The perception of genetic knowledge and the awareness regarding genetic counseling and related genetic service among doctors, nurses in North Al Sharqia region, Oman: explorative study

The perception of genetic knowledge and the awareness regarding genetic counseling and related genetic service among doctors, nurses in North Al Sharqia region, Oman: explorative study | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article The perception of genetic knowledge and the awareness regarding genetic counseling and related genetic service among doctors, nurses in North Al Sharqia region, Oman: explorative study Taher Abdullah This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6418916/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background: Genetic knowledge has expanded significantly over recent decades, resulting in an enhanced comprehension of genetic diseases. The discipline of genetic counseling originated in the United States in 1969 at Sarah Lawrence College in New York and has subsequently achieved global dissemination. Notably, only a limited number of studies have examined the level of awareness regarding genetic counseling and genetic literacy. Genetic counseling is of paramount importance as it facilitates patients’ understanding and acceptance of complex genetic information and diagnostic outcomes, thereby enabling them to effectively manage the personal and familial ramifications. Furthermore, numerous impediments obstruct access to genetic services. A principal barrier is the insufficiency of specialized genetic knowledge among general healthcare practitioners, which undermines their ability to integrate genetic considerations into routine clinical practice. Objective : The objective of this study is to evaluate the perception of genetic knowledge and the level of awareness regarding genetic counseling and related genetic services among physicians and nurses in the North Al Sharqia region of Oman. Methods: This study aims to assess the genetic knowledge and the level of awareness regarding genetic counseling and related genetic services among doctors and nurses in Oman. Data were collected via a structured questionnaire administered in the North Sharqia region, with a total of 160 participants. The analysis of the collected data was performed using the SPSS statistical program. Results: There is a statistically significant association between the department in which participants work and their level of genetic knowledge (p = 0.009, p < 0.01). Previous studies indicate that healthcare professionals in the pediatric department, including both doctors and nurses, tend to possess a higher level of genetic knowledge due to their increased exposure to children with genetic disorders. Additionally, there is a statistically significant association between exposure to genetic counseling and the level of awareness regarding genetic counseling and related services. This finding suggests that healthcare professionals with greater exposure to genetic counseling demonstrate enhanced awareness and understanding of the associated services. Conclusion : Compared to previous studies, there has been a notable improvement in genetic knowledge and the awareness of genetic services and counseling. Nevertheless, further efforts are warranted to elevate these aspects to higher standards. This study underscores the critical importance of genetic counseling and advocates for the broad dissemination of genetic knowledge through media channels, as well as its integration into the training programs for physicians and nurses. Moreover, it is essential to ensure that healthcare professionals are thoroughly informed about the services provided by genetic centers and the range of tests available at local health centers, particularly those pertinent to premarital counseling. Medical Genetics Genetic knowledge genetic counseling awareness Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Introduction and Literature Review In 2003, the successful completion of the Human Genome Project marked a seminal moment, catalyzing a rapid expansion of genetic knowledge. Today, advancements in genomics have provided unprecedented insights into the etiology and progression of genetic diseases, emphasizing the importance of disseminating this information to the public to enhance awareness and empower individuals to cope with these conditions (1). Globally, genetic disorders affect approximately 2–5% of all births and account for nearly 30% of admissions to pediatric wards and hospitals. Moreover, these disorders represent a primary cause of mortality, contributing to as much as 50% of all deaths among children and neonates. In Oman, around 300 distinct genetic diseases have been documented, with an estimated prevalence of 3.5–4.5% among newborns per 1,000 births. Furthermore, the incidence of Down syndrome in Oman is approximately 1 in 300 