Pulmonary anthracosis in a free-ranging infant rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) in Bangladesh– A Case Report

Pulmonary anthracosis in a free-ranging infant rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) in Bangladesh– A Case Report | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Case Report Pulmonary anthracosis in a free-ranging infant rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) in Bangladesh– A Case Report Md. Rasel Prank, ASM Lutful Ahasan, Syed Hossain, Subrata Kumar Shil This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4705435/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background: The study aims to describe a rare case of pulmonary anthracosis in a free-ranging infant rhesus monkey in Bangladesh. Case presentation: An infant Rhesus monkey ( Macaca mulatta ) just under 1 year of age died suddenly in a veterinary hospital in Bangladesh under treatment period with clinical signs of loss of appetite, gradual weight loss, weakness, dehydration, depression, breathing difficulty, and mild nasal discharge. The experienced veterinarian performed the postmortem examination of the infant monkey, collected samples from different organs, and sent them to the Department of Anatomy and Histology at Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (CVASU) for confirmatory diagnosis. A grossly considerable number of evenly distributed black spots were observed in the entire lungs. Moreover, both lungs were inflamed, firm, swollen, and discolored, but there were no nodules or fibrosis. Microscopically, black-colored carbon particles, inflammatory cells, edematous fluid, and brown color hemosiderin-laden macrophages were found in the interstitial space. Diffuse alveolar damage along with exudate and carbon particles were found in the alveoli. Conclusion: The infant rhesus monkey died of cardiopulmonary failure due to chronic respiratory distress. The pulmonary anthracosis indicated that air quality was poor in the habitat and may pose a health risk to wild animals and humans. Infant Rhesus monkey post-mortem pneumonia carbon particles and poor-quality air Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Background The Rhesus monkey ( Macaca mulatta ) is a member of the genus Macaca , the family Cercopithecidae of Old World monkeys, the order of the Primates , and the class of mammals ( Mammalia ) [ 1 ]. The largest native range of any non-human primate is thought to belong to the Rhesus macaque, which is endemic to the whole continent of Asia. It is one of the most often utilized laboratory animals worldwide, particularly for biomedical research [ 2 ]. In Bangladesh, Rhesus macaques have been seen in urban and woodland environments. The monkeys are split into many groups and found in Dhaka, Madaripur, Rangamati, Bandarban, Chittagong, Khulna, and Satkhira districts of Bangladesh. The largest population of Rhesus in urban areas was recorded at Charmuguria in the Madaripur district [ 3 ]. Furthermore, Rhesus monkeys are housed in cages in several zoos and safari parks for the purpose of display and education [ 4 ]. They have coats that are either brown or grey, often lighter above the waist and on the belly and darker on the lower back. The rump and face are hairless and have a reddish hue. The average height of adult males is 53.1 cm (1.74 ft), while that of adult females is 46.8 cm (1.54 ft). Every population has a different average weight, but normally males are 2–3 kg heavier than females [ 5 ]. Births usually take place in the spring or summer, while breeding often takes place in the fall and winter. The female gives birth to one infant a year [ 6 ]. Infant weight at birth is 0.4–0.55 kg and yearlings weigh an average of 1.3 kg [ 6 , 7 ]. The macaque is classified as a vulnerable species in Bangladesh by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) as one of the second most susceptible species [ 8 ]. The species faces challenges because of fragmented populations, shifting terrain, habitat destruction, and illicit commerce [ 9 ]. They are affected by various infectious diseases including hepatitis B, pox virus, respiratory syncytial virus, campylobacteriosis, tuberculosis, and balantidiasis. Furthermore, pulmonary and gastrointestinal issues are among the most prevalent issues that captive monkeys face [ 10 , 11 ]. Infant monkeys are the most affected by respiratory diseases such as pneumonia and their death rate is relatively high. An increased risk of pneumonia in infants has been linked to poor air quality [ 12 ]. Bangladesh ranks 166th out of 180 countries in the Environmental Performance Index for Air Quality, highlighting that air pollution is a serious problem for the country (APT, 2023). Toxic pollutants in the air, soils, and water sources pose a significant negative impact on both wildlife [ 13 ] and captive zoo animals, e.g., aerosolized lead [ 14 ]. Anthracosis is the blackish pigmentation of the respiratory system involving the lung parenchyma [ 15 ] tracheobronchial tree [ 16 ]. The inhalation of dust and smoke is to be blamed for anthracosis [ 17 ]. The main agents causing anthracosis are carbon, free crystalline silica, mica, kaolin, and other silicates [ 18 , 19 ]. When particles enter the interstitium, it’s deposited there and is ingested by macrophages in the alveoli. Chronic exposure to these substances is thought to be the cause of anthracosis development [ 20 ]. Reports on anthracosis in domestic and wild animals [ 21 ], dogs [ 22 ], and lion-tailed macaque [ 23 ] can be found. Nevertheless, relatively few studies have been conducted on diseases of wild monkeys in Bangladesh, and this case aims to describe gross postmortem and histopathological findings of a single infant wild Rhesus macaque, which died after being rescued from a roadside. Case presentation Animal In January 2024, an infant Rhesus monkey demonstrated clinical signs of lateral recumbency, dehydration, breathing difficulties, and nasal discharge and was rescued along a forest road in Ukhiya Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh. The infant was subsequently submitted for clinical assessment and treatment to the Ukhiya Veterinary Hospital, however, shortly died after 24 hours whilst receiving without exhibiting pathognomonic signs. It was identified as an infant Rhesus monkey by its skin color and external morphology. The circumferences of the chest, abdomen, and girth were, respectively, 0.13, 0.12, and 0.11 feet. However, the infant monkey's clinical signs included decreased appetite, gradual weight loss, weakness, dehydration, depression, sitting in the corner of the cage, breathing difficulty, and mild nasal discharge. After 30 minutes of death, the infant was submitted for a full post-mortem examination (Fig. 1 ). Necropsy The infant monkey was evaluated by two veterinary specialists who also conducted the postmortem assessment following established guidelines [ 24 ]. A comprehensive set of tissues (trachea, lungs, stomach, small and large intestine, liver, spleen, kidney, and heart) were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin solution for a period of 72 hours, and submitted for histopathological examination to CVASU's Department of Anatomy