Transmission Line Loss Minimization & Voltage Profile Improvement Using Distributed Power Flow Controller (A case study on 230KV Transmission Line in Ethiopia)

Transmission Line Loss Minimization & Voltage Profile Improvement Using Distributed Power Flow Controller (A case study on 230KV Transmission Line in Ethiopia) | Authorea try { document.documentElement.classList.add('js'); } catch (e) { } var _gaq = _gaq || []; _gaq.push(['_setAccount', 'G-8VDV14Y67G']); _gaq.push(['_trackPageview']); (function() { var ga = document.createElement('script'); ga.type = 'text/javascript'; ga.async = true; ga.src = ('https:' == document.location.protocol ? 'https://ssl' : 'http://www') + '.google-analytics.com/ga.js'; var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(ga, s); })(); Skip to main content Preprints Collections Wiley Open Research IET Open Research Ecological Society of Japan All Collections About About Authorea FAQs Contact Us Quick Search anywhere Search for preprint articles, keywords, etc. Search Search ADVANCED SEARCH SCROLL This is a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. 11 March 2026 V1 Latest version Share on Transmission Line Loss Minimization & Voltage Profile Improvement Using Distributed Power Flow Controller (A case study on 230KV Transmission Line in Ethiopia) Authors : wondwossen Haile 0000-0001-7613-3350 , Asefa Yimer [email protected] , Nigus Manie , and Chandrasekar Perumal Authors Info & Affiliations https://doi.org/10.22541/au.177322408.88081974/v1 203 views 70 downloads Contents Abstract Information & Authors Metrics & Citations View Options References Figures Tables Media Share Abstract Electrical power demand is increasing at a relatively fast rate over the last few years. Because of power system expansion to meet this increasing demand, the power system is becoming very complex. Both electric utilities and end-users of electric power are becoming increasingly concerned about quality of power. Modern power electronics technologies have been used to maintain the quality, controllability and power transfer capability of the electrical power systems. Flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) device is one of the modern power electronics technologies which are used in power systems for the aforementioned purposes. The Distributed Power Flow Controller (DPFC) is a new type of FACT device; its structure is similar to a unified power flow controller (UPFC). This paper presented the performance analysis, design, and incorporation of the FACT control device, DPFC in an existing 230KV transmission network by identifying first the transmission line losses and voltage regulation problems. This research result showed that the arrangement of DPFC present the best benefit on power losses minimization, improvement of bus voltage profile and power flow. The result clearly demonstrated the performance of the transmission line under the case study with and without DPFC. The real power loss on the transmission line was decreased from 23.13 MW to 16.58 MW while the line’s power transfer capability improved from 91.23%, to 93.72%. Transmission Line Loss Minimization & Voltage Profile Improvement Using Distributed Power Flow Controller (A case study on 230KV Transmission Line in Ethiopia) WONDWOSSEN ASTATIKE HAILE 1 , ASEFA SISAY YIMER 1 *, NIGUS MANIE 2 , P. CHANDRASEKAR 3 1 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Kombolcha Institute of Technology, Wollo University, Kombolcha, Ethiopia. 2 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Bule Hora University, Bule Hora, Ethiopia. 3 Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department, Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr. Sagunthala R&D Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, India. ∗ Corresponding [email protected] Abstract : Electrical power demand is increasing at a relatively fast rate over the last few years. Because of power system expansion to meet this increasing demand, the power system is becoming very complex. Both electric utilities and end-users of electric power are becoming increasingly concerned about quality of power. Modern power electronics technologies have been used to maintain the quality, controllability and power transfer capability of the electrical power systems. Flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) device is one of the modern power electronics technologies which are used in power systems for the aforementioned purposes. The Distributed Power Flow Controller (DPFC) is a new type of FACT device; its structure is similar to a unified power flow controller (UPFC). This paper presented the performance analysis, design, and