Association Between Nicotine Dependence and Physical Activity Levels in Young Adults: A Systematic Review

Association Between Nicotine Dependence and Physical Activity Levels in Young Adults: A Systematic Review | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Systematic Review Association Between Nicotine Dependence and Physical Activity Levels in Young Adults: A Systematic Review Shanthi Mathialagan, RAVISHANKAR POTLURI, SNEHA SEKAR This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8333627/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background Nicotine dependence is a common problem among young adults and has been associated with decreased physical activity and impaired physical performance. Understanding the effects of smoking and nicotine use on fitness is essential for young adults, athletes, and military personnel. Methods A systematic search of PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar identified studies published between 2000 and 2024 that examined associations between smoking, nicotine use, physical activity, and physical performance in individuals aged 18–30 years. Thirteen cross-sectional, cohort, longitudinal, and interventional studies met the inclusion criteria. Data on physical activity, fitness outcomes, and lung function were extracted. The risk of bias was assessed via the ROBANS-2 tool. Results Smoking was consistently associated with lower physical activity and reduced physical performance. Approximately 43.2% of the participants engaged in inadequate physical activity, with smokers being less active. Heavy smokers were more likely to be inactive, and smokers had nearly fivefold higher odds of unsatisfactory physical activity (OR = 4.88). Smoking impaired lung function, with reductions in forced vital capacity, forced expiratory volume in 1 second, and aerobic and anaerobic fitness. Longitudinal evidence has indicated a progressive decrease in lung function among smokers. Isolated nicotine exposure did not improve anaerobic performance, although minor effects on pain perception were observed. Participation in team sports was protective against smoking initiation. Conclusions Smoking and nicotine use have deleterious effects on physical activity, lung function, and physical performance in young adults. Physical activity, particularly team sports, may prevent smoking. The combination of smoking cessation and activity promotion is critical to improving youth health outcomes. Smoking and physical activity Nicotine dependence Athlete Sports Smoking and smokeless tobacco Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files Additionalfile1.docx Additionalfile2.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8333627","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Systematic Review","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":578779919,"identity":"732e009c-85d0-461f-8a3c-2280aa81e6dd","order_by":0,"name":"Shanthi 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Review","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Smoking and physical activity, Nicotine dependence, Athlete, Sports, Smoking and smokeless tobacco","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8333627/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8333627/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eNicotine dependence is a common problem among young adults and has been associated with decreased physical activity and impaired physical performance. Understanding the effects of smoking and nicotine use on fitness is essential for young adults, athletes, and military personnel.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA systematic search of PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar identified studies published between 2000 and 2024 that examined associations between smoking, nicotine use, physical activity, and physical performance in individuals aged 18\u0026ndash;30 years. Thirteen cross-sectional, cohort, longitudinal, and interventional studies met the inclusion criteria. Data on physical activity, fitness outcomes, and lung function were extracted. The risk of bias was assessed via the ROBANS-2 tool.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eSmoking was consistently associated with lower physical activity and reduced physical performance. Approximately 43.2% of the participants engaged in inadequate physical activity, with smokers being less active. Heavy smokers were more likely to be inactive, and smokers had nearly fivefold higher odds of unsatisfactory physical activity (OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4.88). Smoking impaired lung function, with reductions in forced vital capacity, forced expiratory volume in 1 second, and aerobic and anaerobic fitness. Longitudinal evidence has indicated a progressive decrease in lung function among smokers. Isolated nicotine exposure did not improve anaerobic performance, although minor effects on pain perception were observed. Participation in team sports was protective against smoking initiation.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusions\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eSmoking and nicotine use have deleterious effects on physical activity, lung function, and physical performance in young adults. Physical activity, particularly team sports, may prevent smoking. The combination of smoking cessation and activity promotion is critical to improving youth health outcomes.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Association Between Nicotine Dependence and Physical Activity Levels in Young Adults: A Systematic Review","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-01-23 15:05:09","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8333627/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":1}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"09c97e88-6683-4a02-8633-ed054574b10a","owner":[],"postedDate":"January 23rd, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-03-07T07:00:57+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-01-23 15:05:09","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8333627","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8333627","identity":"rs-8333627","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}