and Histology. Histopathology The collected tissue samples were fixed in 10% buffered formalin, followed by washing, dehydration, cleaning by xylene, paraffin infiltration, and embedding. The tissue was cut at a thickness of 5 µm and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. External morphology The Rhesus monkey ( Macaca mulatta ) had a brown to grey coat, pink face, and a rump. It had a body height of 1.4 ft, a tail length of 1 ft, and a weight of 2.15 kg. It had front and behind legs that measured 0.8 and 1.4 ft, respectively. The cachectic infant monkey's skin color was brown but had no external marks or lesions. Macro and microscopic observation of internal organs Gross lesions were primarily limited to the lungs, in which all lobes of the right lung and three lobes of the left lung were pale and diffused blackish-spotted. The blackish deposits were found externally in the shapes of minute dots of more or less the same size, scattered uniformly across all the lungs. Both lungs were inflamed, firm, swollen, and discolored. However, the lungs showed no fibrosis or nodules. Furthermore, there was no inflammatory fluid or exudate in the trachea. The spleen, liver, and heart were all normal in terms of size and appearance. Microscopically, exudative fluid and carbon particles were seen in the alveoli. Black color carbon particles, hemorrhage, and brown color hemosiderin-laden macrophages were seen in the interalveolar space. Exudate with inflammatory cells was seen within the bronchioles of the lungs which coincided with the gross findings. Discussion and conclusions Respiratory diseases become more severe, especially in infants, due to air pollution. A high prevalence of several acute lung diseases, which together account for approximately a third of all pediatric fatalities, is particularly connected with outdoor pollution in large cities [ 25 , 26 ]. In the current investigation, abundant block spots were found evenly distributed throughout the lungs due to the deposition of carbon particles in the alveolus and interalveolar space. It has been reported that the inhalation of polluted air gradually develops blackening of the lung [ 27 ] and microscopically carbon particles are seen in alveolar macrophages in the interstitial space [ 28 ]. Because, alveolar macrophages are the first line of defense against invading inhaled environmental particles like coal, silica, asbestos, and tissue debris [ 29 ]. Thus, specific environmental particles like carbon are engulfed by macrophages in an attempt to keep them out of the bloodstream causing carbon particles to accumulate in the interalveolar space [ 28 ] called anthracosis. Apart from this, diffuse infiltration of the inflammatory cell in the alveolar wall, interstitial space and bronchiole were found in this study along with the accumulation of exudative fluid in the alveolus and interstitial space. Environmental particles are associated with the incidence and severity of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) [ 30 , 31 ]. Moreover, several noxious chemicals can harm the two main cells that compose the air-blood barrier, type I pneumocyte and capillary endothelial cells. Injury to these two types of cells shows cytoplasmic blebbing, which is soon followed by necrosis resulting in denudation of the basement membrane. The consequences of this destruction include the leakage of fibrin-rich exudates into the interstitial and air spaces, loss of the surface-active alveolar lining film, and pulmonary collapse [ 32 , 33 ], the capillaries of the alveoli leading to bleeding into the alveolar space [ 34 ]. The alveolar hemorrhage causes hemosiderin to accumulate inside the pulmonary macrophages. The removal of extra blood is done by the alveolar macrophages. The extra iron from heme breakdown in the alveolar macrophages promotes intracellular ferritin molecules as the macrophages break down the erythrocytes. Hemosiderin complexes are produced as a result of further ferritin processing [ 35 ]. Our study also revealed that the golden-brown color hemosiderin-laden macrophage was found in the alveolar space and the interstitial. It has already been reported that hemosiderin appears as golden-brown granules in macrophages in routine staining [ 36 ]. These macrophages are sometimes called "heart failure cells" because of their association with pulmonary congestion with congestive heart failure. This hemosiderin and pulmonary macrophages have been proposed as indicators of prior asphyxia events [ 37 ] which coincides with the clinical signs of an infant monkey. Children who died from sudden infant death syndrome had greater hemosiderin deposits in their lungs [ 38 ]. Accumulation of hemosiderin-loaded macrophages in the lungs induces pulmonary fibrosis resulting in the progressive collapse of the lungs and diminishing gas exchange [ 39 ]. Additionally, particulate matter exposure can increase the likelihood of someone developing respiratory diseases. Thus, long-term exposure can lead to more non-human primates getting affected by lung- and cardiovascular conditions. Air pollution is a serious environmental health hazard affecting urban humans and wildlife animals in Bangladesh [ 13 ]. Anthracosis is seen when high carbon particles are present in the lungs and is an indicator of poor air quality in the zoo [ 40 ]. Similarly, there have been reports indicating that the poor quality air is considered a risk factor for radiographically confirmed pneumonia in children under the age of 5 in Dhaka, Bangladesh [ 41 ]. The age groups of 5 to 10 years and over 10 years had the highest frequency of anthracosis [ 42 ]. Several factors may have contributed to the high frequencies observed in older animals, such as continuous exposure to air pollutants, environmental pollution, and animals’ immunity [ 17 ]. A study has reported that lung samples of rhesus macaques in Dhaka Zoo were necropsied and showed anthracosis lesions as a public health forecast for its city dwellers [ 21 ]. Therefore, this study strongly suggests that the poor-quality air in the area may be a predisposing factor to pulmonary anthracosis. Studies reported that dust exposure is strongly linked to lung conditions such as inflammation lung fibrosis, and pulmonary neoplasia. The limitations of this study were that there was no clear association between pulmonary inflammation and anthracosis grades. Although infiltration of inflammatory cells around deposited dust elements was observed in some cases, the possibility of other respiratory infections could not be ruled out [ 43 – 45 ]. According to the current study, the infant monkey died of cardiopulmonary failure due to chronic respiratory distress. The cause of death was not pulmonary anthracosis, but this condition indicated the infant free-ranging monkey inhaled poor-quality air without any confusion. The poor-quality air extends into the urban and the forest, causing life-threatening for wildlife. The government and non-government organizations need any initiative to minimize dust and smoke in animal habitats, thereby reducing the risks of anthracosis in wildlife. In conclusion, the infant monkey died of cardiopulmonary failure due to chronic respiratory distress. Diffuse