births, compared to 1 in 800 births worldwide (2). Genetic counseling as a distinct profession originated in the United States in 1969 at Sarah Lawrence College, New York, and has since achieved global expansion. By 2018, approximately 7,000 genetic counselors were actively practicing across 28 countries, reflecting the field’s significant and sustained growth (3)(4). Despite the clear relevance of genetic counseling in facilitating patients’ comprehension and acceptance of genetic information and diagnoses, thereby supporting them in managing the multifaceted impact of genetic diseases on their lives and families, research into the general awareness of genetic counseling and genetic literacy remains scarce (3). Notably, a study published in the Journal of Genetic Counselors in 2018 reported that the majority of undergraduate participants were at least familiar with the concept of genetic counseling (4). The scope of practice for genetic counselors is multifaceted, encompassing the collection and critical analysis of patients’ medical histories, risk assessment for the recurrence of genetic disorders in progeny, and the education of families regarding inheritance patterns. Additionally, genetic counselors provide essential guidance on available diagnostic tests, preventative strategies, and furnish patients with supplementary informational resources regarding their genetic conditions (5)(6). Empirical investigations have highlighted significant gaps in genetic knowledge among healthcare professionals. For instance, a 2006 study at Pamukkale University in Turkey assessed nurses’ familiarity with the genetic bases of diseases, inheritance patterns, and the practical aspects of genetic counseling and testing, revealing notable deficiencies. Complementary research among nursing students has similarly demonstrated an insufficiency in comprehensive understanding of genetics and genetic disorders (7)(8)(9). A systematic review of barriers limiting access to genetic services, which synthesized findings across nine studies, identified that one of the principal challenges lies in general healthcare doctors’ limited awareness of patients’ genetic risk factors. This deficiency is compounded by an inadequate ability to obtain detailed family histories, limited genetic knowledge overall, and a general unawareness of available genetic services. Furthermore, the coordination of referrals to genetic services is often suboptimal, exacerbated by an insufficient genetic workforce (10). Additional obstacles encountered by patients following referral include logistical difficulties such as distant appointments, limited insurance support, familial resistance, and anxiety regarding test outcomes (12) (13) (14) (15). While there has been a gradual annual improvement in the general population’s genetic literacy (11) and an enhanced understanding of genetic aspects of diseases such as cancer—which helps mitigate associated stigmas (16)—there remains a pervasive insufficiency in genetic knowledge and testing awareness among doctors across various specialties, a concern that is recognized worldwide (8)(17). Given that information about genetic tests and advances in genetics is predominantly disseminated through media channels, and that primary care providers serve as the initial point of contact for many individuals, it becomes imperative that genetic knowledge and counseling transcend the confines of genetics specialists. This underscores a critical need for comprehensive educational initiatives, such as targeted workshops and training programs, to elevate the standard of genetic literacy among general healthcare practitioners (18). Methodology An exploratory-descriptive, non-experimental research design will be employed, utilizing a cross-sectional approach. Knowledge and awareness will be assessed through two self-developed questionnaires. A comprehensive search for background and foreground information related to the research topic will be conducted, incorporating key terms such as genetic knowledge, genetic counseling, and awareness. The research will utilize established academic databases, including PubMed, Google Scholar, and Hindawi." Statement of the Problem This study investigates the level of genetic knowledge and awareness of genetic counseling among doctors and nurses in Oman. To date, no prior research has explored this specific subject within the Omani context, highlighting a significant gap in the literature. By examining the current status of genetic knowledge and the understanding of genetic counseling and its importance, this study aims to generate valuable insights that can contribute to the enhancement of healthcare practices. Additionally, it seeks to support the dissemination of genetic knowledge, promote informed decision-making, and improve awareness of genetic counseling and related services, ultimately fostering a more comprehensive