Later Begİnnİngs: A Research on the February 6 Earthquake in Türkİye and the Mİgratİon Process

Later Begİnnİngs: A Research on the February 6 Earthquake in Türkİye and the Mİgratİon Process | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Later Begİnnİngs: A Research on the February 6 Earthquake in Türkİye and the Mİgratİon Process Mustafa AYDIN, Ali Erkam YARAR, Mikail Batu, Ferah ONAT This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7164721/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 17 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This study aims to determine the difficulties encountered by earthquake victims migrating from Hatay to Konya, two major cities of Türkiye, during the earthquake and during the migration process, to examine the integration and adaptation processes with the city they migrated to, and the supporting roles of local dynamics. The data were analyzed with the MAXQDA program after being examined with the Phenomenological design, which is an exploratory and interpretative qualitative research method. The phenomenological design is a research method that benefits from the experiences of individuals in cases that we are aware of but do not have an in-depth and detailed understanding. In-depth interview technique was used to obtain the data, and 26 participants selected with criterion sampling were interviewed. The target group of the study is the disaster victim migrants who migrated from Hatay to Konya in Türkiye during the February 6, 2023 earthquake. The findings show that while the migrants criticize themselves for not being aware of the earthquake and not making emergency plans, they criticize the authorities for lack of organization, lack of supervision, and illegal construction. While job opportunities and educational opportunities were considered as reasons for choosing the city to which they migrated, the difficulties of establishing a new life, not being familiar with the city and being perceived as a refugee were also emphasized among the difficulties. Scientific community and society/Geography Social science/Geography Social science/Sociology Earthquake February 6 Migration Hatay Communication Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 1. Introduction Migration due to natural disasters is a global phenomenon that has profound effects on individuals and societies. When disasters such as earthquakes, floods, fires or droughts occur, they can displace large populations and force them to move temporarily or permanently. This migration becomes a critical survival strategy as affected people try to find safer environments and reorganize their lives. However, the emotional and psychological impacts of these forced displacements are immense. For example, migrants can experience high levels of stress, anxiety and mental health problems. The disruption of social ties and difficulties integrating into new communities can exacerbate these effects, often resulting in feelings of loneliness, isolation and social stigma. Migrants’ emotional well-being is affected by a variety of factors, including the nature and severity of the disaster, the availability of support systems and individual resilience. Sensible social support from relatives, friends and civil society groups can greatly alleviate the negative emotional impacts of migration. In the absence of such support, feelings of hopelessness and helplessness are further increased. Children and other vulnerable populations face additional challenges such as interrupted education and increased vulnerability to mental health problems (Kiliç et al., 2003 , Pane et al., 2008 ). The compounding effects of disasters highlight the need for comprehensive disaster response strategies that address not only the immediate physical needs of displaced populations but also their long-term emotional and psychological well-being. Awareness of community resilience and vulnerabilities is necessary to provide preventive services to disaster victims, plan recovery programs, and rebuild the socio-economic ecosystem (Buckle, 1999 ). Understanding and addressing the multifaceted emotional impacts of disaster-related migration is crucial to building resilient and adaptable societies in the face of increasing environmental and socioeconomic challenges. Migration serves as an important survival strategy after a disaster and can be a way to mitigate the negative impacts of disasters. Disasters often cause various demographic movements, such as flight, evacuation, displacement, resettlement, and forced migration (Oliver-Smith, 2006 ). These movements can be temporary or permanent depending on the severity and nature of the disaster and the resources available. For example, sudden disasters such as floods, storms or earthquakes can force people to move quickly. Due to the long-term impact of the disaster on their livelihoods, people choose to move when they have the means and ability to migrate (Mbaye, 2023 , Naoi ve ark., 2020). In many cases, migration, which is a necessary human movement, also has deep emotional and psychological effects. Since migration essentially means changing places between two different areas, it contains multidimensional meanings related to both the place of origin and the place of destination (Fitzgerald, 2006 ). The confusion of belonging to a new environment, the positive and negative processes in experiencing the changing world, the strong ties they establish with the place they come from, emotional depths such as longing, yearning and love, difficulties in identifying with the local people, the constant feeling of otherness based on opposition to the local people, explain the strong emotional dimensions of the interaction (Svašek, 2010 ). After migrants relocate, they often face difficulties in developing new social ties in their destination communities. Migrants often face social stigma, marginalization, and social isolation, which further worsen their mental health (Torres and Casey, 2017 ). Migrants and their children face distinct mental health challenges, including socioeconomic deprivation, discrimination, and low family cohesion. Protective factors such as access to education, social support, and family unity are said to mitigate these negative effects and promote better mental health outcomes (WHO, 2021). Grief is the most intense emotion among those who have experienced losses due to disasters. This includes the death of loved ones and the loss of homes, possessions, and communities where memories were held. Grief can manifest as persistent sadness, anger, guilt, or longing for the deceased, and can seriously affect daily functioning. It is said that the most important contribution to the migration process is social support. Community support, employment opportunities, access to services and family unity can significantly reduce the negative effects of migration. Community support and practical and emotional help from organized support groups can promote a sense of stability and continuity in perceiving security (Doma et al., 2022 ). Maintaining social ties through family, community networks, or new social connections in the destination also impacts emotional well-being. These social ties provide resources for coping both emotionally and economically following disaster events (Cicatiello et al., 2022 ). However, the disruption of these ties leads to increased social stigma, marginalization, and social isolation, ultimately worsening emotional well-being (Torres & Casey, 2017 ). However, it has been stated that establishing new connections and strengthening existing social ties through group participation will provide emotional support and a sense of togetherness that are critical for coping after a disaster (Matsuoka et al., 2023 ). In this context, this study aims to identify the difficulties encountered by earthquake victims migrating from Hatay to Konya during the earthquake and during the migration process, to address these in detail, to examine the integration and adaptation processes with the city they migrated to and the supporting roles of local dynamics. Thus, it is thought that an important background will be created in terms of better understanding the traumas caused by migration and to present sustainable solutions. 2. Methods This study was designed using a phenomenological design within the framework of qualitative research methods. The reason for choosing the phenomenological design is to provide a better understanding of how earthquake victims perceive the earthquake and migration process. In-depth interview technique was chosen to obtain the data and semi-structured interview form was used in the interviews. The target group of the study is migrants who migrated from Hatay to Konya in Türkiye during the February 6, 2023 earthquake. The reason why Hatay migrants were selected as participants is that Hatay was the city most affected by the February 6 earthquake (Duruel, 2023). Participants were selected using criterion sampling within the framework of purposeful sampling in accordance with the inclusion criteria. Criterion sampling is created by determining certain criteria by researchers and selecting the sample according to those criteria (Yıldırım & Şimşek, 2021: 120). The inclusion criteria for the study were determined as being over the age of 18, having experienced the earthquake in Hatay, and having migrated to Konya. Interviews lasting less than 30 minutes and leaving the interview halfway were determined as exclusion criteria. The questions sought in the interviews are as follows: 1. What are people's responsibilities regarding the earthquake? 2. What are the mistakes during the earthquake? 3. What was the event that affected the participants the most during migration? 4. What are the difficulties in the city to which they migrated? 5. What are the opportunities offered by the city to which they migrated? Participants: In qualitative studies, power analysis and effect size cannot be done as in quantitative studies, but data saturation can be prioritized. In this study, the emergence of new codes in the interviews with the participants was seen as a criterion and the process of recruiting participants continued until data saturation was reached. After 21 participants, repetitions began and 26 participants were deemed sufficient for data saturation. 3. Data Collection In-depth interviews were conducted with the participants in a sound-insulated room in a café environment between November 8 and November 12, 2024. Before the interviews began, general information about both the interview and the questions was provided and then consent was obtained. Participants were asked questions in a semi-structured interview form prepared by reviewing the literature (Inal et al., 2018 , 2024, Mızrak & Aslan, 2020 , Aydın Avcı et al., DiTirro, 2018 ). The interviews lasted between 35–55 minutes. Data Analysis and Coding As a result of the interviews conducted with 26 people, 342 codes were created. 4 of these codes were discussed again and were excluded from the study because no consensus could be reached. Thus, full compatibility was achieved and two themes, 18 categories and 338 codes emerged. While determining the codes, five codes that could not be agreed upon between the researchers were removed from the study. The obtained data were analyzed using the content analysis method in the Maxqda 2020 software program, one of the widely used software packages for qualitative data analysis. Reliability When the literature is examined, it is seen that reliability criteria are gathered under four main headings. These are listed as credibility, dependency, confirmability and transferability (Guba & Lincoln, 1982 ). In this study, the member checking method was used for reliability. After the interviews were completed, the records were deciphered, summaries were sent to the participants and their opinions were received. No changes were made during this process other than sentence-based additions. The research team met weekly and shared their experiences about the study. Investigator triangulation was used as one of the triangulation methods for reliability. In this direction, more than one researcher took part in the collection and analysis of the data. For transferability, the research process was clearly explained and quotations were made from the participants, contributing to reliability. Confirmability was ensured by collecting the data by two researchers and coding them separately. 