Evaluation of Entomopathogenic Nematode Isolates against Subterranean Termites under Laboratory and Field Conditions

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They cause severe devastation in the ecosystem, and lead to bare soil. This phenomenon causes the soil to become difficult to plow, which in turn leads to a reduction in the productivity of crops. It can cause 100 % yield losses based on crop types, level of the damage, and size of its populations. To manage this pest, different management options have been evaluated in Ethiopia. While insecticide usage is the dominant option, less attention has been given to Entomopathogenic Nematode (EPN) based management options. Therefore, this research was initiated to screen locally collected EPN isolates and evaluate promising isolates under field conditions on maize crop. Methods 37 EPN isolates were screened under laboratory condition, while two isolates were evaluated at field condition. The screening of EPN isolates was laid out in a completely randomized design, and the field evaluation used a completely randomized block design, and treatments were replicated thrice. Mortality of insect, damaged root, stem, cob, damage severity, foraging termites, and yield of the crop data were collected. Results The study indicated that all screened EPN isolates caused mortality on termites under laboratory conditions. The isolates achieved complete mortality of the insect pest within 12 days of exposure. The finding indicated that AEH and S#50 were the more pathogenic and virulent isolates on termites under laboratory conditions and taken to field study. The S#50 isolate was most pathogenic and reduced the infestation and severity of the insect pest on the maize crop under field conditions. Conclusions This result showed that the entomopathogenic nematode isolates have the potential to manage subterranean termites in the maize field. Future studies should be based on collection of local isolates and develop a full package for the virulent isolates. 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F1000Research 2025, 12 :1601 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.138237.3 ) NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. Close Copy Citation Details Export Export Citation Sciwheel EndNote Ref. Manager Bibtex ProCite Sente EXPORT Select a format first Track Share ▬ ✚ Research Article Revised Evaluation of Entomopathogenic Nematode Isolates against Subterranean Termites under Laboratory and Field Conditions [version 3; peer review: 4 approved, 2 approved with reservations] Belay Abate Gutema 1 , Dawit Melisie Achlehum 1 , Tariku Tesfaye Edosa https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0119-0737 1 , Belay Feyisa 2 , Fikremariam Yimer 2 , Teshale Daba Dinka 1 Belay Abate Gutema 1 , Dawit Melisie Achlehum 1 , [...] Tariku Tesfaye Edosa https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0119-0737 1 , Belay Feyisa 2 , Fikremariam Yimer 2 , Teshale Daba Dinka 1 PUBLISHED 03 Jan 2025 Author details Author details 1 Agricultural Entomology, Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Ambo, Oromia, 37, Ethiopia 2 Nematology, Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Ambo, Oromia, 37, Ethiopia Belay Abate Gutema Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Funding Acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project Administration, Software, Supervision, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Dawit Melisie Achlehum Roles: Investigation, Writing – Review & Editing Tariku Tesfaye Edosa Roles: Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – Review & Editing Belay Feyisa Roles: Investigation, Writing – Review & Editing Fikremariam Yimer Roles: Data Curation, Writing – Review & Editing Teshale Daba Dinka Roles: Investigation, Writing – Review & Editing OPEN PEER REVIEW DETAILS REVIEWER STATUS This article is included in the Agriculture, Food and Nutrition gateway. Abstract Background Termites are a major insect pest affecting agricultural production and woody materials. They cause severe devastation in the ecosystem, and lead to bare soil. This phenomenon causes the soil to become difficult to plow, which in turn leads to a reduction in the productivity of crops. It can cause 100 % yield losses based on crop types, level of the damage, and size of its populations. To manage this pest, different management options have been evaluated in Ethiopia. While insecticide usage is the dominant option, less attention has been given to Entomopathogenic Nematode (EPN) based management options. Therefore, this research was initiated to screen locally collected EPN isolates and evaluate promising isolates under field conditions on maize crop. Methods 37 EPN isolates were screened under laboratory condition, while two isolates were evaluated at field condition. The screening of EPN isolates was laid out in a completely randomized design, and the field evaluation used a completely randomized block design, and treatments were replicated thrice. Mortality of insect, damaged root, stem, cob, damage severity, foraging termites, and yield of the crop data were collected. Results The study indicated that all screened EPN isolates caused mortality on termites under laboratory conditions. The isolates achieved complete mortality of the insect pest within 12 days of exposure. The finding indicated that AEH and S#50 were the more pathogenic and virulent isolates on termites under laboratory conditions and taken to field study. The S#50 isolate was most pathogenic and reduced the infestation and severity of the insect pest on the maize crop under field conditions. Conclusions This result showed that the entomopathogenic nematode isolates have the potential to manage subterranean termites in the maize field. Future studies should be based on collection of local isolates and develop a full package for the virulent isolates. READ ALL READ LESS Keywords Keywords: AEH, Damage, Isolate, Pathogenicity, S#50 Corresponding Author(s) Belay Abate Gutema ( [email protected] ) Close Corresponding author: Belay Abate Gutema Competing interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information: The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work. Copyright: © 2025 Abate Gutema B et al . This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. How to cite: Abate Gutema B, Melisie Achlehum D, Tesfaye Edosa T et al. Evaluation of Entomopathogenic Nematode Isolates against Subterranean Termites under Laboratory and Field Conditions [version 3; peer review: 4 approved, 2 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 12 :1601 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.138237.3 ) First published: 19 Dec 2023, 12 :1601 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.138237.1 ) Latest published: 03 Jan 2025, 12 :1601 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.138237.3 ) Revised Amendments from Version 2 Based on reviewers’ suggestion we made revisions on the methodology and entomopathogenic nematode isolates collection year, and grammatical corrections in this third version. Laboratory and field experiments are separated into independent sub-title under methodology part. Similarly, the EPN isolates collection year were clearly indicated, and related information filled in the table 1, and identification of EPN isolates done following Tesfaye et al . (2021) parameters. Additionally, the insect and crop data collected were analyzed using statistical analysis software version 9.4. The least significant difference (LCD) at the 5% level was used to compare treatment means. However, discussion part is presented under each topic (laboratory and field experiment). It is possible to put the discussion in separate and at the end of the result. But we believed that it is better to put it under each sub-title for more coherence and attraction. Finally, as much as possible we tried and followed the authors guideline of the F1000 journal publisher. Based on reviewers’ suggestion we made revisions on the methodology and entomopathogenic nematode isolates collection year, and grammatical corrections in this third version. Laboratory and field experiments are separated into independent sub-title under methodology part. Similarly, the EPN isolates collection year were clearly indicated, and related information filled in the table 1, and identification of EPN isolates done following Tesfaye et al . (2021) parameters. Additionally, the insect and crop data collected were analyzed using statistical analysis software version 9.4. The least significant difference (LCD) at the 5% level was used to compare treatment means. However, discussion part is presented under each topic (laboratory and field experiment). It is possible to put the discussion in separate and at the end of the result. But we believed that it is better to put it under each sub-title for more coherence and attraction. Finally, as much as possible we tried and followed the authors guideline of the F1000 journal publisher. See the authors' detailed response to the review by Preety Tomar See the authors' detailed response to the review by Pamela Bruno READ REVIEWER RESPONSES Introduction Termites are a major insect pest affecting agriculture in Ethiopia, especially in the western part of the country. In this area four termite generals from the Macrotermitinae subfamily are the dominant species affecting crop productions. Among them the Macrotermite general is the economically important insect pest in the country ( Abdurahaman, 1990 ). From 61 species recorded, 10 were confined to the country. Macrotermes sp. and Microtermes spp. were the major termites affecting agricultural production and woody structures in the country ( Cowie et al ., 1990 ). Abdurahaman’s (1990) study showed that Macrotermes subhyalinus was the most common termite species found in Wollega and Assosa areas. The species was known to construct dome shaped mounds and was mostly observed by its foraging nature of the whole plant parts, crop stacks and woody litter lying on the soil surface. Termites also cause severe devastation in the forest, leaving the soil bare and soil elements exposed to erosion ( Abraham, 1990 ; Kumar and Pardeshi, 2011 ; Bong et al ., 2012 ). As a result, farmers are forced to abandon their farmland ( Abraham and Adane, 1995 ). Yield loss depends on the type of crop, the extent of the population, and the degree of termite infestation of the crop at different growth stages. Abdurahaman (1990) found that 45% removal of the crop at the six-leaf crop resulted in 16.5% yield loss, while the same reduction in the tassel stage resulted in 39.9% yield loss. But the severe infestations of termite species in Ethiopia can result in crop losses of up to 100% ( Nyeko et al ., 2010 ). Termites are most likely to target plants that are unfamiliar to the area and plants that are under water stress. Damage caused by these termites also provides access for secondary infections for pathogens, particularly aspergillus. Soil infested with termites usually leads to soil