approach to genetic healthcare in the region. Primary Research Question: This study explores the perception of genetic knowledge and awareness of genetic counseling and related genetic services among doctors and nurses in the North Al Sharqia region. Main Objectives: The study aims to provide a comprehensive assessment of the current state of genetic knowledge and awareness of genetic counseling among healthcare professionals. By evaluating the understanding and attitudes of doctors and nurses, it seeks to highlight existing gaps and inform potential improvements in genetic education and counseling practices. Procedures: Category of the Study: Non-Clinical Quantitative Research Target Population: Doctors and nurses working in regional hospitals and local health centers (LHCs) within the North Al Sharqia region. Participant Recruitment: Healthcare professionals will be accessed and invited to participate in the study within their workplace settings. Inclusion Criteria: Healthcare professionals (doctors and nurses) employed in Ministry of Health institutions within the North Al Sharqiya region. Individuals who have been working in these institutions for a period of six months or longer. Exclusion Criteria: Healthcare professionals (doctors and nurses) not employed in Ministry of Health institutions within the North Al Sharqiya region. Individuals with a tenure of less than six months in the specified institutions. Doctors specializing in the field of genetics. Proposed Sample Size: 296 participants Basis for Sample Size Calculation and Methodology The sample size for this study was determined based on statistical considerations to ensure representativeness and reliability. A confidence level of 95% and a confidence interval of 5% were applied to a population of 1,280 , resulting in a calculated sample size of 296 participants. Participant Enrollment and Allocation Eligible participants will be enrolled in the study using a convenience sampling method , which allows for the inclusion of readily available doctors and nurses within Ministry of Health institutions in the North Al Sharqiya region. Data Collection Method The required data will be gathered through a self-administered questionnaire , enabling participants to provide responses independently while ensuring consistency in data collection. Data Analysis and Validation: KS and AS are integrated into the analysis to facilitate the exploration of associations between various variables. Data collection took place between January and February 2020 at Ibra Hospital and Samad Local Health Center (LHC) in the North Al Sharqiya region. A pilot study was conducted to evaluate the validity and reliability of the questionnaire prior to its full-scale implementation. The questionnaire was distributed to a sample of approximately 15 doctors, who were asked to complete it. Any questions identified as unclear or difficult were subsequently revised. Furthermore, experts in genetics and counseling critically reviewed the questionnaire to ensure its accuracy and appropriateness before distribution. - Consent was implied when participants agreed to complete the questionnaire, signifying their willingness to participate in the study. - Efforts were undertaken to minimize potential biases. For example, participants might randomly select correct answers for questions they did not know. To mitigate this, the option "I don’t know" was included as a valid response. - Furthermore, when questionnaires were completed in group settings, discussions among participants might have influenced responses, resulting in similar answers across multiple participants. However, this phenomenon was accounted for, as the study primarily aimed to assess overall knowledge and awareness. - Consent was implied when participants agreed to complete the questionnaire, signifying their willingness to participate in the study. - Efforts were undertaken to minimize potential biases. For example, participants might randomly select correct answers for questions they did not know. To mitigate this, the option "I don’t know" was included as a valid response. - Furthermore, when questionnaires were completed in group settings, discussions among participants might have influenced responses, resulting in similar answers across multiple participants. However, this phenomenon was accounted for, as the study primarily aimed to assess overall knowledge and awareness. - Data Analysis: The data were analyzed using SPSS software, version 25. - Beneficiaries of the Research: This study will benefit the Ministry of Health, healthcare professionals (doctors and nurses), and the general population by providing valuable insights into genetic knowledge and awareness. - Potential Shortcomings / Limitations: The drop-out rate does not affect the study, as participants who completed the questionnaire were considered included in the analysis. One