Bryozoan fauna from the Samnuuruul Formation (Upper Devonian, Famennian) of the Hushoot Shiveetiin gol section, southwestern Mongolia

Bryozoan fauna from the Samnuuruul Formation (Upper Devonian, Famennian) of the Hushoot Shiveetiin gol section, southwestern Mongolia | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Bryozoan fauna from the Samnuuruul Formation (Upper Devonian, Famennian) of the Hushoot Shiveetiin gol section, southwestern Mongolia Andrej Ernst, Peter Königshof, Patrick Wyse Jackson This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6096012/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 18 Dec, 2025 Read the published version in Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments → Version 1 posted 5 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The bryozoan fauna from the Samnuuruul Formation (Upper Devonian, Famennian) of the Hushoot Shiveetiin gol section, southwestern Mongolia comprises nine species including two cystoporates, two trepostomes, two cryptostomes, and three fenestrates. One fenestrate species is new: Hemitrypa lui n. sp. The majority of species show palaeobiogeographic connections to the Middle Devonian to Upper Devonian successions from China, Russia and Kazakhstan. The studied fauna is numerically dominated by the cystoporates Cyclotrypa subtilis (Nekhoroshev, 1977 ) and Sulcoretepora hextolgayensis Xia, 1997 , whereas other species are relatively rare. The bryozoans develop exclusively arborescent growth forms implying a low energy setting of the outer shelf. Bryozoans taxonomy Frasnian Mongolia palaeobiogeography Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 1. Introduction Knowledge on Palaeozoic fossils in southern and southwestern Mongolia is generally rather limited (Suttner et al. 2020 ; Crônier et al. 2021 ; Munkhjargal et al. 2021 ; Nazik et al. 2021 ; Roelofs et al. 2021 ; Waters et al. 2021 ) and the diversity and abundance of different fossil groups are very different. This might be a result that southwestern Mongolia is a rather unexplored region and/or it depends on the isolated position and facies setting (e.g. shallow-water environments with strong volcanic activity). However, recent reports (e.g. Suttner et al. 2020 ; Munkhjargal et al. 2021 ) have shown that there is potential to study different fossil groups, although some of them are characterized by low diversity and endemism, while others are diverse such as bryozoans. Ariunchimeg ( 2000 ) reported bryozoans from the Samnuuruul Formation, which yielded numerous dendroid, encrusting, and fenestrate colonies of 12 species and 11 genera. The present paper provides a detailed taxonomic description of a bryozoan fauna from the Samnuuruul Formation (Upper Devonian, Famennian) of the Hushoot Shiveetiin gol section, southwestern Mongolia, and discusses its palaeobiogeographical and ecological importance. 2. Geological setting and studied material Studied bryozoans are from the eastern and western Hushoot Shiveetiin gol section in southwestern Mongolia, which belongs to the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB; Fig. 1 ). The CAOB is characterized by a large number of terranes, island arcs, and microcontinents, and has a very complex geodynamic history (e.g. Ruzhentsev and Pospelov 1992 ; Lamp and Badarch 1997; Badarch et al. 2002 ; Kröner et al. 2010 ; Xiao et al. 2010 ; Yang et al. 2019 ), which has evolved from the Neoproterozoic to the Cenozoic (Cunningham 2010 ; Safanova et al. 2017 ). Palaeozoic rocks of the studied section are part of the complex tectonic framework of the CAOB and belong to the Baruunhuurai Terrane. This terrane is composed of Devonian to the Carboniferous rocks (Badarch et al. 1998 ) and was subdivided into several subterranes by Badarch et al. ( 1998 ), Dergunov ( 2001 ), and Tumurtogoo ( 2014 ). The studied section is located in the Olonbulag Subterrane (Fig. 1 ) and has a stratigraphical range based on conodonts from the Palmatolepis minuta minuta Zone to at least the Palmatolepis rugosa trachytera Zone (Suttner et al. 2020 ; Munkhjargal et al. 2021 ). The Hushoot Shiveetiin gol section has a thickness of 148.5 metres and is divided into an eastern part and a western part, which have been correlated by a volcaniclastic marker horizon (HS-S-11, Fig. 2 ). The section belongs to the Samnuuruul Formation and was subdivided into eight lithological units. For detailed sedimentological description of the section we refer to the publication by Munkhjargal et al. ( 2021 ). Sediments are mainly composed of siliciclastic rocks and rare thin-bedded carbonates. Intercalated are volcaniclastic rocks. The variable facies setting is characterized by shallow-intertidal to open marine environments. A stressed environment as a result of restricted conditions and/or intensive volcanic activity led to differences in diversity and abundance of the observed fossil groups (Munkhjargal et al. 2021 ). All samples have a Famennian age. Samples HS-S-2 (SMF 99259) and sample HS-WS-38 (SMF 99334) belong to the Palmatolepis rhomboidea Zone, whereas samples HS-WS-30 (SMF 99331), HS-WS-27 (SMF 99329), and HS-C-W 9 (SMF 99308) are expected to be younger (Fig. 2 ), but a precise biostratigraphic datum was not possible due to the lack of index taxa (Munkhjargal et al. 2021 ). Bryozoans occur in distinct layers in the sampled limestones. These rocks are classified as wackestone, floatstone, packstone and rudstone, which yield a diverse fauna such as bryozoans, echinoderms, brachiopods, bivalves, and corals. Whereas rudstone (Fig. 3 a) and packstone (Fig. 3 b) are rather rare, wackestone (Fig. 3 c), wackestone/floatstone (Fig. 3 d), and floatstone (Fig. 3 e, f) are the dominant rocks. A gradual transition from wackestone to floatstone has been observed in some samples (e.g. sample HS-WS-27). The matrix is either composed of micrite or bioclastic pelmicrite. Some samples exhibit bioturbation (MF 9). The microfacies types MF 8, and MF 9 represent low-energy environments such as mid-ramp or outershelf setting or even shelf lagoons with open circulation. Rudstone (MF 13) which have been observed in some samples can occur as well in shallow-marine environments such as lagoons (FZ 7, Flügel 2004 ). The facies interpretation of the studied carbonates fits to the described palaeoenvironmental setting of the entire section published by Munkhjargal et al. ( 2021 ). 3. Methods From the studied samples 61 thin sections were made (24x48 mm and 50x50 mm). Microfacies description is based on the classification by Dunham ( 1962 ) and Embry and Clovan (1971). Standard Microfacies Types (MF) are classified based on Flügel ( 2004 ). Bryozoan morphology has been studied using a binocular microscope. Morphologic character terminology is partly adopted from Boardman (1960), Anstey and Perry ( 1970 ) for trepostomes, from Hageman ( 1991a , b ) and Snyder (1991) for fenestrates. The following morphologic characters were measured and used for statistics in the studied material: Branch width, branch thickness, exo- (endo-) zone width, axial ratio (ratio of endozone width to the branch width), autozooecial aperture width, aperture spacing (along branch, diagonally), acanthostyle diameter, meso- (meta-)zooecia width, wall thickness in exozone, vesicle diameter (spacing), number of vesicles per aperture, dissepiment width, fenestrule width (length), distance between branch (dissepiment) centres, number of apertures per fenestrule length, maximal chamber width. For branched bryozoans, the Bryozoan Skeletal Index (BSI) has been calculated, using the formula Exozone Width x Exozonal Wall Width/Aperture Width x 100 (Wyse Jackson et al. 2020 ). The spacing of structures is measured as a distance between their centres. Statistics were summarized using arithmetic mean, sample standard deviation, coefficient of variation, and minimum and maximum values. The studied thin sections are deposited at the Research Institute and Natural History Museum, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (SMF 99259, 99308, 99329, 99331, and 99334). 4. Systematic palaeontology Phylum Bryozoa Ehrenberg, 1831 Class Stenolaemata Borg, 1926 Superorder PalaeostomataMa et al., 2014 Order Cystoporata Astrova, 1964 Suborder Fistuliporina Astrova, 1964 Family Fistuliporidae Ulrich, 1882 Genus Cyclotrypa Ulrich, 1896 Type species . Fistulipora communis Ulrich, 1890. Middle Devonian; Iowa, USA. Remarks . Cyclotrypa Ulrich, 1896 differs from Fistulipora M‘Coy, 1849 and Eridopora Ulrich, 1882 in the absence of lunaria. Occurrence .Silurian to Permian; Europe, North America, Asia. Cyclotrypa subtilis (Nekhoroshev, 1977) Figure 4a–h; Table 1 1977 Cheilotrypa subtilis Nekhoroshev, p. 59, pl. 3, fig. 3 2000 Cheilotrypa subtilis Nekhoroshev, 1977 – Ariunchimeg, p. 46, pl. 7, fig. 2 Material .SMF 99308a-g,99329a, f, h-v. Description .Cylindrical colonies formed by encrusting unpreserved objects, 1.55–3.00 mm in diameter, with a lumen 0.65–1.50 mm in diameter. Encrusting sheets 0.44–0.78 mm in thickness. Autozooecia growing from laminated epitheca. Epitheca 0.015–0.020 mm thick. Autozooecial diaphragms absent. Short vertical hemisepta at the bottom of autozooecial chambers present, oriented perpendicular to the substrate. Autozooecial apertures rounded to oval. Granular material well developed at colony surface. Vesicular skeleton well developed. Vesicles moderately large, separating autozooecia in single row, 6–10 surrounding each autozooecia aperture, with flat roofs, polygonal in tangential section. Autozooecial walls granular prismatic, 0.008–0.015 mm thick. Maculae absent. Remarks . Cheilotrypa subtilis Nekhoroshev, 1977 possesses circular apertures lacking lunaria whereas the genus Cheilotrypa Ulrich, 1884 is characterized by presence of lunaria (Karklins, 1983, p. 383). The hollow ramose colony shape is also not unique to the genus Cheilotrypa . Therefore, this species is herewith re-assigned to Cyclotrypa Ulrich, 1896 due to the presence of circular apertures. Cyclotrypa subtilis differs from C. tubularia Nekhoroshev, 1948 from the upper Givetian of Altai and Kazakhstan (Nekhoroshev 1977) in having smaller colonies and in absence of maculae (the latter species possesses abundant and large maculae of vesicular skeleton). Cyclotrypa subtilis differs from C. circularis Kopajevich, 1984 from the Devonian (Givetian-Frasnian) of Mongolia in having smaller autozooecial apertures (0.16–0.25 mm vs. 0.14–0.31 mm in C. circularis ). Cyclotrypa subtilis differs from C. concylindrella Xia, 1997 from the Upper Devonian (Famennian) of China in having smaller autozooecial apertures (0.16–0.25 mm vs. 0.28–0.30 mm in C. concylindrella ). Occurrence . Upper Devonian, upper Famennian; Kazakhstan. Upper Devonian, upper Famennian; Mongolia. Samnuuruul Formation, Upper Devonian, Famennian; Hushoot Shiveetiin gol section, southwestern Mongolia. Genus Sulcoretepora d’Orbigny, 1849 [= Arcanopora Vine, 1884, p. 204; Acanthopora Vine – Morozova, 1960, p. 86, incorrect subsequent spelling; Mstania Schulga-Nesterenko, 1955, p. 175] Type species . Flustra ? parallela Phillips, 1836, subsequently designated by d’Orbigny (1849); Mississippian; Whitewell, Yorkshire, England. Remarks .The genus Sulcoretepora d`Orbigny, 1849 differs from the genus Cystodictya Ulrich, 1882 by the absence of hemisepta. Occurrence .Devonian to Permian; Europe, North America, Asia. Sulcoretepora hextolgayensis Xia, 1997 Figure 4i–k, 5a–g; Table 2 1997 Sulcoretepora hextolgayensis Xia, 1997, p. 116–117, pl. 11, fig. 8, pl. 12, figs. 1, 3, 8, 12, 13. 2000 Pseudonematopora hextolgayensis (Xia, 1997) – Ariunchimeg, p. 46–47, pl. 8, fig. 2, 3. Material .SMF 99259a-e, 99308a-g, 99329a-r, t-v, SMF 99334a-q. Description . Branched, bifoliate colonies, 0.80–1.60 mm wide and 0.75–1.55 mm thick. Exozones 0.25–0.46 mm wide. Autozooecia short, budding from a straight, sometimes very short mesotheca, trapezoidal to teardrop-shaped in transverse section at their bases, rectangular in deep tangential section, becoming rounded in the exozone. Mesotheca 0.010–0.015 mm thick. Rare planar diaphragms present in autozooecia. Autozooecial apertures circular to oval, arranged in 4–6 alternating rows on the colony surface. Lunaria large, horse-shoe shaped, directed towards branch margins. Vesicles common, moderate in size, flat, having rounded roofs, polygonal in mid-tangential section, 2–4 positioned between two longitudinally suc­cessive autozooecial apertures. Stereom strongly developed, laminated, containing small styles. Styles in stereom 0.005–0.010 mm in diameter. Autozooecial walls compound, 0.005–0.008 mm thick in endozone. Maculae absent. Remarks .Ariunchimeg (2000, p. 46–47) placed the species Sulcoretepora hextolgayensis Xia, 1997 into the genus Pseudonematopora Balakin, 1974. However, the latter genus (usually placed into the Suborder Rhabdomesina of the Order Cryptostomata) possesses no lunaria (Blake 1983, p. 565; Gorjunova 1985, p. 97). Therefore, this species is retained in the genus Sulcoretepora d’Orbigny, 1849. Sulcoretepora hextolgayensis differs from S. inventa Troitzkaya, 1968 from the Middle Devonian (Givetian) of Kazakhstan in having larger apertures (average aperture width 0.15 mm vs. 0.12 mm in S. inventa ). Occurrence .Hongguleleng Formation, Upper Devonian, lower Famennian; Xinjiang, China. Upper Devonian, upper Famennian; Mongolia. Samnuuruul Formation, Upper Devonian, Famennian; Hushoot Shiveetiin gol section, southwestern Mongolia (present paper). Order Trepostomata Ulrich, 1882 Suborder Halloporina Astrova, 1965 Family Heterotrypidae Ulrich, 1890 Genus Leioclema Ulrich, 1882 Type species . Callopora punctata Hall, 1858. Lower Carboniferous; Iowa, USA. Remarks . Leioclema Ulrich, 1882 differs from Heterotrypa Nicholson, 1879 in having rare autozooecial diaphragms and abundant acanthostyles and mesozooecia, and from Stigmatella Ulrich & Bassler, 1904 in having abundant mesozooecia. Occurrence . Lower Silurian – Upper Carboniferous; worldwide. Leioclema polenovi (Nekhoroshev, 1948) Figure 5h–j, 6a; Table 3 1948 Lioclema polenovi Nekhoroshev, pp. 67–68, pl. 15, figs. 4–5, pl. 19, fig. 1, 2. 1948 Lioclema polenovi var. kisiltaschensis Nekhoroshev, pp. 68–69, pl. 16, figs. 1–6, pl. 17, figs. 5, 6. 1956 Lioclema minor Yang, pp. 778–779, pl. 6, fig. 3, pl. 7, fig. 3. 1969 Lioclema polenovi Nekhoroshev, 1948 – Volkova, pp. 42–43, pl. 12, fig. 2 1974 Lioclema polenovi Nekhoroshev, 1948 – Volkova, pp. 48–49, pl. 19, fig. 2 Material . 99308c, d, e, f, g. Description . Branched colony, 1.65–1.98 mm in diameter, with 0.31–0.40 mm wide exozone and 0.55–1.28 mm wide endozone. Axial ratio is 0.57–0.67. BSI is 13.46. Autozooecial apertures rounded-polygonal to petaloid due to indenting acanthostyles. Autozooecial diaphragms few to absent, thin, straight or slightly deflected proximally. Mesozooecia abundant, 6–10 surrounding each aperture, polygonal in cross section, containing planar diaphragms. Acanthostyles moderate in size, absent to common, 1–2 surrounding each aperture, originating from the base of exozone, rarely indenting autozooecia, having distinct calcite cores and dark laminated sheaths. Walls granular, in endozone 0.005–0.010 mm thick; in exozone 0.04–0.06 mm thick, distinctly laminated. Maculae not observed. Remarks . Leioclema polenovi (Nekhoroshev, 1948) is similar to L. liuchingense (Hu, 1965) from the Early Devonian (Emsian) of China in having smaller autozooecial apertures (aperture width 0.10–0.19 mm vs. 0.18–0.24 mm in L. liuchingense ). Occurrence . Middle Devonian (Givetian) – Upper Devonian (lower Frasnian); Altai. Middle Devonian (Givetian); China. Samnuuruul Formation, Upper Devonian, Famennian; Hushoot Shiveetiin gol section, southwestern Mongolia (present paper). Family Trematoporidae Miller, 1889 Genus Neotrematopora Morozova, 1960 Type species . Neotrematopora typica Morozova, 1960. Middle Devonian, Givetian; Siberia, Russia. Remarks . Neotrematopora Morozova, 1960 differs from Minussina Morozova, 1960 in having partly merged autozooecial walls, which in Minussina are distinctly serrated with ridges on the colony surface at the zooecial boundaries. Occurrence . Upper Silurian – Mississippian; Eurasia. Neotrematopora inspinosa Xia, 1997 Figure 6b–h, 7a–b; Table 4 1997 Neotrematopora inspinosa Xia, p. 106–107, pl. 1, figs. 1, 8, 10 Material . SMF 99329c, SMF 99331a-j. Description . Branched colonies 0.90–1.80 mm in diameter, with 0.21–0.60 mm wide exozone and 0.48–0.91 mm wide endozone. Axial ratio is 0.33–0.59. BSI is 8.6. Encrusting colonies often tubular (originally encrusting ephemeral subjects), 0.80–1.55 mm in diameter, with 0.11–0.28 mm wide lumen. Encrusting sheets 0.28–0.60 mm in thickness. In encrusting colonies autozooecia budding from a thin epitheca, initially oriented parallel to the substrate, then bending sharply and intersecting the colony surface at right angles. In branched colonies autozooecia long in endozones bending sharply in exozones. Autozooecial apertures rounded-polygonal. Autozooecial diaphragms rare to common, thin, straight or slightly deflected proximally. Mesozooecia abundant, 6–12 surrounding each aperture, polygonal in cross section, locally containing abundant planar diaphragms, restricted to exozone. Acanthostyles occasionally present, 0.020–0.025 mm in diameter, restricted to exozone, slightly indenting autozooecia, having narrow calcite cores and dark laminated sheaths. Autozooecial walls granular, 0.015–0.023 mm thick in endozones; distinctly laminated, merged, 0.023–0.045 mm thick in the exozone. Maculae consisting mesozooecia rare, 0.35 mm in diameter. Remarks . Xia (1997) described only the holotype of this species and noted the total absence of acanthostyles. However, in the present material (ca. 20 colonies) some few areas of tangential sections revealed the presence of small acanthostyles (Fig. 6f). Neotrematopora inspinosa Xia, 1997 differs from N. comperta Troitzkaya, 1968 from the Middle Devonian (Givetian) of Kazakhstan in smaller colonies (branch width 0.9–1.8 mm vs. 5–7 mm in N. comperta ) and more abundant mesozooecia (6–12 vs. 4–6 around each autozooecial aperture in N. comperta ). Neotrematopora inspinosa differs from N. altilis Yang, Hu & Xia, 1988 from the Late Devonian (Famennian) of China in having abundant and large mesozooecia and in having larger autozooecial apertures (aperture width 0.10–0.17 mm vs. 0.07–0.10 mm in N. altilis ). Occurrence. Hongguleleng Formation, Upper Devonian, lower Famennian; Xinjiang, China. Samnuuruul Formation, Upper Devonian, Famennian; Hushoot Shiveetiin gol section, southwestern Mongolia (present paper). Order Cryptostomata Vine, 1884 Suborder Rhabdomesina Astrova & Morozova, 1956 Family Nikiforovellidae Gorjunova, 1975 Genus Streblotrypella Nikiforova, 1948 Type species . Streblotrypa major Ulrich, 1889. Mississippian; Kentucky, USA. Remarks . Streblotrypella Nikiforova, 1948 is similar to Acanthoclema Hall, 1886, but differs from it in having abundant metazooecia distributed irregularly throughout the colony and the absence of mural spines in the skeleton. Occurrence . Middle Devonian to Lower Permian; worldwide. Streblotrypella lineata (Lu, 1999) Figure 7c–g; Table 5 1999 Clausotrypa lineata Lu, p. 181, pl. 11, figs. 5–8 2000 Nemacanthopora cellaris (Xia, 1997) – Ariunchimeg, p. 47, pl. 7, figs. 3–5 Material : SMF 99334e, g, h, k, l, m, p, q. Description . Branched colonies, 0.65–1.00 mm in diameter, with 0.17–0.30 mm wide exozones and 0.31–0.52 mm wide endozones. Axial ratio is 0.40–0.57. Exozones distinctly separated from endozones. Autozooecia growing in a spiral pattern from the median axis, abruptly bending in exozone, having triangular to drop-shaped cross section in endozone and rhombic shape in deep tangential section. Autozooecial apertures oval, arranged in regular diagonal rows on branches. Basal diaphragms rare, thin. Acanthostyles abundant between autozooecia, long, having distinct hyaline cores and laminated sheaths, originating from the base of the exozone. Metazooecia cystose, originating from the base of the exozone, abundant, arranged in 1–2 rows between autozooecia, often sealed near the colony surface, containing abundant diaphragms, having rounded to polygonal apertures. Autozooecial walls finely laminated, with dividing hyaline layer, 0.010–0.015 mm thick in endozone; coarsely laminated, with distinct dark boundaries in exozone. Remarks . Streblotrypella lineata (Lu, 1999) differs from S. zagensis Ariunchimeg, 2005 from the Mississippian of Mongolia, in the presence of acanthostyles and larger metazooecia (0.04–0.09 mm vs. 0.03–0.07 mm in S. zagensis ). Streblotrypella lineata differs from S. strabona Trizna, 1958 from the Mississippian (Viséan) of Russia, in the presence of acanthostyles and thinner colonies (branch width 0.65–1.00 mm vs. up to 1.5 mm in S. strabona ). Ooccurrence .Upper Devonian, upper Famennian; Mongolia. Samnuuruul Formation, Upper Devonian, Famennian; Hushoot Shiveetiin gol section, southwestern Mongolia (present paper). Suborder Ptilodictyina Astrova & Morozova, 1956 Family Intraporidae Simpson, 1897 Genus Intrapora Hall, 1883 Type species . Intrapora puteolata Hall, 1883. Middle Jeffersonville Limestone, Middle Devonian; Eastern USA. Remarks . Intrapora Hall, 1883 differs from Ensiphragma Astrova in Astrova & Yaroshinskaya, 1968 in the arrangement of metazooecia. Metazooecia in Intrapora are arranged more or less irregularly, whereas metazooecia of Ensiphragma are arranged in pairs between apertures. Intrapora differs also from Coscinella Hall, 1887 in the presence of acanthostyles and colony shape: dichotomous branched, leaf-like, or frondose versus reticular colony consisting of anastomosing branches in Coscinella . Occurrence . Lower Devonian – Mississippian; North America, Eurasia. Intrapora lanceolata Nekhoroshev, 1960 Figure 7h–k; Table 6 1960 Intrapora lanceolata Nekhoroshev, p. 280, pl. 70, figs. 4–5 1968 Intrapora lanceolata Nekhoroshev, 1960 – Troitzkaya, p. 149, pl. 31, fig. 3 1977 Intrapora lanceolata Nekhoroshev, 1960 – Nekhoroshev, p. 128, pl. 29, figs. 3–5 1997 Intrapora lanceolata Nekhoroshev, 1960 – Xia, p. 128, pl. 18, figs. 6–11, pl. 19, figs. 1–2 2000 Intrapora lanceolata Nekhoroshev, 1960 – Ariunchimeg, p. 47–48, pl. 7, fig. 6. Material . 