structure distortions and compaction. Therefore, the soil becomes difficult to plow, which in turn leads to a reduction in the productivity of crops ( Devendra et al ., 1998 ; Hailemichael et al ., 2013 ; Legesse et al ., 2013 ). Since the 1980s different termite management practices have been conducted to control termites in western Ethiopia. As an example, in 1983 the Ministry of Agriculture had poisoned 635,908 mounds by using Aldrin 40% WP insecticide in Menesibu and Nedjo-Jarso areas ( Abdurahaman, 1990 ). A similar method was used in Asosa and Anger Gutin on 2145 mounds which took 201 kg of the aforementioned product ( Abdurahaman, 1990 ). Additionally, 557,563 mounds were treated by 13,077 kg of Heptachlor 40% in Menesibu, Nedjo-Jarso, Ghimbi, Ayra-Guliso and Yubdo areas which was led by the Ministry of Coffee and Tea Development. On the other hand, more than 23,000 termite queens were collected as a management option of the pest during 1987-1988 in Ayra-Guliso area by the initiatives of Western Synod branch ( Abdurahaman, 1990 ). Similarly, different plant botanicals have been evaluated for termite control in Ethiopia. As an example, neem seed extract was applied at 40 kg/ha and reduced the infestation of termite on hot pepper seedling in the Tanqua Abergelle district ( Gebreslasie and Meressa, 2018 ). Additionally, Nicotiana tabacum leaves and Milletia ferruginea seed extracts recorded complete mortality with 24 hours of the exposure time to termites under laboratory conditions. Whereas Phytolacca dadecandra leaf extracts achieved the same results after 48 hours, and Azadirachta indica leaves, Hagenia abyssinica , Chrysanthemum sp. and Croton macrostachs seed extracts recorded higher mortalities after 72 hours on the same insect and condition ( Tadele Shibiru et al., 2013 ). Even though termite management has been dominated by using persistent insecticides, it is not sustainable as a long-term solution and can affect biodiversity. Among the diverse potential alternatives available for termite management, the use of microbes is gaining prominence ( Michael, 2005 ). Entomopathogenic fungi, Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizum anisophilae, show promise for the management of various termite species in the laboratory ( Abebe, 2002 ; Milner, 2003 ; Addisu et al ., 2014 ). However, reports of the use of entomopathogenic nematodes to control termites in Ethiopia are very limited and microbial-based treatment options have been limited to laboratory conditions. Although termites severely affect agricultural production in Ethiopia, an insufficient management option is available. Therefore, the study is initiated to screen locally collected entomopathogenic nematode isolates on termites under laboratory conditions and evaluate promising isolates under field condition on maize crop. Methods Ethics approval This experiment was conducted within an appropriate ethical framework of Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research as confirmed by institutional letter with Ref. No.: 8.8/154/2023 written on 07 August 2023. Termite collection and maintenance The laboratory experiment was conducted in the laboratory of the Entomology program, Ambo Agricultural Research Center. Termites, Macrotermes spp. were collected from Bako areas of the insect-prone maize field and established following Addisu et al. (2014) methods. Briefly, termite mounds were dug up using a spade, and soil containing termites was kept on plastic sheets and transported to Ambo Agricultural Research center, Entomology laboratory. The insects were collected from the plastic sheets using a camel-hair brush and placed in plastic boxes. Wooden plants (termite-infested materials) were added to the plastic boxes as feed for the termites Addisu et al . (2014) . The top parts of the plastic boxes were covered with a mesh cloth that allowed air ventilation. A moistened wad of cotton was placed in the plastic boxes to maintain the moisture level for the survival of termites. Periodically, dry wooden materials were provided to the termite population, and the plastic boxes were inspected for maintenance of the required moisture level, greater than 60% ( Addisu et al ., 2014 ). Evaluation of Entomopathogenic Nematode (EPN) against termites under laboratory conditions The Entomopathogenic Nematode (EPN) isolates were sourced from the Ambo Agricultural Research Center. These isolates were isolated from various locations of Ethiopia in different years ( Table 1 ) and maintained in Ambo Agricultural research center, biocontrol laboratory. The morphological characterization of entomopathogenic nematode (EPN) isolates was conducted using Olympus 33 camera-mounted compound microscope ( Tesfaye et al. , 2021 ). At the outset, the classification was ascertained through the examination of cadaver pigmentation. Cadavers that were infected with Steinernematids demonstrated coloration from brown to ocher, whereas those that were affected by Heterorhabditid species showed a range of colors from brick-red to dark purple. The morphometric parameters, including assessments of the reflex of the male spicule, total length, esophageal length, body width, and the distances from both the anterior and posterior ends of the vulva to the tail, were utilized for the precise identification of the isolates ( Tesfaye et al., 2021 ). In this study, 37 entomopathogenic nematode isolates were screened against termite ( Table 1 ). Culturing and preparation of EPN were performed using standard methods described by Kaya and Stock (1997) . These isolates were cultured on Galleria mellonella larvae to obtain infective juvenile. The newly emerged juveniles were harvested and kept at 14°C in 250 ml flasks and used within a week of culture preparation. Each isolate was tested at concentrations of 800 infective juveniles ml −1 . Petri dishes were lined with filter paper and each isolate were sprayed on the petri dishes at 800 IJ ml −1 . Then, ten soldier termites were placed on the treated filter paper. Negative control petri dishes were treated with sterile water only. The experiment was triplicated and repeated twice for reproducibility purpose. The study was conducted under laboratory conditions at 25 ± 2°C and 60% RH in dark places. Termite mortality data collection were started after 3 rd days of treatment applications, and continued up to 12 th days. Table 1. List of Entomopathogenic Nematode isolates used for the experiment. No. EPN isolate code EPN isolates Genus Collection area Collection year Origin 1 H.b Heterorhabditis bacteriophora South Africa 2004 Soil 2 AEH Heterorhabditis sp. Ambo 2002 Soil 3 HI Strenematides sp. Bule Hora 2002 Soil 4 AW3 Steinernema sp. Ambo 2002 Soil 5 HH Strenematides sp. Bule Hora 2002 Soil 6 Z9 Heterorhabditis sp. Batu 2002 Soil 7 S#20 Strenematides sp. Adama 2019 Soil 8 S#37 Strenematides sp. Banja 2019 Soil 9 S#43 Heterorhabditis sp. Mecha 2019 Soil 10 S#50 Strenematides sp. Libo Kemkem 2019 Soil 11 S#52 Strenematides sp. Asossa 2019 Soil 12 S#58 Strenematides sp. Asossa 2019 Soil 13 S#69 Heterorhabditis sp. Adeigudem 2019 NA 14 S#72 Heterorhabditis sp. Mana Sibu 2019 Soil 15 S#74 Heterorhabditis sp. Alamata 2019 Soil 16 S#80 Strenematides sp. Gobu Sayyo 2019 Soil 17 J-01 Strenematides sp. Jimma 2002 Soil 18 APPRC-PL0631 Steirnema sp. Jimma Zone 2002 Soil 19 APPRC-PL0624 Steirnema sp. Jimma Zone 2002 Soil 20 APPRC-PL0612 Heterorhabditis sp. Jimma Zone 2002 Soil 21 S#19 Heterorhabditis sp. Boset 2019 Soil 22 APPRC-PL0056 Steirnema sp. Wolenciti 2002 Soil 23 APPRC-PL0697 Heterorhabditis sp. Bako 2002 Soil 24 APPRC-PL0508 Steirnema sp. Jimma Zone 2002 Soil 25 APPRC-PL0692 Heterorhabditis sp. Bako 2002 Soil 26 APPRC-PL0641 Heterorhabditis sp. Jimma Zone 2002 Soil 27 SY Steirnema yirgalemense Yirgalem, Ethiopia 2002 Soil 28 S#67 Heterorhabditis sp. Hintale Wojaret 2019 Soil 29 S#59 Heterorhabditis sp. Tahtay Koraro 2019 Soil 30 S#70 Strenematides sp. Adeigudem 2019 Soil 31 S#76 Strenematides sp. Bako 2019 Soil 32 S#71 Strenematides sp. Raya Azebo 2019 Soil 33 S#76-1 Strenematides sp. Bako 2019 Soil 34 S#2 Steirnema sp. Dufti 2019 Soil 35 S#72* Heterorhabditis sp. Raya Azebo 2019 Soil 36 APPRC-PL0638 Steirnema sp. Jimma Zone 2002 Soil 37 S#8 Heterorhabditis sp. Dufti 2019 Soil Evaluation of EPN against termites under field conditions The field evaluation was conducted at Bila district, East Wollega zone which is an insect pest-prone area. The study area is known in cultivating maize and termite is the major problem on the crop. Based on the laboratory screening result, two isolates, namely, AEH and S#50 were selected and promoted to field study. The Jibat maize variety was used, and studied under natural infestation of termite. The crop was sown and two EPN (AEH and S#50) isolates were applied at a rate of 800 IJ/ml as a basal application at the seedling and tasseling growth stages of maize. Likewise, the recommended rate of diazinon at 60% EC (2.5 lit/ha) was applied. Untreated check plots were neither treated with the insecticide nor with isolates and recommended agronomic practices were applied. The plot size was 4 m long and 3 m wide, with intra-row spacing of 75 cm and inter-row spacing of 25 cm, with 2 m and 3 m spacing between plots and blocks, respectively. Two seeds per hill were sown, and then after emergence, the seedlings were thinned to adjust the population of the crop to one plant per hill. This is based on the maize production manuals of Ethiopia, which recommend 25 kg of maize seed per hectare ( Nigussie et al. , 2009 ). Data collection started two weeks after the first treatment application and continued every two weeks until physiological maturity of the crop. 10 plants were randomly sampled per plot to assess termite damage. Experimental designs and data collections The screening of EPN isolates was laid out in a completely randomized design, and the field evaluation used a completely randomized block design. Treatments were replicated three times in the both experiments. AEH and S#50 isolates that recorded complete mortality of termites were considered promising isolates from laboratory results and taken to field conditions along with positive and negative checks. The following data were collected. Damaged root: all plants in the plot were inspected for the termite damage on maize root at harvesting time, and plant roots that showed damage from termites were counted and expressed in percentages. Damaged stem: all plants in the plot were inspected for the termite damage on the maize stem, and plants that showed damage from termites were counted. Damaged cob: at physiological maturity, all cobs of maize in the plot were checked for damage by termites and counted. Damage severity: five maize plants were randomly taken from the plot, and a 0 – 9 scale were used to assess their damage. 