4. Findings 4.1. Earthquake Location at the time of the earthquake and first thought about the earthquake: The majority of the participants were caught in the earthquake at home. Some participants stated that they were on the road, at a relative's, at work, or at a friend's house at the time of the earthquake. All participants explained the earthquake as a natural event. The first thing that came to the participants' minds at the time of the earthquake was the concern of never seeing their families again. In addition, uncertainty, concern about not being able to raise their children, and thoughts of not being able to live their dreams were also emphasized. K.19. “We were sitting at home. There was an earthquake.” K. 11. “We were at home with our family. We didn’t understand what happened all of a sudden.” K. 2. “I was coming home from work. At first I didn’t understand what happened, then I noticed the car shaking. I pulled over to the right and parked. I realized there was an earthquake.” K. 17. “I don’t have children, I still haven’t gotten over the fear of not being able to see my family. Although I should be more mature because of my age, there is still a child inside me who is attached to his family.” K. 7. “As a mother, the most I experienced was the fear and anxiety of not being able to see or find my children.” People's responsibility regarding earthquakes: The data obtained emphasized that people should be conscious about earthquakes. It was also emphasized that they should have an emergency plan, have earthquake bags, receive training on earthquakes, report illegal construction, use quality materials and not cut columns. The code of being conscious and receiving education, the code of emergency plan and earthquake bag, the code of inspection and illegal structures, quality materials and not cutting columns also formed sub-code connections (See Figure 1). In Turkey, where natural disasters are experienced frequently and destructive earthquakes are observed (AFAD, 2023), the results of the “Earthquake Knowledge Level Scale and Sustainable Earthquake Awareness Scale” applied to university students show that there are serious deficiencies in disaster preparedness knowledge even among the undergraduate education group. The need to raise awareness of educated groups that will lead the society, to create sustainable earthquake awareness and to disseminate information about disasters throughout the country continues (Sözen & Genç, 2023). Things that changed in the lives of earthquake victims after the earthquake: In the data obtained, it is emphasized that the participants' cities, homes and jobs changed due to their migration. In addition to these, there are codes that they postponed their work, their psychology deteriorated, they became more conscious about life and had a more positive outlook. K. 8. “After the earthquake, unfortunately, I lost my workplace, which was damaged in the first earthquake, in the second earthquake that occurred at around 13:00 in the daytime. The house where my family and children lived was damaged and we had to migrate to Konya.” K. 4. “The building I lived in was severely damaged and we had to evacuate our house. We moved in with my uncles, and my work was interrupted for a short time.” K. 3. “After the earthquake, I started to look at life more positively. Because death is at our doorstep, we don’t know what will happen next. I also try not to postpone any of my work and make short-term plans rather than long-term plans.” What could be the precautions: In the examined data, solid structures, strengthening of buildings and preventing illegal constructions were emphasized as precautions that could be taken. In addition, preparing an earthquake bag, choosing the right ground for buildings, acting in accordance with scientific decisions, creating penalties and strengthening some buildings were emphasized as other codes. In addition, an intense sub-code connection was formed between strengthening buildings with solid structures, creating penalties and preventing illegal constructions (See Figure 2). Errors during the earthquake: In the data obtained, lack of organization was the most emphasized code among the errors made during the earthquake. Other errors were emphasized as not caring about spiritual feelings, sending military personnel to the field late, not taking precautions, people's incomprehension, forgetting the earthquake quickly, not having enough tents, food and beverage problems (See Figure 3). The importance of initiating institutional coordination, collective action and public-civil society integration processes in terms of contributing to the process of reducing the vulnerability of disaster victims is reminded.It is suggested that integrating responsibility and participation with the disaster-affected citizen in order to provide emergency intervention on site in unexpected disasters will increase the sustainability and effectiveness of post-disaster interventions (Lama and Tironi, 2019). It is stated that the joint struggle of all stakeholders to reduce the effects of natural disasters that cause helplessness in public life will limit possible threats (Kapucu, 2006). Academicians recommend a smartphone application specific to Turkey in order to increase the level of consciousness and awareness and to be prepared for possible scenarios and crises with proactive measures. It is said that an application that will provide useful information before disasters that erode resources to their core and that will inform about emergency plans with correct guidance will be useful for coordination. It is shown that faster and more accurate information can be provided about meeting places, environmental damage after disasters, shelter, nutrition and aid activities with the simulated application (Kılınç et al., 2023). Happiness after the earthquake: According to the data obtained, the spirit of unity and solidarity was emphasized the most after the earthquake. The lack of happiness after the earthquake was the most emphasized code. Other codes emphasized were getting out of the rubble alive, having a place to sleep, having secret helpers, being able to drink water, clean clothes and clean food. In addition, a sub-link was formed between the codes of drinking water, clean clothes, clean food and having a place to sleep. It was also seen that a sub-link was formed between the spirit of unity and solidarity and secret helpers (See Figure 4).In a study conducted to determine the priority needs after a disaster, it is seen that the primary concern of the disaster victims is "human safety". It is emphasized by experts that organizations focusing on the effectiveness of the post-disaster phase should focus on preparations such as "Search and Rescue Operations, Medical Care, Emergency Shelter". It can be suggested that "food and water supply" are also important sub-needs and that preparations should be made in this regard as a proactive measure to reduce the effects of the disaster (Şahin et al., 2023). What can people do to reduce damage: According to the data examined, the most emphasized codes for less damage from an earthquake are not to build buildings illegally, to inspect, to receive training, and to change state policies. In addition, acting consciously, preparing an earthquake bag, and raising virtuous people are also emphasized as other codes. In addition, there is an intense sub-code connection between inspection and the code of not building buildings illegally (See Figure 5). Doocy et al. (2013), in their study on the effects of earthquakes on human populations, emphasize that the destructive and negative effects of earthquakes will increase in the future. The study shows that “the primary cause of earthquake-related death is trauma due to building collapse.” It is reminded that since constructed structures constitute the weakest link in earthquake resistance, improvements in building and ground are the most effective methods in earthquake resistance. This prediction of the study was demonstrated in Turkey approximately 10 years later. Buildings that are not resistant to earthquakes have had a heavy impact not only on human resources but also on financial resources. The Presidency of Strategy and Budget of the Republic of Turkey report states that the most important component of the total burden of the 2023 Kahramanmaraş earthquake on the Turkish economy was housing damage with a rate of 54.9 percent (1,073.9 billion TL/56.9 billion dollars) (SBB, 2023). 5. Migration Basic Findings Regarding Migration According to the data obtained, the three main reasons for migration from Hatay were explained as the demolition of houses, being evicted from their homes, and psychological reasons. Except for two of the participants, all the others migrated as a family. The participants who wanted to return to Hatay explained the reason as wanting their past lives back. Those who did not want to return explained it as fear of earthquakes again and not wanting to see the city under the rubble. In the data obtained, the participants stated that they preferred Konya because of its job opportunities, education of their children, and low earthquake risk. In addition to these, they emphasized that they chose Konya because of its relatives and acquaintances, similar opportunities to Hatay, and social opportunities. The most affecting event during migration In the examined data, the codes of establishing a new life and leaving all belongings behind were emphasized as the most affecting issues for the participants. In addition, the death of acquaintances, the destroyed neighborhood and the lack of assistance to foreign nationals were determined as other codes (See Fig. 6 ). Difficulties in the city of migration The code of not being familiar and unfamiliar with the city of migration was emphasized the most in the data. Being treated as a refugee, cultural differences, housing and belongings problems were seen as other codes. The statement “I did not encounter a general problem” is also included in the data. In addition, an intense sub-code connection was formed between unfamiliarity and not knowing the city (See Fig. 7 ). Opportunities of the city you migrated to According to the data obtained, Konya provided the most job, education and shelter opportunities to the earthquake victims coming from Hatay. In addition, the low probability of an earthquake in Konya, health and aid opportunities and earthquake support were seen as other emphasized codes. In addition, a sub-code connection was determined between shelter and job opportunities, personal development opportunities and education opportunities (See Fig. 8 ). 