black spots were found in the gross and histopathological findings in the lungs. This pulmonary anthracosis indicated that air quality was poor in the habitat and may pose a health risk to wild animals and humans. Deforestation and industrial development around the forest may be the main causes of the poor-quality air in the wildlife habitat. To further lower the amount of carbon dioxide, industrial sites must be located far from wildlife habitat and deforestation must be restrained. Declarations Acknowledgment: We thank the Veterinary Officer and the supporting staff of the Veterinary Hospital for their tremendous support. Sincere thanks also go to the supporting staff of Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University for their assistance. Author contribution: MRP and SKS conceived and designed the study with comments from all authors. MRP wrote the original manuscript and SKS, SH, and ALA edited the manuscript. MRP, SH, SKS, and ALA performed the experiments. SH performed the postmortem examination and transported the samples to the Department of Anatomy and Histology, CVASU. Conflict of Interest: None declared Funding statement: This research was funded by Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (CVASU) through the University Grants Commission of Bangladesh (UGC) for the fiscal year 2022-2023. Ethics approval statement: It was a dead infant monkey. Nevertheless, the study was conducted according to the guidelines provided by the ethical committee of the Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Bangladesh. Consent for publication The Upazila livestock officer provides consent to publish the clinical details and any accompanying images. References Casteleyn C, Bakker J. Anatomy of the Rhesus Monkey (Macaca mulatta): The Essentials for the Biomedical Researcher. In: Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology. IntechOpen; 2021. Goldstein SJ, Richard AF. Ecology of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) in northwest Pakistan. Int J Primatol. 1989;10:531–67. Hasan MK, Aziz MA, Alam SMR, Kawamoto Y, Jones-Engel L, Kyes RC, et al. Distribution of Rhesus Macaques (Macaca mulatta) in Bangladesh: inter-population variation in group size and composition. Primate Conserv. 2013;26:125–32. Khatun MM, Begum N, Mamun MAA, Mondal MMH, Azam MSU. Coprological study of gastrointestinal parasites of captive animals at Rangpur Recreational Garden and Zoo in Bangladesh. J Threat Taxa. 2014;6:6142–7. Breed MD, Moore J. Encyclopedia of animal behavior. Academic Press is; 2010. Fooden J. Systematic review of rhesus macaque, Macaca mulatta (Zimmermann, 1780). Fieldiana Zool. 2000;96:1–180. Van Noordwijk MA, Van Schaik CP. Scramble and contest in feeding competition among female long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis). Behaviour. 1988;105:77–98. IUCN Bangladesh. Red List of Bangladesh Volume 2: Mammals. 2015. Feeroz MM. Species diversity and population density of nonhuman primates in north-east and south-east of Bangladesh. Ecoprint. 2001;8:53–7. Cohen JI, Davenport DS, Stewart JA, Deitchman S, Hilliard JK, Chapman LE, et al. Recommendations for prevention of and therapy for exposure to B virus (Cercopithecine herpesvirus 1). Clin Infect Dis. 2002;35:1191–203. Suckow MA, Scholz JA, Barnhart KF. Nonhuman Primates. Vet Cytol. 2020;:809–27. Smith KR, McCracken JP, Weber MW, Hubbard A, Jenny A, Thompson LM, et al. Effect of reduction in household air pollution on childhood pneumonia in Guatemala (RESPIRE): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2011;378:1717–26. Haque HA, Huda N, Tanu FZ, Sultana N, Hossain MSA, Rahman MH. Ambient air quality scenario in and around Dhaka city of Bangladesh. Barisal Univ J Part. 2017;1:203–18. Bazell RJ. Lead poisoning: zoo animals may be the first victims. Science (80- ). 1971;173:130–1. Yoon RG, Kim MY, Shim TS, Jang SJ. Anthracofibrosis involving lung parenchyma: CT findings and long-term follow-up. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 2012;36:636–40. Mirsadraee M, Saeedi P. Anthracosis of lung: evaluation of potential underlying causes. J Bronchology Interv Pulmonol. 2005;12:84–7. Mirsadraee M. Anthracosis of the lungs: etiology, clinical manifestations and diagnosis: a review. Tanaffos. 2014;13:1. Naccache JM, Monnet I, Nunes H, Billon-Galland MA, Pairon JC, Guillon F, et al. Anthracofibrosis attributed to mixed mineral dust exposure: report of three cases. Thorax. 2008;63:655–7. Mulliez P, Billon-Galland M-A, Dansin E, Janson X, Plisson J-P. Anthracose bronchique et surcharge pulmonaire en micas. Rev Mal Respir. 2003;20:267–71. Adamson IY, Prieditis HL. Response of mouse lung to carbon deposition during injury and repair. Environ Health Perspect. 1995;103:72–6. Ahasan SA, Chowdhury EH, Azam SU, Parvin R, Rahaman AZ, Bhuyan AR. Pulmonary anthracosis in Dhaka Zoo collections-a public health forecasting for city dwellers. J Threat Taxa. 2010;:1303–8. Fitzgerald SD, Rumbeiha WK, Braselton WE, Downend AB, Otto CM. Pathology and toxicology findings for search-and-rescue dogs deployed to the September 11, 2001, terrorist attack sites: initial five-year surveillance. J Vet diagnostic Investig. 2008;20:477–84. Ibrahim A, Alexander J, Devi SS. Pulmonary Anthracosis in A Lion Tailed Macaque (Macaca silenus), An Endangered Primate Species-A Case Report. J Med Vet. 2023;6:137–41. Woodford MH, Keet DF, Bengis RG. Post-mortem procedures for wildlife veterinarians and field biologists. Office International des Epizooties; 2000. Darrow LA, Klein M, Flanders WD, Mulholland JA, Tolbert PE, Strickland MJ. Air pollution and acute respiratory infections among children 0–4 years of age: an 18-year time-series study. Am J Epidemiol. 2014;180:968–77. Chauhan AJ, Johnston SL. Air pollution and infection in respiratory illness. Br Med Bull. 2003;68:95–112. Donaldson K, Wallace WA, Henry C, Seaton A. Black lungs in the general population: a new look at an old dispute. J R Coll Physicians Edinb. 2019;49:165–70. Naeem A, Rai SN, Pierre L. Histology, alveolar macrophages. 2018. Chalifour A, Jeannin P, Gauchat J-F, Blaecke A, Malissard M, N’Guyen T, et al. Direct bacterial protein PAMP recognition by human NK cells involves TLRs and triggers α-defensin production. Blood. 2004;104:1778–83. Yang J, Kim EK, Park HJ, McDowell A, Kim Y-K. The impact of bacteria-derived ultrafine dust particles on pulmonary diseases. Exp Mol Med. 2020;52:338–47. Corrin B, Nicholson AG. Acute alveolar injury and repair. Pathol lungs. 2011;:135. Bachofen M, Weibel ER. Alterations of the gas exchange apparatus in adult respiratory insufficiency associated with septicemia. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1977;116:589–615. Ashbaugh D, Bigelow DB, Petty T, Levine B. Acute respiratory distress in adults. Lancet. 1967;290:319–23. Alexander IGS. The ultrastructure of the pulmonary alveolar vessels in Mendelson’s (acid pulmonary aspiration) syndrome. Br J Anaesth. 1968;40:408–14. Saha BK. Idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis: a state of the art review. Respir Med. 2021;176:106234. Fong TP, Okafor LA, Thomas Jr W, Westerman MP. Stainable iron in aspirated and needle‐biopsy specimens of marrow: A source of error. Am J Hematol. 