99334b, d, i, n, 99259c. Description . Bifoliate, leaf-like colonies. Branches ca. 2.9 mm in width. Autozooecia relatively long, growing from a mesotheca, semicircular at the base in transverse section, becoming rounded-polygonal in the exozone, arranged in indistinctly alternating rows on branches. Autozooecial diaphragms rare, hemisepta absent. Metazooecia abundant, polygonal to subcircular, commonly separating autozooecia, 2–4 occurring between neighbouring autozooecia. Metazooecial diaphragms abundant, thick. Acanthostyles abundant, 2–4 constantly surrounding each autozooecial aperture and occurring randomly between autozooecia, having narrow hyaline cores and wide laminated sheaths. Autozooecial walls granular, 0.010–0.015 mm thick in endozone; finely laminated, 0.060–0.075 mm thick in exozone. Maculae not observed. Remarks . Intrapora lanceolata Nekhoroshev, 1960 is similar to I. kazakhstanica Nekhoroshev, 1960 from the Upper Devonian (Famennian) of Kazakhstan, but differs in smaller autozooecial apertures (aperture width 0.09–0.12 mm vs. 0.14–0.15 mm in I. kazakhstanica ) and in larger distances between autozooecial apertures (0.38–0.65 mm vs. 0.33–0.36 mm in I. kazakhstanica ). Intrapora lanceolata differs from I. varibilis Ernst, 2008 from the Middle Devonian (Eifelian – Givetian) of the Rhenish Massif (Germany) in less abundant acanthostyles (2–4 acanthostyles per aperture vs.3–6 in I. variabilis ). Occurrence . Upper Devonian (upper Frasnian – lower Famennian); North Xinjiang, China. Upper Devonian (upper Famennian); Altai, Kazakhstan, Mongolia. Samnuuruul Formation, Upper Devonian, Famennian; Hushoot Shiveetiin gol section, southwestern Mongolia (present paper). Order Fenestrata Elias and Condra, 1957 Suborder Fenestellina Astrova & Morozova, 1956 Family Fenestellidae King, 1849 Genus Rectifenestella Morozova, 1974 Type species . Fenestella medvedkensis Schulga-Nesterenko, 1951. Pennsylvanian (Kasimovian); Russian Platform. Remarks . Rectifenestella differs from Laxifenestella Morozova, 1974 in having a pentagonal shape of autozooecia and in the absence of inferior hemisepta, from Minilya Crockford, 1944 in having a single row of nodes on the keel instead of two alternating rows in Minilya . Occurrence .Devonian to Permian; worldwide. Rectifenestella sp. Figure 7l, 8a–d; Table 7 Material .Single colony 99334o. Exterior description .Reticulate colonies with straight branches, bifurcating, joined by moderately wide dissepiments. Autozooecia arranged in two alternating rows on branches. Autozooecial apertures circular, with stellate structure; 3–4 apertures spaced per fenestrule length. Fenestrules oval to rectangular, moderate in size. Median keel low; keel nodes absent. Reverse side smooth. Interior description .Autozooecia pentagonal in mid-tangential section; with well-developed long vestibule; axial wall zigzag; aperture positioned at distal end of chamber. Hemisepta absent. Internal granular skeleton continuous with obverse keel, peristome and across dissepiments. External laminated skeleton well developed, traversed by abundant microstyles. Microstyles regularly arranged in longitudinal rows on colony reverse surface, 0.010–0.015 mm in diameter. Heterozooecia not observed. Remarks . Distinct character of this species is the absence of nodes on the median keel. Rectifenestella sp. is similar to R. praerudis (Troitzkaya, 1968) from the Late Devonian (Famennian) of Kazakhstan, but differs in having smaller fenestrules (fenestrule width 0.20–0.30 mm vs. 0.31–0.41 mm in R. praerudis ; fenestrule length 0.49–0.70 mm vs. 0.67–0.80 mm in R. praerudis ). Rectifenestella sp. is similar to R. elongata (Krasnopeeva, 1935) from the Middle-Late Devonian (Givetian-Frasnian) of Altai, but differs from it in wider fenestrules (fenestrule width 0.20–0.30 mm vs. 0.14–0.18 mm in R. elongata ). Occurrence . Samnuuruul Formation, Upper Devonian, Famennian; Hushoot Shiveetiin gol section, southwestern Mongolia (present paper). Genus Hemitrypa Phillips, 1841 Type species . Hemitrypa oculata Phillips, 1841, by original designation. Devonian; Barton, South Devon, England. Remarks . Hemitrypa Phillips, 1841 is similar to Pseudounitrypa Nekhoroshev, 1926, but differs from it in the composition of the superstructure. The superstructure of Hemitrypa is produced by laminar wall extensions of keel nodes forming a meshwork of polygonal openings which are centred over zooecial apertures in the branch below, whereas openings in Pseudounitrypa are centred over the branches and terminate laterally over the centres of the fenestrules where the superstructural elements from adjacent branches meet and fuse. Hemitrypa differs from Hemitrypella Nekhoroshev, 1948 in quadrangular or pentagonal shape of autozooecia in tangential section vs. triangular to trapezoid in Hemitrypella . Moreover, Hemitrypa develops conical or fan-shaped colonies instead of conical and conical-tubular colony in Hemitrypella . Occurrence . Early Devonian to Middle Permian; worldwide. Hemitrypa lui n. sp. Figure 8e–h, 9a–c; Table 8 1999 Hemitrypella devonica Lu, p. 177, pl. 6, figs. 8–11. Etymology. The new species is named after Lu Linhuang, who contributed significantly to the knowledge of Palaeozoic bryozoans. The new species is erected because the name " devonica " is preoccupied ( Hemitrypa devonica Nekhoroshev, 1926). Material .99259a-c, 99334i, j, d, m, n. Exterior description . Reticulate colonies with straight branches joined by dissepiments. Autozooecia arranged in two alternating rows on branches, having circular apertures with low peristomes. Autozooecial apertures rounded, 0.08–0.10 mm in diameter, 2 spaced per length of a fenestrule. Fenestrules oval to slightly rectangular. Protective superstructure produced by median keels arising from branches and dissepiments; openings in the superstructure correspond to the fenestrules in the main meshwork, 0.10–0.13 mm in diameter, showing hexagonal shape in deeper section. Reverse colony surface containing high median ridges which form hexagonal pattern. Interior description . Autozooecia trapezoidal in mid tangential section; low and elongated, with short vestibule in longitudinal section. Axial wall between autozooecial rows zigzag in tangential sections; aperture positioned at distal end of chamber. Hemisepta absent. Internal granular skeleton continuous with obverse keel, nodes, peristome and across dissepiments. External laminated skeleton well developed. Heterozooecia not observed. Remarks . Hemitrypella devonica Lu, 1999 is herewith placed to the genus Hemitrypa because of the pentagonal shape of autozooecial chambers which are triangular in Hemitrypella (Ernst et al., in press). Hemitrypa lui n. sp. is similar to H . gornostaevi Krasnopeeva, 1935 from the Late Devonian (Frasnian) of Russia (Altai), but differs in having thinner branches (branch width 0.14–0.22 mm vs. 0.27–0.30 mm in H . gornostaevi ). Hemitrypa lui n. sp. is similar to H . bayanaulensis Troitzkaya, 1968 from the Late Devonian (Frasnian) of Kazakhstan, but differs in having thinner branches (branch width 0.14–0.22 mm vs. 0.21–0.24 mm in H . gornostaevi ) and thinner dissepiments (dissepiment width 0.09–0.15 mm vs. 0.23–0.25 mm in H . gornostaevi ). Occurrence . Samnuuruul Formation, Upper Devonian, Famennian; Hushoot Shiveetiin gol section, southwestern Mongolia (present paper). Family Acanthocladiidae Ulrich, 1890 Genus Penniretepora d`Orbigny, 1849 [= Acanthopora Young & Young, 1875; Pinnatopora Vine, 1883] Type species . Retepora pluma Phillips, 1836. Mississippian; Yorkshire, England. Remarks . Penniretepora d`Orbigny, 1849 differs from Filites Počta, 1894 in the shape of autozooecia in mid-tangential section (rectangular to pentagonal or trapezoid vs. triangular in Filites ). Moreover, the pinnae in Filites are recurved proximally, whereas pinnae in Penniretepora are diverting in the distal direction (Suárez Andrés & Wyse Jackson, 2017). Penniretepora differs from Gorjunopora Ernst et al., 2015 in the absence of hemisepta. Occurrence . Devonian – Permian; worldwide. Penniretepora sp. Figure 9d–j; Table 9 Material : 99259b, d, 99334b, c, d, i, j, n, p, q. Exterior Description .Pinnate colonies consisting of straight main branches with frequent lateral branches. Main branches 0.27–0.40 mm wide, lateral branches 0.15–0.25 mm wide, diverging at angles 45–68° from main branches (54.1° at average), spaced 0.65–0.80 mm from centre to centre. Autozooecia having oval apertures surrounded by apertural nodes, arranged in two rows both on main and lateral branches; regularly one aperture at the base of each lateral branch and 1–2 apertures between two neighbouring lateral branches. Apertural nodes 0.015–0.023 mm in diameter. Median keels low, straight; nodes absent. Reverse side with few straight longitudinal striae. Interior Description .Autozooecial chambers arranged in two alternating rows on branches, triangular to trapezoidal in mid-tangential section both on main and secondary branches, short, inflated, with short vestibules. Axial wall strongly undulating from base to crest both on the main and lateral branches. Hemisepta absent. Heterozooecia not observed. Extrazooecial skeleton moderately developed, 0.04–0.10 mm in thickness, traversed by abundant microstyles. Microstyles 0.010–0.025 mm in diameter. Remarks . Penniretepora sp. differs from P. triangulata Liu, 1980 (homonym of P. triangulata (Schulga-Nesterenko, 1955)) in having narrower branches (main branch width 0.27–0.40 mm vs. 0.42–0.60 mm in P. triangulata ). Penniretepora sp. differs from P . sp. A (in Nekhoroschev, 1977) from the Late Devonian (Famennian) of Kazakhstan, in having narrower branches (main branch width 0.27–0.40 mm vs. 0.55–0.65 mm in P. sp. A; lateral branch width 0.15–0.25 mm vs. 0.33–0.38 mm in P. sp. A). Occurrence . Samnuuruul Formation, Upper Devonian, Famennian; Hushoot Shiveetiin gol section, southwestern Mongolia (present paper). 5. Discussion Nine bryozoan species are described from the Samnuuruul Formation (Upper Devonian, Famennian) of the Hushoot Shiveetiin gol section, southwestern Mongolia. This fauna comprises two cystoporates Cyclotrypa subtilis (Nekhoroshev, 1977 ) and Sulcoretepora hextolgayensis Xia, 1997 , two trepostomes Leioclema polenovi (Nekhoroshev, 1948 ) and Neotrematopora inspinosa Xia, 1997 , two cryptostomes Streblotrypella lineata (Lu, 1999 ) and Intrapora lanceolata Nekhoroshev, 1960 , as well as three fenestrates Rectifenestella sp., Hemitrypa lui n. sp., and Penniretepora sp. Two fenestrates – Rectifenestella sp. and Penniretepora sp. – are described in open nomenclature. The species Hemitrypella devonica Lu, 1999 is placed to the genus Hemitrypa , and consequently, re-named as Hemitrypa lui n. sp. because it represents a homonym of the species Hemitrypa devonica Nekhoroshev, 1926 . The studied fauna shows clear palaeobiogeographic connections to the Middle Devonian to Upper Devonian deposits from China, Russia and Kazakhstan. Cyclotrypa subtilis (Nekhoroshev, 1977 ) was recorded previously from the Late Devonian (upper Famennian) of Kazakhstan and Mongolia (Ariunchimeg 2000 ). Sulcoretepora hextolgayensis Xia, 1997 was reported from the Late Devonian (lower Famennian) of Xinjiang (China) as well as from the upper Famennian of Mongolia (Ariunchimeg 2000 ). Leioclema polenovi (Nekhoroshev, 1948 ) is known from the Middle Devonian (Givetian) and Late Devonian (lower Frasnian) of Altai (Russia) and from the Middle Devonian (Givetian) of China (Yang 1956 ; Volkova, 1969 ). Neotrematopora inspinosa Xia, 1997 was originally described in the Late Devonian (lower Famennian) of Xinjiang (China). Streblotrypella lineata (Lu, 1999 ) was reported from the Late Devonian (lower Famennian) of Xinjiang (China) as well as from the upper Famennian of Mongolia (Ariunchimeg 2000 ). Intrapora lanceolata Nekhoroshev, 1960 was reported from the Late Devonian (upper Frasnian – lower Famennian) of North Xinjiang (China) and from the Late Devonian (upper Famennian) of Altai, Kazakhstan, and Mongolia (Nekhoroshev 1960 , 1977 ; Troitzkaya 1968 ; Xia 1997 ; Ariunchimeg 2000 ). The species Hemitrypa lui n. sp. was originally described from the Late Devonian (upper Famennian) of North Xinjiang (China). The bryozoan assemblage is clearly numerically dominated by colonies of the cystoporates Cyclotrypa subtilis (Nekhoroshev, 1977 ) and Sulcoretepora hextolgayensis Xia, 1997 , followed by the trepostome Neotrematopora inspinosa Xia, 1997 . Other species are relatively rare. Remarkably, the studied bryozoan fauna contains almost exclusively arborescent species. The potentially encrusting species ( Cyclotrypa subtilis , Neotrematopora inspinosa ) encrusted erect ephemerous objects (Figs. 4 a–c, 6 g) and were never observed occurring as adnate colonies on plane substrates as would be normally expected. The majority of species are delicate, with branch diameters less than 2 mm. This combination of growth forms assumes low energy environment in outer shelf conditions (e.g., Nelson et al. 1988 ; Amini et al. 2004 ). Declarations The authors declare that they have no conflict of interests. Authors contribution All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material was collected by Peter Königshof, who also provided Figures 1-2 and wrote the chapters Geological setting and studied material, Introduction and Methods. Andrej Ernst made thin sections and taxonomic descriptions of the bryozoans, prepared Figures 3-9, wrote the chapters Systematic palaeontology and Discussion, and contributed to the chapters Introduction and Methods. Patrick Wyse Jackson contributed to the identification of bryozoan and participated on the discussion of the results. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Acknowledgements A. Ernst was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (ER 278/4-1 and 2). P. Königshof has received funding from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG-KO-1622/19-1). Data availability The studied specimens (thin sections and rock material) are deposited at the Research Institute and Natural History Museum, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. References Amini, Z.Z., Adabi, M.H., Burrett, C.F. & Quilty, P.G.(2004). Bryozoan distribution and growth form associations as a tool in environmental interpretation, Tasmania, Australia. Sedimentary Geology , 167 (1–2), 1–15. 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Devonian Bryozoa of Kazakhstan. Moscow: Nedra. [in Russian] Tumurtogoo, O. (2014). Tectonics of Mongolia. In: Yu. G. Leonov, O.V. Petrov, & I.I. Pospelov (Eds.), Tectonics of Northern, Central and Eastern Asia . Explanatory Note to the Tectonic map of Northern-central-eastern Asia and Adjacent Areas at scale 1:2,500,000. SPb.: VSEGEI Printing House, (184p). Ulrich, E.O. (1882). American Palaeozoic Bryozoa. Journal of the Cincinnati Society of Natural History , 5 , 121–175. Ulrich, E.O. (1889). On some Polyzoa (Bryozoa) and Ostracoda from the Cambro-Silurian Rocks of Manitoba. Geological Natural History Survey Canada, Contributions to the micro-palaeontology of the Cambro-Silurian rocks of Canada , 2 , 22–57. Ulrich, E.O. (1890). Palaeozoic Bryozoa: III. Geological Survey, 8 , 283–688. Ulrich, E.O. (1896). Bryozoa, p. 257–291. In: C. Eastman (Ed.), Zittel's Textbook of Palaeontology . Vol. 1. London: Macmillan. Ulrich, E.O., & Bassler, R.S. (1904). A revision of the Palaeozoic Bryozoa. Part II: On genera and species of Trepostomata. Bulletin of the US Geological Survey , 173 , 15–55. Volkova, K.N. (1969). Evolution of the Devonian bryozoan genus Lioclema (On material from the south of Western Siberia). Trudy Instituta Geologii i Geofiziki, Sibirskoe Otdelenie, 68 , 40–55. [in Russian] Volkova, K.N. (1974). Devonian Bryozoa from the south-east Altai. Trudy instituta Geologii i Geofiziki, sibirskoe Otdelenie, 199 , 6–176. [in Russian] Vine, G.R. (1884). Fourth report of the Committee consisting of Dr. H.R. Sorby and Mr. G.R. Vine, appointed for the purpose of reporting on fossil Polyzoa. Reports of the 53rd Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement in Sciences , pp. 161–209. Waters, J.A., Waters, J.W., Königshof, P., Carmichael, S.K., & Ariuntogos, M. (2021). Famennian crinoids and blastoids (Echinodermata) from Mongolia. Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments , 101 (3), 725–740. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12549-020-00450-3 Wyse Jackson, P.N., Key, M.M., Jr., & Reid, C.M. (2020). Bryozoan Skeletal Index (BSI): a measure of the degree of calcification in stenolaemate bryozoans. In: P.N. Wyse Jackson, & K. Zágoršek (Eds.), Bryozoan Studies 2019 (pp. 193–206). Prague: Czech Geological Society. Xia, F. (1997).Marine microfaunas (bryozoan, conodonts, and microvertebrate remains) from the Frasnian-Famennian interval in northwestern Junggar Basin of Xinjiang in China. Beiträge zur Paläontologie , 22 , 91–207. Xiao, W.J., Huang, B.C., Han, C.M., Sun, S., & Li, J.L. (2010). A review of the western part of the Altaids: A key to understanding the architecture of accretionary orogens. Gondwana Research 18 (2-3), 253–273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2010.01.007 Yang, G., Li, Y., Tong, L., Wang, Z., Duan, F., Xu, Q., & Li, H. (2019). An overview of oceanic island basalts in accretionary complexes and seamounts accretion in the western Central Asian Orogenic Belt. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 179 , 385–398. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2019.04.011 Yang, J. (1956). The Middle Devonian Bryozoa from the Heitai Formation of Mishan County, Kirin Province. Scientia Sinica , 5 , 763–793. Young, J., & Young, J. (1875). New species of Glauconome from Carboniferous limestone strata of the west of Scotland. Proceedings of the Natural History Society of Glasgow , 2 , 325–335. Tables Table 1 Summary of descriptive statistics for Cyclotrypa subtilis (Nekhoroshev, 1977). (two colonies measured). Abbreviations: N, number of measurements; X, mean; MIN, minimal value; MAX, maximal value; SD, sample standard deviation; CV, coefficient of variation. N X MIN MAX SD CV autozooecial aperture width, mm 40 0.20 0.16 0.25 0.019 9.57 autozooecial aperture spacing, mm 40 0.36 0.30 0.45 0.036 9.79 vesicle width, mm 40 0.11 0.07 0.17 0.027 23.65 vesicles per aperture 30 8.2 6.0 10.0 1.117 13.67 vesicle spacing, mm 40 0.11 0.07 0.18 0.025 23.96 Table 2 Summary of descriptive statistics for Sulcoretepora hextolgayensis Xia, 1997 (two colonies measured). Abbreviations as for Table 1. N X MIN MAX SD CV branch width, mm 17 1.22 0.80 1.60 0.200 16.44 branch thickness, mm 12 1.08 0.75 1.55 0.235 21.75 exozone width, mm 9 0.34 0.25 0.46 0.079 23.10 autozooecial aperture width, mm 40 0.15 0.11 0.18 0.014 9.98 autozooecial aperture spacing along branch, mm 40 0.37 0.30 0.46 0.034 9.31 aperture spacing diagonally, mm 40 0.25 0.20 0.30 0.029 11.38 vesicle width, mm 40 0.08 0.05 0.11 0.013 17.80 vesicle spacing, mm 30 0.08 0.05 0.13 0.020 25.80 lunaria width, mm 20 0.079 0.040 0.120 0.024 30.45 lunaria length, mm 20 0.048 0.025 0.080 0.018 38.33 lunaria thickness, mm 10 0.034 0.030 0.045 0.005 14.75 Table 3 Summary of descriptive statistics for Leioclema polenovi (Nekhoroshev, 1948) (two colonies measured). Abbreviations as for Table 1. N X MIN MAX SD CV branch width, mm 3 1.84 1.65 1.98 0.169 9.21 exozone width, mm 3 0.35 0.31 0.40 0.045 12.76 endozone width, mm 3 1.13 0.85 1.28 0.243 21.48 axial ratio 3 0.63 0.054 8.56 0.57 0.67 autozooecial aperture width, mm 20 0.13 0.10 0.19 0.025 19.10 autozooecial aperture spacing, mm 20 0.27 0.22 0.35 0.041 15.62 mesozooecia width, mm 20 0.06 0.04 0.10 0.020 32.61 acanthostyle diameter, mm 20 0.04 0.03 0.05 0.004 10.73 mesozooecia per aperture 12 7.8 6.0 10.0 1.288 16.620 acanthostyles per aperture 12 1.8 1.0 2.0 0.452 25.844 exozonal wall thickness, mm 10 0.05 0.04 0.06 0.007 14.361 Table 4 Summary of descriptive statistics for Neotrematopora inspinosa Xia, 1997 (two colonies measured). Abbreviations as for Table 1. N X MIN MAX SD CV branch width, mm 10 1.28 0.90 1.80 0.329 25.80 exozone width, mm 10 0.32 0.21 0.60 0.116 36.00 endozone width, mm 10 0.63 0.48 0.91 0.172 27.21 axial ratio 10 0.50 0.33 0.59 0.075 15.07 autozooecial aperture width, mm 35 0.13 0.10 0.17 0.017 12.94 autozooecial aperture spacing, mm 33 0.23 0.17 0.29 0.027 11.87 acanthostyle diameter, mm 10 0.027 0.020 0.035 0.004 15.53 mesozooecia width, mm 35 0.06 0.03 0.11 0.019 30.81 mesozooecia per aperture 30 8.4 6.0 12.0 1.331 15.78 mesozooecial diaphragm spacing, mm 17 0.05 0.04 0.07 0.008 15.88 Table 5 Summary of descriptive statistics for Streblotrypella lineata (Lu, 1999) (six colonies measured). Abbreviations as for Table 1. N X MIN MAX SD CV branch width, mm 6 0.85 0.65 1.00 0.142 16.80 exozone width, mm 6 0.22 0.17 0.30 0.044 19.92 endozone width, mm 6 0.41 0.31 0.52 0.095 23.36 axial ratio 6 0.48 0.40 0.57 0.062 12.98 autozooecial aperture width, mm 7 0.13 0.12 0.15 0.011 8.38 autozooecial aperture spacing along branch, mm 3 0.50 0.47 0.52 0.025 5.07 autozooecial aperture spacing diagonally, mm 3 0.31 0.30 0.33 0.017 5.59 acanthostyle diameter, mm 10 0.05 0.03 0.06 0.007 13.54 metazooecium width, mm 10 0.06 0.04 0.09 0.014 25.53 Table 6 Summary of descriptive statistics for Intrapora lanceolata Nekhoroshev, 1960 (two colonies measured). Abbreviations as for Table 1. N X MIN MAX SD CV autozooecial aperture width, mm 20 0.11 0.09 0.12 0.008 7.88 autozooecial aperture spacing along branch, mm 10 0.48 0.38 0.65 0.094 19.64 autozooecial aperture spacing diagonally, mm 20 0.26 0.22 0.3 0.021 8.01 metazooecium width, mm 20 0.05 0.03 0.07 0.011 21.25 acanthostyle diameter, mm 20 0.027 0.025 0.035 0.003 10.85 acanthostyles per aperture 20 2.9 2.0 4.0 0.912 31.45 Table 7 Summary of descriptive statistics for Rectifenestella sp. (single colony measured). Abbreviations as for Table 1. N X MIN MAX SD CV branch width, mm 9 0.23 0.20 0.27 0.025 10.69 dissepiment width, mm 10 0.20 0.16 0.23 0.018 9.13 fenestrule width, mm 10 0.24 0.20 0.30 0.033 13.87 fenestrule length, mm 10 0.59 0.49 0.70 0.057 9.69 distance between branch centres, mm 10 0.46 0.35 0.55 0.059 12.96 distance between dissepiment centres, mm 10 0.76 0.67 0.90 0.076 10.00 autozooecial aperture width, mm 20 0.08 0.07 0.09 0.006 7.89 autozooecial aperture spacing along branch, mm 20 0.24 0.22 0.27 0.015 6.26 autozooecial aperture spacing diagonally, mm 20 0.20 0.17 0.23 0.018 9.08 maximum chamber width, mm 10 0.11 0.10 0.12 0.008 8.09 apertures per fenestrule length 10 3.3 3.0 4.0 0.483 14.64 Table 8 Summary of descriptive statistics for Hemitrypa lui n. sp. (four colonies measured). Abbreviations as for Table 1. N X MIN MAX SD CV branch width, mm 20 0.16 0.14 0.22 0.021 13.04 dissepiment width, mm 13 0.11 0.09 0.15 0.017 15.02 fenestrule width, mm 13 0.21 0.19 0.26 0.023 10.53 fenestrule length, mm 9 0.34 0.29 0.40 0.030 8.72 distance between branch centres, mm 11 0.37 0.30 0.43 0.045 12.26 distance between dissepiment centres, mm 11 0.45 0.38 0.50 0.040 8.98 maximum chamber width, mm 8 0.12 0.11 0.13 0.007 6.01 Table 9 Summary of descriptive statistics for Penniretepora sp. (ten colonies measured). Abbreviations as for Table 1. N X MIN MAX SD CV main branch width, mm 10 0.32 0.27 0.40 0.046 14.58 lateral branch width, mm 10 0.19 0.15 0.25 0.035 18.53 lateral branch spacing, mm 10 0.71 0.65 0.80 0.047 6.57 autozooecial aperture width, mm 9 0.07 0.06 0.09 0.008 11.54 autozooecial aperture spacing along branch, mm 7 0.35 0.30 0.40 0.032 9.22 maximum chamber width, mm 20 0.11 0.10 0.12 0.006 5.70 Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 18 Dec, 2025 Read the published version in Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Minor Revisions Needed 29 Apr, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 27 Mar, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 24 Mar, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 03 Mar, 2025 First submitted to journal 27 Feb, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6096012","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":433044716,"identity":"d591ec73-34d0-402d-a4b0-ade105ff7ceb","order_by":0,"name":"Andrej Ernst","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1299-2559","institution":"Universität Hamburg: Universitat Hamburg","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Andrej","middleName":"","lastName":"Ernst","suffix":""},{"id":433044717,"identity":"6e19f420-c118-44cf-8540-51719c88b406","order_by":1,"name":"Peter Königshof","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Senckenberg Forschungsinstitut und Naturmuseum Frankfurt: Senckenberg Forschungsinstitut und Naturmuseum","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Peter","middleName":"","lastName":"Königshof","suffix":""},{"id":433044718,"identity":"e148c739-8b26-4ed0-b895-feb0d1baa82b","order_by":2,"name":"Patrick Wyse Jackson","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Trinity College","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Patrick","middleName":"Wyse","lastName":"Jackson","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-02-24 10:50:35","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6096012/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6096012/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12549-025-00688-9","type":"published","date":"2025-12-18T15:57:56+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":79678071,"identity":"275109d4-8ac3-4252-a7cb-68da38f9aba8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-01 12:23:57","extension":"jpg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":146381,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eGeological map of the Hushoot Shiveetin gol section (A=eastern part. base of the eastern section at N 45°16`19.4``, E 91° 03`13.0``) and the western part (B=western part. base of the western section at N 45°16`22.3``, E 91°02`56.2``) and the plate tectonic position with the Olonbulag Subterrain (figure reused from Munkhjargal et al. 2021).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig1.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6096012/v1/6717557761ec5d99ea71e06f.jpg"},{"id":79676656,"identity":"f97e2160-fcd4-4927-9f5a-a4f44886eb2d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-01 12:15:57","extension":"jpg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":2651582,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eLithological log of the Hushoot Shiveetin gol section (A + B), which is subdivided into eight units. Conodont zonation follows Hartenfels 2011).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig2.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6096012/v1/78d0d00dbab6ff9f464f753e.jpg"},{"id":79676653,"identity":"e4cfed7e-35d1-433d-812e-25f6a454e134","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-01 12:15:57","extension":"jpg","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":9278277,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ea \u003c/strong\u003ebryozoan/coral rudstone, rare microstylolites are a result of pressure solution. MF 13. sample HS-S-2 (SMF 99259). \u003cstrong\u003eb\u003c/strong\u003e packstone, bioclasts are mainly composed of corals, bryozoans, echinoderm grains, and sponge spines in descending order. matrix is a fine skeletal debris, but also micrite occurs. MF 8, sample HS-WS-38 (SMF 99334). \u003cstrong\u003ec\u003c/strong\u003ewackestone/packstone with a diverse fauna, such as corals, bryozoans, brachiopods, ostracods, echinoderns and shell hash in fine-bioclastic pelmicrite matrix. MF 8, sample HS-WS-30 (SMF 99331). \u003cstrong\u003ed\u003c/strong\u003e coral/brachiopod wackestone to floatstone with micritic matrix. MF 8, sample HS-WS-27 (SMF99329). \u003cstrong\u003ee\u003c/strong\u003ebryozoan floatstone with some brachiopod shells. MF 8, sample HS-WS-27 (SMF99329). \u003cstrong\u003ef \u003c/strong\u003ecoral/bryozoan floatstone with a micritic matrix. MF 8, sample HS-C-W 9 (SMF 99308).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig3.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6096012/v1/fec04c498d99a55e778d0ff5.jpg"},{"id":79678072,"identity":"71e0b6df-3304-46bd-ae39-b1a846b0a8e6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-01 12:23:57","extension":"jpg","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":10116295,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ea–h \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003eCyclotrypa subtilis \u003c/em\u003e(Nekhoroshev, 1977). \u003cstrong\u003ea\u003c/strong\u003e transverse section of the colony, SMF 99329l. \u003cstrong\u003eb\u003c/strong\u003e transverse section of the colony, SMF 99329o. \u003cstrong\u003ec–d\u003c/strong\u003e longitudinal section of the colony, SMF 99329s. \u003cstrong\u003ee\u003c/strong\u003etransverse section of the colony showing vertical hemisepta (arrows), SMF 99329l. \u003cstrong\u003ef\u003c/strong\u003e tangential section of the colony showing autozooecial apertures, SMF 99329s. \u003cstrong\u003eg–h\u003c/strong\u003e tangential section of the colony showing autozooecial apertures, SMF 99329f. \u003cstrong\u003ei–k\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cem\u003eSulcoretepora hextolgayensis \u003c/em\u003eXia, 1997. \u003cstrong\u003ei–j\u003c/strong\u003etransverse section of the colony, SMF 99329n. \u003cstrong\u003ek\u003c/strong\u003e transverse section of the colony, SMF 99329r.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig4.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6096012/v1/eecbb3d77cc35cd2b516f426.jpg"},{"id":79676658,"identity":"5aa503ee-86c7-4f84-89bd-ec9dfd07225e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-01 12:15:57","extension":"jpg","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":9925515,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ea–g \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003eSulcoretepora hextolgayensis \u003c/em\u003eXia, 1997. \u003cstrong\u003ea\u003c/strong\u003e–\u003cstrong\u003eb\u003c/strong\u003e longitudinal section showing autozooecial chambers, SMF 99308a. \u003cstrong\u003ec–d \u003c/strong\u003edeep tangential section showing shape of autozooecial chambers and vesicles, SMF 99259e. \u003cstrong\u003ee–g \u003c/strong\u003etangential section showing autozooecial apertures with lunaria, SMF 99329q. \u003cstrong\u003eh–j \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003eLeioclema polenovi\u003c/em\u003e (Nekhoroshev, 1948). \u003cstrong\u003eh\u003c/strong\u003e branch longitudinal section, SMF 99308d.\u003cstrong\u003e i\u003c/strong\u003e longitudinal section showing autozooecial chambers and mesozooecia, SMF 99308d.\u003cstrong\u003e j\u003c/strong\u003e tangential section showing autozooecial apertures, mesozooecia, and acanthostyles, SMF 99308g.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig5.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6096012/v1/ee370ff3f76e11df02057a85.jpg"},{"id":79676661,"identity":"5eef4a15-7ea0-4d7f-a361-8ea63dc75019","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-01 12:15:57","extension":"jpg","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":9033720,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ea \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003eLeioclema polenovi\u003c/em\u003e (Nekhoroshev, 1948), tangential section showing an autozooecial aperture, mesozooecia, and acanthostyles, SMF 99308g. \u003cstrong\u003eb–h\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e Neotrematopora inspinosa \u003c/em\u003eXia, 1997. \u003cstrong\u003eb\u003c/strong\u003e longitudinal section of a branched colony, holotype SMF 99331a. \u003cstrong\u003ec\u003c/strong\u003e longitudinal section showing autozooecia and mesozooecia, holotype SMF 99331a. \u003cstrong\u003ed–e\u003c/strong\u003e tangential section showing autozooecial apertures and mesozooecia, holotype SMF 99331a. \u003cstrong\u003ef\u003c/strong\u003e tangential section showing autozooecial apertures, mesozooecia, and acanthostyles (arrows), paratype SMF 99331g. \u003cstrong\u003eg–h\u003c/strong\u003e longitudinal section of an encrusting colony, paratype SMF 99331j.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig6.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6096012/v1/2748623ab0d53a13abb9905b.jpg"},{"id":79678936,"identity":"bfa6f2c1-97a0-411d-b6c6-8091968d2aa8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-01 12:31:57","extension":"jpg","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":10770402,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ea–b\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cem\u003eNeotrematopora inspinosa \u003c/em\u003eXia, 1997, transverse section of a branched colony, paratype SMF 99331i. \u003cstrong\u003ec–g\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003eStreblotrypella lineata \u003c/em\u003e(Lu, 1999). \u003cstrong\u003ec\u003c/strong\u003e branch transverse section, paratype SMF 99334e. \u003cstrong\u003ed–e \u003c/strong\u003ebranch longitudinal section, holotype SMF 99334o. \u003cstrong\u003ef–g\u003c/strong\u003etangential section showing autozooecial apertures, metazooecia, and acanthostyles, holotype SMF 99334o. \u003cstrong\u003eh–k \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003eIntrapora lanceolata\u003c/em\u003e Nekhoroshev, 1960. \u003cstrong\u003eh\u003c/strong\u003e branch oblique section, SMF 99259c. \u003cstrong\u003ei–j\u003c/strong\u003e tangential section showing autozooecial aperture, metazooecia and acanthostyles, SMF 99334i. \u003cstrong\u003ek\u003c/strong\u003e branch oblique section, SMF 99334b. \u003cstrong\u003el\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cem\u003eRectifenestella\u003c/em\u003esp., tangential section, SMF 99334o.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig7.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6096012/v1/f9213d369cca96176a3786d2.jpg"},{"id":79676670,"identity":"41ba1567-7ec1-41dc-b5ed-e3734aa2cfd6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-01 12:15:57","extension":"jpg","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":12245549,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ea–d \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003eRectifenestella\u003c/em\u003esp., SMF 99334o. \u003cstrong\u003ea \u003c/strong\u003emid-tangential section showing autozooecial chambers and reverse branch surface. \u003cstrong\u003eb \u003c/strong\u003emid-tangential section showing autozooecial apertures and chambers. \u003cstrong\u003ec–d \u003c/strong\u003eshallow tangential section showing stellate structures in autozooecial apertures. \u003cstrong\u003ee–h \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003eHemitrypa lui \u003c/em\u003en. sp. \u003cstrong\u003ee\u003c/strong\u003emid-tangential section showing branches and protective superstructure, SMF 99334d. \u003cstrong\u003ef–g\u003c/strong\u003e mid-tangential section showing protective superstructure, SMF 99334d. \u003cstrong\u003eh\u003c/strong\u003e tangential section showing autozooecial chambers and protective superstructure, SMF 99334d. \u003cstrong\u003ei\u003c/strong\u003edeep tangential section showing autozooecial chambers and reverse branch surface with ridges, SMF 99334n.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig8.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6096012/v1/1687f8d9e337ce88e7bfc19c.jpg"},{"id":79678077,"identity":"1b20c805-b674-498b-bc70-85af3a9128c2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-01 12:23:57","extension":"jpg","order_by":9,"title":"Figure 9","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":9648645,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ea–c\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cem\u003eHemitrypa lui \u003c/em\u003en.\u003cem\u003e \u003c/em\u003esp. \u003cstrong\u003ea–b\u003c/strong\u003e mid-tangential section showing branches and autozooecial chambers, SMF 99334d. \u003cstrong\u003ec \u003c/strong\u003etransverse section showing branches and protective superstructure, SMF 99334m. \u003cstrong\u003ed–j \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003ePenniretepora\u003c/em\u003e sp. \u003cstrong\u003ed\u003c/strong\u003e tangential section showing main branch and secondary branches, SMF 99334i. \u003cstrong\u003ee–f\u003c/strong\u003emid-tangential section showing autozooecial chambers, SMF 99334i. \u003cstrong\u003eg\u003c/strong\u003e tangential section showing reverse branch surface, SMF 99334i. \u003cstrong\u003eh\u003c/strong\u003etangential section showing median keel, SMF 99334i. \u003cstrong\u003ei \u003c/strong\u003etangential section showing median keel and autozooecial apertures, SMF 99334n. \u003cstrong\u003ej\u003c/strong\u003elongitudinal section showing autozooecial chambers, SMF 99334c.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig9.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6096012/v1/27d30529635dca0cca9ea3a1.jpg"},{"id":98814180,"identity":"5c928d5c-624a-4906-810e-98ff62ca1ea0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-22 16:11:53","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":73772374,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6096012/v1/edeac0d7-7007-4595-8466-e7fccc4bee1b.