6. Discussion and Conclusion Disasters such as earthquakes, which have deep effects on individuals and societies, can directly affect the lives of individuals and societies. Within the framework of the idea that people should act responsibly regarding earthquakes, individuals need to be prepared for earthquakes. People's preparedness can only be possible by considering and examining existing experiences. In this direction, a multifaceted research and analysis is required (Alkın, 2020 ) and previous studies in the literature are important (Yılmaz, 2021 ; Sözen, 2019). Rubeis et al., ( 2015 ) state that most people cannot distinguish between earthquake events and their possible destructive consequences. Basically, with this motivation, they argue that activities should be carried out to increase people's awareness of nature, geology and history by providing criteria that are closer to nature. In this context, the importance of trainings that can provide earthquake preparedness, increasing awareness and projects to be carried out emerge. The leadership and coordination of public institutions at this stage will bring about an effective, efficient and proactive disaster management. According to the results of this research, AFAD, the Ministry of National Education, municipalities and higher education institutions have important duties in preparing training modules on earthquake preparedness and disaster awareness and being effective in these matters. It is thought that the dissemination of educational activities in schools and the provision of disaster training enriched with concrete video content in lessons will make a critical contribution to successful disaster management, awareness of disasters, increase in public perception and the ability of society to recover from disasters (Bilen & Polat, 2022 ). However, the findings that the current awareness-raising processes of universities regarding disaster education are inadequate are supported by the results of Sözen's (2019) study, which indicated that university students do not have sustainable awareness about earthquake preparedness. In addition, the results support the findings of Varol and Gültekin ( 2016 ) regarding public awareness about disaster mitigation activities. However, when some of the subcodes in the study are examined, subcodes such as receiving earthquake training, being prepared for an earthquake, preparing an earthquake bag, and emergency plan support the above ideas. Unexpected changes in human life and crises that disrupt routines can be seen as important factors that negatively affect people psychologically, physically and socially. Especially the change in the environment in which people live can push them to new experiences that they have never experienced before. The results of the study also reveal similar results to the study (Kasapoğlu & Ecevit, 2001 ) that showed the negative effects of interruption of routine and familiar activities in the daily lives of human beings. However, despite all the bad experiences, it is seen that the disaster victims who participated in the study were able to activate their motivation to hold on to life. In this context, the idea of ​​being prepared for a similar disaster moment again comes to the fore. The disaster victims who participated in the study also expressed their opinions that in order to overcome these processes more easily in the future, more solid structures should be built and existing buildings should be made stronger, illegal construction should be prevented and deterrent penalties should be developed. In addition to these precautions, the subcodes that emerged reveal that it is necessary to act under the guidance of science, to remain calm in emergency disaster situations and to be more prepared for earthquakes. Participants emphasized that the most striking deficiency during the disaster process was lack of organization. Similarly, the disregard of moral feelings by the authorities, the late intervention of military personnel to the field, difficulties in the supply of food and beverages, and basic human needs such as the need for shelter are seen in the subcodes in the study as evidence of the lack of coordination between institutions. When the literature is examined, public institutions are shown as the first actors who are expected to manage and facilitate post-disaster coordination and who should assume primary and central responsibility (Norio et al., 2011 ; Leelawat et al., 2015 ). The participants' expectations and evaluations on this issue are parallel to previous studies (Opdayke et al., 2016). According to the data obtained, it is seen that the belief that the responsibility of public institutions should be at the forefront in order to experience less damage in disaster situations comes to the fore. In addition, it is emphasized that practices that attribute institutional preparation such as inspection, prevention of illegal constructions and changing state policies for effective disaster management should be more prominent as the primary duties of institutions. It is also said that disaster awareness training should be prioritized within the scope of institutional policies. On the other hand, it is seen in the subcodes that the society should be made aware of disaster awareness training and be prepared for earthquakes in every way. In this sense, both public institutions, non-governmental organizations and citizens have responsibilities regarding emergency disasters. It is believed that public institutions and non-governmental organizations should include educational activities on disaster awareness on their agendas and increase citizens' awareness on disaster awareness, which will create a more conscious society structure before, during and after the disaster. It is known that an organized, planned and efficient "integrated disaster management" is of vital importance for the safety of human and living life, the protection of material resources and economic stability. It is known that in Turkey, preparations are mostly made with reactive measures after disasters, and it is stated that the preparation of disaster action plans as a whole with proactive measures before the disaster will reduce possible human and environmental destructions (Şahin, 2019 ). It is known that the Turkish Disaster Response Plan (TAMP) came into force on January 3, 2014 to respond to disasters and emergencies in Turkey. The reason for the existence of TAMP is to organize and plan the roles and responsibilities of disaster groups and coordination units and to determine the basic principles of intervention planning before, during and after disasters (AFAD, 2024 ). It is concluded that this plan should play a more active role in possible disasters and emergencies and should be developed with all stakeholders, if necessary, in order to develop proactive measures and action plans more professionally. The most emphasized code was the discourse in which the spirit of unity and togetherness came to the forefront as the most important factor in calming the disaster victims after the disaster. The sense of unity and togetherness in the genetic codes of the Turkish society emerges once again and it is stated that this is felt by the participants. However, the fact that the code of no happiness came second in this process can be attributed to the magnitude of the incident and the mood created by the loss of life and property. Despite the lack of coordination expressed, the spirit of cooperation in the society and the disaster victims' access to basic needs (drinking water, clean food, clean clothes, a place to sleep, etc.) are expressed by the participants by associating them with happiness. The hope that the disaster victims who were pulled out of the rubble alive made the society feel is emphasized as another sub-code expressed as happiness after the earthquake. Similarly, covert aid provided without violating the dignity of disaster victims has a share in the happiness code that exists after the earthquake. Middle-class households, especially those affected by the disaster, may choose to endure financial difficulties and give up pursuing official rights in order to avoid being exposed to the perception of exclusion and stigmatization. In this sense, conducting post-disaster aid processes without violating the dignity of disaster victims will facilitate the acceptance of aid and individual resilience (Rhodes & Besbris, 2024 ). The idea of ​​settling in another city after a natural disaster is shown as a frequently occurring finding when looking at the literature. In particular, financial inadequacies, fear of losing current opportunities, family ties and concerns about the destination are among the topics that force people to migrate (Gardner & Labovitz, 2024 ; Deniz et al., 2024 ; Yenilmez, 2023 ). According to the findings, it is seen that the majority of the participants migrated with their families. The idea of ​​not leaving anyone behind after the victimization experienced and the desire to hold on to life again in the place they migrated to constitute the reasons for the participants to make this decision. It is thought that the feeling of moving away from the negative emotions brought by the disaster and the combination of this feeling with migration, which is another negative factor, is the idea of ​​coping with these problems together with the power provided by the family. The trigger of migration after the disaster is shown as the sharp decrease in income (Ishtiaque and Nazem, 2017 ). The fact that the household becomes economically vulnerable and loses its assets can be seen as the most driving motivation for migration (McLeman and Smit, 2006 ). Previous evidence of a relationship between disaster impact and population migration indicates that the population outflow from the disaster area is motivated by the idea of ​​absorbing economic losses, recovering as soon as possible, and increasing resilience to disaster impacts. Limited employment opportunities in the disaster area encourage out-migration with the opportunity to earn better income (Kawawaki, 2018 ; Mahajan and Yang, 2020 ). The findings of the study are also consistent with the idea that migration serves as an adaptation mechanism in the face of negative economic shocks following disasters. However, even if people migrate to other regions after a disaster, the idea of ​​returning one day remains vivid in the minds of some disaster victims. The main reasons for this thought can be listed as factors such as not being able to settle in the place they went, social isolation, and homesickness. Studies show that migrating back to their old place of residence can result in better mental health compared to remaining displaced or moving to a new place. For example, a study conducted 16 months after the volcanic eruption in Merapi, Indonesia, indicated that people who returned to their homes had better mental health compared to those who remained displaced or moved to other regions (Bharadwaj et al., 2020 ). However, it is seen in this study that some disaster victims, despite all the negativities brought by migration, do not have the idea of ​​returning due to reasons such as the fear of earthquakes that have a place in their lives and the desire to always remember Hatay as they dreamed. In addition, it is seen that the positive potential of Konya, where they migrated, for a new life and order in the eyes of the participants is also underlined. Among the most frequently reported behavioral problems after an earthquake; difficulty in distracting one's mind from certain thoughts, restless behavior, and having a harsh temper are the primary problems (Doğan, 2011). Starting life from scratch, setting off into the unknown, leaving memories behind, and losing loved ones are difficult processes for human psychology. The emphases in the participants' responses to the question "what was the most affecting event during migration" also parallel these processes. When the literature is examined (Karataş and Tüccar, 2024 ), it is seen that the magnitude of the disaster experience (sadness of losing loved ones, seeing dead people) and post-earthquake difficulties (separation from family, lack of suitable housing), persistent grief, sadness, longing for loved ones and the home one lives in are matched within the framework of in-depth interviews conducted with the participants. Migration is a journey where the end is unpredictable. It is known that migrants experience social and cultural adaptation problems for a certain period of time. Psychosocial support is recommended for people who experience disasters during this period (Varol and Gültekin, 2016 ). Participants state that the most important difficulty they experience in the city of Konya, to which they migrated, is not knowing the city, its residents, its culture and its life. Although they state that they do not have any problems in general, they also state that they feel like refugees in the city they migrated to. On the other hand, the characteristics of Konya such as its developed industry, agricultural potential, being a commercial center in Central Anatolia, and being a city suitable for comfortable living in terms of life culture and practices are also evaluated positively by the participants. Deniz et al. ( 2024 ) also include Konya among the cities where people who tend to migrate want to migrate. In the study, the participants stated that they can easily find job opportunities in Konya and do not have