0 indicates the plant was not attacked by termites, and 9 indicates that the plant was eaten and lodged to ground. Lodged plants: at physiological maturity, all maize plants in the plot were checked for lodging, and the numbers of plants lodged were counted. Foraging termites: all foraging termites observed in the plot were counted. Yield: at physiological maturity, maize cobs were harvested from each plot. The threshed grains moisture content was adjusted at 11 %, maize grains were weighed to determine the amount of yield, and the plot yields were converted to kg ha -1 . The insect and crop data collected were analyzed using statistical analysis software version 9.4 ( SAS, 2023 ). The least significant difference (LCD) at the 5% level was used to compare treatment means ( Gomez and Gomez, 1984 ). Results and discussion Screening of entomopathogenic nematodes in laboratory condition All entomopathogenic nematode isolates screened caused mortality in termites under laboratory conditions ( Abate, 2023 ). These isolates showed significant differences among each other and with the negative control across the exposure time ( Table 1 ). 18% of tested isolates caused greater than 50% mortalities on the insect pest after the 3 rd day of the treatments’ application ( Table 1 ). On this date, S#50 and AEH isolates recorded higher mortalities at 70% and 63.33%, respectively, while the lower mortalities were from the APPRC-PL0056 isolate (20%) and negative control (10%). On the other hand, half of the tested isolates recorded greater than 50% termite mortalities after the 6 th day of the treatments’ application ( Table 2 ). But S#50 and AEH isolates achieved 90% and 80% mortality on the insect pest on the same date, respectively. 10.53% of isolates recorded greater than 75% of mortalities on insect pests after the 9 th day of their applications. Similarly, 92.11% of isolates caused greater than 50% of mortalities in the insect pest on this date. After the 12 th day of treatments applications, tested isolates showed significant differences with the negative control (p < 0.001) ( Table 1 ). On this date, AEH and S#50 isolates achieved complete mortality on the tested insect pest and showed significant differences with other. Similarly, 31.58 % and 94.74% of tested isolates recorded greater than 75% and 50% of mortalities on the insect pest, respectively. However, S#8 isolate recorded the minimum mortality (43.33%) among the entomopathogenic nematode isolates evaluated. Table 2. Entomopathogenic nematode isolates screened on termite under laboratory condition. EPN Isolates Exposure days After 3 rd days After 6 th days After 9 th days After 12 th days H.b 56.67 ab 66.67 a-c 66.67 a-c 66.67 a-d AEH 63.33 ab 80 ab 93.33 a 100 a HI 33.33 ab 46.67 a-c 63.33 a-c 66.67 a-d AW3 43.33 ab 60 a-c 73.33 ab 83.33 a-c HH 36.67 ab 46.67 a-c 60 a-c 73.33 a-c Z9 50 ab 53.33 a-c 63.33 a-c 80 a-c S#20 23.33 ab 46.67 a-c 66.67 a-c 70 a-c S#37 56.67 ab 73.33 ab 83.33 ab 86.67 ab S#43 43.33 ab 60 a-c 66.67 a-c 70 a-c S#50 70 a 90 a 93.33 a 100 a S#52 43.33 ab 53.33 a-c 66.67 a-c 70 a-c S#58 43.33 ab 60 a-c 76.67 ab 76.67 a-c S#69 50 ab 60 a-c 73.33 ab 80 a-c S#72 33.33 ab 43.33 a-c 50 a-c 53.33 b-d S#74 43.33 ab 56.67 a-c 70 a-c 76.67 a-c S#80 36.67 ab 56.67 a-c 66.67 a-c 80 a-c J-01 40 ab 53.33 a-c 70 a-c 76.67 a-c APPRC-PL0631 30 ab 40 a-c 63.33 a-c 70 a-c APPRC-PL0624 26.67 ab 43.33 a-c 63.33 a-c 66.67 a-d APPRC-PL0612 36.67 ab 56.67 a-c 73.33 ab 73.33 a-c S#19 33.33 ab 46.67 a-c 56.67 a-c 73.33 a-c APPRC-PL0056 20 ab 40 a-c 53.33 a-c 63.33 a-d APPRC-PL0697 36.67 ab 56.67 a-c 73.33 ab 83.33 a-c APPRC-PL0508 33.33 ab 53.33 a-c 70 a-c 80 a-c APPRC-PL0692 23.33 ab 33.33 a-c 43.33 a-c 70 a-c APPRC-PL0641 43.33 ab 53.33 a-c 63.33 a-c 70 a-c S.Y 40 ab 53.33 a-c 60 a-c 63.33 a-d S#67 43.33 ab 43.33 a-c 50 a-c 53.33 b-d S#59 53.33 ab 60 a-c 66.67 a-c 66.67 a-d S#70 36.67 ab 46.67 a-c 56.67 a-c 60 a-d S#76 40 ab 50 a-c 56.67 a-c 56.67 b-d S#71 46.67 ab 53.33 a-c 56.67 a-c 63.33 a-d S#76-1 33.33 ab 40 a-c 50 a-c 60 a-d S#2 43.33 ab 46.67 a-c 56.67 a-c 56.67 b-d S#72* 43.33 ab 50 a-c 56.67 a-c 56.67 b-d APPRC-PL0638 40 ab 46.67 a-c 56.67 a-c 56.67 b-d S#8 26.67 ab 30 bc 40 bc 43.33 cd Negative control 10 b 10 c 20 c 26.67 d This result revealed that the tested entomopathogenic nematode isolates were pathogenic to the termites and caused mortality. The effectiveness of all isolates showed an increasing trend across the exposure durations. Some isolates achieved complete mortality of the insect pest within 12 days of exposure. The finding indicated that AEH and S#50 were the more pathogenic and virulent isolates on termites under laboratory conditions. Based on this result, AEH and S#50 isolates were considered as promising under field conditions. Similarly, microbials bioagent ( Metarhizium anisoplie and Beauveria bassiana ) had showed promising results under laboratory conditions for Macrotemes spp management ( Addisu et al ., 2014 ). Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) are helpful nematodes that have a high potential for controlling insects in soil environments and are commercially employed to treat a wide range of pests ( Verma et al ., 2018 ). In a filter paper and sand test, Shahina and Tabassum (2010) found that EPN produced increased mortalities in the subterranean termite. Yu et al . (2010) investigated the pathogenicity of three new strains of Steinernema riobrave (3-8b, 7-12, and TP) against workers of Heterotermes aureus , Reticulitermes flavipes , and Coptotermes formosanus. Heterotermes aureus was shown the most sensitive to all S. riobrave strains, and termites in all nematode treatments died after four days. The TP strain caused 75% and 91% mortality in R. flavipes and C. formosanus , respectively. More research was suggested to determine S. riobrave (TP)’s potential to control the targeted termite species in the field condition ( Yu et al ., 2010 ). Evaluation of promising entomopathogenic nematode isolates under field condition The effectiveness of AEH and S#50 entomopathogenic nematode isolates showed a non-significant difference in the number of foraging termites and maize root damage in maize fields ( Table 3 ). However, treatments indicated a significant difference in stem damage, lodged plant, cob damage, the severity of insect damage, and yield (p < 0.001) ( Table 3 ). The lower stem damage was recorded by the S#50 isolate and positive control, while the higher stem damage was recorded by the AEH isolate. Similarly, the AEH isolate and negative control (untreated plot) showed higher cob damage and lodged plants and were more severely attacked by the insect pest, whereas S#50 and positive control showed significant differences, and lower lodged plants and cobs were damaged. Similarly, negative control and AEH isolates gave a lower maize yield (2111 kg/ha), while the highest yield was obtained from positive control ( Table 3 ). Table 3. Effectiveness of EPN isolates on maize under field condition. Treatments Foraging termite Stem damaged (mean) Root damaged (%) Lodged plants (mean) Cob damaged (mean) Severity (0-9) Yield (kg/ha) AEH 1.33(1.27) 17 a 83.33 18.33 a 2.67 a 6.67 a 2111 c S#50 2.67(1.74) 12 b 94.44 12.33 b 1 b 5 ab 2444.33 b Diazinon 0.33(0.88) 12.33 ab 77.78 12.33 b 1 b 3 b 2944.33 a Control 2.33(1.68) 14.33 a 94.44 17.67 a 3 a 6.67 a 2111 c LSD 0.82 2.03 ns 3.92 0.54 2.24 223.19 CV 29.75 7.76 21.03 13.73 15.06 22.32 4.9 The experiment indicated that the S#50 entomopathogenic nematode isolate showed a non-significant difference with the positive control on all considered parameters except yield data. This revealed that the isolate is more pathogenic and reduced the infestation and severity of the insect pest on the maize crop under field conditions. Additionally, the S#50 isolate increased the maize yield by 13.63% over the negative control. This result showed that the entomopathogenic nematode isolates have the potential to manage termites in the maize field. Subterranean termites’ dwell and forage in damp, cool, and shaded environments such as soil or wood materials. These characteristics are favorable for the survival and mobility of nematodes which enhances their role in termite management. Wang et al . (2002) and Yu et al .’s (2006) studies showed that entomopathogenic nematodes have the potential to be used as an environmentally safe alternative termite control method. Steinernema spp. and Heterohabditis spp. provided some limited control of subterranean termites in field studies but were largely ineffective for long-term suppression ( Mauldin and Beal, 1989 ). However, entomopathogenic nematodes have been used in classical, conservation, and augmentative biological control strategies. In addition to other nuisance insects, commercially generated EPNs are being used to manage scarab larvae in lawns and turf, fungus gnats in mushroom production, invasive mole crickets in lawns and turf, black vine weevils in nursery plants, and Diaprepes root weevils in citrus ( Lacey and Georgis, 2012 ). Similarly, Aslam et al .’s (2023) study indicated that Steinernema carpocapsae , Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and Heterorhabditis indica species recorded higher mortality of termites under field conditions. As a result, they suggested that indigenous EPNs can provide more effective termite control, presumably due to their direct interaction with pest species in the soil and the likelihood of secondary infection via infected cadavers. Conclusion All screened entomopathogenic nematode isolates caused mortalities on termite under laboratory condition, and their pathogenicity was varied among isolates. The study showed that the S#50 and AEH isolates were more virulent than others and achieved complete mortalities on the tested insect pests within 12 days of the exposure time. As a result, these isolates were considered as promising isolates and tested under field condition. Similarly, S#50 isolate showed lower stem damage, lodged plant, cob damage, and severity of insect damage on the maize under field condition. From this experiment it can be concluded that entomopathogenic nematodes have a potential for termite management and part of integrated the insect pest management. Therefore, future studies should be focused on the collection of entomopathogenic nematodes from the insect cadaver at insect pest probe areas, screening, evaluating and considering it integrated in the insect pest management components, and develop a full package product for the promised isolates, and evaluate it under diverse agro-ecology. 