1977;2:47–51. Hanzlick R, Delaney K. Pulmonary hemosiderin in deceased infants: baseline data for further study of infant mortality. Am J Forensic Med Pathol. 2000;21:319–22. Byard RW, Stewart WA, Telfer S, Beal SM. Assessment of pulmonary and intrathymic hemosiderin deposition in sudden infant death syndrome. Pediatr Pathol Lab Med. 1997;17:275–82. Gharaibeh K, Galvin J, Shah NG. Pulmonary Hemosiderosis Secondary to Venous Congestion of the Lungs Presenting as Diffuse Pulmonary Nodules. In: D23. NOT THE USUAL SUSPECTS: CASE REPORTS IN RARE LUNG DISEASE. American Thoracic Society; 2022. p. A5131–A5131. Wilson SC, Holder HW, Martin JM, Brasel TL, Andriychuk LA, Wu C, et al. An indoor air quality study of an alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) holding facility. J zoo Wildl Med. 2006;37:108–15. Ram PK, Dutt D, Silk BJ, Doshi S, Rudra CB, Abedin J, et al. Household air quality risk factors associated with childhood pneumonia in urban Dhaka, Bangladesh. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2014;90:968. Leya M, Oh B, Ha S, Ton H, Bao N, Cha JO, et al. Environmental Air Quality of Zoo , Wildlife , and Companion. 2023;:1–7. Kim YJ, Jung CY, Shin HW, Lee BK. Biomass smoke induced bronchial anthracofibrosis: presenting features and clinical course. Respir Med. 2009;103:757–65. Herlihy JP, Vermeulen MW, Joseph PM, Hales CA. Impaired alveolar macrophage function in smoke inhalation injury. J Cell Physiol. 1995;163:1–8. Takaki Y, Kitamura S, Kuwabara N, Fukuda Y. Long-term inhalation studies of exhaust from the diesel engine in F-344 rats: the quantitative relationship between pulmonary hyperplasia and anthracosis. Exp Pathol. 1989;37:56–61. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4705435","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Case Report","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":334890033,"identity":"cb53daa8-61bf-4acb-9097-6959ab50fa3d","order_by":0,"name":"Md. Rasel Prank","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Md.","middleName":"Rasel","lastName":"Prank","suffix":""},{"id":334890034,"identity":"697f306f-4df0-4645-9045-41c6002a3765","order_by":1,"name":"ASM Lutful Ahasan","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"ASM","middleName":"Lutful","lastName":"Ahasan","suffix":""},{"id":334890035,"identity":"3fd0875d-b6b0-4f86-893f-5cfb5906fae2","order_by":2,"name":"Syed Hossain","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Upazila Livestock Officer, Ukhiya Cox's Bazar","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Syed","middleName":"","lastName":"Hossain","suffix":""},{"id":334890036,"identity":"99748e79-38cc-4a8d-80d9-78581a6c32ea","order_by":3,"name":"Subrata Kumar Shil","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA7klEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDACHgY2hoQCIIOZIfEBiM9HnBYDIM3e8NgAxGcjSgsDSAvPwWcSIAGCWuR7jj978MDgsJy9RHJa5dccOxk2BuaHj27g0WJwtsfcIMHgsDGPRFrabdltyUCHsRkb5+DTws/DJpFgkJbYI5GTdltyGzNQCw+bND4t8v3sz0Ba6nsk8r8VS26rJ6yF4WyDGVCLTQIPz4E0xo/bDhPWYnDmDFiLYc/xhmRpxm3HediYCfhFvif9meSPCgl59maGxI8/t1Xb87M3P3yM12HIgJkHTBKrHAQYf5CiehSMglEwCkYMAACJAUEiQKQ5IQAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Subrata","middleName":"Kumar","lastName":"Shil","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-07-08 12:11:03","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4705435/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4705435/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":62186074,"identity":"b0c33833-4b2f-440b-936e-eb5aee3ac21f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-08-10 12:02:22","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":270775,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eDead infant Rhesus monkey in the zoo veterinary hospital at Bangladesh National Zoo, Dhaka, Bangladesh.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4705435/v1/ed8207139c04005ff7c50a4d.png"},{"id":62186075,"identity":"c41389d7-879e-4c40-a2f9-d9f90087ba99","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-08-10 12:02:22","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":536348,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eDifferent organs of the infant rhesus monkey, A. Lungs (blackish color, firm and swollen), Arrows indicating numerous black spots, B. Liver (normal), C. Heart (normal), and D. Spleen (normal).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4705435/v1/5cc0a8ef0372a8105d8f3302.png"},{"id":62186073,"identity":"67f5b052-20db-48bc-b3b8-c1431e6a1d6f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-08-10 12:02:22","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":881981,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eHaematoxylin and eosin staining ofthe lung. (A) inflammatory cell with exudate in the bronchiole, (a) arrows indicating inflammatory cells in exudate. (1) epithelial lining of the bronchiole, (2) cilia (B, C) Square boxes indicate haemosiderin-laden macrophages and haemosiderin pigment in the interalveolar space. Stars indicate edematous fluid in interalveolar space. Arrows indicate exudative fluid in interalveolar space. (D, E) arrows indicate carbon particles in the alveolus and interalveolar space. Scale for low magnification 100 µm and scale for high magnification 50 µm.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4705435/v1/7f8b2e34ae93384b7ef5fa27.png"},{"id":62188820,"identity":"9d4268f4-72a1-4ab9-9492-4bf703d4518f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-08-10 12:18:29","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2270412,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4705435/v1/f2d17203-7426-4813-8e8d-1191fa69455d.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Pulmonary anthracosis in a free-ranging infant rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) in Bangladesh– A Case Report","fulltext":[{"header":"Background","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe Rhesus monkey (\u003cem\u003eMacaca mulatta\u003c/em\u003e) is a member of the genus \u003cem\u003eMacaca\u003c/em\u003e, the family \u003cem\u003eCercopithecidae\u003c/em\u003e of Old World monkeys, the order of the \u003cem\u003ePrimates\u003c/em\u003e, and the class of mammals (\u003cem\u003eMammalia\u003c/em\u003e) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. The largest native range of any non-human primate is thought to belong to the Rhesus macaque, which is endemic to the whole continent of Asia. It is one of the most often utilized laboratory animals worldwide, particularly for biomedical research [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. In Bangladesh, Rhesus macaques have been seen in urban and woodland environments. The monkeys are split into many groups and found in Dhaka, Madaripur, Rangamati, Bandarban, Chittagong, Khulna, and Satkhira districts of Bangladesh. The largest population of Rhesus in urban areas was recorded at Charmuguria in the Madaripur district [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. Furthermore, Rhesus monkeys are housed in cages in several zoos and safari parks for the purpose of display and education [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. They have coats that are either brown or