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"Bryozoan fauna from the Samnuuruul Formation (Upper Devonian, Famennian) of the Hushoot Shiveetiin gol section, southwestern Mongolia","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eKnowledge on Palaeozoic fossils in southern and southwestern Mongolia is generally rather limited (Suttner et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR68\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Cr\u0026ocirc;nier et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Munkhjargal et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Nazik et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Roelofs et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR59\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Waters et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR80\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e) and the diversity and abundance of different fossil groups are very different. This might be a result that southwestern Mongolia is a rather unexplored region and/or it depends on the isolated position and facies setting (e.g. shallow-water environments with strong volcanic activity). However, recent reports (e.g. Suttner et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR68\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Munkhjargal et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e) have shown that there is potential to study different fossil groups, although some of them are characterized by low diversity and endemism, while others are diverse such as bryozoans.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAriunchimeg (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e) reported bryozoans from the Samnuuruul Formation, which yielded numerous dendroid, encrusting, and fenestrate colonies of 12 species and 11 genera.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe present paper provides a detailed taxonomic description of a bryozoan fauna from the Samnuuruul Formation (Upper Devonian, Famennian) of the Hushoot Shiveetiin gol section, southwestern Mongolia, and discusses its palaeobiogeographical and ecological importance.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Geological setting and studied material","content":"\u003cp\u003eStudied bryozoans are from the eastern and western Hushoot Shiveetiin gol section in southwestern Mongolia, which belongs to the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB; Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). The CAOB is characterized by a large number of terranes, island arcs, and microcontinents, and has a very complex geodynamic history (e.g. Ruzhentsev and Pospelov \u003cspan citationid=\"CR60\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1992\u003c/span\u003e; Lamp and Badarch 1997; Badarch et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e; Kr\u0026ouml;ner et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e; Xiao et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR83\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e; Yang et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR84\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e), which has evolved from the Neoproterozoic to the Cenozoic (Cunningham \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e; Safanova et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR61\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePalaeozoic rocks of the studied section are part of the complex tectonic framework of the CAOB and belong to the Baruunhuurai Terrane. This terrane is composed of Devonian to the Carboniferous rocks (Badarch et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1998\u003c/span\u003e) and was subdivided into several subterranes by Badarch et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1998\u003c/span\u003e), Dergunov (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e), and Tumurtogoo (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR71\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). The studied section is located in the Olonbulag Subterrane (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e) and has a stratigraphical range based on conodonts from the \u003cem\u003ePalmatolepis minuta minuta\u003c/em\u003e Zone to at least the \u003cem\u003ePalmatolepis rugosa trachytera\u003c/em\u003e Zone (Suttner et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR68\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Munkhjargal et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Hushoot Shiveetiin gol section has a thickness of 148.5 metres and is divided into an eastern part and a western part, which have been correlated by a volcaniclastic marker horizon (HS-S-11, Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). The section belongs to the Samnuuruul Formation and was subdivided into eight lithological units. For detailed sedimentological description of the section we refer to the publication by Munkhjargal et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Sediments are mainly composed of siliciclastic rocks and rare thin-bedded carbonates. Intercalated are volcaniclastic rocks. The variable facies setting is characterized by shallow-intertidal to open marine environments. A stressed environment as a result of restricted conditions and/or intensive volcanic activity led to differences in diversity and abundance of the observed fossil groups (Munkhjargal et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll samples have a Famennian age. Samples HS-S-2 (SMF 99259) and sample HS-WS-38 (SMF 99334) belong to the \u003cem\u003ePalmatolepis rhomboidea\u003c/em\u003e Zone, whereas samples HS-WS-30 (SMF 99331), HS-WS-27 (SMF 99329), and HS-C-W 9 (SMF 99308) are expected to be younger (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e), but a precise biostratigraphic datum was not possible due to the lack of index taxa (Munkhjargal et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Bryozoans occur in distinct layers in the sampled limestones. These rocks are classified as wackestone, floatstone, packstone and rudstone, which yield a diverse fauna such as bryozoans, echinoderms, brachiopods, bivalves, and corals. Whereas rudstone (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003ea) and packstone (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003eb) are rather rare, wackestone (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003ec), wackestone/floatstone (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003ed), and floatstone (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003ee, f) are the dominant rocks. A gradual transition from wackestone to floatstone has been observed in some samples (e.g. sample HS-WS-27). The matrix is either composed of micrite or bioclastic pelmicrite. Some samples exhibit bioturbation (MF 9). The microfacies types MF 8, and MF 9 represent low-energy environments such as mid-ramp or outershelf setting or even shelf lagoons with open circulation. Rudstone (MF 13) which have been observed in some samples can occur as well in shallow-marine environments such as lagoons (FZ 7, Fl\u0026uuml;gel \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e). The facies interpretation of the studied carbonates fits to the described palaeoenvironmental setting of the entire section published by Munkhjargal et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"3. Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eFrom the studied samples 61 thin sections were made (24x48 mm and 50x50 mm). Microfacies description is based on the classification by Dunham (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1962\u003c/span\u003e) and Embry and Clovan (1971). Standard Microfacies Types (MF) are classified based on Fl\u0026uuml;gel (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e). Bryozoan morphology has been studied using a binocular microscope. Morphologic character terminology is partly adopted from Boardman (1960), Anstey and Perry (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1970\u003c/span\u003e) for trepostomes, from Hageman (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1991a\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003eb\u003c/span\u003e) and Snyder (1991) for fenestrates. The following morphologic characters were measured and used for statistics in the studied material: Branch width, branch thickness, exo- (endo-) zone width, axial ratio (ratio of endozone width to the branch width), autozooecial aperture width, aperture spacing (along branch, diagonally), acanthostyle diameter, meso- (meta-)zooecia width, wall thickness in exozone, vesicle diameter (spacing), number of vesicles per aperture, dissepiment width, fenestrule width (length), distance between branch (dissepiment) centres, number of apertures per fenestrule length, maximal chamber width. For branched bryozoans, the Bryozoan Skeletal Index (BSI) has been calculated, using the formula Exozone Width x Exozonal Wall Width/Aperture Width x 100 (Wyse Jackson et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR81\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). The spacing of structures is measured as a distance between their centres. Statistics were summarized using arithmetic mean, sample standard deviation, coefficient of variation, and minimum and maximum values. The studied thin sections are deposited at the Research Institute and Natural History Museum, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (SMF 99259, 99308, 99329, 99331, and 99334).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"4. Systematic palaeontology","content":"\u003cp\u003ePhylum Bryozoa Ehrenberg, 1831\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eClass Stenolaemata Borg, 1926\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSuperorder PalaeostomataMa et al., 2014\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOrder Cystoporata Astrova, 1964\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSuborder Fistuliporina Astrova, 1964\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFamily Fistuliporidae Ulrich, 1882\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGenus\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;Cyclotrypa\u003c/em\u003e Ulrich, 1896\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eType species\u003c/strong\u003e. \u003cem\u003eFistulipora communis\u003c/em\u003e Ulrich, 1890. Middle Devonian; Iowa, USA.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRemarks\u003c/strong\u003e.\u003cem\u003eCyclotrypa\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eUlrich, 1896 differs from \u003cem\u003eFistulipora\u003c/em\u003e M\u0026lsquo;Coy, 1849 and \u003cem\u003eEridopora\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eUlrich, 1882 in the absence of lunaria.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOccurrence\u003c/strong\u003e.Silurian to Permian; Europe, North America, Asia.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCyclotrypa subtilis\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Nekhoroshev, 1977)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFigure 4a\u0026ndash;h; Table 1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1977 \u003cem\u003eCheilotrypa subtilis\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eNekhoroshev, p. 59, pl. 3, fig. 3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2000 \u003cem\u003eCheilotrypa subtilis\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eNekhoroshev, 1977 \u0026ndash; Ariunchimeg, p. 46, pl. 7, fig. 2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMaterial\u003c/strong\u003e.SMF 99308a-g,99329a, f, h-v.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDescription\u003c/strong\u003e.Cylindrical colonies formed by encrusting unpreserved objects, 1.55\u0026ndash;3.00 mm in diameter, with a lumen 0.65\u0026ndash;1.50 mm in diameter. Encrusting sheets 0.44\u0026ndash;0.78 mm in thickness. Autozooecia growing from laminated epitheca. Epitheca 0.015\u0026ndash;0.020 mm thick. Autozooecial diaphragms absent. Short vertical hemisepta at the bottom of autozooecial chambers present, oriented perpendicular to the substrate. Autozooecial apertures rounded to oval. Granular material well developed at colony surface. Vesicular skeleton well developed. Vesicles moderately large, separating autozooecia in single row, 6\u0026ndash;10 surrounding each autozooecia aperture, with flat roofs, polygonal in tangential section. Autozooecial walls granular prismatic, 0.008\u0026ndash;0.015 mm thick. Maculae absent.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRemarks\u003c/strong\u003e.\u003cem\u003eCheilotrypa subtilis\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eNekhoroshev, 1977 possesses circular apertures lacking lunaria whereas the genus \u003cem\u003eCheilotrypa\u003c/em\u003e Ulrich, 1884 is characterized by presence of lunaria (Karklins, 1983, p. 383). The hollow ramose colony shape is also not unique to the genus \u003cem\u003eCheilotrypa\u003c/em\u003e. Therefore, this species is herewith re-assigned to \u003cem\u003eCyclotrypa\u003c/em\u003e Ulrich, 1896 due to the presence of circular apertures. \u003cem\u003eCyclotrypa subtilis\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003ediffers from \u003cem\u003eC. tubularia\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eNekhoroshev, 1948 from the upper Givetian of Altai and Kazakhstan (Nekhoroshev 1977) in having smaller colonies and in absence of maculae (the latter species possesses abundant and large maculae of vesicular skeleton). \u003cem\u003eCyclotrypa subtilis\u003c/em\u003e differs from \u003cem\u003eC. circularis\u003c/em\u003e Kopajevich, 1984 from the Devonian (Givetian-Frasnian) of Mongolia in having smaller autozooecial apertures (0.16\u0026ndash;0.25 mm vs. 0.14\u0026ndash;0.31 mm in \u003cem\u003eC. circularis\u003c/em\u003e). \u003cem\u003eCyclotrypa subtilis\u003c/em\u003e differs from \u003cem\u003eC. concylindrella\u003c/em\u003e Xia, 1997 from the Upper Devonian (Famennian) of China in having smaller autozooecial apertures (0.16\u0026ndash;0.25 mm vs. 0.28\u0026ndash;0.30 mm in \u003cem\u003eC. concylindrella\u003c/em\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOccurrence\u003c/strong\u003e. Upper Devonian, upper Famennian; Kazakhstan. Upper Devonian, upper Famennian; Mongolia. Samnuuruul Formation, Upper Devonian, Famennian; Hushoot Shiveetiin gol section, southwestern Mongolia.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGenus \u003cem\u003eSulcoretepora\u003c/em\u003e d\u0026rsquo;Orbigny, 1849\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[=\u003cem\u003eArcanopora\u003c/em\u003e Vine, 1884, p. 204; \u003cem\u003eAcanthopora\u003c/em\u003e Vine \u0026ndash; Morozova, 1960, p. 86, incorrect subsequent spelling; \u003cem\u003eMstania\u003c/em\u003e Schulga-Nesterenko, 1955, p. 175]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eType species\u003c/strong\u003e. \u003cem\u003eFlustra\u003c/em\u003e ? \u003cem\u003eparallela\u003c/em\u003e Phillips, 1836, subsequently designated by d\u0026rsquo;Orbigny (1849); Mississippian; Whitewell, Yorkshire, England.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRemarks\u003c/strong\u003e.The genus\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;Sulcoretepora\u003c/em\u003e d`Orbigny, 1849 differs from the genus \u003cem\u003eCystodictya\u003c/em\u003e Ulrich, 1882 by the absence of hemisepta.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOccurrence\u003c/strong\u003e.Devonian to Permian; Europe, North America, Asia.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSulcoretepora hextolgayensis\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eXia, 1997\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFigure 4i\u0026ndash;k, 5a\u0026ndash;g; Table 2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1997 \u003cem\u003eSulcoretepora hextolgayensis\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eXia, 1997, p. 116\u0026ndash;117, pl. 11, fig. 8, pl. 12, figs. 1, 3, 8, 12, 13.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2000 \u003cem\u003ePseudonematopora hextolgayensis\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Xia, 1997) \u0026ndash; Ariunchimeg, p. 46\u0026ndash;47, pl. 8, fig. 2, 3.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMaterial\u003c/strong\u003e.SMF 99259a-e, 99308a-g, 99329a-r, t-v, SMF 99334a-q.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDescription\u003c/strong\u003e. Branched, bifoliate colonies, 0.80\u0026ndash;1.60 mm wide and 0.75\u0026ndash;1.55 mm thick. Exozones 0.25\u0026ndash;0.46 mm wide. Autozooecia short, budding from a straight, sometimes very short mesotheca, trapezoidal to teardrop-shaped in transverse section at their bases, rectangular in deep tangential section, becoming rounded in the exozone. Mesotheca 0.010\u0026ndash;0.015 mm thick. Rare planar diaphragms present in autozooecia. Autozooecial apertures circular to oval, arranged in 4\u0026ndash;6 alternating rows on the colony surface. Lunaria large, horse-shoe shaped, directed towards branch margins. Vesicles common, moderate in size, flat, having rounded roofs, polygonal in mid-tangential section, 2\u0026ndash;4 positioned between two longitudinally suc\u0026shy;cessive autozooecial apertures. Stereom strongly developed, laminated, containing small styles. Styles in stereom 0.005\u0026ndash;0.010 mm in diameter. Autozooecial walls compound, 0.005\u0026ndash;0.008 mm thick in endozone. Maculae absent.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRemarks\u003c/strong\u003e.Ariunchimeg (2000, p. 46\u0026ndash;47) placed the species \u003cem\u003eSulcoretepora\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003ehextolgayensis\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eXia, 1997 into the genus \u003cem\u003ePseudonematopora\u003c/em\u003e Balakin, 1974. However, the latter genus (usually placed into the Suborder Rhabdomesina of the Order Cryptostomata) possesses no lunaria (Blake 1983, p. 565; Gorjunova 1985, p. 97). Therefore, this species is retained in the genus \u003cem\u003eSulcoretepora\u003c/em\u003e d\u0026rsquo;Orbigny, 1849. \u003cem\u003eSulcoretepora\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003ehextolgayensis\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003ediffers from \u003cem\u003eS. inventa\u003c/em\u003e Troitzkaya, 1968 from the Middle Devonian (Givetian) of Kazakhstan in having larger apertures (average aperture width 0.15 mm vs. 0.12 mm in \u003cem\u003eS. inventa\u003c/em\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOccurrence\u003c/strong\u003e.Hongguleleng Formation, Upper Devonian, lower Famennian; Xinjiang, China. Upper Devonian, upper Famennian; Mongolia. Samnuuruul Formation, Upper Devonian, Famennian; Hushoot Shiveetiin gol section, southwestern Mongolia (present paper).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOrder Trepostomata Ulrich, 1882\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSuborder Halloporina Astrova, 1965\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFamily Heterotrypidae Ulrich, 1890\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGenus \u003cem\u003eLeioclema\u003c/em\u003e Ulrich, 1882\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eType species\u003c/strong\u003e. \u003cem\u003eCallopora punctata\u003c/em\u003e Hall, 1858. Lower Carboniferous; Iowa, USA.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRemarks\u003c/strong\u003e. \u003cem\u003eLeioclema\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eUlrich, 1882 differs from \u003cem\u003eHeterotrypa\u003c/em\u003e Nicholson, 1879 in having rare autozooecial diaphragms and abundant acanthostyles and mesozooecia, and from \u003cem\u003eStigmatella\u003c/em\u003e Ulrich \u0026amp; Bassler, 1904 in having abundant mesozooecia.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOccurrence\u003c/strong\u003e. Lower Silurian \u0026ndash; Upper Carboniferous; worldwide.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLeioclema polenovi\u003c/em\u003e (Nekhoroshev, 1948)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFigure 5h\u0026ndash;j, 6a; Table 3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1948 \u003cem\u003eLioclema polenovi\u003c/em\u003e Nekhoroshev, pp. 67\u0026ndash;68, pl. 15, figs. 4\u0026ndash;5, pl. 19, fig. 1, 2.