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PubMed Abstract Comments on this article Comments (0) Version 3 VERSION 3 PUBLISHED 19 Dec 2023 ADD YOUR COMMENT Comment Author details Author details 1 Agricultural Entomology, Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Ambo, Oromia, 37, Ethiopia 2 Nematology, Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Ambo, Oromia, 37, Ethiopia Belay Abate Gutema Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Funding Acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project Administration, Software, Supervision, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Dawit Melisie Achlehum Roles: Investigation, Writing – Review & Editing Tariku Tesfaye Edosa Roles: Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – Review & Editing Belay Feyisa Roles: Investigation, Writing – Review & Editing Fikremariam Yimer Roles: Data Curation, Writing – Review & Editing Teshale Daba Dinka Roles: Investigation, Writing – Review & Editing Competing interests No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work. Article Versions (3) version 3 Revised Published: 03 Jan 2025, 12:1601 https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.138237.3 version 2 Revised Published: 22 Feb 2024, 12:1601 https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.138237.2 version 1 Published: 19 Dec 2023, 12:1601 https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.138237.1 Copyright © 2025 Abate Gutema B et al . This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Download Export To Sciwheel Bibtex EndNote ProCite Ref. Manager (RIS) Sente metrics Views Downloads F1000Research - - PubMed Central info_outline Data from PMC are received and updated monthly. - - Citations open_in_new 0 open_in_new 0 open_in_new SEE MORE DETAILS CITE how to cite this article Abate Gutema B, Melisie Achlehum D, Tesfaye Edosa T et al. Evaluation of Entomopathogenic Nematode Isolates against Subterranean Termites under Laboratory and Field Conditions [version 3; peer review: 4 approved, 2 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 12 :1601 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.138237.3 ) NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS track receive updates on this article Track an article to receive email alerts on any updates to this article. TRACK THIS ARTICLE Share Open Peer Review Current Reviewer Status: ? Key to Reviewer Statuses VIEW HIDE Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Version 3 VERSION 3 PUBLISHED 03 Jan 2025 Revised Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: Danso Y. Reviewer Report For: Evaluation of Entomopathogenic Nematode Isolates against Subterranean Termites under Laboratory and Field Conditions [version 3; peer review: 4 approved, 2 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 12 :1601 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.174670.r355845 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/12-1601/v3#referee-response-355845 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 25 Jan 2025 Yaw Danso , CSIR-Crops Research Institute, Kumasi, Ghana Approved VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.174670.r355845 Scientifically, one does not start a sentence (s) with figures but words. KEYWORDS: Give proper definition to isolates AEH and S#50. INTRODUCTION: Did you mean to write genera or generals relating to the termite ... Continue reading READ ALL Scientifically, one does not start a sentence (s) with figures but words. KEYWORDS: Give proper definition to isolates AEH and S#50. INTRODUCTION: Did you mean to write genera or generals relating to the termite classification? METHODS: Did the collection point identify the EPN collections or did the authors take the opportunity to identify them? In Table 1, educate me on the Strenematids sp. as EPNs. Did you want to write Steinernema sp. or what? Check again. 'Juveniles' Is it convention that intra-row spacing be higher or wider than inter-row? 75 cm and 25 cm, respectively. I am sure it is the vice versa. Do not start sentences with figures (10 plants). Consistency is key in scientific writing. In one part, you indicated that 10 plants per plot were assessed. in another part, all plants in a plot were assessed. REFERENCES: Check and see below if the following references have been cited in the text; - Shiberu et al. - Shilesi et al. - Sisay et al. - Yu et al. and - Legese et al. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Yes Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Yes Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Yes If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Yes Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Yes Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: Nematology; Entomopathogenic Nematology I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT Danso Y. Reviewer Report For: Evaluation of Entomopathogenic Nematode Isolates against Subterranean Termites under Laboratory and Field Conditions [version 3; peer review: 4 approved, 2 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 12 :1601 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.174670.r355845 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/12-1601/v3#referee-response-355845 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: Shaurub ESH. Reviewer Report For: Evaluation of Entomopathogenic Nematode Isolates against Subterranean Termites under Laboratory and Field Conditions [version 3; peer review: 4 approved, 2 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 12 :1601 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.174670.r358356 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/12-1601/v3#referee-response-358356 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 21 Jan 2025 El-Sayed H Shaurub , Cairo University, Giza, Egypt Approved with Reservations VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.174670.r358356 The authors have screened locally collected EPN isolates and evaluated their virulence against subterranean termites under laboratory and field conditions on maize crop. The authors have carried out a lot of experiments. The paper is good, well- designed and revealed ... Continue reading READ ALL The authors have screened locally collected EPN isolates and evaluated their virulence against subterranean termites under laboratory and field conditions on maize crop. The authors have carried out a lot of experiments. The paper is good, well- designed and revealed helpful data. There are some points that need to be addressed as follows: Keywords They are not informative. They lack informative keywords, such as entomopathogenic nematodes, virulence, subterranean termites, host plant damage. Title Change the title to: Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Entomopathogenic Nematode Isolates against Subterranean Termites under Laboratory and Field Conditions Introduction - The 5 th and 6 th paragraphs are irrelevant to the current study as they focused on the use of botanicals and entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) to manage the subterranean termite, respectively. Methods - Please, place the statistical analysis as a separate subheading, instead of embedding them within the Materials and Methods. -Move the reasons of choosing the isolates AEH and S # 50, for the purpose of field experiments, from page 6, 1 st paragraph, last sentence, subheading “Experimental designs and data collections” to page 5, 3 rd sentence, subheading “Evaluation of EPN against termites under field conditions”. -Provide the day, month, and year during which the field experiments were carried out. -Provide the physicochemical characteristics of the soil (temperature, humidity and texture). -The authors did not give the reasons of using diazinon. Is it a chemical standard for the comparison with EPNs or what? -In the last sentence of materials & Methods, please replace the abbreviation of the Least Significant Difference, “LCD”, by LSD. Results and Discussion -Page 6, subheading “ Screening of entomopathogenic nematodes in laboratory condition”, please replace Table 1 by Table 2. -Table 2, the 1 st heading “EPN Isolates”, please replace by “EPN Isolate Code” for similarity with the 2 nd heading of Table 1. -The mode of action of EPF is different from that of EPNs. Therefore, EPF are unfitting to discuss EPF. -Data of diazinon (Table 3) were missing in the Results. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Yes Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Yes Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Yes If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Yes Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Yes Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: Pesticide biochemistry and physiology, Insect control, Toxicology, Insect immunology, Insect histology I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT Shaurub ESH. Reviewer Report For: Evaluation of Entomopathogenic Nematode Isolates against Subterranean Termites under Laboratory and Field Conditions [version 3; peer review: 4 approved, 2 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 12 :1601 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.174670.r358356 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/12-1601/v3#referee-response-358356 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: Duza GM. Reviewer Report For: Evaluation of Entomopathogenic Nematode Isolates against Subterranean Termites under Laboratory and Field Conditions [version 3; peer review: 4 approved, 2 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 12 :1601 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.174670.r355846 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/12-1601/v3#referee-response-355846 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 21 Jan 2025 Gerald Medina Duza , Cagayan State University- Piat Campus, Cagayan, Philippines Approved VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.174670.r355846 1. A systematic breakdown of results and discussion in separate sections would improve readability. 2. More detail is required regarding the timing and method of entomopathogenic nematode (EPN) collection, the specific field conditions, and how termite populations were managed during ... Continue reading READ ALL 1. A systematic breakdown of results and discussion in separate sections would improve readability. 2. More detail is required regarding the timing and method of entomopathogenic nematode (EPN) collection, the specific field conditions, and how termite populations were managed during field trials. 3. Specify statistical tests used. 4. Conclusions could benefit from a more balanced discussion about potential limitation such as climatic factors, and longer-term effects of EPN in field conditions. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Yes Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Yes Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Yes If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Yes Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Yes Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: Entomology- Insect Pathology and Microbiology I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT Duza GM. Reviewer Report For: Evaluation of Entomopathogenic Nematode Isolates against Subterranean Termites under Laboratory and Field Conditions [version 3; peer review: 4 approved, 2 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 12 :1601 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.174670.r355846 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/12-1601/v3#referee-response-355846 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Version 2 VERSION 2 PUBLISHED 22 Feb 2024 Revised Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: Bruno P. Reviewer Report For: Evaluation of Entomopathogenic Nematode Isolates against Subterranean Termites under Laboratory and Field Conditions [version 3; peer review: 4 approved, 2 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 12 :1601 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.162836.r276303 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/12-1601/v2#referee-response-276303 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 24 Jul 2024 Pamela Bruno , Plant Production Systems, Agroscope, Zürich, Switzerland Approved with Reservations VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.162836.r276303 This manuscript shows an extensive study of EPN collection, identification and evaluation of the collected EPN to control termites, carried out both in laboratory and field conditions. The project is very interesting and the experiments were well conducted, but ... Continue reading READ ALL This manuscript shows an extensive study of EPN collection, identification and evaluation of the collected EPN to control termites, carried out both in laboratory and field conditions. The project is very interesting and the experiments were well conducted, but the overall writing of the manuscript should be revised using better scientific language and following the scientific method. Some specific comments: Please describe with more detail the EPN collection (when?), rearing and identification (see literature as example). The lab experiment and the field experiment should be explained separately in the materials and methods, and instead of adding a separate title for "Design, treatment arrangements and data collection", it would be easier to understand each experiment if the information was all together under "Evaluation of EPN against termites under laboratory conditions" and "Evaluation of EPN against termites on field conditions". Author guidelines for this journal suggest to write results and discussions separately. This would help the reader better understand the paper. For the statistics, please provide more data about which tests were conducted (ANOVA, which type?...). Check grammar. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Partly Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Yes Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Partly If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Partly Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? No Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Partly Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: insect chemical ecology, tritrophic interactions, EPN, biological control I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT Bruno P. Reviewer Report For: Evaluation of Entomopathogenic Nematode Isolates against Subterranean Termites under Laboratory and Field Conditions [version 3; peer review: 4 approved, 2 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 12 :1601 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.162836.r276303 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/12-1601/v2#referee-response-276303 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Author Response 03 Jan 2025 Belay Abate , Agricultural Entomology, Ethiopian Institute of Agricultura Research, Ambo, Ethiopia 03 Jan 2025 Author Response Authors responses to Reviewers suggestions: Reviewers’ suggestion: overall writing of the manuscript should be revised using better scientific language and following the scientific method. Authors response: Based ... Continue reading Authors responses to Reviewers suggestions: Reviewers’ suggestion: overall writing of the manuscript should be revised using better scientific language and following the scientific method. Authors response: Based on reviewers’ suggestion we made revisions on the grammatical corrections as much as possible. Reviewers’ suggestion: Please describe with more detail the EPN collection (when?), rearing and identification (see literature as example). Authors response: The EPN isolates collection year were clearly indicated, and related information filled in the table 1. The EPN isolates were multiplied by using Galleria mellonella larvae, host insect to obtain infective juvenile following Kaya and Stock (1997) procedures. And identification of EPN isolates done as per Tesfaye et al . (2021) procedures. Reviewers’ suggestion: The lab experiment and the field experiment should be explained separately in the materials and methods, and instead of adding a separate title for "Design, treatment arrangements and data collection", it would be easier to understand each experiment if the information was all together under "Evaluation of EPN against termites under laboratory conditions" and "Evaluation of EPN against termites on field conditions". Authors response: Laboratory and field experiments are separated into independent sub-title under methodology part. However, discussion part is presented under each topic (laboratory and field experiment). ​​​​​​​ Reviewers’ suggestion: Author guidelines for this journal suggest to write results and discussions separately. This would help the reader better understand the paper. Authors response: It is possible to put the discussion in separate and at the end of the result. But we believed that it is better to put it under each sub-title for more coherence and attraction. Finally, as much as possible we tried and followed the authors guideline of the F1000 journal publisher. ​​​​​​​ Reviewers’ suggestion: For the statistics, please provide more data about which tests were conducted (ANOVA, which type?...). Authors response: The insect and crop data collected were analyzed using statistical analysis software version 9.4. The least significant difference (LCD) at the 5% level was used to compare treatment means. Authors responses to Reviewers suggestions: Reviewers’ suggestion: overall writing of the manuscript should be revised using better scientific language and following the scientific method. Authors response: Based on reviewers’ suggestion we made revisions on the grammatical corrections as much as possible. Reviewers’ suggestion: Please describe with more detail the EPN collection (when?), rearing and identification (see literature as example). Authors response: The EPN isolates collection year were clearly indicated, and related information filled in the table 1. The EPN isolates were multiplied by using Galleria mellonella larvae, host insect to obtain infective juvenile following Kaya and Stock (1997) procedures. And identification of EPN isolates done as per Tesfaye et al . (2021) procedures. Reviewers’ suggestion: The lab experiment and the field experiment should be explained separately in the materials and methods, and instead of adding a separate title for "Design, treatment arrangements and data collection", it would be easier to understand each experiment if the information was all together under "Evaluation of EPN against termites under laboratory conditions" and "Evaluation of EPN against termites on field conditions". Authors response: Laboratory and field experiments are separated into independent sub-title under methodology part. However, discussion part is presented under each topic (laboratory and field experiment). ​​​​​​​ Reviewers’ suggestion: Author guidelines for this journal suggest to write results and discussions separately. This would help the reader better understand the paper. Authors response: It is possible to put the discussion in separate and at the end of the result. But we believed that it is better to put it under each sub-title for more coherence and attraction. Finally, as much as possible we tried and followed the authors guideline of the F1000 journal publisher. ​​​​​​​ Reviewers’ suggestion: For the statistics, please provide more data about which tests were conducted (ANOVA, which type?...). Authors response: The insect and crop data collected were analyzed using statistical analysis software version 9.4. The least significant difference (LCD) at the 5% level was used to compare treatment means. Competing Interests: None Close Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENTS ON THIS REPORT Author Response 03 Jan 2025 Belay Abate , Agricultural Entomology, Ethiopian Institute of Agricultura Research, Ambo, Ethiopia 03 Jan 2025 Author Response Authors responses to Reviewers suggestions: Reviewers’ suggestion: overall writing of the manuscript should be revised using better scientific language and following the scientific method. Authors response: Based ... Continue reading Authors responses to Reviewers suggestions: Reviewers’ suggestion: overall writing of the manuscript should be revised using better scientific language and following the scientific method. Authors response: Based on reviewers’ suggestion we made revisions on the grammatical corrections as much as possible. Reviewers’ suggestion: Please describe with more detail the EPN collection (when?), rearing and identification (see literature as example). Authors response: The EPN isolates collection year were clearly indicated, and related information filled in the table 1. The EPN isolates were multiplied by using Galleria mellonella larvae, host insect to obtain infective juvenile following Kaya and Stock (1997) procedures. And identification of EPN isolates done as per Tesfaye et al . (2021) procedures. Reviewers’ suggestion: The lab experiment and the field experiment should be explained separately in the materials and methods, and instead of adding a separate title for "Design, treatment arrangements and data collection", it would be easier to understand each experiment if the information was all together under "Evaluation of EPN against termites under laboratory conditions" and "Evaluation of EPN against termites on field conditions". Authors response: Laboratory and field experiments are separated into independent sub-title under methodology part. However, discussion part is presented under each topic (laboratory and field experiment). ​​​​​​​ Reviewers’ suggestion: Author guidelines for this journal suggest to write results and discussions separately. This would help the reader better understand the paper. Authors response: It is possible to put the discussion in separate and at the end of the result. But we believed that it is better to put it under each sub-title for more coherence and attraction. Finally, as much as possible we tried and followed the authors guideline of the F1000 journal publisher. ​​​​​​​ Reviewers’ suggestion: For the statistics, please provide more data about which tests were conducted (ANOVA, which type?...). Authors response: The insect and crop data collected were analyzed using statistical analysis software version 9.4. The least significant difference (LCD) at the 5% level was used to compare treatment means. Authors responses to Reviewers suggestions: Reviewers’ suggestion: overall writing of the manuscript should be revised using better scientific language and following the scientific method. Authors response: Based on reviewers’ suggestion we made revisions on the grammatical