grey, often lighter above the waist and on the belly and darker on the lower back. The rump and face are hairless and have a reddish hue. The average height of adult males is 53.1 cm (1.74 ft), while that of adult females is 46.8 cm (1.54 ft). Every population has a different average weight, but normally males are 2\u0026ndash;3 kg heavier than females [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. Births usually take place in the spring or summer, while breeding often takes place in the fall and winter. The female gives birth to one infant a year [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. Infant weight at birth is 0.4\u0026ndash;0.55 kg and yearlings weigh an average of 1.3 kg [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe macaque is classified as a vulnerable species in Bangladesh by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) as one of the second most susceptible species [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]. The species faces challenges because of fragmented populations, shifting terrain, habitat destruction, and illicit commerce [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]. They are affected by various infectious diseases including hepatitis B, pox virus, respiratory syncytial virus, campylobacteriosis, tuberculosis, and balantidiasis. Furthermore, pulmonary and gastrointestinal issues are among the most prevalent issues that captive monkeys face [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]. Infant monkeys are the most affected by respiratory diseases such as pneumonia and their death rate is relatively high. An increased risk of pneumonia in infants has been linked to poor air quality [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]. Bangladesh ranks 166th out of 180 countries in the Environmental Performance Index for Air Quality, highlighting that air pollution is a serious problem for the country (APT, 2023). Toxic pollutants in the air, soils, and water sources pose a significant negative impact on both wildlife [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e] and captive zoo animals, e.g., aerosolized lead [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnthracosis is the blackish pigmentation of the respiratory system involving the lung parenchyma [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e] tracheobronchial tree [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e]. The inhalation of dust and smoke is to be blamed for anthracosis [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e]. The main agents causing anthracosis are carbon, free crystalline silica, mica, kaolin, and other silicates [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e]. When particles enter the interstitium, it\u0026rsquo;s deposited there and is ingested by macrophages in the alveoli. Chronic exposure to these substances is thought to be the cause of anthracosis development [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e]. Reports on anthracosis in domestic and wild animals [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e], dogs [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e], and lion-tailed macaque [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e] can be found.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNevertheless, relatively few studies have been conducted on diseases of wild monkeys in Bangladesh, and this case aims to describe gross postmortem and histopathological findings of a single infant wild Rhesus macaque, which died after being rescued from a roadside.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Case presentation","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eAnimal\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn January 2024, an infant Rhesus monkey demonstrated clinical signs of lateral recumbency, dehydration, breathing difficulties, and nasal discharge and was rescued along a forest road in Ukhiya Cox\u0026rsquo;s Bazar, Bangladesh. The infant was subsequently submitted for clinical assessment and treatment to the Ukhiya Veterinary Hospital, however, shortly died after 24 hours whilst receiving without exhibiting pathognomonic signs. It was identified as an infant Rhesus monkey by its skin color and external morphology. The circumferences of the chest, abdomen, and girth were, respectively, 0.13, 0.12, and 0.11 feet. However, the infant monkey's clinical signs included decreased appetite, gradual weight loss, weakness, dehydration, depression, sitting in the corner of the cage, breathing difficulty, and mild nasal discharge. After 30 minutes of death, the infant was submitted for a full post-mortem examination (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eNecropsy\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe infant monkey was evaluated by two veterinary specialists who also conducted the postmortem assessment following established guidelines [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e]. A comprehensive set of tissues (trachea, lungs, stomach, small and large intestine, liver, spleen, kidney, and heart) were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin solution for a period of 72 hours, and submitted for histopathological examination to CVASU's Department of Anatomy and Histology.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eHistopathology\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe collected tissue samples were fixed in 10% buffered formalin, followed by washing, dehydration, cleaning by xylene, paraffin infiltration, and embedding. The tissue was cut at a thickness of 5 \u0026micro;m and stained with hematoxylin and eosin.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eExternal morphology\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Rhesus monkey (\u003cem\u003eMacaca mulatta\u003c/em\u003e) had a brown to grey coat, pink face, and a rump. It had a body height of 1.4 ft, a tail length of 1 ft, and a weight of 2.15 kg. It had front and behind legs that measured 0.8 and 1.4 ft, respectively. The cachectic infant monkey's skin color was brown but had no external marks or lesions.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eMacro and microscopic observation of internal organs\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eGross lesions were primarily limited to the lungs, in which all lobes of the right lung and three lobes of the left lung were pale and diffused blackish-spotted. The blackish deposits were found externally in the shapes of minute dots of more or less the same size, scattered uniformly across all the lungs. Both lungs were inflamed, firm, swollen, and discolored. However, the lungs showed no fibrosis or nodules. Furthermore, there was no inflammatory fluid or exudate in the trachea. The spleen, liver, and heart were all normal in terms of size and appearance. Microscopically, exudative fluid and carbon particles were seen in the alveoli. Black color carbon particles, hemorrhage, and brown color hemosiderin-laden macrophages were seen in the interalveolar space. Exudate with inflammatory cells was seen within the bronchioles of the lungs which coincided with the gross findings.