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1948 \u003cem\u003eLioclema polenovi\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003evar. \u003cem\u003ekisiltaschensis\u003c/em\u003e Nekhoroshev, pp. 68\u0026ndash;69, pl. 16, figs. 1\u0026ndash;6, pl. 17, figs. 5, 6.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1956 \u003cem\u003eLioclema minor\u003c/em\u003e Yang, pp. 778\u0026ndash;779, pl. 6, fig. 3, pl. 7, fig. 3.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1969 \u003cem\u003eLioclema polenovi\u003c/em\u003e Nekhoroshev, 1948 \u0026ndash; Volkova, pp. 42\u0026ndash;43, pl. 12, fig. 2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1974 \u003cem\u003eLioclema polenovi\u003c/em\u003e Nekhoroshev, 1948 \u0026ndash; Volkova, pp. 48\u0026ndash;49, pl. 19, fig. 2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMaterial\u003c/strong\u003e. 99308c, d, e, f, g.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDescription\u003c/strong\u003e. Branched colony, 1.65\u0026ndash;1.98 mm in diameter, with 0.31\u0026ndash;0.40 mm wide exozone and 0.55\u0026ndash;1.28 mm wide endozone. Axial ratio is 0.57\u0026ndash;0.67. BSI is 13.46. Autozooecial apertures rounded-polygonal to petaloid due to indenting acanthostyles. Autozooecial diaphragms few to absent, thin, straight or slightly deflected proximally. Mesozooecia abundant, 6\u0026ndash;10 surrounding each aperture, polygonal in cross section, containing planar diaphragms. Acanthostyles moderate in size, absent to common, 1\u0026ndash;2 surrounding each aperture, originating from the base of exozone, rarely indenting autozooecia, having distinct calcite cores and dark laminated sheaths. Walls granular, in endozone 0.005\u0026ndash;0.010 mm thick; in exozone 0.04\u0026ndash;0.06 mm thick, distinctly laminated. Maculae not observed.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRemarks\u003c/strong\u003e. \u003cem\u003eLeioclema polenovi\u003c/em\u003e (Nekhoroshev, 1948) is similar to \u003cem\u003eL. liuchingense\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Hu, 1965) from the Early Devonian (Emsian) of China in having smaller autozooecial apertures (aperture width 0.10\u0026ndash;0.19 mm vs. 0.18\u0026ndash;0.24 mm in \u003cem\u003eL. liuchingense\u003c/em\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOccurrence\u003c/strong\u003e. Middle Devonian (Givetian) \u0026ndash; Upper Devonian (lower Frasnian); Altai. Middle Devonian (Givetian); China. Samnuuruul Formation, Upper Devonian, Famennian; Hushoot Shiveetiin gol section, southwestern Mongolia (present paper).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFamily Trematoporidae Miller, 1889\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGenus \u003cem\u003eNeotrematopora\u003c/em\u003e Morozova, 1960\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eType species\u003c/strong\u003e. \u003cem\u003eNeotrematopora typica\u003c/em\u003e Morozova, 1960. Middle Devonian, Givetian; Siberia, Russia.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRemarks\u003c/strong\u003e. \u003cem\u003eNeotrematopora\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eMorozova, 1960 differs from \u003cem\u003eMinussina\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eMorozova, 1960 in having partly merged autozooecial walls, which in \u003cem\u003eMinussina\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eare distinctly serrated with ridges on the colony surface at the zooecial boundaries.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOccurrence\u003c/strong\u003e. Upper Silurian \u0026ndash; Mississippian; Eurasia.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNeotrematopora\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;inspinosa\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eXia, 1997\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFigure 6b\u0026ndash;h, 7a\u0026ndash;b; Table 4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1997 \u003cem\u003eNeotrematopora\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;inspinosa\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eXia, p. 106\u0026ndash;107, pl. 1, figs. 1, 8, 10\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMaterial\u003c/strong\u003e. SMF 99329c, SMF 99331a-j.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDescription\u003c/strong\u003e.\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eBranched colonies 0.90\u0026ndash;1.80 mm in diameter, with 0.21\u0026ndash;0.60 mm wide exozone and 0.48\u0026ndash;0.91 mm wide endozone. Axial ratio is 0.33\u0026ndash;0.59. BSI is 8.6. Encrusting colonies often tubular (originally encrusting ephemeral subjects), 0.80\u0026ndash;1.55 mm in diameter, with 0.11\u0026ndash;0.28 mm wide lumen. Encrusting sheets 0.28\u0026ndash;0.60 mm in thickness. In encrusting colonies autozooecia budding from a thin epitheca, initially oriented parallel to the substrate, then bending sharply and intersecting the colony surface at right angles. In branched colonies autozooecia long in endozones bending sharply in exozones. Autozooecial apertures rounded-polygonal. Autozooecial diaphragms rare to common, thin, straight or slightly deflected proximally. Mesozooecia abundant, 6\u0026ndash;12 surrounding each aperture, polygonal in cross section, locally containing abundant planar diaphragms, restricted to exozone. Acanthostyles occasionally present, 0.020\u0026ndash;0.025 mm in diameter, restricted to exozone, slightly indenting autozooecia, having narrow calcite cores and dark laminated sheaths. Autozooecial walls granular, 0.015\u0026ndash;0.023 mm thick in endozones; distinctly laminated, merged, 0.023\u0026ndash;0.045 mm thick in the exozone. Maculae consisting mesozooecia rare, 0.35 mm in diameter.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRemarks\u003c/strong\u003e. Xia (1997) described only the holotype of this species and noted the total absence of acanthostyles. However, in the present material (ca. 20 colonies) some few areas of tangential sections revealed the presence of small acanthostyles (Fig. 6f). \u003cem\u003eNeotrematopora\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;inspinosa\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eXia, 1997 differs from \u003cem\u003eN. comperta\u003c/em\u003e Troitzkaya, 1968 from the Middle Devonian (Givetian) of Kazakhstan in smaller colonies (branch width 0.9\u0026ndash;1.8 mm vs. 5\u0026ndash;7 mm in \u003cem\u003eN. comperta\u003c/em\u003e) and more abundant mesozooecia (6\u0026ndash;12 vs. 4\u0026ndash;6 around each autozooecial aperture in \u003cem\u003eN. comperta\u003c/em\u003e). \u003cem\u003eNeotrematopora\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;inspinosa\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003ediffers from \u003cem\u003eN. altilis\u003c/em\u003e Yang, Hu \u0026amp; Xia, 1988 from the Late Devonian (Famennian) of China in having abundant and large mesozooecia and in having larger autozooecial apertures (aperture width 0.10\u0026ndash;0.17 mm vs. 0.07\u0026ndash;0.10 mm in \u003cem\u003eN. altilis\u003c/em\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOccurrence.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eHongguleleng Formation, Upper Devonian, lower Famennian; Xinjiang, China. Samnuuruul Formation, Upper Devonian, Famennian; Hushoot Shiveetiin gol section, southwestern Mongolia (present paper).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOrder Cryptostomata Vine, 1884\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSuborder Rhabdomesina Astrova \u0026amp; Morozova, 1956\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFamily Nikiforovellidae Gorjunova, 1975\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGenus \u003cem\u003eStreblotrypella\u003c/em\u003e Nikiforova, 1948\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eType species\u003c/strong\u003e. \u003cem\u003eStreblotrypa major\u003c/em\u003e Ulrich, 1889. Mississippian; Kentucky, USA.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRemarks\u003c/strong\u003e. \u003cem\u003eStreblotrypella\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eNikiforova, 1948 is similar to \u003cem\u003eAcanthoclema\u003c/em\u003e Hall, 1886, but differs from it in having abundant metazooecia distributed irregularly throughout the colony and the absence of mural spines in the skeleton.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOccurrence\u003c/strong\u003e. Middle Devonian to Lower Permian; worldwide.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eStreblotrypella\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003elineata\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Lu, 1999)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFigure 7c\u0026ndash;g; Table 5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1999 \u003cem\u003eClausotrypa lineata\u003c/em\u003e Lu, p. 181, pl. 11, figs. 5\u0026ndash;8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2000 \u003cem\u003eNemacanthopora cellaris\u003c/em\u003e (Xia, 1997) \u0026ndash; Ariunchimeg, p. 47, pl. 7, figs. 3\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMaterial\u003c/strong\u003e: SMF 99334e, g, h, k, l, m, p, q.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDescription\u003c/strong\u003e. Branched colonies, 0.65\u0026ndash;1.00 mm in diameter, with 0.17\u0026ndash;0.30 mm wide exozones and 0.31\u0026ndash;0.52 mm wide endozones. Axial ratio is 0.40\u0026ndash;0.57. Exozones distinctly separated from endozones. Autozooecia growing in a spiral pattern from the median axis, abruptly bending in exozone, having triangular to drop-shaped cross section in endozone and rhombic shape in deep tangential section. Autozooecial apertures oval, arranged in regular diagonal rows on branches. Basal diaphragms rare, thin. Acanthostyles abundant between autozooecia, long, having distinct hyaline cores and laminated sheaths, originating from the base of the exozone. Metazooecia cystose, originating from the base of the exozone, abundant, arranged in 1\u0026ndash;2 rows between autozooecia, often sealed near the colony surface, containing abundant diaphragms, having rounded to polygonal apertures. Autozooecial walls finely laminated, with dividing hyaline layer, 0.010\u0026ndash;0.015 mm thick in endozone; coarsely laminated, with distinct dark boundaries in exozone.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRemarks\u003c/strong\u003e. \u003cem\u003eStreblotrypella\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;lineata\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Lu, 1999) differs from \u003cem\u003eS. zagensis\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eAriunchimeg, 2005 from the Mississippian of Mongolia, in the presence of acanthostyles and larger metazooecia (0.04\u0026ndash;0.09 mm vs. 0.03\u0026ndash;0.07 mm in \u003cem\u003eS. zagensis\u003c/em\u003e).\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;Streblotrypella\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;lineata\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003ediffers from \u003cem\u003eS. strabona\u003c/em\u003e Trizna, 1958 from the Mississippian (Vis\u0026eacute;an) of Russia, in the presence of acanthostyles and thinner colonies (branch width 0.65\u0026ndash;1.00 mm vs. up to 1.5 mm in \u003cem\u003eS. strabona\u003c/em\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOoccurrence\u003c/strong\u003e.Upper Devonian, upper Famennian; Mongolia. Samnuuruul Formation, Upper Devonian, Famennian; Hushoot Shiveetiin gol section, southwestern Mongolia (present paper).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSuborder Ptilodictyina Astrova \u0026amp; Morozova, 1956\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFamily Intraporidae Simpson, 1897\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGenus\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;Intrapora\u003c/em\u003e Hall, 1883\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eType species\u003c/strong\u003e. \u003cem\u003eIntrapora puteolata\u003c/em\u003e Hall, 1883. Middle Jeffersonville Limestone, Middle Devonian; Eastern USA.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRemarks\u003c/strong\u003e.\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;Intrapora\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eHall, 1883 differs from \u003cem\u003eEnsiphragma\u003c/em\u003e Astrova\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;in\u003c/em\u003e Astrova \u0026amp; Yaroshinskaya, 1968 in the arrangement of metazooecia. Metazooecia in \u003cem\u003eIntrapora\u003c/em\u003e are arranged more or less irregularly, whereas metazooecia of\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;Ensiphragma\u003c/em\u003e are arranged in pairs between apertures. \u003cem\u003eIntrapora\u003c/em\u003e differs also from \u003cem\u003eCoscinella\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eHall, 1887 in the presence of acanthostyles and colony shape: dichotomous branched, leaf-like, or frondose versus reticular colony consisting of anastomosing branches in \u003cem\u003eCoscinella\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOccurrence\u003c/strong\u003e.\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eLower Devonian \u0026ndash; Mississippian; North America, Eurasia.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eIntrapora\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003elanceolata\u003c/em\u003e Nekhoroshev, 1960\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFigure 7h\u0026ndash;k; Table 6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1960 \u003cem\u003eIntrapora\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003elanceolata\u003c/em\u003e Nekhoroshev, p. 280, pl. 70, figs. 4\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1968 \u003cem\u003eIntrapora\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003elanceolata\u003c/em\u003e Nekhoroshev, 1960 \u0026ndash; Troitzkaya, p. 149, pl. 31, fig. 3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1977 \u003cem\u003eIntrapora\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003elanceolata\u003c/em\u003e Nekhoroshev, 1960 \u0026ndash; Nekhoroshev, p. 128, pl. 29, figs. 3\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1997 \u003cem\u003eIntrapora\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003elanceolata\u003c/em\u003e Nekhoroshev, 1960 \u0026ndash; Xia, p. 128, pl. 18, figs. 6\u0026ndash;11, pl. 19, figs. 1\u0026ndash;2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2000 \u003cem\u003eIntrapora\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003elanceolata\u003c/em\u003e Nekhoroshev, 1960 \u0026ndash; Ariunchimeg, p. 47\u0026ndash;48, pl. 7, fig. 6.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMaterial\u003c/strong\u003e. 99334b, d, i, n, 99259c.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDescription\u003c/strong\u003e. Bifoliate, leaf-like colonies. Branches ca. 2.9 mm in width. Autozooecia relatively long, growing from a mesotheca, semicircular at the base in transverse section, becoming rounded-polygonal in the exozone, arranged in indistinctly alternating rows on branches. Autozooecial diaphragms rare, hemisepta absent. Metazooecia abundant, polygonal to subcircular, commonly separating autozooecia, 2\u0026ndash;4 occurring between neighbouring autozooecia. Metazooecial diaphragms abundant, thick. Acanthostyles abundant, 2\u0026ndash;4 constantly surrounding each autozooecial aperture and occurring randomly between autozooecia, having narrow hyaline cores and wide laminated sheaths. Autozooecial walls granular, 0.010\u0026ndash;0.015 mm thick in endozone; finely laminated, 0.060\u0026ndash;0.075 mm thick in exozone. Maculae not observed.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRemarks\u003c/strong\u003e. \u003cem\u003eIntrapora lanceolata\u003c/em\u003e Nekhoroshev, 1960 is similar to \u003cem\u003eI. kazakhstanica\u003c/em\u003e Nekhoroshev, 1960 from the Upper Devonian (Famennian) of Kazakhstan, but differs in smaller autozooecial apertures (aperture width 0.09\u0026ndash;0.12 mm vs. 0.14\u0026ndash;0.15 mm in \u003cem\u003eI. kazakhstanica\u003c/em\u003e) and in larger distances between autozooecial apertures (0.38\u0026ndash;0.65 mm vs. 0.33\u0026ndash;0.36 mm in \u003cem\u003eI. kazakhstanica\u003c/em\u003e). \u003cem\u003eIntrapora lanceolata\u003c/em\u003e differs from \u003cem\u003eI. varibilis\u003c/em\u003e Ernst, 2008 from the Middle Devonian (Eifelian \u0026ndash; Givetian) of the Rhenish Massif (Germany) in less abundant acanthostyles (2\u0026ndash;4 acanthostyles per aperture vs.3\u0026ndash;6 in \u003cem\u003eI. variabilis\u003c/em\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOccurrence\u003c/strong\u003e. Upper Devonian (upper Frasnian \u0026ndash; lower Famennian); North Xinjiang, China. Upper Devonian (upper Famennian); Altai, Kazakhstan, Mongolia. Samnuuruul Formation, Upper Devonian, Famennian; Hushoot Shiveetiin gol section, southwestern Mongolia (present paper).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOrder Fenestrata Elias and Condra, 1957\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eSuborder Fenestellina Astrova \u0026amp; Morozova, 1956\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFamily Fenestellidae King, 1849\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGenus\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;Rectifenestella\u003c/em\u003e Morozova, 1974\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eType species\u003c/strong\u003e.\u003cem\u003eFenestella medvedkensis\u003c/em\u003e Schulga-Nesterenko, 1951. Pennsylvanian (Kasimovian); Russian Platform.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRemarks\u003c/strong\u003e.\u003cem\u003eRectifenestella\u003c/em\u003e differs from \u003cem\u003eLaxifenestella\u003c/em\u003e Morozova, 1974 in having a pentagonal shape of autozooecia and in the absence of inferior hemisepta, from \u003cem\u003eMinilya\u003c/em\u003e Crockford, 1944 in having a single row of nodes on the keel instead of two alternating rows in \u003cem\u003eMinilya\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOccurrence\u003c/strong\u003e.Devonian to Permian; worldwide.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eRectifenestella\u003c/em\u003e sp.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFigure 7l, 8a\u0026ndash;d; Table 7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMaterial\u003c/strong\u003e.Single colony 99334o.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eExterior\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003edescription\u003c/strong\u003e.Reticulate colonies with straight branches, bifurcating, joined by moderately wide dissepiments. Autozooecia arranged in two alternating rows on branches. Autozooecial apertures circular, with stellate structure; 3\u0026ndash;4 apertures spaced per fenestrule length. Fenestrules oval to rectangular, moderate in size. Median keel low; keel nodes absent. Reverse side smooth.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInterior\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003edescription\u003c/strong\u003e.Autozooecia pentagonal in mid-tangential section; with well-developed long vestibule; axial wall zigzag; aperture positioned at distal end of chamber. Hemisepta absent. Internal granular skeleton continuous with obverse keel, peristome and across dissepiments. External laminated skeleton well developed, traversed by abundant microstyles. Microstyles regularly arranged in longitudinal rows on colony reverse surface, 0.010\u0026ndash;0.015 mm in diameter. Heterozooecia not observed.