Seismic response and uncertainty quantification of deep soil mixing-improved Nevada sand under unidirectional and bidirectional loading

Seismic response and uncertainty quantification of deep soil mixing-improved Nevada sand under unidirectional and bidirectional loading | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Seismic response and uncertainty quantification of deep soil mixing-improved Nevada sand under unidirectional and bidirectional loading Ali Yaghfoori, Iradj Mahmoudzadeh Kani, Hassan Yousefi This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7705432/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 05 Feb, 2026 Read the published version in Transportation Infrastructure Geotechnology → Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Block-type deep soil mixing (DSM) is a widely accepted ground improvement technique for large-scale infrastructure projects, particularly for the foundations of power plants. This study examines the dynamic response of a Nevada sand layer enhanced with DSM through numerical simulations in GID V14.0.1 and OpenSees V3.5.0. The sand was modeled as an elastoplastic material based on the PDMY03 constitutive model, whereas the DSM columns were assumed to be elastic. The models were subjected to Ricker wave excitation and near-fault ground motions characterized by velocity pulses and forward directivity effects, with absorbing boundaries simulated using free-field columns and viscous dampers. A comprehensive parametric study was conducted. Results show that increasing DSM thickness reduces horizontal accelerations but amplifies vertical accelerations due to rocking motion, suggesting a preliminary design recommendation of DSM thickness equal to one-fifth of the soil shear wavelength. Increasing the DSM width has a minimal effect on horizontal accelerations but reduces vertical responses. Lattice-shaped DSM layouts effectively decrease horizontal accelerations while generating higher vertical responses than block-shaped configurations. The type and thickness of DSM significantly influence the redistribution of energy across frequency bands, which should be considered in seismic analyses of power plant structures and equipment. Bi-directional seismic loading minimally affects horizontal accelerations but substantially amplifies vertical responses, highlighting the importance of tri-directional analyses, particularly in near-fault regions. To address uncertainties, six key parameters were investigated using a Design of Experiments approach, and surrogate models were developed to predict the seismic performance of DSM-improved soils. Deep Soil Mixing (DSM) Near-Fault Ground Motion bidirectional loading Uncertainty quantification Lattice shape Numerical modeling Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 05 Feb, 2026 Read the published version in Transportation Infrastructure Geotechnology → Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7705432","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":528137168,"identity":"008bcb0d-eee1-42b5-8bb4-b89927b7e6a5","order_by":0,"name":"Ali Yaghfoori","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Tehran","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ali","middleName":"","lastName":"Yaghfoori","suffix":""},{"id":528137169,"identity":"d32bb799-0c09-4e04-8957-9e20b6bccb4c","order_by":1,"name":"Iradj Mahmoudzadeh 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