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion and conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eRespiratory diseases become more severe, especially in infants, due to air pollution. A high prevalence of several acute lung diseases, which together account for approximately a third of all pediatric fatalities, is particularly connected with outdoor pollution in large cities [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e]. In the current investigation, abundant block spots were found evenly distributed throughout the lungs due to the deposition of carbon particles in the alveolus and interalveolar space. It has been reported that the inhalation of polluted air gradually develops blackening of the lung [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e] and microscopically carbon particles are seen in alveolar macrophages in the interstitial space [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e]. Because, alveolar macrophages are the first line of defense against invading inhaled environmental particles like coal, silica, asbestos, and tissue debris [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e]. Thus, specific environmental particles like carbon are engulfed by macrophages in an attempt to keep them out of the bloodstream causing carbon particles to accumulate in the interalveolar space [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e] called anthracosis. Apart from this, diffuse infiltration of the inflammatory cell in the alveolar wall, interstitial space and bronchiole were found in this study along with the accumulation of exudative fluid in the alveolus and interstitial space. Environmental particles are associated with the incidence and severity of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e]. Moreover, several noxious chemicals can harm the two main cells that compose the air-blood barrier, type I pneumocyte and capillary endothelial cells. Injury to these two types of cells shows cytoplasmic blebbing, which is soon followed by necrosis resulting in denudation of the basement membrane. The consequences of this destruction include the leakage of fibrin-rich exudates into the interstitial and air spaces, loss of the surface-active alveolar lining film, and pulmonary collapse [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e], the capillaries of the alveoli leading to bleeding into the alveolar space [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e]. The alveolar hemorrhage causes hemosiderin to accumulate inside the pulmonary macrophages. The removal of extra blood is done by the alveolar macrophages. The extra iron from heme breakdown in the alveolar macrophages promotes intracellular ferritin molecules as the macrophages break down the erythrocytes. Hemosiderin complexes are produced as a result of further ferritin processing [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e]. Our study also revealed that the golden-brown color hemosiderin-laden macrophage was found in the alveolar space and the interstitial. It has already been reported that hemosiderin appears as golden-brown granules in macrophages in routine staining [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e]. These macrophages are sometimes called \"heart failure cells\" because of their association with pulmonary congestion with congestive heart failure. This hemosiderin and pulmonary macrophages have been proposed as indicators of prior asphyxia events [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e] which coincides with the clinical signs of an infant monkey. Children who died from sudden infant death syndrome had greater hemosiderin deposits in their lungs [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e]. Accumulation of hemosiderin-loaded macrophages in the lungs induces pulmonary fibrosis resulting in the progressive collapse of the lungs and diminishing gas exchange [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e]. Additionally, particulate matter exposure can increase the likelihood of someone developing respiratory diseases. Thus, long-term exposure can lead to more non-human primates getting affected by lung- and cardiovascular conditions.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAir pollution is a serious environmental health hazard affecting urban humans and wildlife animals in Bangladesh [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]. Anthracosis is seen when high carbon particles are present in the lungs and is an indicator of poor air quality in the zoo [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e]. Similarly, there have been reports indicating that the poor quality air is considered a risk factor for radiographically confirmed pneumonia in children under the age of 5 in Dhaka, Bangladesh [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e]. The age groups of 5 to 10 years and over 10 years had the highest frequency of anthracosis [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e]. Several factors may have contributed to the high frequencies observed in older animals, such as continuous exposure to air pollutants, environmental pollution, and animals\u0026rsquo; immunity [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e]. A study has reported that lung samples of rhesus macaques in Dhaka Zoo were necropsied and showed anthracosis lesions as a public health forecast for its city dwellers [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e]. Therefore, this study strongly suggests that the poor-quality air in the area may be a predisposing factor to pulmonary anthracosis. Studies reported that dust exposure is strongly linked to lung conditions such as inflammation lung fibrosis, and pulmonary neoplasia. The limitations of this study were that there was no clear association between pulmonary inflammation and anthracosis grades. Although infiltration of inflammatory cells around deposited dust elements was observed in some cases, the possibility of other respiratory infections could not be ruled out [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR44\" citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e45\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccording to the current study, the infant monkey died of cardiopulmonary failure due to chronic respiratory distress. The cause of death was not pulmonary anthracosis, but this condition indicated the infant free-ranging monkey inhaled poor-quality air without any confusion. The poor-quality air extends into the urban and the forest, causing life-threatening for wildlife. The government and non-government organizations need any initiative to minimize dust and smoke in animal habitats, thereby reducing the risks of anthracosis in wildlife.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn conclusion, the infant monkey died of cardiopulmonary failure due to chronic respiratory distress. Diffuse black spots were found in the gross and histopathological findings in the lungs. This pulmonary anthracosis indicated that air quality was poor in the habitat and may pose a health risk to wild animals and humans. Deforestation and industrial development around the forest may be the main causes of the poor-quality air in the wildlife habitat. To further lower the amount of carbon dioxide, industrial sites must be located far from wildlife habitat and deforestation must be restrained.