problems with accommodation. The existence of a total of five universities in Konya, three of which are state and two are private, widespread primary education capacity, active secondary and high school potential in various subjects, can cause migrants to adopt and adapt to the city more quickly in terms of education. In addition, the fact that there are few active fault lines in the city and that the city has not experienced a devastating earthquake in history is seen as a factor that makes the city attractive for migrants. Finally, the fact that the city has 3 medical faculties, 4 state hospitals and many private hospitals and has quite extensive opportunities in terms of health is evaluated positively by the participants. In the historical process, the city of Konya carries a rich sense of cooperation and focusing on social problems in its genetic codes thanks to its ancient foundation culture (Kaya and Koca, 2020 ). Disaster victims who migrated to Konya also express the culture of cooperation in the city as an important sub-code. Earthquakes are important disasters that occur unexpectedly, are permanent, and include many physical, social, and economic factors. This process, which leaves traces that are difficult to overcome in society, is an important process that requires people to be responsible and aware, and requires a proactive approach. Public institutions and NGOs have active duties in terms of coordination. In order to reduce the destructive effects of disasters and migration, preparations to be made in advance, public control mechanisms, and raising awareness of society about disasters come to the forefront as issues that need to be considered. Understanding the multifaceted psychological and emotional effects of migration due to disasters, and creating resilient and harmonious societies in the face of environmental and socio-economic challenges should be implemented as priority policies. Classifying the problems experienced by people who have both experienced earthquakes and migrated is important in order to reduce the psychological effects of disasters and migration, increase social support, and prevent possible negative events. In this context, creating a society with organizational ability and creating institutions with strong coordination can be seen as expectations emerging from the disaster and migration experience. Declarations Data Availability: Datasets generated and/or analyzed during the current study will be made available by the corresponding author upon request from the editor or reviewers. Declarations of Interest: None Funding Source: The author(s) declare that no financial support was received for the research and/or publication of this article. Ethical Approval All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. XXX Ethics Committee approved the study on 01.11.2024 (Approval Number: 2024/822). Informed Consent Informed consent was obtained face-to-face. Participants were presented with an information sheet followed by a consent form. We informed the participants that they could withdraw or choose not to answer specific questions without consequences. We told them that we do not collect any personal information. We assured them that all responses would remain anonymous, be treated confidentially, and be used exclusively for academic research. In-depth interviews were conducted with the participants in a sound-insulated room in a café environment between November 8 and November 12, 2024. Before the interviews began, general information about both the interview and the questions was provided and then consent was obtained. Author Contribution All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by [Mustafa AYDIN], [Ali Erkam YARAR] and [Mikail BATU]. The first draft of the manuscript was written by [Mustafa AYDIN] and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.Conceptualization: [Mustafa AYDIN], …; Methodology: [Mikail BATU, Ferah ONAT], …; Formal analysis and investigation: [Ali Erkam YARAR], …; Writing - original draft preparation: [Mustafa AYDIN]; Writing - review and editing: [Ali Erkam YARAR, Ferah ONAT], …; Funding acquisition: [Ali Erkam YARAR], …; Resources: [Mustafa AYDIN, Ferah ONAT], …; Supervision: [Mikail BATU] References AFAD, (2024). Türkiye Afet Müdahale Planı. www.afad.gov.tr. https://www.afad.gov.tr/turkiye-afet-mudahale-plani. Erişim tarihi 05.10.2024. AFAD, (2023). Deprem Nedir? T.C. İçişleri Bakanlığı Afet ve Acil Durum Yönetimi Başkanlığı, Broşürler.Erişim adresi: https://www.afad.gov.tr/brosurler. Erişim tarihi 05.10.2024. Alkın, R. C. (2020). Dünyada ve Türkiye’de Afet Sosyolojisi, Afetlerin Sosyolojideki Yerine İlişkin Literatür Taraması, İ. Can (Ed.), Afet Sosyolojisi içinde (ss.63-81), İstanbul: Çizgi Kitabevi. 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06:20:24","extension":"xml","order_by":19,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":116752,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"e185ec5c3510468f9a4fa8b1288b636c1structuring.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7164721/v1/03d5a3259b57250c669ce2c5.xml"},{"id":92052885,"identity":"13a346cb-96ce-489d-91d1-0112eb47d4de","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-24 06:20:24","extension":"html","order_by":20,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":124471,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"earlyproof.html","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7164721/v1/be88126857f062beac67fda1.html"},{"id":92052859,"identity":"df5eac3f-4617-47b5-99ee-81ac1842eba1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-24 06:20:24","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":118312,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePeople's Responsibilities Regarding\u003cstrong\u003e \u003c/strong\u003eEarthquakes\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7164721/v1/d09e31877999a9d264ef8350.png"},{"id":92054354,"identity":"4096bf86-b26c-4dd7-b6d1-7838a45c7a73","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-24 06:36:24","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":87634,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eWhat Could Be the Precautions?\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7164721/v1/991fdb8734b2b0a019099d30.png"},{"id":92052874,"identity":"03e0cc96-3a6c-41f9-95b7-a18675268d6c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-24 06:20:24","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":78824,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eErrors During Earthquake\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7164721/v1/cc191d02e7587e2d7fa4dc27.png"},{"id":92055514,"identity":"aa17bc6e-0b48-443f-914f-917ec4d775a8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-24 06:52:24","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":104047,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eHappiness After the Earthquake\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7164721/v1/f46237d47d3eda48661b62cc.png"},{"id":92054020,"identity":"4488321a-5427-4c48-9c35-32c24637f647","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-24 06:28:24","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":103839,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eWhat People Will Do to Reduce Harm\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7164721/v1/05cf49cb1b139081668fd00c.png"},{"id":92052863,"identity":"d4e62cc1-eb23-46d2-83d8-44413d800971","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-24 06:20:24","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":60029,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe Most Affecting Event During Migration\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7164721/v1/3cd9d0645144fc0b5774ef06.png"},{"id":92055171,"identity":"6ba6e908-2f96-4900-8e28-0176c02ed837","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-24 06:44:24","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":85911,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eChallenges in the Migrated City\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7164721/v1/9b0d55abec27d29df39d8c3c.png"},{"id":92054355,"identity":"1051811b-e24d-49eb-a045-9d20b41b1908","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-24 06:36:24","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":97042,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eOpportunities of the City You Immigrated to\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7164721/v1/4b20dfc97b548af643d9866e.png"},{"id":92063476,"identity":"2a23305a-5095-4a88-aa75-c823f0ea117a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-24 08:38:26","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1278145,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7164721/v1/24e5b8b9-e14d-4b7e-93f3-868a047ce12d.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eLater Begİnnİngs: A Research on the February 6 Earthquake in Türkİye and the Mİgratİon Process\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eMigration due to natural disasters is a global phenomenon that has profound effects on individuals and societies. When disasters such as earthquakes, floods, fires or droughts occur, they can displace large populations and force them to move temporarily or permanently. This migration becomes a critical survival strategy as affected people try to find safer environments and reorganize their lives. However, the emotional and psychological impacts of these forced displacements are immense. For example, migrants can experience high levels of stress, anxiety and mental health problems. The disruption of social ties and difficulties integrating into new communities can exacerbate these effects, often resulting in feelings of loneliness, isolation and social stigma. Migrants\u0026rsquo; emotional well-being is affected by a variety of factors, including the nature and severity of the disaster, the availability of support systems and individual resilience. Sensible social support from relatives, friends and civil society groups can greatly alleviate the negative emotional impacts of migration. In the absence of such support, feelings of hopelessness and helplessness are further increased. Children and other vulnerable populations face additional challenges such as interrupted education and increased vulnerability to mental health problems (Kili\u0026ccedil; et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e, Pane et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe compounding effects of disasters highlight the need for comprehensive disaster response strategies that address not only the immediate physical needs of displaced populations but also their long-term emotional and psychological well-being. Awareness of community resilience and vulnerabilities is necessary to provide preventive services to disaster victims, plan recovery programs, and rebuild the socio-economic ecosystem (Buckle, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1999\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnderstanding and addressing the multifaceted emotional impacts of disaster-related migration is crucial to building resilient and adaptable societies in the face of increasing environmental and socioeconomic challenges. Migration serves as an important survival strategy after a disaster and can be a way to mitigate the negative impacts of disasters. Disasters often cause various demographic movements, such as flight, evacuation, displacement, resettlement, and forced migration (Oliver-Smith, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e). These movements can be temporary or permanent depending on the severity and nature of the disaster and the resources available. For example, sudden disasters such as floods, storms or earthquakes can force people to move quickly. Due to the long-term impact of the disaster on their livelihoods, people choose to move when they have the means and ability to migrate (Mbaye, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e, Naoi ve ark., 2020).