corrections as much as possible. Reviewers’ suggestion: Please describe with more detail the EPN collection (when?), rearing and identification (see literature as example). Authors response: The EPN isolates collection year were clearly indicated, and related information filled in the table 1. The EPN isolates were multiplied by using Galleria mellonella larvae, host insect to obtain infective juvenile following Kaya and Stock (1997) procedures. And identification of EPN isolates done as per Tesfaye et al . (2021) procedures. Reviewers’ suggestion: The lab experiment and the field experiment should be explained separately in the materials and methods, and instead of adding a separate title for "Design, treatment arrangements and data collection", it would be easier to understand each experiment if the information was all together under "Evaluation of EPN against termites under laboratory conditions" and "Evaluation of EPN against termites on field conditions". Authors response: Laboratory and field experiments are separated into independent sub-title under methodology part. However, discussion part is presented under each topic (laboratory and field experiment). ​​​​​​​ Reviewers’ suggestion: Author guidelines for this journal suggest to write results and discussions separately. This would help the reader better understand the paper. Authors response: It is possible to put the discussion in separate and at the end of the result. But we believed that it is better to put it under each sub-title for more coherence and attraction. Finally, as much as possible we tried and followed the authors guideline of the F1000 journal publisher. ​​​​​​​ Reviewers’ suggestion: For the statistics, please provide more data about which tests were conducted (ANOVA, which type?...). Authors response: The insect and crop data collected were analyzed using statistical analysis software version 9.4. The least significant difference (LCD) at the 5% level was used to compare treatment means. Competing Interests: None Close Report a concern COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: Tarasco E. Reviewer Report For: Evaluation of Entomopathogenic Nematode Isolates against Subterranean Termites under Laboratory and Field Conditions [version 3; peer review: 4 approved, 2 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 12 :1601 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.162836.r276302 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/12-1601/v2#referee-response-276302 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 24 May 2024 Eustachio Tarasco , Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari, Italy Approved VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.162836.r276302 Evaluation of Entomopathogenic Nematode Isolates against Subterranean Termites under Laboratory and Field Conditions is and Interesting paper quite well written and organized with something to be corrected above all on systematics. I recommended minor revision. And the related notes and ... Continue reading READ ALL Evaluation of Entomopathogenic Nematode Isolates against Subterranean Termites under Laboratory and Field Conditions is and Interesting paper quite well written and organized with something to be corrected above all on systematics. I recommended minor revision. And the related notes and correction are reported on the attached file. Anyway the main things to revise are of systematic nature. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Yes Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Yes Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Yes If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Yes Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Yes Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: entomology & nematodllogy I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT Tarasco E. Reviewer Report For: Evaluation of Entomopathogenic Nematode Isolates against Subterranean Termites under Laboratory and Field Conditions [version 3; peer review: 4 approved, 2 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 12 :1601 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.162836.r276302 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/12-1601/v2#referee-response-276302 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: Tomar P. Reviewer Report For: Evaluation of Entomopathogenic Nematode Isolates against Subterranean Termites under Laboratory and Field Conditions [version 3; peer review: 4 approved, 2 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 12 :1601 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.162836.r249247 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/12-1601/v2#referee-response-249247 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 12 Mar 2024 Preety Tomar , Department of Zoology, Akal College of Basic Sciences, Eternal University, Baru Sahib, Himachal Pradesh, India Approved VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.162836.r249247 No ... Continue reading READ ALL No Comments Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: Entomopathogenic nematology, Biocontrol, Microbiology I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT Tomar P. Reviewer Report For: Evaluation of Entomopathogenic Nematode Isolates against Subterranean Termites under Laboratory and Field Conditions [version 3; peer review: 4 approved, 2 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 12 :1601 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.162836.r249247 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/12-1601/v2#referee-response-249247 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 19 Dec 2023 Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: Tomar P. Reviewer Report For: Evaluation of Entomopathogenic Nematode Isolates against Subterranean Termites under Laboratory and Field Conditions [version 3; peer review: 4 approved, 2 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 12 :1601 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.151421.r236149 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/12-1601/v1#referee-response-236149 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 07 Feb 2024 Preety Tomar , Department of Zoology, Akal College of Basic Sciences, Eternal University, Baru Sahib, Himachal Pradesh, India Approved with Reservations VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.151421.r236149 The research article entitled "Evaluation of Entomopathogenic Nematode Isolates against Subterranean Termites under Laboratory and Field Conditions" is very impressive work conducted by the authors. The article gives the complete information about the problems due to termite infestation and their ... Continue reading READ ALL The research article entitled "Evaluation of Entomopathogenic Nematode Isolates against Subterranean Termites under Laboratory and Field Conditions" is very impressive work conducted by the authors. The article gives the complete information about the problems due to termite infestation and their management strategies. The results of the present investigation are highlighting the bio-control potential of entomopathogenic nematode isolates against termites not only in the laboratory but also under field conditions. However, its a suggestion that do mention which statistical analysis you have applied to compile the data and formulated the results. Also add more information about the maize sowing and how you placed and distribute the termites over these plants under field conditions. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Yes Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Yes Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Yes If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Partly Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Yes Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: Entomopathogenic nematology, Biocontrol, Microbiology I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT Tomar P. Reviewer Report For: Evaluation of Entomopathogenic Nematode Isolates against Subterranean Termites under Laboratory and Field Conditions [version 3; peer review: 4 approved, 2 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 12 :1601 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.151421.r236149 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/12-1601/v1#referee-response-236149 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Author Response 13 Apr 2024 Belay Abate , Agricultural Entomology, Ethiopian Institute of Agricultura Research, Ambo, Ethiopia 13 Apr 2024 Author Response Based on the reviewers’ suggestions, minor revisions are made to the methodology and reference. In the methodology part, the collection site of SY isolate is Yirgalem, Ethiopia. Additionally, the insect ... Continue reading Based on the reviewers’ suggestions, minor revisions are made to the methodology and reference. In the methodology part, the collection site of SY isolate is Yirgalem, Ethiopia. Additionally, the insect and crop data collected were analyzed using statistical analysis software version 9.4. The least significant difference (LCD) at the 5% level was used to compare treatment means. For the field experiment, the Jibat variety of the crop was used and studied under the natural infestation of termites. Two seeds per hill were sown, and then, after emergence, the seedlings were thinned to adjust the population of the crop to one plant per hill. This is based on the maize production manuals of Ethiopia, which recommend 25 kg of maize seed per hectare. And the revision is also done for reference. Based on the reviewers’ suggestions, minor revisions are made to the methodology and reference. In the methodology part, the collection site of SY isolate is Yirgalem, Ethiopia. Additionally, the insect and crop data collected were analyzed using statistical analysis software version 9.4. The least significant difference (LCD) at the 5% level was used to compare treatment means. For the field experiment, the Jibat variety of the crop was used and studied under the natural infestation of termites. Two seeds per hill were sown, and then, after emergence, the seedlings were thinned to adjust the population of the crop to one plant per hill. This is based on the maize production manuals of Ethiopia, which recommend 25 kg of maize seed per hectare. And the revision is also done for reference. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Close Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENTS ON THIS REPORT Author Response 13 Apr 2024 Belay Abate , Agricultural Entomology, Ethiopian Institute of Agricultura Research, Ambo, Ethiopia 13 Apr 2024 Author Response Based on the reviewers’ suggestions, minor revisions are made to the methodology and reference. In the methodology part, the collection site of SY isolate is Yirgalem, Ethiopia. Additionally, the insect ... Continue reading Based on the reviewers’ suggestions, minor revisions are made to the methodology and reference. In the methodology part, the collection site of SY isolate is Yirgalem, Ethiopia. Additionally, the insect and crop data collected were analyzed using statistical analysis software version 9.4. The least significant difference (LCD) at the 5% level was used to compare treatment means. For the field experiment, the Jibat variety of the crop was used and studied under the natural infestation of termites. Two seeds per hill were sown, and then, after emergence, the seedlings were thinned to adjust the population of the crop to one plant per hill. This is based on the maize production manuals of Ethiopia, which recommend 25 kg of maize seed per hectare. And the revision is also done for reference. Based on the reviewers’ suggestions, minor revisions are made to the methodology and reference. In the methodology part, the collection site of SY isolate is Yirgalem, Ethiopia. Additionally, the insect and crop data collected were analyzed using statistical analysis software version 9.4. The least significant difference (LCD) at the 5% level was used to compare treatment means. For the field experiment, the Jibat variety of the crop was used and studied under the natural infestation of termites. Two seeds per hill were sown, and then, after emergence, the seedlings were thinned to adjust the population of the crop to one plant per hill. This is based on the maize production manuals of Ethiopia, which recommend 25 kg of maize seed per hectare. And the revision is also done for reference. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Close Report a concern COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Comments on this article Comments (0) Version 3 VERSION 3 PUBLISHED 19 Dec 2023 ADD YOUR COMMENT Comment keyboard_arrow_left keyboard_arrow_right Open Peer Review Reviewer Status info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Reviewer Reports Invited Reviewers 1 2 3 4 5 6 Version 3 (revision) 03 Jan 25 read read read Version 2 (revision) 22 Feb 24 read read read Version 1 19 Dec 23 read Preety Tomar , Eternal University, Baru Sahib, India Eustachio Tarasco , University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari, Italy Pamela Bruno , Agroscope, Zürich, Switzerland Gerald Medina Duza , Cagayan State University- Piat Campus, Cagayan, Philippines El-Sayed H Shaurub , Cairo University, Giza, Egypt Yaw Danso , CSIR-Crops Research Institute, Kumasi, Ghana Comments on this article All Comments (0) Add a comment Sign up for content alerts Sign Up You are now signed up to receive this alert Browse by related subjects keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2025 Danso Y. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 25 Jan 2025 | for Version 3 Yaw Danso , CSIR-Crops Research Institute, Kumasi, Ghana 0 Views copyright © 2025 Danso Y. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (0) Approved info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Scientifically, one does not start a sentence (s) with figures but words. KEYWORDS: Give proper definition to isolates AEH and S#50. INTRODUCTION: Did you mean to write genera or generals relating to the termite classification? METHODS: Did the collection point identify the EPN collections or did the authors take the opportunity to identify them? In Table 1, educate me on the Strenematids sp. as EPNs. Did you want to write Steinernema sp. or what? Check again. 'Juveniles' Is it convention that intra-row spacing be higher or wider than inter-row? 75 cm and 25 cm, respectively. I am sure it is the vice versa. Do not start sentences with figures (10 plants). Consistency is key in scientific writing. In one part, you indicated that 10 plants per plot were assessed. in another part, all plants in a plot were assessed. REFERENCES: Check and see below if the following references have been cited in the text; - Shiberu et al. - Shilesi et al. - Sisay et al. - Yu et al. and - Legese et al. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Yes Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Yes Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Yes If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Yes Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Yes Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise Nematology; Entomopathogenic Nematology I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard. reply Respond to this report Responses (0) Danso Y. Peer Review Report For: Evaluation of Entomopathogenic Nematode Isolates against Subterranean Termites under Laboratory and Field Conditions [version 3; peer review: 4 approved, 2 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 12 :1601 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.174670.r355845) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/12-1601/v3#referee-response-355845 keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2025 Shaurub E. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 21 Jan 2025 | for Version 3 El-Sayed H Shaurub , Cairo University, Giza, Egypt 0 Views copyright © 2025 Shaurub E. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (0) Approved With Reservations info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions The authors have screened locally collected EPN isolates and evaluated their virulence against subterranean termites under laboratory and field conditions on maize crop. The authors have carried out a lot of experiments. The paper is good, well- designed and revealed helpful data. There are some points that need to be addressed as follows: Keywords They are not informative. They lack informative keywords, such as entomopathogenic nematodes, virulence, subterranean termites, host plant damage. Title Change the title to: Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Entomopathogenic Nematode Isolates against Subterranean Termites under Laboratory and Field Conditions Introduction - The 5 th and 6 th paragraphs are irrelevant to the current study as they focused on the use of botanicals and entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) to manage the subterranean termite, respectively. Methods - Please, place the statistical analysis as a separate subheading, instead of embedding them within the Materials and Methods. -Move the reasons of choosing the isolates AEH and S # 50, for the purpose of field experiments, from page 6, 1 st paragraph, last sentence, subheading “Experimental designs and data collections” to page 5, 3 rd sentence, subheading “Evaluation of EPN against termites under field conditions”. -Provide the day, month, and year during which the field experiments were carried out. -Provide the physicochemical characteristics of the soil (temperature, humidity and texture). -The authors did not give the reasons of using diazinon. Is it a chemical standard for the comparison with EPNs or what? -In the last sentence of materials & Methods, please replace the abbreviation of the Least Significant Difference, “LCD”, by LSD. Results and Discussion -Page 6, subheading “ Screening of entomopathogenic nematodes in laboratory condition”, please replace Table 1 by Table 2. -Table 2, the 1 st heading “EPN Isolates”, please replace by “EPN Isolate Code” for similarity with the 2 nd heading of Table 1. -The mode of action of EPF is different from that of EPNs. Therefore, EPF are unfitting to discuss EPF. -Data of diazinon (Table 3) were missing in the Results. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Yes Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Yes Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Yes If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Yes Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Yes Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise Pesticide biochemistry and physiology, Insect control, Toxicology, Insect immunology, Insect histology I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. reply Respond to this report Responses (0) Shaurub ESH. Peer Review Report For: Evaluation of Entomopathogenic Nematode Isolates against Subterranean Termites under Laboratory and Field Conditions [version 3; peer review: 4 approved, 2 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 12 :1601 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.174670.r358356) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/12-1601/v3#referee-response-358356 keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2025 Duza G. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 21 Jan 2025 | for Version 3 Gerald Medina Duza , Cagayan State University- Piat Campus, Cagayan, Philippines 0 Views copyright © 2025 Duza G. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (0) Approved info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions 1. A systematic breakdown of results and discussion in separate sections would improve readability. 2. More detail is required regarding the timing and method of entomopathogenic nematode (EPN) collection, the specific field conditions, and how termite populations were managed during field trials. 3. Specify statistical tests used. 4. Conclusions could benefit from a more balanced discussion about potential limitation such as climatic factors, and longer-term effects of EPN in field conditions. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Yes Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Yes Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Yes If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Yes Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Yes Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise Entomology- Insect Pathology and Microbiology I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard. reply Respond to this report Responses (0) Duza GM. Peer Review Report For: Evaluation of Entomopathogenic Nematode Isolates against Subterranean Termites under Laboratory and Field Conditions [version 3; peer review: 4 approved, 2 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 12 :1601 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.174670.r355846) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/12-1601/v3#referee-response-355846 keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2024 Bruno P. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 24 Jul 2024 | for Version 2 Pamela Bruno , Plant Production Systems, Agroscope, Zürich, Switzerland 0 Views copyright © 2024 Bruno P. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (1) Approved With Reservations info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions This manuscript shows an extensive study of EPN collection, identification and evaluation of the collected EPN to control termites, carried out both in laboratory and field conditions. The project is very interesting and the experiments were well conducted, but the overall writing of the manuscript should be revised using better scientific language and following the scientific method. Some specific comments: Please describe with more detail the EPN collection (when?), rearing and identification (see literature as example). The lab experiment and the field experiment should be explained separately in the materials and methods, and instead of adding a separate title for "Design, treatment arrangements and data collection", it would be easier to understand each experiment if the information was all together under "Evaluation of EPN against termites under laboratory conditions" and "Evaluation of EPN against termites on field conditions". Author guidelines for this journal suggest to write results and discussions separately. This would help the reader better understand the paper. For the statistics, please provide more data about which tests were conducted (ANOVA, which type?...). Check grammar. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Partly Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Yes Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Partly If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Partly Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? No Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Partly Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise insect chemical ecology, tritrophic interactions, EPN, biological control I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. reply Respond to this report Responses (1) Author Response 03 Jan 2025 Belay Abate, Agricultural Entomology, Ethiopian Institute of Agricultura Research, Ambo, Ethiopia Authors responses to Reviewers suggestions: Reviewers’ suggestion: overall writing of the manuscript should be revised using better scientific language and following the scientific method. Authors response: Based on reviewers’ suggestion we made revisions on the grammatical corrections as much as possible. Reviewers’ suggestion: Please describe with more detail the EPN collection (when?), rearing and identification (see literature as example). Authors response: The EPN isolates collection year were clearly indicated, and related information filled in the table 1. The EPN isolates were multiplied by using Galleria mellonella larvae, host insect to obtain infective juvenile following Kaya and Stock (1997) procedures. And identification of EPN isolates done as per Tesfaye et al . (2021) procedures. Reviewers’ suggestion: The lab experiment and the field experiment should be explained separately in the materials and methods, and instead of adding a separate title for "Design, treatment arrangements and data collection", it would be easier to understand each experiment if the information was all together under "Evaluation of EPN against termites under laboratory conditions" and "Evaluation of EPN against termites on field conditions". Authors response: Laboratory and field experiments are separated into independent sub-title under methodology part. However, discussion part is presented under each topic (laboratory and field experiment). ​​​​​​​ Reviewers’ suggestion: Author guidelines for this journal suggest to write results and discussions separately. This would help the reader better understand the paper. Authors response: It is possible to put the discussion in separate and at the end of the result. But we believed that it is better to put it under each sub-title for more coherence and attraction. Finally, as much as possible we tried and followed the authors guideline of the F1000 journal publisher. ​​​​​​​ Reviewers’ suggestion: For the statistics, please provide more data about which tests were conducted (ANOVA, which type?...). Authors response: The insect and crop data collected were analyzed using statistical analysis software version 9.4. The least significant difference (LCD) at the 5% level was used to compare treatment means. View more View less Competing Interests None reply Respond Report a concern Bruno P. Peer Review Report For: Evaluation of Entomopathogenic Nematode Isolates against Subterranean Termites under Laboratory and Field Conditions [version 3; peer review: 4 approved, 2 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 12 :1601 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.162836.r276303) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/12-1601/v2#referee-response-276303 keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2024 Tarasco E. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 24 May 2024 | for Version 2 Eustachio Tarasco , Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari, Italy 0 Views copyright © 2024 Tarasco E. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (0) Approved info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Evaluation of Entomopathogenic Nematode Isolates against Subterranean Termites under Laboratory and Field Conditions is and Interesting paper quite well written and organized with something to be corrected above all on systematics. I recommended minor revision. And the related notes and correction are reported on the attached file. Anyway the main things to revise are of systematic nature. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Yes Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Yes Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Yes If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Yes Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Yes Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise entomology & nematodllogy I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard. reply Respond to this report Responses (0) Tarasco E. Peer Review Report For: Evaluation of Entomopathogenic Nematode Isolates against Subterranean Termites under Laboratory and Field Conditions [version 3; peer review: 4 approved, 2 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 12 :1601 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.162836.r276302) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/12-1601/v2#referee-response-276302 keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2024 Tomar P. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 12 Mar 2024 | for Version 2 Preety Tomar , Department of Zoology, Akal College of Basic Sciences, Eternal University, Baru Sahib, Himachal Pradesh, India 0 Views copyright © 2024 Tomar P. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (0) Approved info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions No Comments Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise Entomopathogenic nematology, Biocontrol, Microbiology I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard. reply Respond to this report Responses (0) Tomar P. Peer Review Report For: Evaluation of Entomopathogenic Nematode Isolates against Subterranean Termites under Laboratory and Field Conditions [version 3; peer review: 4 approved, 2 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 12 :1601 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.162836.r249247) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/12-1601/v2#referee-response-249247 keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2024 Tomar P. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 07 Feb 2024 | for Version 1 Preety Tomar , Department of Zoology, Akal College of Basic Sciences, Eternal University, Baru Sahib, Himachal Pradesh, India 0 Views copyright © 2024 Tomar P. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (1) Approved With Reservations info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions The research article entitled "Evaluation of Entomopathogenic Nematode Isolates against Subterranean Termites under Laboratory and Field Conditions" is very impressive work conducted by the authors. The article gives the complete information about the problems due to termite infestation and their management strategies. The results of the present investigation are highlighting the bio-control potential of entomopathogenic nematode isolates against termites not only in the laboratory but also under field conditions. However, its a suggestion that do mention which statistical analysis you have applied to compile the data and formulated the results. Also add more information about the maize sowing and how you placed and distribute the termites over these plants under field conditions. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Yes Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Yes Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Yes If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Partly Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Yes Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise Entomopathogenic nematology, Biocontrol, Microbiology I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. reply Respond to this report Responses (1) Author Response 13 Apr 2024 Belay Abate, Agricultural Entomology, Ethiopian Institute of Agricultura Research, Ambo, Ethiopia Based on the reviewers’ suggestions, minor revisions are made to the methodology and reference. In the methodology part, the collection site of SY isolate is Yirgalem, Ethiopia. Additionally, the insect and crop data collected were analyzed using statistical analysis software version 9.4. The least significant difference (LCD) at the 5% level was used to compare treatment means. For the field experiment, the Jibat variety of the crop was used and studied under the natural infestation of termites. Two seeds per hill were sown, and then, after emergence, the seedlings were thinned to adjust the population of the crop to one plant per hill. This is based on the maize production manuals of Ethiopia, which recommend 25 kg of maize seed per hectare. And the revision is also done for reference. View more View less Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. reply Respond Report a concern Tomar P. Peer Review Report For: Evaluation of Entomopathogenic Nematode Isolates against Subterranean Termites under Laboratory and Field Conditions [version 3; peer review: 4 approved, 2 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 12 :1601 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.151421.r236149) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/12-1601/v1#referee-response-236149 Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved - the paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations - A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved - fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Adjust parameters to alter display View on desktop for interactive features Includes Interactive Elements View on desktop for interactive features Competing Interests Policy Provide sufficient details of any financial or non-financial competing interests to enable users to assess whether your comments might lead a reasonable person to question your impartiality. Consider the following examples, but note that this is not an exhaustive list: Examples of 'Non-Financial Competing Interests' Within the past 4 years, you have held joint grants, published or collaborated with any of the authors of the selected paper. You have a close personal relationship (e.g. parent, spouse, sibling, or domestic partner) with any of the authors. You are a close professional associate of any of the authors (e.g. scientific mentor, recent student). You work at the same institute as any of the authors. 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