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgment:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eWe thank the Veterinary Officer and the supporting staff of the Veterinary Hospital for their tremendous support. Sincere thanks also go to the supporting staff of Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University for their assistance.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor contribution:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eMRP and SKS conceived and designed the study with comments from all authors. MRP wrote the original manuscript and SKS, SH, and ALA edited the manuscript. MRP, SH, SKS, and ALA performed the experiments. SH performed the postmortem examination and transported the samples to the Department of Anatomy and Histology, CVASU.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflict of Interest:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eNone declared\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding statement:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThis research was funded by Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (CVASU) through the University Grants Commission of Bangladesh (UGC) for the fiscal year 2022-2023.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval statement:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eIt was a dead infant monkey. Nevertheless, the study was conducted according to the guidelines provided by the ethical committee of the Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Bangladesh.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Upazila livestock officer provides consent to publish the clinical details and any accompanying images.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCasteleyn C, Bakker J. Anatomy of the Rhesus Monkey (Macaca mulatta): The Essentials for the Biomedical Researcher. In: Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology. IntechOpen; 2021.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGoldstein SJ, Richard AF. Ecology of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) in northwest Pakistan. Int J Primatol. 1989;10:531\u0026ndash;67.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHasan MK, Aziz MA, Alam SMR, Kawamoto Y, Jones-Engel L, Kyes RC, et al. Distribution of Rhesus Macaques (Macaca mulatta) in Bangladesh: inter-population variation in group size and composition. Primate Conserv. 2013;26:125\u0026ndash;32.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKhatun MM, Begum N, Mamun MAA, Mondal MMH, Azam MSU. Coprological study of gastrointestinal parasites of captive animals at Rangpur Recreational Garden and Zoo in Bangladesh. J Threat Taxa. 2014;6:6142\u0026ndash;7.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBreed MD, Moore J. Encyclopedia of animal behavior. Academic Press is; 2010.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFooden J. Systematic review of rhesus macaque, Macaca mulatta (Zimmermann, 1780). Fieldiana Zool. 2000;96:1\u0026ndash;180.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eVan Noordwijk MA, Van Schaik CP. Scramble and contest in feeding competition among female long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis). Behaviour. 1988;105:77\u0026ndash;98.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIUCN Bangladesh. Red List of Bangladesh Volume 2: Mammals. 2015.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFeeroz MM. Species diversity and population density of nonhuman primates in north-east and south-east of Bangladesh. Ecoprint. 2001;8:53\u0026ndash;7.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCohen JI, Davenport DS, Stewart JA, Deitchman S, Hilliard JK, Chapman LE, et al. Recommendations for prevention of and therapy for exposure to B virus (Cercopithecine herpesvirus 1). Clin Infect Dis. 2002;35:1191\u0026ndash;203.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSuckow MA, Scholz JA, Barnhart KF. Nonhuman Primates. Vet Cytol. 2020;:809\u0026ndash;27.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSmith KR, McCracken JP, Weber MW, Hubbard A, Jenny A, Thompson LM, et al. Effect of reduction in household air pollution on childhood pneumonia in Guatemala (RESPIRE): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2011;378:1717\u0026ndash;26.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHaque HA, Huda N, Tanu FZ, Sultana N, Hossain MSA, Rahman MH. Ambient air quality scenario in and around Dhaka city of Bangladesh. Barisal Univ J Part. 2017;1:203\u0026ndash;18.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBazell RJ. Lead poisoning: zoo animals may be the first victims. Science (80- ). 1971;173:130\u0026ndash;1.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eYoon RG, Kim MY, Shim TS, Jang SJ. Anthracofibrosis involving lung parenchyma: CT findings and long-term follow-up. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 2012;36:636\u0026ndash;40.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMirsadraee M, Saeedi P. Anthracosis of lung: evaluation of potential underlying causes. J Bronchology Interv Pulmonol. 2005;12:84\u0026ndash;7.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMirsadraee M. Anthracosis of the lungs: etiology, clinical manifestations and diagnosis: a review. Tanaffos. 2014;13:1.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNaccache JM, Monnet I, Nunes H, Billon-Galland MA, Pairon JC, Guillon F, et al. Anthracofibrosis attributed to mixed mineral dust exposure: report of three cases. Thorax. 2008;63:655\u0026ndash;7.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMulliez P, Billon-Galland M-A, Dansin E, Janson X, Plisson J-P. Anthracose bronchique et surcharge pulmonaire en micas. Rev Mal Respir. 2003;20:267\u0026ndash;71.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAdamson IY, Prieditis HL. Response of mouse lung to carbon deposition during injury and repair. Environ Health Perspect. 1995;103:72\u0026ndash;6.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAhasan SA, Chowdhury EH, Azam SU, Parvin R, Rahaman AZ, Bhuyan AR. Pulmonary anthracosis in Dhaka Zoo collections-a public health forecasting for city dwellers. J Threat Taxa. 2010;:1303\u0026ndash;8.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFitzgerald SD, Rumbeiha WK, Braselton WE, Downend AB, Otto CM. Pathology and toxicology findings for search-and-rescue dogs deployed to the September 11, 2001, terrorist attack sites: initial five-year surveillance. J Vet diagnostic Investig. 2008;20:477\u0026ndash;84.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIbrahim A, Alexander J, Devi SS. Pulmonary Anthracosis in A Lion Tailed Macaque (Macaca silenus), An Endangered Primate Species-A Case Report. J Med Vet. 2023;6:137\u0026ndash;41.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWoodford MH, Keet DF, Bengis RG. Post-mortem procedures for wildlife veterinarians and field biologists. Office International des Epizooties; 2000.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDarrow LA, Klein M, Flanders WD, Mulholland JA, Tolbert PE, Strickland MJ. Air pollution and acute respiratory infections among children 0\u0026ndash;4 years of age: an 18-year time-series study. Am J Epidemiol. 