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn many cases, migration, which is a necessary human movement, also has deep emotional and psychological effects. Since migration essentially means changing places between two different areas, it contains multidimensional meanings related to both the place of origin and the place of destination (Fitzgerald, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e). The confusion of belonging to a new environment, the positive and negative processes in experiencing the changing world, the strong ties they establish with the place they come from, emotional depths such as longing, yearning and love, difficulties in identifying with the local people, the constant feeling of otherness based on opposition to the local people, explain the strong emotional dimensions of the interaction (Svašek, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e). After migrants relocate, they often face difficulties in developing new social ties in their destination communities. Migrants often face social stigma, marginalization, and social isolation, which further worsen their mental health (Torres and Casey, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). Migrants and their children face distinct mental health challenges, including socioeconomic deprivation, discrimination, and low family cohesion. Protective factors such as access to education, social support, and family unity are said to mitigate these negative effects and promote better mental health outcomes (WHO, 2021). Grief is the most intense emotion among those who have experienced losses due to disasters. This includes the death of loved ones and the loss of homes, possessions, and communities where memories were held. Grief can manifest as persistent sadness, anger, guilt, or longing for the deceased, and can seriously affect daily functioning.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIt is said that the most important contribution to the migration process is social support. Community support, employment opportunities, access to services and family unity can significantly reduce the negative effects of migration. Community support and practical and emotional help from organized support groups can promote a sense of stability and continuity in perceiving security (Doma et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Maintaining social ties through family, community networks, or new social connections in the destination also impacts emotional well-being. These social ties provide resources for coping both emotionally and economically following disaster events (Cicatiello et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). However, the disruption of these ties leads to increased social stigma, marginalization, and social isolation, ultimately worsening emotional well-being (Torres \u0026amp; Casey, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). However, it has been stated that establishing new connections and strengthening existing social ties through group participation will provide emotional support and a sense of togetherness that are critical for coping after a disaster (Matsuoka et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn this context, this study aims to identify the difficulties encountered by earthquake victims migrating from Hatay to Konya during the earthquake and during the migration process, to address these in detail, to examine the integration and adaptation processes with the city they migrated to and the supporting roles of local dynamics. Thus, it is thought that an important background will be created in terms of better understanding the traumas caused by migration and to present sustainable solutions.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study was designed using a phenomenological design within the framework of qualitative research methods. The reason for choosing the phenomenological design is to provide a better understanding of how earthquake victims perceive the earthquake and migration process. In-depth interview technique was chosen to obtain the data and semi-structured interview form was used in the interviews. The target group of the study is migrants who migrated from Hatay to Konya in Türkiye during the February 6, 2023 earthquake. The reason why Hatay migrants were selected as participants is that Hatay was the city most affected by the February 6 earthquake (Duruel, 2023). Participants were selected using criterion sampling within the framework of purposeful sampling in accordance with the inclusion criteria. Criterion sampling is created by determining certain criteria by researchers and selecting the sample according to those criteria (Yıldırım \u0026amp; Şimşek, 2021: 120). The inclusion criteria for the study were determined as being over the age of 18, having experienced the earthquake in Hatay, and having migrated to Konya. Interviews lasting less than 30 minutes and leaving the interview halfway were determined as exclusion criteria. The questions sought in the interviews are as follows:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1. What are people's responsibilities regarding the earthquake?\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2. What are the mistakes during the earthquake?\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3. What was the event that affected the participants the most during migration?\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4. What are the difficulties in the city to which they migrated?\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5. What are the opportunities offered by the city to which they migrated?\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eParticipants: In qualitative studies, power analysis and effect size cannot be done as in quantitative studies, but data saturation can be prioritized. In this study, the emergence of new codes in the interviews with the participants was seen as a criterion and the process of recruiting participants continued until data saturation was reached. After 21 participants, repetitions began and 26 participants were deemed sufficient for data saturation.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"3. Data Collection","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn-depth interviews were conducted with the participants in a sound-insulated room in a caf\u0026eacute; environment between November 8 and November 12, 2024. Before the interviews began, general information about both the interview and the questions was provided and then consent was obtained. Participants were asked questions in a semi-structured interview form prepared by reviewing the literature (Inal et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e, 2024, Mızrak \u0026amp; Aslan, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e, Aydın Avcı et al., DiTirro, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). The interviews lasted between 35\u0026ndash;55 minutes.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Analysis and Coding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cp\u003eAs a result of the interviews conducted with 26 people, 342 codes were created. 4 of these codes were discussed again and were excluded from the study because no consensus could be reached. Thus, full compatibility was achieved and two themes, 18 categories and 338 codes emerged. While determining the codes, five codes that could not be agreed upon between the researchers were removed from the study. The obtained data were analyzed using the content analysis method in the Maxqda 2020 software program, one of the widely used software packages for qualitative data analysis.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eReliability\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhen the literature is examined, it is seen that reliability criteria are gathered under four main headings. These are listed as credibility, dependency, confirmability and transferability (Guba \u0026amp; Lincoln, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1982\u003c/span\u003e). In this study, the member checking method was used for reliability. After the interviews were completed, the records were deciphered, summaries were sent to the participants and their opinions were received. No changes were made during this process other than sentence-based additions. The research team met weekly and shared their experiences about the study. Investigator triangulation was used as one of the triangulation methods for reliability. In this direction, more than one researcher took part in the collection and analysis of the data. For transferability, the research process was clearly explained and quotations were made from the participants, contributing to reliability. Confirmability was ensured by collecting the data by two researchers and coding them separately.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"4. Findings","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4.1. Earthquake\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLocation at the time of the earthquake and first thought about the earthquake:\u003c/strong\u003eThe majority of the participants were caught in the earthquake at home. Some participants stated that they were on the road, at a relative's, at work, or at a friend's house at the time of the earthquake. All participants explained the earthquake as a natural event. The first thing that came to the participants' minds at the time of the earthquake was the concern of never seeing their families again. In addition, uncertainty, concern about not being able to raise their children, and thoughts of not being able to live their dreams were also emphasized.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eK.19.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;“We were sitting at home. There was an earthquake.”\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eK. 11.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;“We were at home with our family. We didn’t understand what happened all of a sudden.”\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eK. 2.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;“I was coming home from work. At first I didn’t understand what happened, then I noticed the car shaking. I pulled over to the right and parked. I realized there was an earthquake.”\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eK. 17.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;“I don’t have children, I still haven’t gotten over the fear of not being able to see my family. Although I should be more mature because of my age, there is still a child inside me who is attached to his family.”\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eK. 7.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;“As a mother, the most I experienced was the fear and anxiety of not being able to see or find my children.”\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePeople's responsibility regarding earthquakes: The data obtained emphasized that people should be conscious about earthquakes. It was also emphasized that they should have an emergency plan, have earthquake bags, receive training on earthquakes, report illegal construction, use quality materials and not cut columns. The code of being conscious and receiving education, the code of emergency plan and earthquake bag, the code of inspection and illegal structures, quality materials and not cutting columns also formed sub-code connections (See Figure 1). In Turkey, where natural disasters are experienced frequently and destructive earthquakes are observed (AFAD, 2023), the results of the “Earthquake Knowledge Level Scale and Sustainable Earthquake Awareness Scale” applied to university students show that there are serious deficiencies in disaster preparedness knowledge even among the undergraduate education group. The need to raise awareness of educated groups that will lead the society, to create sustainable earthquake awareness and to disseminate information about disasters throughout the country continues (Sözen \u0026amp; Genç, 2023).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eThings that changed in the lives of earthquake victims after the earthquake:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003eIn the data obtained, it is emphasized that the participants' cities, homes and jobs changed due to their migration. In addition to these, there are codes that they postponed their work, their psychology deteriorated, they became more conscious about life and had a more positive outlook.