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRemarks\u003c/strong\u003e. Distinct character of this species is the absence of nodes on the median keel. \u003cem\u003eRectifenestella\u003c/em\u003e sp. is similar to \u003cem\u003eR. praerudis\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Troitzkaya, 1968) from the Late Devonian (Famennian) of Kazakhstan, but differs in having smaller fenestrules (fenestrule width 0.20\u0026ndash;0.30 mm vs. 0.31\u0026ndash;0.41 mm in \u003cem\u003eR. praerudis\u003c/em\u003e; fenestrule length 0.49\u0026ndash;0.70 mm vs. 0.67\u0026ndash;0.80 mm in \u003cem\u003eR. praerudis\u003c/em\u003e). \u003cem\u003eRectifenestella\u003c/em\u003e sp. is similar to \u003cem\u003eR. elongata\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Krasnopeeva, 1935) from the Middle-Late Devonian (Givetian-Frasnian) of Altai, but differs from it in wider fenestrules (fenestrule width 0.20\u0026ndash;0.30 mm vs. 0.14\u0026ndash;0.18 mm in \u003cem\u003eR. elongata\u003c/em\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOccurrence\u003c/strong\u003e. Samnuuruul Formation, Upper Devonian, Famennian; Hushoot Shiveetiin gol section, southwestern Mongolia (present paper).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGenus \u003cem\u003eHemitrypa\u003c/em\u003e Phillips, 1841\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eType species\u003c/strong\u003e. \u003cem\u003eHemitrypa\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003eoculata\u003c/em\u003e Phillips, 1841, by original designation. Devonian; Barton, South Devon, England.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRemarks\u003c/strong\u003e. \u003cem\u003eHemitrypa\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003ePhillips, 1841 is similar to \u003cem\u003ePseudounitrypa\u003c/em\u003e Nekhoroshev, 1926, but differs from it in the composition of the superstructure. The superstructure of \u003cem\u003eHemitrypa\u003c/em\u003e is produced by laminar wall extensions of keel nodes forming a meshwork of polygonal openings which are centred over zooecial apertures in the branch below, whereas openings in \u003cem\u003ePseudounitrypa\u003c/em\u003e are centred over the branches and terminate laterally over the centres of the fenestrules where the superstructural elements from adjacent branches meet and fuse.\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;Hemitrypa\u003c/em\u003e differs from \u003cem\u003eHemitrypella\u003c/em\u003e Nekhoroshev, 1948 in quadrangular or pentagonal shape of autozooecia in tangential section vs. triangular to trapezoid in \u003cem\u003eHemitrypella\u003c/em\u003e. Moreover, \u003cem\u003eHemitrypa\u003c/em\u003e develops conical or fan-shaped colonies instead of conical and conical-tubular colony in \u003cem\u003eHemitrypella\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOccurrence\u003c/strong\u003e. Early Devonian to Middle Permian; worldwide.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHemitrypa lui\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003en. sp.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFigure 8e\u0026ndash;h, 9a\u0026ndash;c; Table 8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1999 \u003cem\u003eHemitrypella devonica\u003c/em\u003e Lu, p. 177, pl. 6, figs. 8\u0026ndash;11.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEtymology.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe new species is named after Lu Linhuang, who contributed significantly to the knowledge of Palaeozoic bryozoans. The new species is erected because the name \u0026quot;\u003cem\u003edevonica\u003c/em\u003e\u0026quot; is preoccupied (\u003cem\u003eHemitrypa devonica\u003c/em\u003e Nekhoroshev, 1926).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMaterial\u003c/strong\u003e.99259a-c, 99334i, j, d, m, n.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eExterior description\u003c/strong\u003e. Reticulate colonies with straight branches joined by dissepiments. Autozooecia arranged in two alternating rows on branches, having circular apertures with low peristomes. Autozooecial apertures rounded, 0.08\u0026ndash;0.10 mm in diameter, 2 spaced per length of a fenestrule. Fenestrules oval to slightly rectangular. Protective superstructure produced by median keels arising from branches and dissepiments; openings in the superstructure correspond to the fenestrules in the main meshwork, 0.10\u0026ndash;0.13 mm in diameter, showing hexagonal shape in deeper section. Reverse colony surface containing high median ridges which form hexagonal pattern.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInterior description\u003c/strong\u003e. Autozooecia trapezoidal in mid tangential section; low and elongated, with short vestibule in longitudinal section. Axial wall between autozooecial rows zigzag in tangential sections; aperture positioned at distal end of chamber. Hemisepta absent. Internal granular skeleton continuous with obverse keel, nodes, peristome and across dissepiments. External laminated skeleton well developed. Heterozooecia not observed.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRemarks\u003c/strong\u003e.\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eHemitrypella devonica\u003c/em\u003e Lu, 1999 is herewith placed to the genus \u003cem\u003eHemitrypa\u003c/em\u003e because of the pentagonal shape of autozooecial chambers which are triangular in \u003cem\u003eHemitrypella\u003c/em\u003e (Ernst et al., in press). \u003cem\u003eHemitrypa lui\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003en. sp. is similar to \u003cem\u003eH\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cem\u003egornostaevi\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eKrasnopeeva, 1935 from the Late Devonian (Frasnian) of Russia (Altai), but differs in having thinner branches (branch width 0.14\u0026ndash;0.22 mm vs. 0.27\u0026ndash;0.30 mm in \u003cem\u003eH\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cem\u003egornostaevi\u003c/em\u003e). \u003cem\u003eHemitrypa lui\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003en. sp. is similar to \u003cem\u003eH\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cem\u003ebayanaulensis\u003c/em\u003e Troitzkaya, 1968 from the Late Devonian (Frasnian) of Kazakhstan, but differs in having thinner branches (branch width 0.14\u0026ndash;0.22 mm vs. 0.21\u0026ndash;0.24 mm in \u003cem\u003eH\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cem\u003egornostaevi\u003c/em\u003e) and thinner dissepiments (dissepiment width 0.09\u0026ndash;0.15 mm vs. 0.23\u0026ndash;0.25 mm in \u003cem\u003eH\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cem\u003egornostaevi\u003c/em\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOccurrence\u003c/strong\u003e. Samnuuruul Formation, Upper Devonian, Famennian; Hushoot Shiveetiin gol section, southwestern Mongolia (present paper).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFamily Acanthocladiidae Ulrich, 1890\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGenus \u003cem\u003ePenniretepora\u003c/em\u003e d`Orbigny, 1849\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[=\u003cem\u003eAcanthopora\u003c/em\u003e Young \u0026amp; Young, 1875; \u003cem\u003ePinnatopora\u003c/em\u003e Vine, 1883]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eType species\u003c/strong\u003e.\u003cem\u003eRetepora pluma\u003c/em\u003e Phillips, 1836. Mississippian; Yorkshire, England.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRemarks\u003c/strong\u003e. \u003cem\u003ePenniretepora\u003c/em\u003e d`Orbigny, 1849 differs from \u003cem\u003eFilites\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003ePočta, 1894 in the shape of autozooecia in mid-tangential section (rectangular to pentagonal or trapezoid vs. triangular in \u003cem\u003eFilites\u003c/em\u003e). Moreover, the pinnae in \u003cem\u003eFilites\u003c/em\u003e are recurved proximally, whereas pinnae in \u003cem\u003ePenniretepora\u003c/em\u003e are diverting in the distal direction (Su\u0026aacute;rez Andr\u0026eacute;s \u0026amp; Wyse Jackson, 2017). \u003cem\u003ePenniretepora\u003c/em\u003e differs from \u003cem\u003eGorjunopora\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eErnst et al., 2015 in the absence of hemisepta.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOccurrence\u003c/strong\u003e. Devonian \u0026ndash; Permian; worldwide.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePenniretepora\u003c/em\u003e sp.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFigure 9d\u0026ndash;j; Table 9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMaterial\u003c/strong\u003e: 99259b, d, 99334b, c, d, i, j, n, p, q.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eExterior Description\u003c/strong\u003e.Pinnate colonies consisting of straight main branches with frequent lateral branches. Main branches 0.27\u0026ndash;0.40 mm wide, lateral branches 0.15\u0026ndash;0.25 mm wide, diverging at angles 45\u0026ndash;68\u0026deg; from main branches (54.1\u0026deg; at average), spaced 0.65\u0026ndash;0.80 mm from centre to centre. Autozooecia having oval apertures surrounded by apertural nodes, arranged in two rows both on main and lateral branches; regularly one aperture at the base of each lateral branch and 1\u0026ndash;2 apertures between two neighbouring lateral branches. Apertural nodes 0.015\u0026ndash;0.023 mm in diameter. Median keels low, straight; nodes absent. Reverse side with few straight longitudinal striae.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInterior Description\u003c/strong\u003e.Autozooecial chambers arranged in two alternating rows on branches, triangular to trapezoidal in mid-tangential section both on main and secondary branches, short, inflated, with short vestibules. Axial wall strongly undulating from base to crest both on the main and lateral branches. Hemisepta absent. Heterozooecia not observed. Extrazooecial skeleton moderately developed, 0.04\u0026ndash;0.10 mm in thickness, traversed by abundant microstyles. Microstyles 0.010\u0026ndash;0.025 mm in diameter.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRemarks\u003c/strong\u003e. \u003cem\u003ePenniretepora\u003c/em\u003e sp. differs from \u003cem\u003eP. triangulata\u003c/em\u003e Liu, 1980 (homonym of \u003cem\u003eP. triangulata\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Schulga-Nesterenko, 1955)) in having narrower branches (main branch width 0.27\u0026ndash;0.40 mm vs. 0.42\u0026ndash;0.60 mm in \u003cem\u003eP. triangulata\u003c/em\u003e). \u003cem\u003ePenniretepora\u003c/em\u003e sp. differs from \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e. sp. A (in Nekhoroschev, 1977) from the Late Devonian (Famennian) of Kazakhstan, in having narrower branches (main branch width 0.27\u0026ndash;0.40 mm vs. 0.55\u0026ndash;0.65 mm in \u003cem\u003eP.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003esp. A; lateral branch width 0.15\u0026ndash;0.25 mm vs. 0.33\u0026ndash;0.38 mm in \u003cem\u003eP.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003esp. A).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOccurrence\u003c/strong\u003e. Samnuuruul Formation, Upper Devonian, Famennian; Hushoot Shiveetiin gol section, southwestern Mongolia (present paper).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"5. Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eNine bryozoan species are described from the Samnuuruul Formation (Upper Devonian, Famennian) of the Hushoot Shiveetiin gol section, southwestern Mongolia. This fauna comprises two cystoporates \u003cem\u003eCyclotrypa subtilis\u003c/em\u003e (Nekhoroshev, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1977\u003c/span\u003e) and \u003cem\u003eSulcoretepora hextolgayensis\u003c/em\u003e Xia, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR82\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1997\u003c/span\u003e, two trepostomes \u003cem\u003eLeioclema polenovi\u003c/em\u003e (Nekhoroshev, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1948\u003c/span\u003e) and \u003cem\u003eNeotrematopora inspinosa\u003c/em\u003e Xia, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR82\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1997\u003c/span\u003e, two cryptostomes \u003cem\u003eStreblotrypella lineata\u003c/em\u003e (Lu, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1999\u003c/span\u003e) and \u003cem\u003eIntrapora lanceolata\u003c/em\u003e Nekhoroshev, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1960\u003c/span\u003e, as well as three fenestrates \u003cem\u003eRectifenestella\u003c/em\u003e sp., \u003cem\u003eHemitrypa lui\u003c/em\u003e n. sp., and \u003cem\u003ePenniretepora\u003c/em\u003e sp.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTwo fenestrates \u0026ndash; \u003cem\u003eRectifenestella\u003c/em\u003e sp. and \u003cem\u003ePenniretepora\u003c/em\u003e sp. \u0026ndash; are described in open nomenclature. The species \u003cem\u003eHemitrypella devonica\u003c/em\u003e Lu, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1999\u003c/span\u003e is placed to the genus \u003cem\u003eHemitrypa\u003c/em\u003e, and consequently, re-named as \u003cem\u003eHemitrypa lui\u003c/em\u003e n. sp. because it represents a homonym of the species \u003cem\u003eHemitrypa devonica\u003c/em\u003e Nekhoroshev, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1926\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe studied fauna shows clear palaeobiogeographic connections to the Middle Devonian to Upper Devonian deposits from China, Russia and Kazakhstan. \u003cem\u003eCyclotrypa subtilis\u003c/em\u003e (Nekhoroshev, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1977\u003c/span\u003e) was recorded previously from the Late Devonian (upper Famennian) of Kazakhstan and Mongolia (Ariunchimeg \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e). \u003cem\u003eSulcoretepora hextolgayensis\u003c/em\u003e Xia, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR82\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1997\u003c/span\u003e was reported from the Late Devonian (lower Famennian) of Xinjiang (China) as well as from the upper Famennian of Mongolia (Ariunchimeg \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e). \u003cem\u003eLeioclema polenovi\u003c/em\u003e (Nekhoroshev, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1948\u003c/span\u003e) is known from the Middle Devonian (Givetian) and Late Devonian (lower Frasnian) of Altai (Russia) and from the Middle Devonian (Givetian) of China (Yang \u003cspan citationid=\"CR85\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1956\u003c/span\u003e; Volkova, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR77\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1969\u003c/span\u003e). \u003cem\u003eNeotrematopora inspinosa\u003c/em\u003e Xia, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR82\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1997\u003c/span\u003e was originally described in the Late Devonian (lower Famennian) of Xinjiang (China). \u003cem\u003eStreblotrypella lineata\u003c/em\u003e (Lu, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1999\u003c/span\u003e) was reported from the Late Devonian (lower Famennian) of Xinjiang (China) as well as from the upper Famennian of Mongolia (Ariunchimeg \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e). \u003cem\u003eIntrapora lanceolata\u003c/em\u003e Nekhoroshev, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1960\u003c/span\u003e was reported from the Late Devonian (upper Frasnian \u0026ndash; lower Famennian) of North Xinjiang (China) and from the Late Devonian (upper Famennian) of Altai, Kazakhstan, and Mongolia (Nekhoroshev \u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1960\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1977\u003c/span\u003e; Troitzkaya \u003cspan citationid=\"CR70\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1968\u003c/span\u003e; Xia \u003cspan citationid=\"CR82\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1997\u003c/span\u003e; Ariunchimeg \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e). The species \u003cem\u003eHemitrypa lui\u003c/em\u003e n. sp. was originally described from the Late Devonian (upper Famennian) of North Xinjiang (China).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe bryozoan assemblage is clearly numerically dominated by colonies of the cystoporates \u003cem\u003eCyclotrypa subtilis\u003c/em\u003e (Nekhoroshev, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1977\u003c/span\u003e) and \u003cem\u003eSulcoretepora hextolgayensis\u003c/em\u003e Xia, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR82\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1997\u003c/span\u003e, followed by the trepostome \u003cem\u003eNeotrematopora inspinosa\u003c/em\u003e Xia, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR82\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1997\u003c/span\u003e. Other species are relatively rare. Remarkably, the studied bryozoan fauna contains almost exclusively arborescent species. The potentially encrusting species (\u003cem\u003eCyclotrypa subtilis\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eNeotrematopora inspinosa\u003c/em\u003e) encrusted erect ephemerous objects (Figs.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003ea\u0026ndash;c, \u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003eg) and were never observed occurring as adnate colonies on plane substrates as would be normally expected. The majority of species are delicate, with branch diameters less than 2 mm. This combination of growth forms assumes low energy environment in outer shelf conditions (e.g., Nelson et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1988\u003c/span\u003e; Amini et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no conflict of interests.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors contribution\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material was collected by Peter K\u0026ouml;nigshof, who also provided Figures 1-2 and wrote the chapters Geological setting and studied material, Introduction and Methods. Andrej Ernst made thin sections and taxonomic descriptions of the bryozoans, prepared Figures 3-9, wrote the chapters Systematic palaeontology and Discussion, and contributed to the chapters Introduction and Methods. Patrick Wyse Jackson contributed to the identification of bryozoan and participated on the discussion of the results. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA. Ernst was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (ER 278/4-1 and 2). P. K\u0026ouml;nigshof has received funding from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG-KO-1622/19-1).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData availability\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe studied specimens (thin sections and rock material) are deposited at the Research Institute and Natural History Museum, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAmini, Z.Z., Adabi, M.H., Burrett, C.F. \u0026amp; Quilty, P.G.(2004). 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(1884).Descriptions of the bryozoans of the Hamilton Group. \u003cem\u003eReport of the State Geologist for the year 1883, Albany\u003c/em\u003e, 5\u0026ndash;61. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHall, J. (1887). Descriptions on Fenestellidae of the Hamilton Group of the New York. \u003cem\u003e6\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e Annual Report of the State Geologist for the year 1886\u003c/em\u003e, 43\u0026ndash;70.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHartenfels, S. (2011). Die globalen Annulata-Events und die Dasberg-Krise (Famennium, Oberdevon) in Europa und Nord-Afrika \u0026ndash; hochaufl\u0026ouml;sende Conodonten-Stratigraphie, Karbonat-Mikrofazies, Pal\u0026auml;o\u0026ouml;kologie und Pal\u0026auml;odiversit\u0026auml;t. \u003cem\u003eM\u0026uuml;nsterische Forschungen zur Geologie und Pal\u0026auml;ontologie\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e105\u003c/em\u003e, 17\u0026ndash;527.