incorporation of the FACT control device, DPFC in an existing 230KV transmission network by identifying first the transmission line losses and voltage regulation problems. This research result showed that the arrangement of DPFC present the best benefit on power losses minimization, improvement of bus voltage profile and power flow. The result clearly demonstrated the performance of the transmission line under the case study with and without DPFC. The real power loss on the transmission line was decreased from 23.13 MW to 16.58 MW while the line’s power transfer capability improved from 91.23%, to 93.72%. Key-Words : Transmission line loss, Power Loss Minimization, Voltage Profile Improvement, DPFC, UPFC, FACTS. Introduction Due to rising energy demand, aging network flow, and distributed generation, today’s power systems have a strong requirement for fast and reliable control of the power flow controller. FACTS controllers, described by IEEE as “a power electronic based system and associated static equipment that provides control of one or more AC transmission system characteristics to enhance controllability and boost power transfer capability” can be used to control power flow [1]. The load ability of existing systems can be improved by reducing real power loss in the line with the help of flexible AC transmission system devices. The FACTS devices, such as unified power flow controller (UPFC) and synchronous static compensator (STATCOM), are used to alleviate the disturbance and improve the power system quality and reliability [2] [3]. The unified power flow controller (UPFC) is the most powerful device within the FACTS family. It can simultaneously control all the parameters of the system: the line impedance, the transmission angle, and the bus voltage magnitude [4]. A distributed power flow controller (DPFC) was introduced in [5] as a new FACTS device, that is used to mitigate voltage and current waveform deviation and improve power quality in a matter of seconds. The DPFC structure is derived from the UPFC structure as it contains one shunt converter and several small independent series converters. In comparison with UPFC, the main advantage offered by DPFC is eliminating the huge DC-link and instead uses 3rd harmonic current to control active power exchange, subsequently the D-FACTS concept is employed in the design of the series converter. Multiple low-rating single-phase converters replace the high-rating three-phase converter, which greatly reduces its cost, due to no requirement of high-voltage isolation, and increases its reliability, due to redundancy the DPFC can simultaneously adjust the voltage magnitude, the line impedance, and the transmission angle, thereby independently controlling the active and reactive power flow through lines [5]. In Ethiopia, the number of generating units is expanding, time to time but the transmission network is not keeping pace with generation expansion. In addition, due to overcrowding and aging issues, the present transmission network has increased transmission line losses. Furthermore, the existing transmission system is of radial type and covers long distances, thus bus voltage instability and loss of power will occur if the present transmission line is disturbed. As a result, voltage regulation issues arise. In order to improve the voltage profile, it is required to construct an appropriate controlling device. The commonly used transmission line voltage ratings in Ethiopia are 45 kV, 66 kV, 132 kV, 230 kV and 400 kV lines whereas for distribution system either 33 kV or 15 kV voltage lines are used [6]. This research focused on the 230 kV transmission system only. The losses in this transmission line are more, since this transmission line covers large distances and most of this transmission lines are aged. 2 Review of Literatures Electric power must be transported from the generator to the consumer via transmission line. Due to a variety of factors, part of the generated electricity is lost along the route. The question of whether this loss optimally minimum is one of today’s energy efficiency concerns. It’s helpful to classify electric system losses into distinct groups to make investigating losses easier. Technical losses and non-technical losses are the most common classifications of losses [7]. 