limitation lies in the incomplete return of questionnaires; of the 320 distributed, only 160 were received. Determining whether this sample is sufficient to assess knowledge and awareness of genetic counseling depends on its representativeness of the target population. A detailed analysis of the response rate and representativeness is necessary to ensure the reliability of the findings. Results Age Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid 18-30 54 33.8 42.9 42.9 31-40 53 33.1 42.1 84.9 41-50 14 8.8 11.1 96.0 51-60 3 1.9 2.4 98.4 >60 2 1.3 1.6 100.0 Total 126 78.8 100.0 Missing System 34 21.3 Total 160 100.0 The majority of participants, accounting for 66.9% of the total sample, are between the ages of 18 and 40 years. Sex Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid male 41 25.6 26.1 26.1 female 116 72.5 73.9 100.0 Total 157 98.1 100.0 Missing System 3 1.9 Total 160 100.0 The majority of the sample consists of females, with 116 females compared to 41 males. This is likely because most nurses, who form a significant portion of the population studied, are female. Name of institution you work In Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid Ibra 147 91.9 93.6 93.6 Samad 10 6.3 6.4 100.0 Total 157 98.1 100.0 Missing System 3 1.9 Total 160 100.0 The questionnaires were distributed across two locations: Ibra Hospital and Samad Alshan Local Health Center. A significant portion of the questionnaires was distributed at Ibra Hospital, as it is larger and accommodates more doctors and nurses compared to Samad LHC. Yrs. of experience Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid 1-5 46 28.7 29.9 29.9 6-10 43 26.9 27.9 57.8 11-20 55 34.4 35.7 93.5 >20 10 6.3 6.5 100.0 Total 154 96.3 100.0 Missing System 6 3.8 Total 160 100.0 Experience correlates with age, with younger individuals typically possessing less experience. This relationship provides context and helps to interpret the data presented in this table. department you work In Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid pediatric 47 29.4 30.9 30.9 surgery 16 10.0 10.5 41.4 Obg. 13 8.1 8.6 50.0 medicine 19 11.9 12.5 62.5 dialysis unit 9 5.6 5.9 68.4 ophthalmology 2 1.3 1.3 69.7 general nursing 16 10.0 10.5 80.3 ICU 8 5.0 5.3 85.5 Emergency 18 11.3 11.8 97.4 orthopedic 4 2.5 2.6 100.0 Total 152 95.0 100.0 Missing System 8 5.0 Total 160 100.0 The majority of the samples, accounting for 29.4%, were collected from the pediatric department. This department comprises two distinct wards: the NICU (Neonatal Intensive Care Unit) and the pediatric ward. source of knowledge Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid Curriculum 7 4.4 4.7 4.7 TV 2 1.3 1.3 6.0 Articles 7 4.4 4.7 10.7 Books 49 30.6 32.9 43.6 multiple source 71 44.4 47.7 91.3 Others 13 8.1 8.7 100.0 Total 149 93.1 100.0 Missing System 11 6.9 Total 160 100.0 Most participants, 71 individuals (44.4%), utilized multiple sources to acquire knowledge. Additionally, a significant portion, 49 participants (30.6%), relied solely on books as their source of information. Opinion about the importance of diagnoses of genetic disease Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid important 155 96.9 100.0 100.0 Missing System 5 3.1 Total 160 100.0 Nearly all doctors and nurses acknowledge and strongly agree on the critical importance of diagnosing genetic diseases. exposed to genetic counseling Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid yes 43 26.9 28.5 28.5 No 108 67.5 71.5 100.0 Total 151 94.4 100.0 Missing System 9 5.6 Total 160 100.0 A total of 43 participants, representing 26.9% of the study population, reported having been exposed to genetic counseling. Question : Wrong % Correct % I don’t know % 1 Defect in down syndrome 21 13.1 124 77.5 15 9.4 2 What type of inheritance in sickle cell disease 41 25.6 85 53.1 34 21.1 3 genetic test in premarital 13 8.1 122 76.3 24 15 4 Any genes responsible for cancer 21 13.1 122 76.3 16 10 5 Anyway to test embryo before implantation 18 11.3 66 41.3 74 46.3 6 Autosomal dominant inheritance 46 28.7 94 58.8 19 11.9 7 Autosomal recessive inheritance 67 41.9 67 41.9 25 15.6 8 Mode of inheritance in G6PD 33 20.6 80 50 45 28.1 9 Pedigree 1 27 16.9 92 57.5 4 2.5 10 Pedigree 2 52 32.5 57 35.5 48 30 11 Definition of the chromosome 30 18.8 99 61.9 29 18.1 12 Definition of the Locus 38 23.8 58 36.3 61 38.1 This table summarizes the results of questions assessing knowledge and awareness. Questions 1, 3, and 4 had over 70% of participants providing correct answers, demonstrating relatively high levels of knowledge. In contrast, the lowest percentages of correct responses were observed in Questions 10 and 12, with approximately 36% accuracy. Questions 5 and 7 showed moderate performance, with around 40% of participants answering correctly. Descriptive Statistics N Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation knowledge