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHu, Z. (1965). Additional material of Bryozoa from Yukiang Formation of early Middle Devonian in Henghsien, Kwangsi. \u003cem\u003eActa Paleontologica Sinica,\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003e13\u003c/em\u003e, 218\u0026ndash;247. [in Chinese]\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKarklins, O. L. (1983).Systematic descriptions for the Suborder Ptilodictyina. In: Robison, R.A. (Ed.) \u003cem\u003eTreatise on Invertebrate Paleontology\u003c/em\u003e, Part G, Revised, Bryozoa (pp. 489\u0026ndash;529). Boulder, Colorado, and Lawrence, Kansas: Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKing, W. (1849).On some families and genera of corals. \u003cem\u003eAnnals and Magazine of the Natural History, 2\u003c/em\u003e, 388\u0026ndash;390. https://doi.org/10.1080/03745485909494780\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKopajevich, G.V. (1984). Atlas of bryozoans from Ordovician, Silurian and Devonian of Mongolia. \u003cem\u003eSovmestnaya Sovetsko-Mongolskaya Paleontologischeskaya Ekspeditsiya, Trudy\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e22\u003c/em\u003e, 1\u0026ndash;164. [in Russian]\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKrasnopeeva, P.S. (1935). Bryozoans of the Middle and Upper Devonian of Altai. \u003cem\u003eMaterialy po geologii Zapadno-Sibirskogo Kraya, 20\u003c/em\u003e, 43\u0026ndash;84. [in Russian]\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKr\u0026ouml;ner, A., Lehmann, J., Schulmann, K., Demoux, A., Lexa, O., Tomurhuu, D., Stipsk\u0026aacute;, P., Liu, D.Y., \u0026amp; Wingate, M.T.D. (2010). Lithostratigraphic and geochronological constraints on the evolution of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt in SW Mongolia: Early Paleozoic rifting followed by Late Paleozoic accretion. \u003cem\u003eAmerican Journal of Science,\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003e310\u003c/em\u003e, 523\u0026ndash;574, https://doi.org/10.2475/07.2010.01\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLamb, M.A., \u0026amp; Badarch, G. (1997). Paleozoic sedimentary basins and volcanic arc systems of Southern Mongolia: New stratigraphic and sedimentological constrains. \u003cem\u003eInternational Geology Review, 39\u003c/em\u003e, 542\u0026ndash;576.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLu, L. (1999).Famennian-Tournaisian bryozoans of the Aergati Mt., NW Xinjiang. In: \u003cem\u003ePalaeozoic fossils of northern Xinjiang, China\u003c/em\u003e (pp. 37\u0026ndash;47, 142\u0026ndash;186). Nanjing: Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Academia Sinica. [in Chinese]\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMa, J.-Y., Buttler, C.J., \u0026amp; Taylor, P.D. (2014). Cladistic analysis of the \u0026apos;trepostome\u0026apos; Suborder Esthonioporina and the systematics of Palaeozoic bryozoans. In: A. Rosso, P.N. Wyse Jackson, \u0026amp; J.S. Porter (Eds.), \u003cem\u003eBryozoan Studies 2013\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e. Studi Trentini di Scienze Naturali, 94\u003c/em\u003e, 153\u0026ndash;161.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eM\u0026rsquo;Coy, F. (1849). On some new genera and species of Palaeozoic corals and Foraminifera. \u003cem\u003eAnnals and Magazine of Natural History,\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e 3(2)\u003c/em\u003e, 130\u0026ndash;131. https://doi.org/10.1080/03745485909494606\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMorozova, I.P. (1961). Devonian Bryozoa of the Minusinsk and Kuznetsk Basins. \u003cem\u003eTrudy Paleontologischeskogo Instituta Akademii Nauk SSSR,\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003e86\u003c/em\u003e, 1\u0026ndash;207. [in Russian]\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMorozova, I.P. (1974). Revision of the bryozoan genus \u003cem\u003eFenestella\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cem\u003ePaleontologicheskii Zhurnal\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e1974\u003c/em\u003e(2), 54\u0026ndash;67. [in Russian]\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMorozova, I.P. (2001).Bryozoans of the Order Fenestellida. \u003cem\u003eTrudy Paleontologicheskogo Instituta Rossijskoj Akademii Nauk, 277\u003c/em\u003e, 1\u0026ndash;176. [in Russian]\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMunkhjargal, A., K\u0026ouml;nigshof, P., Hartenfels, S., Jansen, U., Nazik, A., Carmichael, S.K., Waters, J.A., Gonchigdorj, S., Cr\u0026ocirc;nier, C., Ariunchimeg, Ya, Paschall, O., \u0026amp; Dombrowski, A. (2021). The Hushoot Shiveetiin gol section (Baruunhuurai Terrane): Sedimentology and facies from a Late Devonian island arc setting. \u003cem\u003ePalaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e101\u003c/em\u003e(3), 663\u0026ndash;687. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12549-020-00445-0.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNazik, A., K\u0026ouml;nigshof, P., Ariuntogos, A., Waters, J.A., \u0026amp; Carmichael, S.K. (2021). Late Devonian ostracods from the Late Devonian Hushoot Shiveetiin gol section (Baruunhuurai Terrane, western Mongolia) and their palaeoenvironmental implication and palaeobiogeographic relationship. \u003cem\u003ePalaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e101\u003c/em\u003e(3), 689\u0026ndash;706. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12549-020-00446-z\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNazik, A., K\u0026ouml;nigshof, P., Munkhjargal, A., Gonchigdorj, S., Waters, J.A., \u0026amp; Carmichael, S.K. (2025). Middle Devonian (Eifelian) ostracods from the Tsagaankhaalga Formation (Shinejinst region, southern Mongolia). \u003cem\u003ePalaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments\u003c/em\u003e (in press).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNekhoroshev, V.P. (1926).Middle Devonian bryozoans of northwest Mongolia with a description of the microscopic method for the determination of fenestellids. \u003cem\u003eTrudy Geologicheskogo muzeya AN SSSR\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e1\u003c/em\u003e, 1\u0026ndash;28. [in Russian]\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNekhoroshev, V.P. (1948). Devonian Bryozoa of the Altai. \u003cem\u003ePaleontology of the USSR\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e8\u003c/em\u003e(2\u0026ndash;1), 1\u0026ndash;172. [in Russian]\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNekhoroshev, V.P. (1960). Some species of Cryptostomata of USSR.\u003cem\u003e \u003c/em\u003eIn:\u003cem\u003e \u003c/em\u003eB.P. Markowskii (Ed.), \u003cem\u003eNew species of fossil plants and invertebrate animals, volume 1\u003c/em\u003e (pp. 288\u0026ndash;283). Moscow: VSEGEI. [in Russian]\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNekhoroshev, V.P. (1977). Devonian bryozoans of Kazakhstan. \u003cem\u003eTrudy VSEGEI, new series, 186\u003c/em\u003e, 1\u0026ndash;192. [in Russian]\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNelson, C.S., Hyden, F.M., Keane, S.L., Leask, W. L., \u0026amp; Gordon, D.P. (1988). Application of bryozoan zoarial growth-form studies in facies analysis of non-tropical carbonate deposits in New Zealand. \u003cem\u003eSedimentary Geology\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e60\u003c/em\u003e, 301\u0026ndash;322. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNicholson, H.A. (1879). \u003cem\u003eOn the structure and affinities of the \u0026quot;Tabulate Corals\u0026quot; of the Paleozoic period, with critical descriptions of illustrative species. \u003c/em\u003e(William Blackwood and Sons).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNikiforova, A.I. (1948). Lower Carboniferous bryozoans of Karatau. 53 pp.; \u003cem\u003eAlma-Ata (Izdatelstvo Akad Nauk Kazakhskoi SSR\u003c/em\u003e). [in Russian]\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOrbigny, A.D.d\u0026rsquo;. (1849). \u003cem\u003eProdrome de pal\u0026eacute;ontologie stratigraphique universelle des animaux mollusques rayonn\u0026eacute;s, faisant suite ou cours \u0026eacute;l\u0026eacute;mentaire de pal\u0026eacute;ontologie et g\u0026eacute;ologie stratigraphique. Volume 1\u003c/em\u003e. Victor Masson. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePočta, P. (1894). Bryozoaires, Hydrozoares et partie des Anthozoaries. In: \u003cem\u003eSyst\u0026ecirc;me Silurien du Centre de la Boh\u0026ecirc;me par Joachim Barrande\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cem\u003eRecherches Paleontologiques,\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003e8\u003c/em\u003e(1), 1\u0026ndash;230.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePhillips, J. (1836). \u003cem\u003eIllustrations of the geology of Yorkshire; or a description of the strata and organic remains: accompanied by a geological map, sections and diagrams, and figures of the fossils. Pt. II, The Mountain Limestone district\u003c/em\u003e. London: John Murray.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePhillips, J. (1841). \u003cem\u003eFigures and descriptions of the Paleozoic fossils of Cornwall, Devon and West Somerset\u003c/em\u003e. London: Longman, Brown, Green, Longmans.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRoelofs, B., K\u0026ouml;nigshof, P., Trinajstic, K., \u0026amp; Munkhjargal, A. (2021). Vertebrate microremains from the Late Devonian (Famennian) of western Mongolia. \u003cem\u003ePalaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e101\u003c/em\u003e(3), 741\u0026ndash;753. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12549-021-00503-1\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRuzhentsev, S.V., \u0026amp; Pospelov, I.I. (1992). The South Mongolia Variscian fold system. \u003cem\u003eGeotectonics,\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003e30\u003c/em\u003e, 383\u0026ndash;395. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSafanova, I., Kotlyarov, A., Krivonogov, S., \u0026amp; Xiao, W. (2017). Intra-oceanic arcs of the Paleo-Asian Ocean. \u003cem\u003eGondwana Research, 50,\u003c/em\u003e 167\u0026ndash;194. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2017.04.005\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSchulga-Nesterenko, M.I. (1951). Carboniferous fenestellids of the Russian Platform. \u003cem\u003eTrudy Paleontologicheskogo Instituta Akademii Nauk SSSR, 32\u003c/em\u003e, 1\u0026ndash;161. [in Russian]\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSchulga-Nesterenko, M.I. (1955). Carboniferous Bryozoa of the Russian Platform. \u003cem\u003eTrudy Paleontologicheskogo Instituta Akademii Nauk SSSR, 57\u003c/em\u003e, 1\u0026ndash;207. [in Russian]\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSimpson, G.B. (1897). A handbook of the genera of the North American Paleozoic Bryozoa. \u003cem\u003e14\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e Ann Report of the State Geologist (of New York) for the year 1894\u003c/em\u003e, pp. 407\u0026ndash;608.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSnyder, E.M. (1991a). Revised taxonomic procedures and paleoecological applications for some North American Mississippian Fenestellidae and Polyporidae (Bryozoa). \u003cem\u003ePalaeontographica Americana, 57\u003c/em\u003e, 1\u0026ndash;275.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSnyder, E.M. (1991b). Revised taxonomic approach to acanthocladiid Bryozoa. In: F.P. Bigey (Ed.), Bryozoaires actuels et fossil: Bryozoa living and fossil. \u003cem\u003eBulletin de la Soci\u0026eacute;t\u0026eacute; des Sciences Naturelles de l`Quest de la France, M\u0026egrave;more HS, 1\u003c/em\u003e, 431\u0026ndash;445.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSu\u0026aacute;rez Andr\u0026eacute;s, J.L., \u0026amp; Wyse Jackson, P.N. (2017).Fenestrate Bryozoa of the Moniello Formation (Lower-Middle Devonian, NW Spain). \u003cem\u003eBulletin of Geosciences\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e92\u003c/em\u003e(2), 153\u0026ndash;183. https://doi.org/10.3140/bull.geosci.1668\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSuttner, T.J., Kido, E., Ariunchimeg, Ya., Sersmaa, G., Waters, J.A., Carmichael, S.K., Batchelor, C.J., Ariuntogos, M., Hu\u0026scaron;kov\u0026aacute;, A., Slav\u0026iacute;k, L., Valenzuela-R\u0026iacute;os, J.I., Liao, J.-C., \u0026amp; Gatovsky, Y.A. (2020). Conodonts from Late Devonian island arc settings (Baruunkhuurai Terrane, western Mongolia). \u003cem\u003ePalaeogeography\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ePalaeoclimatology\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ePalaeoecology\u003c/em\u003e, 1\u0026ndash;22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2019.03.001 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTroitzkaya, T.D. (1960). New representative of Heterotrypidae from the Tarbagatai. In:\u003cem\u003e \u003c/em\u003eB.P. Markowskii (Ed.), \u003cem\u003eNovye vidy drevnikh rastenii i zhivotnykh [New species of fossil plants and animals]\u003c/em\u003e, (volume 1, pp. 258\u0026ndash;260). Moscow: VSEGEI.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTroitzkaya, T.D.(1968). \u003cem\u003eDevonian Bryozoa of Kazakhstan.\u003c/em\u003e Moscow: Nedra. [in Russian]\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTumurtogoo, O. (2014). Tectonics of Mongolia. In: Yu. G. Leonov, O.V. Petrov, \u0026amp; I.I. Pospelov (Eds.), \u003cem\u003eTectonics of Northern, Central and Eastern Asia\u003c/em\u003e. Explanatory Note to the Tectonic map of Northern-central-eastern Asia and Adjacent Areas at scale 1:2,500,000. SPb.: VSEGEI Printing House, (184p).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eUlrich, E.O. (1882). American Palaeozoic Bryozoa. \u003cem\u003eJournal of the Cincinnati Society of Natural History\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e5\u003c/em\u003e, 121\u0026ndash;175.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eUlrich, E.O. (1889). On some Polyzoa (Bryozoa) and Ostracoda from the Cambro-Silurian Rocks of Manitoba. \u003cem\u003eGeological Natural History Survey Canada, Contributions to the micro-palaeontology of the Cambro-Silurian rocks of Canada\u003c/em\u003e,\u003cem\u003e 2\u003c/em\u003e, 22\u0026ndash;57.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eUlrich, E.O. (1890). Palaeozoic Bryozoa: III. \u003cem\u003eGeological Survey,\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e 8\u003c/em\u003e, 283\u0026ndash;688.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eUlrich, E.O. (1896). Bryozoa, p. 257\u0026ndash;291. In: C. Eastman (Ed.), \u003cem\u003eZittel\u0026apos;s Textbook of Palaeontology\u003c/em\u003e. Vol. 1. London: Macmillan.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eUlrich, E.O., \u0026amp; Bassler, R.S. (1904). A revision of the Palaeozoic Bryozoa. Part II: On genera and species of Trepostomata. \u003cem\u003eBulletin of the US Geological Survey\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e173\u003c/em\u003e, 15\u0026ndash;55.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eVolkova, K.N. (1969). Evolution of the Devonian bryozoan genus \u003cem\u003eLioclema\u003c/em\u003e (On material from the south of Western Siberia). \u003cem\u003eTrudy Instituta Geologii i Geofiziki, Sibirskoe Otdelenie,\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003e68\u003c/em\u003e, 40\u0026ndash;55. [in Russian] \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eVolkova, K.N. (1974). Devonian Bryozoa from the south-east Altai. \u003cem\u003eTrudy instituta Geologii i Geofiziki, sibirskoe Otdelenie,\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003e199\u003c/em\u003e, 6\u0026ndash;176. [in Russian]\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eVine, G.R. (1884). Fourth report of the Committee consisting of Dr. H.R. Sorby and Mr. G.R. Vine, appointed for the purpose of reporting on fossil Polyzoa. \u003cem\u003eReports of the 53rd Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement in Sciences\u003c/em\u003e, pp. 161\u0026ndash;209.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWaters, J.A., Waters, J.W., K\u0026ouml;nigshof, P., Carmichael, S.K., \u0026amp; Ariuntogos, M. (2021). Famennian crinoids and blastoids (Echinodermata) from Mongolia. \u003cem\u003ePalaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e101\u003c/em\u003e(3), 725\u0026ndash;740. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12549-020-00450-3\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWyse Jackson, P.N., Key, M.M., Jr., \u0026amp; Reid, C.M. (2020). Bryozoan Skeletal Index (BSI): a measure of the degree of calcification in stenolaemate bryozoans. In: P.N. Wyse Jackson, \u0026amp; K. Z\u0026aacute;gor\u0026scaron;ek (Eds.), \u003cem\u003eBryozoan Studies 2019 \u003c/em\u003e(pp. 193\u0026ndash;206). Prague: Czech Geological Society.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eXia, F. (1997).Marine microfaunas (bryozoan, conodonts, and microvertebrate remains) from the Frasnian-Famennian interval in northwestern Junggar Basin of Xinjiang in China. \u003cem\u003eBeitr\u0026auml;ge zur Pal\u0026auml;ontologie\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e22\u003c/em\u003e, 91\u0026ndash;207.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eXiao, W.J., Huang, B.C., Han, C.M., Sun, S., \u0026amp; Li, J.L. (2010). A review of the western part of the Altaids: A key to understanding the architecture of accretionary orogens. \u003cem\u003eGondwana\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003eResearch\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003e18\u003c/em\u003e(2-3), 253\u0026ndash;273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2010.01.007 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eYang, G., Li, Y., Tong, L., Wang, Z., Duan, F., Xu, Q., \u0026amp; Li, H. (2019). An overview of oceanic island basalts in accretionary complexes and seamounts accretion in the western Central Asian Orogenic Belt. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Asian Earth Sciences, 179\u003c/em\u003e, 385\u0026ndash;398. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2019.04.011\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eYang, J. (1956). The Middle Devonian Bryozoa from the Heitai Formation of Mishan County, Kirin Province. \u003cem\u003eScientia Sinica\u003c/em\u003e,\u003cem\u003e 5\u003c/em\u003e, 763\u0026ndash;793.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eYoung, J., \u0026amp; Young, J. (1875). New species of \u003cem\u003eGlauconome\u003c/em\u003e from Carboniferous limestone strata of the west of Scotland. \u003cem\u003eProceedings of the Natural History Society of Glasgow\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e, 325\u0026ndash;335.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1\u003c/strong\u003e Summary of descriptive statistics for\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;Cyclotrypa subtilis\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Nekhoroshev, 1977). (two colonies measured). Abbreviations: N, number of measurements; X, mean; MIN, minimal value; MAX, maximal value; SD, sample standard deviation; CV, coefficient of variation.