2014;180:968\u0026ndash;77.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eChauhan AJ, Johnston SL. Air pollution and infection in respiratory illness. Br Med Bull. 2003;68:95\u0026ndash;112.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDonaldson K, Wallace WA, Henry C, Seaton A. Black lungs in the general population: a new look at an old dispute. J R Coll Physicians Edinb. 2019;49:165\u0026ndash;70.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNaeem A, Rai SN, Pierre L. Histology, alveolar macrophages. 2018.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eChalifour A, Jeannin P, Gauchat J-F, Blaecke A, Malissard M, N\u0026rsquo;Guyen T, et al. Direct bacterial protein PAMP recognition by human NK cells involves TLRs and triggers \u0026alpha;-defensin production. Blood. 2004;104:1778\u0026ndash;83.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eYang J, Kim EK, Park HJ, McDowell A, Kim Y-K. The impact of bacteria-derived ultrafine dust particles on pulmonary diseases. Exp Mol Med. 2020;52:338\u0026ndash;47.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCorrin B, Nicholson AG. Acute alveolar injury and repair. Pathol lungs. 2011;:135.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBachofen M, Weibel ER. Alterations of the gas exchange apparatus in adult respiratory insufficiency associated with septicemia. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1977;116:589\u0026ndash;615.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAshbaugh D, Bigelow DB, Petty T, Levine B. Acute respiratory distress in adults. Lancet. 1967;290:319\u0026ndash;23.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAlexander IGS. The ultrastructure of the pulmonary alveolar vessels in Mendelson\u0026rsquo;s (acid pulmonary aspiration) syndrome. Br J Anaesth. 1968;40:408\u0026ndash;14.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSaha BK. Idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis: a state of the art review. Respir Med. 2021;176:106234.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFong TP, Okafor LA, Thomas Jr W, Westerman MP. Stainable iron in aspirated and needle‐biopsy specimens of marrow: A source of error. Am J Hematol. 1977;2:47\u0026ndash;51.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHanzlick R, Delaney K. Pulmonary hemosiderin in deceased infants: baseline data for further study of infant mortality. Am J Forensic Med Pathol. 2000;21:319\u0026ndash;22.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eByard RW, Stewart WA, Telfer S, Beal SM. Assessment of pulmonary and intrathymic hemosiderin deposition in sudden infant death syndrome. Pediatr Pathol Lab Med. 1997;17:275\u0026ndash;82.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGharaibeh K, Galvin J, Shah NG. Pulmonary Hemosiderosis Secondary to Venous Congestion of the Lungs Presenting as Diffuse Pulmonary Nodules. In: D23. NOT THE USUAL SUSPECTS: CASE REPORTS IN RARE LUNG DISEASE. American Thoracic Society; 2022. p. A5131\u0026ndash;A5131.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWilson SC, Holder HW, Martin JM, Brasel TL, Andriychuk LA, Wu C, et al. An indoor air quality study of an alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) holding facility. J zoo Wildl Med. 2006;37:108\u0026ndash;15.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRam PK, Dutt D, Silk BJ, Doshi S, Rudra CB, Abedin J, et al. Household air quality risk factors associated with childhood pneumonia in urban Dhaka, Bangladesh. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2014;90:968.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLeya M, Oh B, Ha S, Ton H, Bao N, Cha JO, et al. Environmental Air Quality of Zoo , Wildlife , and Companion. 2023;:1\u0026ndash;7.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKim YJ, Jung CY, Shin HW, Lee BK. Biomass smoke induced bronchial anthracofibrosis: presenting features and clinical course. Respir Med. 2009;103:757\u0026ndash;65.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHerlihy JP, Vermeulen MW, Joseph PM, Hales CA. Impaired alveolar macrophage function in smoke inhalation injury. J Cell Physiol. 1995;163:1\u0026ndash;8.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTakaki Y, Kitamura S, Kuwabara N, Fukuda Y. Long-term inhalation studies of exhaust from the diesel engine in F-344 rats: the quantitative relationship between pulmonary hyperplasia and anthracosis. Exp Pathol. 1989;37:56\u0026ndash;61.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Infant Rhesus monkey, post-mortem, pneumonia, carbon particles, and poor-quality air","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4705435/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4705435/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBackground: \u003c/strong\u003eThe study aims to describe a rare case of pulmonary anthracosis in a free-ranging infant rhesus monkey in Bangladesh.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCase presentation:\u003c/strong\u003e An infant Rhesus monkey (\u003cem\u003eMacaca mulatta\u003c/em\u003e) just under 1 year of age died suddenly in a veterinary hospital in Bangladesh under treatment period with clinical signs of loss of appetite, gradual weight loss, weakness, dehydration, depression, breathing difficulty, and mild nasal discharge. The experienced veterinarian performed the postmortem examination of the infant monkey, collected samples from different organs, and sent them to the Department of Anatomy and Histology at Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (CVASU) for confirmatory diagnosis. A grossly considerable number of evenly distributed black spots were observed in the entire lungs. Moreover, both lungs were inflamed, firm, swollen, and discolored, but there were no nodules or fibrosis. Microscopically, black-colored carbon particles, inflammatory cells, edematous fluid, and brown color hemosiderin-laden macrophages were found in the interstitial space. Diffuse alveolar damage along with exudate and carbon particles were found in the alveoli.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusion:\u003c/strong\u003e The infant rhesus monkey died of cardiopulmonary failure due to chronic respiratory distress. The pulmonary anthracosis indicated that air quality was poor in the habitat and may pose a health risk to wild animals and humans.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Pulmonary anthracosis in a free-ranging infant rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) in Bangladesh– A Case Report","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-08-10 12:02:17","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4705435/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"91c14bd4-0a9e-4435-9f21-8ecfd509c9bc","owner":[],"postedDate":"August 10th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-08-10T12:02:19+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-08-10 12:02:17","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4705435","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4705435","identity":"rs-4705435","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}