score 160 0 9 4.71 2.603 Valid N (listwise) 160 The mean knowledge score of 4.7, which exceeds 50% of the total possible score, indicates an adequate level of genetic knowledge among doctors and nurses. Descriptive Statistics N Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation awareness score 160 0 3 1.93 .908 Valid N (listwise) 160 The mean awareness score was approximately 2, exceeding 50% of the total possible score. This reflects a commendable level of awareness among doctors and nurses regarding genetic services and counseling. Chi-Square Tests Value df Asymptotic Significance (2-sided) Pearson Chi-Square 63.704 a 27 .000 Likelihood Ratio 50.740 27 .004 Linear-by-Linear Association 18.010 1 .000 N of Valid Cases 160 a. 24 cells (60.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is .44. A strong association was observed between knowledge and awareness, with a p-value of <0.01 indicating statistical significance. This relationship suggests that as knowledge increases, awareness also improves. Chi-Square Tests Value df Asymptotic Significance (2-sided) Pearson Chi-Square 48.847 a 45 .321 Likelihood Ratio 47.547 45 .369 Linear-by-Linear Association .051 1 .821 N of Valid Cases 149 a. 48 cells (80.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is .09. No association was observed between age groups and knowledge, as evidenced by a p-value of 0.321, indicating a lack of statistical significance. Chi-Square Tests Value df Asymptotic Significance (2-sided) Pearson Chi-Square 20.115 a 27 .826 Likelihood Ratio 21.882 27 .743 Linear-by-Linear Association 1.347 1 .246 N of Valid Cases 154 a. 28 cells (70.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is .45. No statistical association was observed between years of experience and knowledge, as indicated by a p-value of 0.826, showing no significant relationship. This result may be attributed to the uneven distribution of participants, with a smaller proportion having extensive years of experience compared to the majority with fewer years of experience. Chi-Square Tests Value df Asymptotic Significance (2-sided) Pearson Chi-Square 113.841 a 81 .009 Likelihood Ratio 115.955 81 .007 Linear-by-Linear Association 2.824 1 .093 N of Valid Cases 152 a. 96 cells (96.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is .08. A strong association was identified between the participants' department and their level of knowledge, with a statistically significant p-value of 0.009 (<0.01). Previous studies suggest that healthcare professionals in pediatric departments, including both doctors and nurses, tend to possess greater knowledge of genetic diseases due to their frequent exposure to children affected by these conditions. Chi-Square Tests Value df Asymptotic Significance (2-sided) Pearson Chi-Square 48.847 a 45 .321 Likelihood Ratio 47.547 45 .369 Linear-by-Linear Association .051 1 .821 N of Valid Cases 149 a. 48 cells (80.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is .09. No statistically significant relationship was observed between the sources of knowledge and the level of knowledge, as evidenced by a non-significant p-value of 0.321. Chi-Square Tests Value df Asymptotic Significance (2-sided) Pearson Chi-Square 9.949 a 9 .355 Likelihood Ratio 10.900 9 .283 Linear-by-Linear Association .372 1 .542 N of Valid Cases 151 a. 9 cells (45.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 1.71. No statistically significant difference was observed between knowledge and exposure to genetic counseling, as indicated by a p-value of 0.355. Chi-Square Tests Value Df Asymptotic Significance (2-sided) Pearson Chi-Square 10.602 a 3 .014 Likelihood Ratio 12.901 3 .005 Linear-by-Linear Association 8.928 1 .003 N of Valid Cases 151 a. 1 cells (12.5%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 2.85. A significant association was observed between exposure to genetic counseling and awareness of genetic counseling and services, highlighting the impactful role of direct exposure in enhancing awareness. Discussion This study aimed to evaluate two key dimensions: genetic knowledge and awareness of genetic counseling and genetic services among doctors and nurses in Oman. Conducted in North Al Sharqiya, the study involved a total of 160 participants. The mean knowledge score was 4.7, slightly exceeding 50% of the total score, reflecting an adequate level of genetic knowledge among doctors and nurses. This result contrasts with findings from previous studies ( 7 , 8 ). The mean awareness score was approximately 2, surpassing 50% of the total score, indicating a good level of awareness regarding genetic services and counseling. A statistically significant association (p-value < 0.01) was observed between knowledge and awareness, suggesting that higher knowledge levels are linked to improved awareness. However, no significant association was found between age groups and