosis were more likely to suffer from bipolar disorders. 17 However, further studies are needed to clarify the underlying mechanism. Psychiatric disorders have an association with suicide and all-cause mortality. 15 , 40 , 41 Previous studies demonstrated the association between endometriosis and suicide. Endometriosis may be a risk factor to increase patients’ suicide ideation. 36 , 42 , 43 Our study is the first general population-based cohort study to investigate the associations between endometriosis and suicide. In our study, after adjusting for covariates and comorbidities, the adjusted HR of suicide was 1.447. Conversely, Saavalainen (2019) argues that the association between all-cause mortality and endometriosis remains uncertain and is needed to carry out further studies to identify the association. 44 Nevertheless, in our study, patients with endometriosis have a 2.315-fold risk for developing all-cause mortality. It is needed to conduct further studies to clarify the underlying mechanisms. Endometriosis is a risk factor for affecting patients’ psychiatric health. 45 , 46 Mental disorders covering psychiatric disorders, suicide, all-cause mortality were most common in women of reproductive age and from low socioeconomic. 5 Due to the repetitive and consistent menstrual cycle, the menstrual cycle could maximize the endometriosis symptoms for reproductive age of women. 47 The underlying pathopsychological mechanism of the increased risk of mental disorders in people with endometriosis remains unclarified. The relationship between endometriosis and mental disorders is based on the symptoms of endometriosis. 10 Chronic pelvic pain, dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia, dysuria, subfertility, and infertility are features of endometriosis. 48–50 When estimating the association between endometriosis and psychiatric health, chronic pelvic pain is a critical variable needed to be taken into account, defined as a nonmalignant pain perceived in pelvic areas that is constant or recurs over 6 months. 51–53 Psychological factors should be involved, serving as an important factor to affect pain experience in people with endometriosis. 35 , 54 Chronic pain is a well-known mediator of sleep disorders, anxiety, and depression. 55 , 56 Chronic pain also function as a risk factor for suicide and all-cause mortality. 18 , 57 The previous study suggested that psychopathological diseases amplify pain symptoms in patients with endometriosis. 54 In this way, patients with psychiatric diseases may influence the severity of chronic pelvic pain, and chronic pelvic pain contributes to worsen psychiatric disorders, which created a vicious circle. The association between dysmenorrhea and stress is bidirectional. 58 Experiencing monthly repeated menstrual pain might increase the risk of experiencing psychiatric disorders especially depression and anxiety, or stress and vice versa. 58–60 Having these psychiatric disorders may exacerbate the severity of menstrual pain. 59 , 61 Tayyeb (2022) points out that dyspareunia, painful sexual intercourse, affecting approximately 10 to 28% of the population in a lifetime is a common female health problem. 62 The previous studies suggested that dyspareunia and dysuria have a significant effect on physical as well as mental health, contributing to depression, anxiety, etc. 62–65 Infertility is a common medical condition, leading to mental, psychological, physical detriments to the patients. 66 , 67 According to statistics, up to 30–40% of women who have endometriosis also have a problem with fertility. 68 Infertility and associated diagnoses have overall health implications. 69 It has been considered as a social stigma, treated as a physically, mentally, socially damaging experience. 8 , 66 Sexuality is a fundamental dimension of human life with critical implications for psychiatry health and global quality of life. 70 , 71 Nevertheless, female sexuality can be influenced by chronic gynecological diseases such as endometriosis. 70–72 As demonstrated by several previous studies, women with endometriosis tend to have a more significant risk of deep dyspareunia; additionally, endometriosis is also associated with an increased risk of mental and psychosexual disorders. 73–75 Chronic pelvic pain is one of the clinical manifestations of endometriosis which might contribute to the decreasing number of sexual relations. 72 Montanari argues that endometriosis-related dyspareunia may lead to less sexual satisfaction and an inability to reach orgasm during intercourse. 76 The high prevalence of sexual dysfunctions in women with endometriosis, including potential and ovarian endometriosis and deep infiltrating endometriosis, is alarming. (About two-thirds of women with endometriosis) 73 , 75 Dyspareunia may negatively affect the mental health and psychical health of women. 75 Besides, a meta-analysis suggests a bidirectional association between depression and sexual dysfunction. 77 However, we do not take sexual dysfunction into consideration in our study. There are several clinical implications for the knowledge from the knowledge in this study. In the beginning, in this endometriosis group of women, conversation respecting psychiatric disorders, suicide, mortality should be included into the daily care. Providing a platform is necessary for those women who worsens the psychological disorder owing to pain perception. Additionally, for those with endometriosis, routine and active screening for psychiatric disorders could facilitate in diagnosis and manage the potential underlying psychological illness processes which could influence the quality of health, life, and social. Furthermore, both physical symptoms and emotion regulation difficulties should be incorporated into the therapy alternatives. In comparison with women without endometriosis, the significant presence of psychiatric disorders in women with endometriosis reveals that the association between endometriosis and mental disorders should be emphasized rather than consider subsequent psychiatric disorders as a common occurrence. The strengths of this study encompass the following reasons. First of all, one of the primary strengths is the use of a database with a large, nationwide cohort of insured individuals. Besides, we have the ability to adjust for lots of potential confounders, and the implementations of multiple sensitive analyses contributing to increase the confidence in the results. Furthermore, for the first time, utilizing the large, nationwide database, we conducted a cohort study to examine the association between endometriosis and mental disorders including psychiatric disorders, suicide, all-cause mortality. There are several limitations to this study. In the beginning, patients with endometriosis could be identified by the NHIRD; however, data on severity and impact were not available. Second, the previous study demonstrated that women with higher education levels were more likely to understand endometriosis and have recourse to a specialist for their endometriosis. 67 , 78 Although we took other socioeconomic such as urbanization levels, geographic areas of residence, and monthly insured premium into consideration, potential selection bias could exist due to the difference in education levels. Third, other confounding factors, such as genetic, environmental, diet factors are also not encompassed in the NHIRD. Fourth, as there are no images or other laboratory data recorded in the NHIRD, we could only base on the professional diagnosis for mental disorders covering psychiatric disorders, suicide, and all-cause mortality. Fifth, endometriosis is often diagnosed later; hence, it is possible that mental disorders occurred before people with endometriosis were diagnosed. 10 , 79 Nevertheless, in our study, that cases would be removed, which may contribute to potential bias. Sixth, the NHI program started in 1995; nonetheless, in our study, the data we used contained only a database of 16 years. Seventh, because of the use of NHIRD, there is a lack of stratified analysis to investigate the association between the different treatment of endometriosis and mental disorders. Eighth, although sexual dysfunction may negatively impact on subsequent psychiatric disorders, this factor is not taken into account in this study. Finally, this result is only limited to Taiwan, not necessarily representing other nations or regions.