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"624\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eN\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eX\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMIN\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMAX\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSD\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCV\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eautozooecial aperture width, mm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.019\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eautozooecial aperture spacing, mm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.036\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003evesicle width, mm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.027\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003evesicles per aperture\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.117\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003evesicle spacing, mm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.025\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2\u003c/strong\u003e Summary of descriptive statistics for\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;Sulcoretepora hextolgayensis\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eXia, 1997 (two colonies measured). Abbreviations as for Table 1.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"624\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eN\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eX\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMIN\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMAX\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSD\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCV\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ebranch width, mm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.200\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ebranch thickness, mm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.235\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eexozone width, mm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.079\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eautozooecial aperture width, mm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.014\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eautozooecial aperture spacing along branch, mm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.034\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eaperture spacing diagonally, mm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.029\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003evesicle width, mm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.013\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003evesicle spacing, mm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.020\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003elunaria width, mm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.079\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.040\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.120\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.024\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003elunaria length, mm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.048\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.025\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.080\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.018\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003elunaria thickness, mm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.034\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.030\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.045\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.005\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 3\u003c/strong\u003e Summary of descriptive statistics for\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;Leioclema polenovi\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Nekhoroshev, 1948) (two colonies measured). Abbreviations as for Table 1. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"624\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eN\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eX\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMIN\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMAX\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSD\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCV\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ebranch width, mm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.169\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eexozone width, mm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.045\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eendozone width, mm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.243\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eaxial ratio\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.054\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eautozooecial aperture width, mm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.025\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eautozooecial aperture spacing, mm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.041\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emesozooecia width, mm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.020\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eacanthostyle diameter, mm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.004\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emesozooecia per aperture\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.288\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.620\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eacanthostyles per aperture\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.452\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.844\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eexozonal wall thickness, mm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.007\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.361\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 4\u003c/strong\u003e Summary of descriptive statistics for\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;Neotrematopora inspinosa\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eXia, 1997 (two colonies measured). Abbreviations as for Table 1. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"624\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMIN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMAX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCV\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ebranch width, mm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.329\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eexozone width, mm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.116\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eendozone width, mm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.172\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eaxial ratio\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.075\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eautozooecial aperture width, mm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.017\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eautozooecial aperture spacing, mm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.027\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eacanthostyle diameter, mm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.027\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.020\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.035\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.004\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emesozooecia width, mm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.019\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emesozooecia per aperture\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.331\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emesozooecial diaphragm spacing, mm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.008\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 5\u003c/strong\u003e Summary of descriptive statistics for \u003cem\u003eStreblotrypella\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;lineata\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Lu, 1999) (six colonies measured). Abbreviations as for Table 1. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"624\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMIN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMAX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCV\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ebranch width, mm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.142\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eexozone width, mm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.044\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eendozone width, mm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.095\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eaxial ratio\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.062\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eautozooecial aperture width, mm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.011\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eautozooecial aperture spacing along branch, mm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.025\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eautozooecial aperture spacing diagonally, mm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.017\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eacanthostyle diameter, mm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.007\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emetazooecium width, mm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.014\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 6\u003c/strong\u003e Summary of descriptive statistics for \u003cem\u003eIntrapora\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003elanceolata\u003c/em\u003e Nekhoroshev, 1960 (two colonies measured). Abbreviations as for Table 1. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"624\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMIN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMAX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCV\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eautozooecial aperture width, mm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.008\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eautozooecial aperture spacing along branch, mm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.094\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eautozooecial aperture spacing diagonally, mm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.021\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emetazooecium width, mm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.011\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eacanthostyle diameter, mm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.027\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.025\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.035\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eacanthostyles per aperture\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.912\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 7\u003c/strong\u003e Summary of descriptive statistics for \u003cem\u003eRectifenestella\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003esp. (single colony measured). Abbreviations as for Table 1. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"624\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMIN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMAX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCV\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ebranch width, mm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.025\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003edissepiment width, mm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.018\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003efenestrule width, mm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.033\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003efenestrule length, mm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.057\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003edistance between branch centres, mm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.059\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003edistance between dissepiment centres, mm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.076\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eautozooecial aperture width, mm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.006\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eautozooecial aperture spacing along branch, mm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.015\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eautozooecial aperture spacing diagonally, mm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.018\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emaximum chamber width, mm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.008\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eapertures per fenestrule length\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.483\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 8\u003c/strong\u003e Summary of descriptive statistics for \u003cem\u003eHemitrypa lui\u003c/em\u003e n.\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003esp. (four colonies measured). Abbreviations as for Table 1. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"624\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eN\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eX\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMIN\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMAX\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSD\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCV\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ebranch width, mm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.021\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003edissepiment width, mm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.017\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003efenestrule width, mm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.023\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003efenestrule length, mm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.030\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003edistance between branch centres, mm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.045\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003edistance between dissepiment centres, mm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.040\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emaximum chamber width, mm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.007\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 9\u003c/strong\u003e Summary of descriptive statistics for \u003cem\u003ePenniretepora\u003c/em\u003e sp. (ten colonies measured). Abbreviations as for Table 1. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"624\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eN\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eX\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMIN\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMAX\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSD\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCV\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emain branch width, mm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.046\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003elateral branch width, mm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.035\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003elateral branch spacing, mm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.047\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eautozooecial aperture width, mm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.008\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eautozooecial aperture spacing along branch, mm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.032\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emaximum chamber width, mm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.006\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"palaeobiodiversity-and-palaeoenvironments","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"pbpe","sideBox":"Learn more about [Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments](https://www.springer.com/journal/12549)","snPcode":"12549","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/pbpe/default2.aspx","title":"Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Bryozoans, taxonomy, Frasnian, Mongolia, palaeobiogeography","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6096012/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6096012/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe bryozoan fauna from the Samnuuruul Formation (Upper Devonian, Famennian) of the Hushoot Shiveetiin gol section, southwestern Mongolia comprises nine species including two cystoporates, two trepostomes, two cryptostomes, and three fenestrates. One fenestrate species is new: \u003cem\u003eHemitrypa lui\u003c/em\u003e n. sp. The majority of species show palaeobiogeographic connections to the Middle Devonian to Upper Devonian successions from China, Russia and Kazakhstan. The studied fauna is numerically dominated by the cystoporates \u003cem\u003eCyclotrypa subtilis\u003c/em\u003e (Nekhoroshev, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1977\u003c/span\u003e) and \u003cem\u003eSulcoretepora hextolgayensis\u003c/em\u003e Xia, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR82\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1997\u003c/span\u003e, whereas other species are relatively rare. The bryozoans develop exclusively arborescent growth forms implying a low energy setting of the outer shelf.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Bryozoan fauna from the Samnuuruul Formation (Upper Devonian, Famennian) of the Hushoot Shiveetiin gol section, southwestern Mongolia","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-04-01 12:15:52","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6096012/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Minor Revisions Needed","date":"2025-04-29T07:11:17+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"","date":"2025-03-27T09:09:41+00:00","index":0,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-03-24T09:02:10+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-03-04T02:07:29+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments","date":"2025-02-27T10:16:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"palaeobiodiversity-and-palaeoenvironments","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"pbpe","sideBox":"Learn more about [Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments](https://www.springer.com/journal/12549)","snPcode":"12549","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/pbpe/default2.aspx","title":"Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"0fb6f3b3-26df-4b3d-991e-7b9c27c9e4c2","owner":[],"postedDate":"April 1st, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-12-22T16:05:13+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-6096012","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12549-025-00688-9","journal":{"identity":"palaeobiodiversity-and-palaeoenvironments","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments"},"publishedOn":"2025-12-18 15:57:56","publishedOnDateReadable":"December 18th, 2025"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-04-01 12:15:52","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s12549-025-00688-9","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12549-025-00688-9","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6096012","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6096012","identity":"rs-6096012","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}