2.1 Technical Losses Due to the natural qualities of the conductors and equipment that the power is transported on, some of the power is dissipated along the route when it is transferred from one point to another. On the one hand, technical losses experienced over individual elements limit the elements operating life, while on the other hand, more power system dimensioning is required. Technical losses can be classified in a variety of ways. Depending on their origin, technical losses can be divided into resistive, leakage and corona losses. Resistive (copper) losses are the I 2 R losses that are inherent in all conductors because of the finite resistance of the conductors. The leakage losses are losses due to the finite resistance of the insulation materials. Corona losses are caused by partial discharges in the air surrounding overhead lines. The air molecules become ionized and conductive as the voltage level is increased. The ionization generates light, audible noise, radio noise, conductor vibration, ozone, and causes a dissipation of energy that results in line losses. Heavy rain or wet snow results in a dramatic increase in corona due to droplets clinging to a conductor which act as sources of point of discharge [8]. One common classification of technical losses is to use the categories to be (Load losses) and Fixed (No-load losses). This classification method is useful when studying the dependence of losses on power flow [7][8]. 2.2 Non- technical Losses Non-technical losses are not related to the physical characteristics and functions of the electrical system. These losses are not actually losses in terms of consumption loss. What makes them to be grouped under losses is that the consumption is not paid for. They can be evaluated on the basis of the difference between the generated and sold energy on one hand and the calculated technical losses on the other hand. Illegal energy consumption (theft), incorrect meter reading, energy meter failures and shortfalls in billing are known sources of non-technical losses [8]. Real and reactive transmission line loss are the two major loss components. The real part is expensive, costing millions of dollars every year, and the reactive part is expensive, costing voltage stability. The capacity of power generated, transmitted and distributed increases to overcome the demand, so do the requirements for high quality, secured and reliable supply. Therefore, the control of active power, reactive power and system voltage in an electrical power system is important for proper utilization of electrical equipment in order to reduce transmission line losses and to increase the ability of the electrical transmission network to withstand and reduce voltage drop on the line [9] [10]. To reduce transmission line losses, either the line’s resistance or the current passing through it must be reduced. Regulating system voltage, in other words, minimizes transmission line losses. In the electrical power business, there are numerous transmission line loss reduction measures that can be implemented. The major issue is determining how to best utilize the available resources. As a result, it is vital to comprehend various loss minimization approaches used in the power business from various literatures, as well as how they apply to electrical transmission systems. The techniques used to address transmission line loss reduction and voltage regulation techniques are bundling Conductors, Increasing the Nominal Voltage of Transmission Lines, Transmission using of HVDC, Changing Conductors, Shunt Compensation, Series Compensation, FACTS Devices. Due to economic and environmental restrictions, power providers are being forced to fully utilize existing resources in order to satisfy future demand. The use of a flexible alternating current transmission system with new facilities is used to produce steady state power flow or dynamic stability control. This boosts transmission capacity without requiring additional transmission lines to be built. The phase angle, voltage, and impedance of high voltage AC cables are all controlled by FACTS devices. The full benefits of the transmission system can be achieved by deploying FACTS devices, such as the utilization of current transmission assets, increased transmission system availability, and environmental benefits. FACTS placed on transmission lines can help reduce flows in heavily laden lines, minimize power system loss, and enhance the voltage profile of the system [11] [12]. FACTS devices come in a variety of shapes and sizes. They are divided into four groups based on their connection to the transmission line as [12]: • Shunt connected FACTS devices, • series connected FACTS devices, • combined series-series connected FACTS devices, and • combined series-shunt connected FACTS devices Shunt connected FACTS devices are variable impedance, variable source, or a combination of these [13]. Current is injected by shunt controller into the system at the point where they are connected to the system. There is a variable current flow to system because of injected current to the system due to shunt connected variable impedance to transmission line. If the current injected is in phase quadrature with the line voltage the controller modifies reactive power and otherwise the controller modifies real power. Series FACTS devices inject electricity into the transmission line in series. When the line voltage is in phase quadrature with the line current, the series controller absorbs or creates reactive power; otherwise, the controller absorbs or produces real power. 