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eK. 8.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;“After the earthquake, unfortunately, I lost my workplace, which was damaged in the first earthquake, in the second earthquake that occurred at around 13:00 in the daytime. The house where my family and children lived was damaged and we had to migrate to Konya.”\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eK. 4.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;“The building I lived in was severely damaged and we had to evacuate our house. We moved in with my uncles, and my work was interrupted for a short time.”\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eK. 3.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;“After the earthquake, I started to look at life more positively. Because death is at our doorstep, we don’t know what will happen next. I also try not to postpone any of my work and make short-term plans rather than long-term plans.”\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eWhat could be the precautions:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003eIn the examined data, solid structures, strengthening of buildings and preventing illegal constructions were emphasized as precautions that could be taken. In addition, preparing an earthquake bag, choosing the right ground for buildings, acting in accordance with scientific decisions, creating penalties and strengthening some buildings were emphasized as other codes. In addition, an intense sub-code connection was formed between strengthening buildings with solid structures, creating penalties and preventing illegal constructions (See Figure 2).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eErrors during the earthquake:\u003c/strong\u003e In the data obtained, lack of organization was the most emphasized code among the errors made during the earthquake. Other errors were emphasized as not caring about spiritual feelings, sending military personnel to the field late, not taking precautions, people's incomprehension, forgetting the earthquake quickly, not having enough tents, food and beverage problems (See Figure 3). The importance of initiating institutional coordination, collective action and public-civil society integration processes in terms of contributing to the process of reducing the vulnerability of disaster victims is reminded.It is suggested that integrating responsibility and participation with the disaster-affected citizen in order to provide emergency intervention on site in unexpected disasters will increase the sustainability and effectiveness of post-disaster interventions (Lama and Tironi, 2019). It is stated that the joint struggle of all stakeholders to reduce the effects of natural disasters that cause helplessness in public life will limit possible threats (Kapucu, 2006). Academicians recommend a smartphone application specific to Turkey in order to increase the level of consciousness and awareness and to be prepared for possible scenarios and crises with proactive measures. It is said that an application that will provide useful information before disasters that erode resources to their core and that will inform about emergency plans with correct guidance will be useful for coordination. It is shown that faster and more accurate information can be provided about meeting places, environmental damage after disasters, shelter, nutrition and aid activities with the simulated application (Kılınç et al., 2023).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHappiness after the earthquake:\u003c/strong\u003e According to the data obtained, the spirit of unity and solidarity was emphasized the most after the earthquake. The lack of happiness after the earthquake was the most emphasized code. Other codes emphasized were getting out of the rubble alive, having a place to sleep, having secret helpers, being able to drink water, clean clothes and clean food. In addition, a sub-link was formed between the codes of drinking water, clean clothes, clean food and having a place to sleep. It was also seen that a sub-link was formed between the spirit of unity and solidarity and secret helpers (See Figure 4).In a study conducted to determine the priority needs after a disaster, it is seen that the primary concern of the disaster victims is \"human safety\". It is emphasized by experts that organizations focusing on the effectiveness of the post-disaster phase should focus on preparations such as \"Search and Rescue Operations, Medical Care, Emergency Shelter\". It can be suggested that \"food and water supply\" are also important sub-needs and that preparations should be made in this regard as a proactive measure to reduce the effects of the disaster (Şahin et al., 2023).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat can people do to reduce damage:\u003c/strong\u003e According to the data examined, the most emphasized codes for less damage from an earthquake are not to build buildings illegally, to inspect, to receive training, and to change state policies. In addition, acting consciously, preparing an earthquake bag, and raising virtuous people are also emphasized as other codes. In addition, there is an intense sub-code connection between inspection and the code of not building buildings illegally (See Figure 5).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDoocy et al. (2013), in their study on the effects of earthquakes on human populations, emphasize that the destructive and negative effects of earthquakes will increase in the future. The study shows that “the primary cause of earthquake-related death is trauma due to building collapse.” It is reminded that since constructed structures constitute the weakest link in earthquake resistance, improvements in building and ground are the most effective methods in earthquake resistance. This prediction of the study was demonstrated in Turkey approximately 10 years later. Buildings that are not resistant to earthquakes have had a heavy impact not only on human resources but also on financial resources. The Presidency of Strategy and Budget of the Republic of Turkey report states that the most important component of the total burden of the 2023 Kahramanmaraş earthquake on the Turkish economy was housing damage with a rate of 54.9 percent (1,073.9 billion TL/56.9 billion dollars) (SBB, 2023).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"5. Migration","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBasic Findings Regarding Migration\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cp\u003eAccording to the data obtained, the three main reasons for migration from Hatay were explained as the demolition of houses, being evicted from their homes, and psychological reasons. Except for two of the participants, all the others migrated as a family. The participants who wanted to return to Hatay explained the reason as wanting their past lives back. Those who did not want to return explained it as fear of earthquakes again and not wanting to see the city under the rubble. In the data obtained, the participants stated that they preferred Konya because of its job opportunities, education of their children, and low earthquake risk. In addition to these, they emphasized that they chose Konya because of its relatives and acquaintances, similar opportunities to Hatay, and social opportunities.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe most affecting event during migration\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn the examined data, the codes of establishing a new life and leaving all belongings behind were emphasized as the most affecting issues for the participants. In addition, the death of acquaintances, the destroyed neighborhood and the lack of assistance to foreign nationals were determined as other codes (See Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDifficulties in the city of migration\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe code of not being familiar and unfamiliar with the city of migration was emphasized the most in the data. Being treated as a refugee, cultural differences, housing and belongings problems were seen as other codes. The statement \u0026ldquo;I did not encounter a general problem\u0026rdquo; is also included in the data. In addition, an intense sub-code connection was formed between unfamiliarity and not knowing the city (See Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOpportunities of the city you migrated to\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cp\u003eAccording to the data obtained, Konya provided the most job, education and shelter opportunities to the earthquake victims coming from Hatay. In addition, the low probability of an earthquake in Konya, health and aid opportunities and earthquake support were seen as other emphasized codes. In addition, a sub-code connection was determined between shelter and job opportunities, personal development opportunities and education opportunities (See Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"6. Discussion and Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eDisasters such as earthquakes, which have deep effects on individuals and societies, can directly affect the lives of individuals and societies. Within the framework of the idea that people should act responsibly regarding earthquakes, individuals need to be prepared for earthquakes. People's preparedness can only be possible by considering and examining existing experiences. In this direction, a multifaceted research and analysis is required (Alkın, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e) and previous studies in the literature are important (Yılmaz, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; S\u0026ouml;zen, 2019). Rubeis et al., (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e) state that most people cannot distinguish between earthquake events and their possible destructive consequences. Basically, with this motivation, they argue that activities should be carried out to increase people's awareness of nature, geology and history by providing criteria that are closer to nature. In this context, the importance of trainings that can provide earthquake preparedness, increasing awareness and projects to be carried out emerge. The leadership and coordination of public institutions at this stage will bring about an effective, efficient and proactive disaster management. According to the results of this research, AFAD, the Ministry of National Education, municipalities and higher education institutions have important duties in preparing training modules on earthquake preparedness and disaster awareness and being effective in these matters. It is thought that the dissemination of educational activities in schools and the provision of disaster training enriched with concrete video content in lessons will make a critical contribution to successful disaster management, awareness of disasters, increase in public perception and the ability of society to recover from disasters (Bilen \u0026amp; Polat, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). However, the findings that the current awareness-raising processes of universities regarding disaster education are inadequate are supported by the results of S\u0026ouml;zen's (2019) study, which indicated that university students do not have sustainable awareness about earthquake preparedness. In addition, the results support the findings of Varol and G\u0026uuml;ltekin (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e) regarding public awareness about disaster mitigation activities. However, when some of the subcodes in the study are examined, subcodes such as receiving earthquake training, being prepared for an earthquake, preparing an earthquake bag, and emergency plan support the above ideas.