Empirical and Numerical Analyses of Tunnel Support Design in Weak Volcanic Rock Masses: A Case Study of the Jatinegara Diversion Tunnel, Central Java Province, Indonesia

Empirical and Numerical Analyses of Tunnel Support Design in Weak Volcanic Rock Masses: A Case Study of the Jatinegara Diversion Tunnel, Central Java Province, Indonesia | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Empirical and Numerical Analyses of Tunnel Support Design in Weak Volcanic Rock Masses: A Case Study of the Jatinegara Diversion Tunnel, Central Java Province, Indonesia Eka Dhamayanti, Hendy Setiawan, Salahuddin Husein This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8372714/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This study presents an integrated geotechnical framework combining empirical and numerical analyses to design tunnel support systems for the planned diversion tunnel at Jatinegara dam in weak and heterogeneous volcanic rock masses. Field investigation, borehole analysis, and laboratory testing were used to characterize the rock mass using three empirical classifications: rock mass rating (RMR), Q-system (Q), and geological strength index (GSI). The empirical approach provided preliminary support requirements as the baseline and input parameters for the two-dimensional finite element method (FEM) using commercial software for tunnel stability analysis. The tunnel alignment is delineated into five distinct geotechnical zones according to empirical classifications, with rock mass conditions ranging from "Poor" to "Fair" quality. Furthermore, two-dimensional finite element modeling (FEM) was performed to evaluate tunnel stability under static and pseudo-static seismic loads and compare empirically derived supports with optimized support systems. Result implied that poor zone (zone 1, zone 3, and zone 5) requires systematic rock bolts (3 m length, spacing 1.2 m), 50 cm shotcrete with wire mesh and steel sets with 1.5 m spacing, while fair zone (zone 2 and zone 4) can be supported with systematic rock bolts (2-2.4 m length, spacing 2.1–2.3 m), 50–60 mm shotcrete with wire mesh. Using those support combinations, a strength factor of greater than 1 and a displacement of less than 10 cm produces a reliable and safe design. Rock mass characterization Numerical modelling Diversion tunnel Support design Jatinegara dam Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8372714","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":565512847,"identity":"244c3277-34e4-4cc1-9fed-f2bb18394ad8","order_by":0,"name":"Eka Dhamayanti","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Universitas Gadjah Mada","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Eka","middleName":"","lastName":"Dhamayanti","suffix":""},{"id":565512848,"identity":"ee0ff122-d57c-4f1c-b7b5-5b01a6e6cb43","order_by":1,"name":"Hendy 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14:07:05","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1806790,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"EmpiricalnumericalanalysisoftunnelsupportDhamayantietal.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8372714/v1_covered_a6746055-1ab6-4e94-97dc-03651f728d0a.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Empirical and Numerical Analyses of Tunnel Support Design in Weak Volcanic Rock Masses: A Case Study of the Jatinegara Diversion Tunnel, Central Java Province, Indonesia","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Rock mass characterization, Numerical modelling, Diversion tunnel, Support design, Jatinegara dam","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8372714/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8372714/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis study presents an integrated geotechnical framework combining empirical and numerical analyses to design tunnel support systems for the planned diversion tunnel at Jatinegara dam in weak and heterogeneous volcanic rock masses. Field investigation, borehole analysis, and laboratory testing were used to characterize the rock mass using three empirical classifications: rock mass rating (RMR), Q-system (Q), and geological strength index (GSI). The empirical approach provided preliminary support requirements as the baseline and input parameters for the two-dimensional finite element method (FEM) using commercial software for tunnel stability analysis. The tunnel alignment is delineated into five distinct geotechnical zones according to empirical classifications, with rock mass conditions ranging from \"Poor\" to \"Fair\" quality. Furthermore, two-dimensional finite element modeling (FEM) was performed to evaluate tunnel stability under static and pseudo-static seismic loads and compare empirically derived supports with optimized support systems. Result implied that poor zone (zone 1, zone 3, and zone 5) requires systematic rock bolts (3 m length, spacing 1.2 m), 50 cm shotcrete with wire mesh and steel sets with 1.5 m spacing, while fair zone (zone 2 and zone 4) can be supported with systematic rock bolts (2-2.4 m length, spacing 2.1\u0026ndash;2.3 m), 50\u0026ndash;60 mm shotcrete with wire mesh. Using those support combinations, a strength factor of greater than 1 and a displacement of less than 10 cm produces a reliable and safe design.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Empirical and Numerical Analyses of Tunnel Support Design in Weak Volcanic Rock Masses: A Case Study of the Jatinegara Diversion Tunnel, Central Java Province, Indonesia","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-12-26 05:58:16","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8372714/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"34d9d8b0-9082-478e-83b5-5331e0a0228e","owner":[],"postedDate":"December 26th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-05-02T13:23:34+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-12-26 05:58:16","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8372714","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8372714","identity":"rs-8372714","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}