2.3 FACTS devices 2.3.1 Static Var Compensators (SVC) SVC is a shunt connected type FACTS device that controls reactive power in the transmission network by exchanging capacitive or inductive power by modifying its output. Thyristor controlled or switched reactor (TSR) and thyristor switched capacitor (TSC) make up the SVC. Under abnormal transmission network conditions, TSR absorbs the reactive power and TSC supplies it. Static Var Compensators are also employed in reactive power regulation to increase transient stability, attenuate power swings, and decrease system losses [11]. 2.3.2 Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC) SSSC can increase or decrease the overall reactive voltage drop across the transmission line and thereby controlling the transmitted electric power. SSSC is series-connected synchronous voltage source that can vary the effective impedance of a transmission line by injecting a voltage containing an appropriate phase angle in relation to the line current [14]. It can inject a voltage with controllable magnitude and phase angle at the line frequency and found to be more capable of handling power flow control, improvement of transient stability margin and improve damping of transient. 2.3.3 Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) STATCOM uses a voltage source converter (VSC). VSCs employ pulse width modulation (PWM) technology, allowing them to deliver high-quality ac output voltage to the grid or even a passive load. The production of a controllable AC voltage source behind a transformer leakage reactance by a voltage source converter coupled to a DC capacitor is the core concept of the functioning of a STATCOM. The STATCOM and the power system exchange active and reactive power as a result of the voltage difference across the reactance [15]. 2.3.4 Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC) TCSC is a thyristor-controlled series capacitor that adds a thyristor-controlled reactor to it. When the reactance is linked in parallel to the series capacitor, the series compensation system becomes continuous and rapidly changeable. The main advantages of TCSCs are the capacity to dampen power oscillations and sub-synchronous resonances, as well as the ability to increase real power and control power flow lines [11]. 2.3.5 Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) The UPFC is a multifunctional FACTS device that has the unique capacity to control both active and reactive power flows on a transmission system at the same time. Shunt compensation, series compensation, phase shifting, voltage profile enhancement, and power flow control are just a few of the uses for UPFC in power systems [16]. All basic power system characteristics can be controlled simultaneously by the UPFC (transmission voltage, impedance and phase angle). 2.3.6 Distributed Power Flow Controller (DPFC) The DPFC is a derivative of the unified power flow controller (UPFC) with the common dc link removed. The active power exchange between the shunt and series converters, which was previously done via the UPFC’s common dc connection, is now done via the third harmonic frequency. Instead of the huge three phase series converters used in the UPFC, the DPFC will use several small single-phase converters. Redundancy is provided by the huge number of series converters, which increases system reliability. There is no need for high voltage isolation between the phases because the D-FACTS converters are single phase and floating with respect to the ground. The DPFC system is less expensive than the UPFC system. The DPFC has the same control capabilities as the UPFC, including line impedance, transmission angle, and bus voltage adjustments. DPFC may also be utilized to improve power quality and system stability, such as low frequency power oscillation damping, voltage sag restoration, or balancing asymmetry, due to its great control capabilities [17] [18]. Because no high-voltage isolation is necessary at the series converter part and the component ratings are low, the total cost of the DPFC is likewise substantially lower than the UPFC [17]. 