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnexpected changes in human life and crises that disrupt routines can be seen as important factors that negatively affect people psychologically, physically and socially. Especially the change in the environment in which people live can push them to new experiences that they have never experienced before. The results of the study also reveal similar results to the study (Kasapoğlu \u0026amp; Ecevit, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e) that showed the negative effects of interruption of routine and familiar activities in the daily lives of human beings. However, despite all the bad experiences, it is seen that the disaster victims who participated in the study were able to activate their motivation to hold on to life. In this context, the idea of ​​being prepared for a similar disaster moment again comes to the fore. The disaster victims who participated in the study also expressed their opinions that in order to overcome these processes more easily in the future, more solid structures should be built and existing buildings should be made stronger, illegal construction should be prevented and deterrent penalties should be developed. In addition to these precautions, the subcodes that emerged reveal that it is necessary to act under the guidance of science, to remain calm in emergency disaster situations and to be more prepared for earthquakes.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eParticipants emphasized that the most striking deficiency during the disaster process was lack of organization. Similarly, the disregard of moral feelings by the authorities, the late intervention of military personnel to the field, difficulties in the supply of food and beverages, and basic human needs such as the need for shelter are seen in the subcodes in the study as evidence of the lack of coordination between institutions. When the literature is examined, public institutions are shown as the first actors who are expected to manage and facilitate post-disaster coordination and who should assume primary and central responsibility (Norio et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e; Leelawat et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). The participants' expectations and evaluations on this issue are parallel to previous studies (Opdayke et al., 2016). According to the data obtained, it is seen that the belief that the responsibility of public institutions should be at the forefront in order to experience less damage in disaster situations comes to the fore. In addition, it is emphasized that practices that attribute institutional preparation such as inspection, prevention of illegal constructions and changing state policies for effective disaster management should be more prominent as the primary duties of institutions. It is also said that disaster awareness training should be prioritized within the scope of institutional policies. On the other hand, it is seen in the subcodes that the society should be made aware of disaster awareness training and be prepared for earthquakes in every way. In this sense, both public institutions, non-governmental organizations and citizens have responsibilities regarding emergency disasters. It is believed that public institutions and non-governmental organizations should include educational activities on disaster awareness on their agendas and increase citizens' awareness on disaster awareness, which will create a more conscious society structure before, during and after the disaster. It is known that an organized, planned and efficient \"integrated disaster management\" is of vital importance for the safety of human and living life, the protection of material resources and economic stability. It is known that in Turkey, preparations are mostly made with reactive measures after disasters, and it is stated that the preparation of disaster action plans as a whole with proactive measures before the disaster will reduce possible human and environmental destructions (Şahin, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIt is known that the Turkish Disaster Response Plan (TAMP) came into force on January 3, 2014 to respond to disasters and emergencies in Turkey. The reason for the existence of TAMP is to organize and plan the roles and responsibilities of disaster groups and coordination units and to determine the basic principles of intervention planning before, during and after disasters (AFAD, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). It is concluded that this plan should play a more active role in possible disasters and emergencies and should be developed with all stakeholders, if necessary, in order to develop proactive measures and action plans more professionally.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe most emphasized code was the discourse in which the spirit of unity and togetherness came to the forefront as the most important factor in calming the disaster victims after the disaster. The sense of unity and togetherness in the genetic codes of the Turkish society emerges once again and it is stated that this is felt by the participants. However, the fact that the code of no happiness came second in this process can be attributed to the magnitude of the incident and the mood created by the loss of life and property. Despite the lack of coordination expressed, the spirit of cooperation in the society and the disaster victims' access to basic needs (drinking water, clean food, clean clothes, a place to sleep, etc.) are expressed by the participants by associating them with happiness. The hope that the disaster victims who were pulled out of the rubble alive made the society feel is emphasized as another sub-code expressed as happiness after the earthquake. Similarly, covert aid provided without violating the dignity of disaster victims has a share in the happiness code that exists after the earthquake. Middle-class households, especially those affected by the disaster, may choose to endure financial difficulties and give up pursuing official rights in order to avoid being exposed to the perception of exclusion and stigmatization. In this sense, conducting post-disaster aid processes without violating the dignity of disaster victims will facilitate the acceptance of aid and individual resilience (Rhodes \u0026amp; Besbris, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe idea of ​​settling in another city after a natural disaster is shown as a frequently occurring finding when looking at the literature. In particular, financial inadequacies, fear of losing current opportunities, family ties and concerns about the destination are among the topics that force people to migrate (Gardner \u0026amp; Labovitz, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Deniz et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Yenilmez, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). According to the findings, it is seen that the majority of the participants migrated with their families. The idea of ​​not leaving anyone behind after the victimization experienced and the desire to hold on to life again in the place they migrated to constitute the reasons for the participants to make this decision. It is thought that the feeling of moving away from the negative emotions brought by the disaster and the combination of this feeling with migration, which is another negative factor, is the idea of ​​coping with these problems together with the power provided by the family. The trigger of migration after the disaster is shown as the sharp decrease in income (Ishtiaque and Nazem, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). The fact that the household becomes economically vulnerable and loses its assets can be seen as the most driving motivation for migration (McLeman and Smit, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e). Previous evidence of a relationship between disaster impact and population migration indicates that the population outflow from the disaster area is motivated by the idea of ​​absorbing economic losses, recovering as soon as possible, and increasing resilience to disaster impacts. Limited employment opportunities in the disaster area encourage out-migration with the opportunity to earn better income (Kawawaki, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Mahajan and Yang, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). The findings of the study are also consistent with the idea that migration serves as an adaptation mechanism in the face of negative economic shocks following disasters. However, even if people migrate to other regions after a disaster, the idea of ​​returning one day remains vivid in the minds of some disaster victims. The main reasons for this thought can be listed as factors such as not being able to settle in the place they went, social isolation, and homesickness. Studies show that migrating back to their old place of residence can result in better mental health compared to remaining displaced or moving to a new place. For example, a study conducted 16 months after the volcanic eruption in Merapi, Indonesia, indicated that people who returned to their homes had better mental health compared to those who remained displaced or moved to other regions (Bharadwaj et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). However, it is seen in this study that some disaster victims, despite all the negativities brought by migration, do not have the idea of ​​returning due to reasons such as the fear of earthquakes that have a place in their lives and the desire to always remember Hatay as they dreamed. In addition, it is seen that the positive potential of Konya, where they migrated, for a new life and order in the eyes of the participants is also underlined.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAmong the most frequently reported behavioral problems after an earthquake; difficulty in distracting one's mind from certain thoughts, restless behavior, and having a harsh temper are the primary problems (Doğan, 2011). Starting life from scratch, setting off into the unknown, leaving memories behind, and losing loved ones are difficult processes for human psychology. The emphases in the participants' responses to the question \"what was the most affecting event during migration\" also parallel these processes. When the literature is examined (Karataş and T\u0026uuml;ccar, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e), it is seen that the magnitude of the disaster experience (sadness of losing loved ones, seeing dead people) and post-earthquake difficulties (separation from family, lack of suitable housing), persistent grief, sadness, longing for loved ones and the home one lives in are matched within the framework of in-depth interviews conducted with the participants.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMigration is a journey where the end is unpredictable. It is known that migrants experience social and cultural adaptation problems for a certain period of time. Psychosocial support is recommended for people who experience disasters during this period (Varol and G\u0026uuml;ltekin, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). Participants state that the most important difficulty they experience in the city of Konya, to which they migrated, is not knowing the city, its residents, its culture and its life. Although they state that they do not have any problems in general, they also state that they feel like refugees in the city they migrated to. On the other hand, the characteristics of Konya such as its developed industry, agricultural potential, being a commercial center in Central Anatolia, and being a city suitable for comfortable living in terms of life culture and practices are also evaluated positively by the participants. Deniz et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e) also include Konya among the cities where people who tend to migrate want to migrate. In the study, the participants stated that they can easily find job opportunities in Konya and do not have problems with accommodation. The existence of a total of five universities in Konya, three of which are state and two are private, widespread primary education capacity, active secondary and high school potential in various subjects, can cause migrants to adopt and adapt to the city more quickly in terms of education. In addition, the fact that there are few active fault lines in the city and that the city has not experienced a devastating earthquake in history is seen as a factor that makes the city attractive for migrants. Finally, the fact that the city has 3 medical faculties, 4 state hospitals and many private hospitals and has quite extensive opportunities in terms of health is evaluated positively by the participants. In the historical process, the city of Konya carries a rich sense of cooperation and focusing on social problems in its genetic codes thanks to its ancient foundation culture (Kaya and Koca, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Disaster victims who migrated to Konya also express the culture of cooperation in the city as an important sub-code.