3 Methodology Large amount of primary and secondary data were required for this research and collected from Ethiopian Electric Power (EEP) and utilized These data include: line impedance, line reactance, line length, Bus connected ID (From Bus to Bus), bus description, bus nominal voltage, reactive and active power flow, transformer data, real voltage level of the line, and peak load data of the case study’s transmission network. Then after, a thorough load flow studies were conducted for planning the functioning of a power system under the current conditions, as well as for its future improvement and development. MATLAB/Simulink software tool as well as power world simulator tool was used for the analysis purpose. The one-line diagrams of the case study 230kv transmission system for both edit and run mode are given in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 respectively. Fig. 1. Edit mode one-line diagram of the case study 230kv transmission system. Fig. 2. Run-mode one-line diagram of the case study 230kv transmission system. Following the load flow analysis, candidate lines for loss reduction control were identified. To reduce the power loss of the case study 230KV transmission network from its current state, this research used a DPFC-based transmission line loss reduction and voltage profile enhancement technique for buses. 3.1 The system Modelling & description of Distributed power flow controller The data used in this modelling are • Generator Data • Transmission Line Data • Transformer Data • Peak Load Data The basic Structure of Distributed Power Flow Controller as it derived from UPFC is shown in Fig.3. Fig. 3. from UPFC to DPFC Fig. 4 below depicts the configuration of the DPFC. Fig.4. Distributed power flow controller configuration/topology. Fig.5 shows distributed power flow controller with its essential control blocks. Fig.5. The control blocks for Distributed power flow controller The MATLAB model for single-phase series converter control is given in Fig.6. Fig.6. MATLAB Model of Single-Phase Series Converter Control The MATLAB model of the proposed system without DPFC is shown in Fig.7. In this model one hydropower plant and one wind farm plant are incorporated to the case study 230KV transmission system. The distance in kilometre for the 230KV transmission system between Bus 1 & Bus 2 is 155km, between Bus 4 & Bus 6 is 268km, between Bus 2 & Bus 3 is 126km, between Bus 3 & Bus 5 is 50.1km, between Bus 5 & Bus 7 is 160km, between Bus 8 & Bus 9 is 203km. and between Bus 8 & Bus 10 is 357km. Fig. 7. MATLAB/Simulink Model of the proposed transmission system without DPFC The model of the proposed transmission system with DPFC is shown in Fig.8. Fig. 8. Model of the proposed transmission system with DPFC. 4 Results and Discussion The bus voltages, real power and reactive power profile when DPFC connected between Bus 1 and Bus 2 are given in Fig. 9, Fig.10 and Fig.11 respectively. Fig. 9. Bus-voltages when DPFC between buses B1 and B2. Fig.10. Real power when DPFC between buses B1 and B2. Fig.11. Reactive power when DPFC between buses B1 and B2. The addition of DPFC between B1 and B2 buses improved the real power delivered to all substations. The total transmission line active power loss is 23.13 MW before incorporating DPFC which accounts 8.762% of peak load demand. After incorporating the total real power is reduced to 16.58 MW Which accounts 6.28% of peak load demand. The total transmission line reactive power loss is 10.65 MVAr before incorporating DPFC & after incorporating DPFC it is reduced to 7.52 MVAr. The total active and reactive power losses are minimized by 6.55 MW and 3.13 Mvar. respectively when DPFC is incorporated between buses B1 and B2 of the transmission network. Similarly, the bus voltages, real power and reactive power profile when DPFC connected between Bus 4 and Bus 6 are given in Fig. 12, Fig.13 and Fig.14 respectively. Fig.12. Bus-voltage simulation results when DPFC between buses B4 and B6. Fig. 13. Real power simulation results when DPFC between buses B4 and B6. Fig.14. Reactive power simulation results when DPFC between buses B4 and B6. The addition of DPFC between buses B4 and B6 improved the real power delivered to all substations. The total transmission line active power loss is 23.13 MW before incorporating DPFC which accounts 8.762% of peak load demand. After incorporating DPFC, the total real power is reduced to 18.72 MW. The total transmission line reactive power loss is 10.65 MVAr before incorporating DPFC & after incorporating DPFC it is reduced to 8.56 MVAr. The total active and reactive power losses are minimized by 4.41 MW and 2.09 Mvar. respectively when DPFC is incorporated between buses B4 and B6 of the transmission network. But when compared to DPFC between buses B1 and B2 the transfer of real power decreases by 2.14 MW and reactive power by 1.04 Mvar. Finally, the bus voltages, real power and reactive power profile when DPFC connected between Bus 8, Bus 10 and Bus 9 are given in Fig. 15, Fig.16 and Fig.17 respectively. Fig.15. Bus-voltage simulation results when DPFC between buses B8, B10 and B9. Fig. 16. Real Power Simulation results when DPFC between buses B8, B10 and B9. Fig.17. Reactive Power Simulation results when DPFC between buses B8, B10 and B9. When DPFC is inserted between buses B8, B10 and B9 the real power delivered to all substations was improved. When it is compared to the result without DPFC it has the difference of 2.91 MW real power and 1.2 Mvar reactive power and when compared to DPFC between buses B1 and B2 the transfer of power decreases by 3.64 MW & also when compared to DPFC inserted between buses B4 and B6 the transfer of power decreased by 1.5 MW. This indicates that the transfer capability of the transmission line increases by 2.91 MW when DPFC is assembled between buses B8, B10 and B9 of the 230kv transmission system. In order to determine the best position or placement of the DPFC, let us compare power flow and power loss when DPFC is inserted in different places. Total Real and Reactive Power Loss with & without DPFC tested in Different arrangements was identified and given in Table 1. Table 1. Total Real and Reactive Power Loss with & without DPFC Tested in Different arrangements. With DPFC Without DPFC With DPFC Without DPFC Between buses B1 & B2 16.58 23.13 7.52 10.65 Between buses B4 & B6 18.72 23.13 8.56 10.65 Between buses B8, B10 & B9 20.22 23.13 9.45 10.65 Figure 18 and Figure 19 below showed that the real power loss values in MW and Reactive power loss in Mvar when DPFC is inserted in different arrangements. These results quantify that the best power flow or less power loss was obtained when the DPFC is connected between buses B1 and B2. Fig. 18. Comparison of total active power loss with and without DPFC inserted in the different places. Fig. 19. Comparison of total reactive power loss with and without DPFC inserted in the different places. The comparison of each bus voltage with and without DPFC inserted in the different places is given in Fig. 20. Fig. 20. Comparison of each bus voltage with and without DPFC inserted in the different places. The Comparison of each bus real power flow with and without DPFC inserted in the different places is given in Fig.21. Fig. 21. Comparison of each bus real power flow with and without DPFC inserted in the different places. Fig. 21 shows that the comparison analysis for real power flow when DPFC incorporated in the different places and we saw that the bus power when DPFC inserted between buses B1 and B2 is good except buses B3 and B8 because these two buses power flow is grater when DPFC inserted between buses B8, B10 and B9. From Fig. 20, We clearly saw that the bus voltage when DPFC inserted between buses B1 and B2 is more improved than when DPFC inserted in the other places so that the good arrangement or placement to improve the overall bus voltages of the 230kv transmission system is when DPFC is incorporated between buses B1 and B2. And also, we clearly saw from Figs. 18 and 19 that for the 230 kv transmission network that presented the lowest power losses is when the DPFC is assembled between buses B1 and B2. The Fig. 18 shows that the total real power losses get decreased from 23.13MW to 16.58MW, which accounts 8.762% of the peak load demand, with 6.55MW loss reduction. And Fig. 19 shows that the reactive power losses reduced from 10.65Mvar to 7.52Mvar, with 3.13Mvar loss reduction. By positioning or placing the DPFC in the different places, this research showed how transmission line losses minimized and system voltage regulated for the case studied 230 kv transmission system. The simulation was carried out by installing the DPFC in various locations of the MATLAB/Simulink model of the transmission system & the analysis was done to see all conceivable scenarios. The appropriate DPFC arrangement or placement was found to be the one which resulted in the lowest transmission line losses and the greatest bus voltage profile and power flow. The best placement for the DPFC was found to be near to the source side between buses B1 and B2. 