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eEarthquakes are important disasters that occur unexpectedly, are permanent, and include many physical, social, and economic factors. This process, which leaves traces that are difficult to overcome in society, is an important process that requires people to be responsible and aware, and requires a proactive approach. Public institutions and NGOs have active duties in terms of coordination. In order to reduce the destructive effects of disasters and migration, preparations to be made in advance, public control mechanisms, and raising awareness of society about disasters come to the forefront as issues that need to be considered. Understanding the multifaceted psychological and emotional effects of migration due to disasters, and creating resilient and harmonious societies in the face of environmental and socio-economic challenges should be implemented as priority policies. Classifying the problems experienced by people who have both experienced earthquakes and migrated is important in order to reduce the psychological effects of disasters and migration, increase social support, and prevent possible negative events. In this context, creating a society with organizational ability and creating institutions with strong coordination can be seen as expectations emerging from the disaster and migration experience.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Availability:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDatasets generated and/or analyzed during the current study will be made available by the corresponding author upon request from the editor or reviewers.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDeclarations of Interest:\u003c/strong\u003e None\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding Source:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe author(s) declare that no financial support was received for the research and/or publication of this article.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical Approval\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. XXX Ethics Committee approved the study on 01.11.2024 (Approval Number: 2024/822).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInformed Consent\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInformed consent was obtained face-to-face. Participants were presented with an information sheet followed by a consent form. We informed the participants that they could withdraw or choose not to answer specific questions without consequences. We told them that we do not collect any personal information. We assured them that all responses would remain anonymous, be treated confidentially, and be used exclusively for academic research. In-depth interviews were conducted with the participants in a sound-insulated room in a caf\u0026eacute; environment between November 8 and November 12, 2024. Before the interviews began, general information about both the interview and the questions was provided and then consent was obtained.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by [Mustafa AYDIN], [Ali Erkam YARAR] and [Mikail BATU]. The first draft of the manuscript was written by [Mustafa AYDIN] and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.Conceptualization: [Mustafa AYDIN], \u0026hellip;; Methodology: [Mikail BATU, Ferah ONAT], \u0026hellip;; Formal analysis and investigation: [Ali Erkam YARAR], \u0026hellip;; Writing - original draft preparation: [Mustafa AYDIN]; Writing - review and editing: [Ali Erkam YARAR, Ferah ONAT], \u0026hellip;; Funding acquisition: [Ali Erkam YARAR], \u0026hellip;; Resources: [Mustafa AYDIN, Ferah ONAT], \u0026hellip;; Supervision: [Mikail BATU]\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAFAD, (2024). T\u0026uuml;rkiye Afet M\u0026uuml;dahale Planı. www.afad.gov.tr. https://www.afad.gov.tr/turkiye-afet-mudahale-plani. Erişim tarihi 05.10.2024.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAFAD, (2023). Deprem Nedir? T.C. İ\u0026ccedil;işleri Bakanlığı Afet ve Acil Durum Y\u0026ouml;netimi Başkanlığı, Broş\u0026uuml;rler.Erişim adresi: https://www.afad.gov.tr/brosurler. 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The 2011 eastern Japan great earthquake disaster: Overview and comments. \u003cem\u003eInternational Journal of Disaster Risk Science\u003c/em\u003e, 2, 34-42. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13753-011-0004-9.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOliver-Smith, A. (2006). Disasters and forced migration in the 21st century. Understanding Katrina: Perspectives from the social sciences. \u003cem\u003eSocial Science Research Council. Retrieved on January\u003c/em\u003e, 23, 2008.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOpdyke, A., Lepropre, F., Javernick-Will, A., \u0026amp; Koschmann, M. (2016). Inter-organizational resource coordination in post-disaster infrastructure recovery. \u003cem\u003eConstruction Management and Economics, 35\u003c/em\u003e(8\u0026ndash;9), 514\u0026ndash;530. https://doi.org/10.1080/01446193.2016.1247973.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePane, J. F., McCaffrey, D. F., Kalra, N., \u0026amp; Zhou, A. J. (2008). 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Afetlere sosyolojik bakış ve T\u0026uuml;rkiye\u0026rsquo;de afet yazınına kuramsal bir yaklaşım. \u003cem\u003eAnemon Muş Alparslan \u0026Uuml;niversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 9\u003c/em\u003e(1), 195-204. https://doi.org/10.18506/anemon.819871.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eYıldırım, A. \u0026amp; Şimşek, H. (2021). \u003cem\u003eSosyal Bilimlerde Nitel Araştırma Y\u0026ouml;ntemleri\u003c/em\u003e, (12. Baskı) Ankara: Se\u0026ccedil;kin Yayıncılık. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ehttps://www.sbb.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/2023-Kahramanmaras -ve- Hatay Depremleri-Raporu.pdf. Erişim tarihi 05.10.2024.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ehttps://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/mental-health-and-forced-displacement. Erişim tarihi 05.10.2024.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"humanities-and-social-sciences-communications","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"palcomms","sideBox":"Learn more about [Humanities \u0026 Social Sciences Communications](http://www.nature.com/palcomms/)","snPcode":"41599","submissionUrl":"https://submission.springernature.com/new-submission/41599/3","title":"Humanities and Social Sciences Communications","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Nature AJ","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Earthquake, February 6, Migration, Hatay, Communication","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7164721/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7164721/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis study aims to determine the difficulties encountered by earthquake victims migrating from Hatay to Konya, two major cities of T\u0026uuml;rkiye, during the earthquake and during the migration process, to examine the integration and adaptation processes with the city they migrated to, and the supporting roles of local dynamics. The data were analyzed with the MAXQDA program after being examined with the Phenomenological design, which is an exploratory and interpretative qualitative research method. The phenomenological design is a research method that benefits from the experiences of individuals in cases that we are aware of but do not have an in-depth and detailed understanding. In-depth interview technique was used to obtain the data, and 26 participants selected with criterion sampling were interviewed. The target group of the study is the disaster victim migrants who migrated from Hatay to Konya in T\u0026uuml;rkiye during the February 6, 2023 earthquake. The findings show that while the migrants criticize themselves for not being aware of the earthquake and not making emergency plans, they criticize the authorities for lack of organization, lack of supervision, and illegal construction. While job opportunities and educational opportunities were considered as reasons for choosing the city to which they migrated, the difficulties of establishing a new life, not being familiar with the city and being perceived as a refugee were also emphasized among the difficulties.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Later Begİnnİngs: A Research on the February 6 Earthquake in Türkİye and the Mİgratİon Process","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-09-24 06:20:19","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7164721/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-12-20T14:30:40+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-11-17T21:52:10+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-11-10T12:49:13+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-10-30T16:24:03+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"107022585260572778752734933549129890174","date":"2025-10-27T18:10:08+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-10-27T06:24:58+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"148270134521521903158139246781805714404","date":"2025-10-25T22:11:47+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"317436196266714024273048404955238238427","date":"2025-10-25T20:03:32+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"323730473283510236320822719547238062292","date":"2025-10-23T22:53:17+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"68771821058180255720236176478342039956","date":"2025-10-23T15:25:01+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-09-28T07:54:59+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"278265587566689180077816278724957008490","date":"2025-09-20T21:46:52+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-09-15T21:42:27+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-09-15T18:52:36+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2025-09-15T18:09:15+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-08-31T16:11:17+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Humanities and Social Sciences Communications","date":"2025-08-31T16:08:26+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"humanities-and-social-sciences-communications","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"palcomms","sideBox":"Learn more about [Humanities \u0026 Social Sciences Communications](http://www.nature.com/palcomms/)","snPcode":"41599","submissionUrl":"https://submission.springernature.com/new-submission/41599/3","title":"Humanities and Social Sciences Communications","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Nature AJ","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"34405531-d677-4198-8afe-fbb5e40a76c9","owner":[],"postedDate":"September 24th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[{"id":55219610,"name":"Scientific community and society/Geography"},{"id":55219611,"name":"Social science/Geography"},{"id":55219612,"name":"Social science/Sociology"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-05-05T14:55:06+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-09-24 06:20:19","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7164721","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7164721","identity":"rs-7164721","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}