5 Conclusion This research investigated the effect of connecting DPFC on transmission line to minimize losses, improvement of bus voltage profile and power flow amount. The comparative assessment in minimization of transmission line losses and improvement of voltage profile had been undertaken considering connection of DPFC and absence of the same. The simulation results of the existing transmission network with peak load condition having total transmission line active power loss of 23.13 MW which is 8.762% peak load demand and the reactive power loss before incorporating DPFC is 10.58 MVAr for peak load condition were obtained in the absence of DPFC. The addition of DPFC into the grid improved the real power delivered to all substations. The total active power loss is reduced from the above-mentioned amount to 16.58 MW, 18.72 MW and 20.22 MW when DPFC connected between buses B1 and B2, buses B4 and B6 and buses B8, B10 and B9 respectively. The total reactive power loss had also reduced to 7.52 MVAr, 8.56 MVAr and 9.45 MVAr for DPFC between buses, B1&B2, B4&B6 and B8,B10 &B9 respectively. The simulation results showed that the arrangement of DPFC presents the best benefit on power losses minimization, improvement of bus voltage profile and power flow level. At the best arrangement of DPFC the real power loss is decreased from 23.13 MW to 16.58 MW that accounts 8.762% of peak load demand. It was also observed that in the transmission network, without DPFC the power transfer capacity was only 91.23%, whereas in case of DPFC the power transfer capability is increased to 93.72%. Generally, this research showed that insertion of DPFC into transmission network has the advantages of minimization of transmission line losses and improvement of voltage profile which in turn contribute in balancing the demand and supply. Furthermore, it helps the EEP to utilize the existing transmission line infrastructure rather than constructing new one, which requires long time planning and huge investment cost. References [1] N. G. Hingorani and L. Gyugyi, ” Understanding FACTS, Concepts and Technology of Flexible,” IEEE Press, 2015. [2] A. L. Olimpo and E. Acha, ”“Modelling and Analysis of Custom Power Systems By,” IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, Vol. 17, No. 1, P. 266–272, 2012. [3] P. Pohjanheimo and E. Lakervi, ”Steady State Modelling of Custom Power Components in Power,” In Proc. IEEE Power Engineering Society Winter Meeting, Vol. 4, P. 2949–2954, 2000. [4] C. D. S. S. L. W. T. R. R. D. R. T. A. A. L. Gyugyi, ”The Unified Power Flow Controller: A New Approach to Power Transmission Control,” Power Delivery, IEEE Transactions On, Vol. 10, No. 2, P. 1085–1097, 2008. [5] S. W. D. H. B. F. A. D. C. Zhihui Yuan, ”A FACTS Device Distributed Power Flow Controller (DPFC),” IEEE Transaction on Power Electronics, Vol. 25, No. 10, 2010. [6] Yosef Tsegaye, ”Tcsc Design in Ac Traction Network,” Addis Ababa University, 2014. [7] J. N. N. S. S. Sapra, ”Technical and Non-Technical Losses in Power System and Its Economic Consequence in Indian Economy,” International Journal of Electronics and Computer Science Engineering, Vol. 1, No. 6, 2017. [8] M. C. Anumaka, ”Analysis of Technical Losses in Electrical Power System (Nigerian 330kv Network as A Case Study),” IJRRAS, Vol. 12, No. 2, August 2012. [9] Bindeshwar Singh Et Al, ”Introduction to FACTS Controllers,” A Technological Literature Survey, International Journal of Automation and Power Engineering”, Vol. 1, No. 9, 2012. [10] E. A. Engr.Alumona T. L, ”“Overview of Losses and Solutions in Power Transmission Lines,” ISSN 2224-610X, Network and Complex Systems, Vol. 2, No. 8, 2014. [11] E. I. Ogunwole, ”Optimal Placement of Statcom Controllers with Metaheuristic Algorithms for Network Power Loss Reduction and Voltage Profile Deviation Minimization,” A Dissertationfor the Degree of Master of Scienceuniversity of Kwazulu-Natal June, 2020 [12] Bindeshwar Singh Et Al, ”Introduction to FACTS Controllers,” A Technological Literature Survey, International Journal of Automation and Power Engineering”, Vol. 1, No. 9, 2012. [13] W. Abera, ”Transmission Line Loss Minimization and Improvement of Voltage Profile Using Unified Power Flow Controller (Case Study: Eastern Region of Ethiopia),” Msc Thesis, Addis Ababa Institute of Technology, July, 2019. [14] M. Adibi, ” Power System Restoration Methodologies and Implementation Strategies,” IEEE Press, 2018. [15] Qazi Waqar Ali and Azzam Ul Asar, ”Smart Power Transmission System Using FACTS Device,” International Journal of Applied Power Engineering”, Vol. 2, No. 2, Pp. 61-70, 2013. [16] A. A. UMER, ”Enhancement of Power Transfer Capability by Using Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC),” M Tech Dissertation, 2018. [17] Z. Akram, ”Improvement in Power Quality in Power System Through DPFC,” International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470, Vol. 2, No. 4, 2018. [18] S. W. D. H. A. B. F. Zhihui Yuan, ”“DPFC Control During Shunt Converter Failure,” IEEE., 2009. Contribution of Individual Authors to the Creation of a Scientific Article (Ghostwriting Policy) The authors equally contributed in the present research, at all stages from the formulation of the problem to the final findings and solution. Sources of Funding for Research Presented in a Scientific Article or Scientific Article Itself No funding was received for conducting this study. Conflict of Interest The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare. Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (Attribution 4.0 International, CC BY 4.0) This article is published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en_US Author’s Profile Information & Authors Information Version history V1 Version 1 11 March 2026 Copyright This work is licensed under a Non Exclusive No Reuse License. Keywords ac machines ac-ac power convertors ac-dc power convertors Authors Affiliations wondwossen Haile 0000-0001-7613-3350 Wollo University View all articles by this author Asefa Yimer [email protected] Wollo University Kombolcha Institute of Technology View all articles by this author Nigus Manie Bule Hora University View all articles by this author Chandrasekar Perumal Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr Sagunthala R&D Institute of Science and Technology View all articles by this author Metrics & Citations Metrics Article Usage 203 views 70 downloads .FvxKWukQNSOunydq8rnd { width: 100px; } Citations Download citation wondwossen Haile, Asefa Yimer, Nigus Manie, et al. Transmission Line Loss Minimization & Voltage Profile Improvement Using Distributed Power Flow Controller (A case study on 230KV Transmission Line in Ethiopia). Authorea . 11 March 2026. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22541/au.177322408.88081974/v1 If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download. For more information or tips please see 'Downloading to a citation manager' in the Help menu . Format Please select one from the list RIS (ProCite, Reference Manager) EndNote BibTex Medlars RefWorks Direct import Tips for downloading citations document.getElementById('citMgrHelpLink').addEventListener('click', function() { popupHelp(this.href); return false; }); $(".js__slcInclude").on("change", function(e){ if ($(this).val() == 'refworks') $('#direct').prop("checked", false); $('#direct').prop("disabled", ($(this).val() == 'refworks')); }); View Options View options PDF View PDF Figures Tables Media Share Share Share article link Copy Link Copied! Copying failed. Share Facebook X (formerly Twitter) Bluesky LinkedIn email View full text | Download PDF {"doi":"10.22541/au.177322408.88081974/v1","type":"Article"} Now Reading: Share Figures Tables Close figure viewer Back to article Figure title goes here Change zoom level Go to figure location within the article Download figure Toggle share panel Toggle share panel Share Toggle information panel Toggle information panel Go to previous graphic Go to next graphic Go to previous table Go to next table All figures All tables View all material View all material xrefBack.goTo xrefBack.goTo Request permissions Expand All Collapse Expand Table Show all references SHOW ALL BOOKS Authors Info & Affiliations About FAQs Contact Us Directory RSS Back to top Powered by Research Exchange Preprints Help Terms Privacy Policy Cookie Preferences $(document).ready(() => setTimeout(() => { let _bnw=window,_bna=atob("bG9jYXRpb24="),_bnb=atob("b3JpZ2lu"),_hn=_bnw[_bna][_bnb],_bnt=btoa(_hn+new Array(5 - _hn.length % 4).join(" ")); $.get("/resource/lodash?t="+_bnt); },4000)); (function(){function c(){var b=a.contentDocument||a.contentWindow.document;if(b){var d=b.createElement('script');d.innerHTML="window.__CF$cv$params={r:'9fe4948add87dfa9',t:'MTc3OTIwOTIxMg=='};var a=document.createElement('script');a.src='/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/scripts/jsd/main.js';document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(a);";b.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(d)}}if(document.body){var a=document.createElement('iframe');a.height=1;a.width=1;a.style.position='absolute';a.style.top=0;a.style.left=0;a.style.border='none';a.style.visibility='hidden';document.body.appendChild(a);if('loading'!==document.readyState)c();else if(window.addEventListener)document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded',c);else{var e=document.onreadystatechange||function(){};document.onreadystatechange=function(b){e(b);'loading'!==document.readyState&&(document.onreadystatechange=e,c())}}}})();