knowledge, as evidenced by a non-significant p-value of 0.321. Similarly, no statistical association was identified between years of experience and knowledge (p-value of 0.826). This finding may be attributed to the smaller proportion of participants with extensive years of experience compared to the majority with fewer years of experience. A significant association was found between participants' departmental affiliation and their level of knowledge, with a p-value of 0.009 (< 0.01). Previous studies indicate that healthcare professionals in pediatric departments, including both doctors and nurses, exhibit greater knowledge of genetic diseases, likely due to their familiarity with affected children. No statistically significant relationship was observed between sources of knowledge and knowledge levels (p-value of 0.321). Similarly, no significant difference was noted between knowledge and exposure to genetic counseling, as indicated by a p-value of 0.355. Lastly, a strong association was identified between exposure to genetic counseling and awareness of genetic counseling and services, underscoring the role of direct exposure in enhancing awareness. Conclusion This study explores the state of genetic knowledge and awareness of genetic counseling among doctors and nurses in Oman, addressing a subject that has not been previously investigated within the country. It offers valuable insight into the current status of genetic knowledge and awareness, underscoring their importance and the need for enhancement. The study also aims to foster improvement in genetic knowledge and awareness of genetic counseling and services. By utilizing a questionnaire as a key tool, the research stimulates inquiry and contributes to advancing both knowledge and clinical counseling awareness. Compared to findings from previous studies, this research demonstrates an improvement in genetic knowledge and awareness of genetic services and counseling. However, continued efforts are necessary to elevate these aspects to a higher standard. Post-study initiatives include distributing an informative paper on genetic knowledge and counseling to further enhance awareness. Additionally, lectures are planned to engage healthcare professionals and strengthen understanding of this critical topic. The research highlights the pivotal role of genetic counseling and calls for increased awareness through media campaigns. Moreover, it emphasizes the importance of integrating this subject into training programs for doctors and nurses to ensure comprehensive education on genetic counseling. Expanding awareness of the services provided by genetic programs, such as premarital counseling and the availability of relevant tests at local health centers, remains a key priority identified in this study. Declarations The study was ethically approved by the Health Studies and Research Approval Committee of the Ministry of Health, Sultanate of Oman, through the Directorate General of Health Services at North Sharqiyah Governorate.” References Ibrahim Ali Kabbash, Asmaa Omar Attalla, Salwa Abd Elmageed Atlam, (2019)Perception of Importance of Premarital Counseling among Medical, Students of Tanta University, Egypt, The Egyptian Journal of Community Medicine Vol37 No. 2 Chris M. R. Smerecnik, MSc, Ilse Mesters, PhD, Nanne K. de Vries, PhD, and Hein de Vries, PhD (2008)Educating the general public about multifactorial genetic disease: applying a theory-based framework, to understand current public knowledge, Genet Med:10(4):251–258. Kelly E. Ormond,Mercy Ygona Laurino,Kristine Barlow-Stewart, Tina-Marie Wessels, Shelley Macaulay,Jehannine Austin, Anna Middleton ( 2018); Genetic counseling globally: Where are we now?, Am J Med Genet,178C:98–107. Amanda Gerard, Sarah Noblin, S. 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Al Qahtani, (2019), Quantifying the Levels of Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice Associated with Sickle Cell Disease and Premarital Genetic Counseling in 350 Saudi Adults, Advances in Hematology ,Article ID 3961201, 7 pages June C. Carroll , Andrea L. Rideout , Brenda J. Wilson , Judith Allanson , Sean M. Blaine , Mary Jane Esplen , Sandra A. Farrell , Gail E. Graham , Jennifer MacKenzie , Wendy Meschino ,Fiona Miller , Preeti Prakash , Cheryl Shuman , Anne Summers , Sherry Taylor , (2009);Genetic education for primary care providers Improving attitudes, knowledge, and confidence , Can Fam Physician 55:e92-9 Additional Declarations The authors declare no competing interests. Supplementary Files Appendix.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6418916","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":441090018,"identity":"63732e38-997d-4421-9cae-3f5df4615408","order_by":0,"name":"Taher Abdullah","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA0UlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYFACHgYGxj81PPwgdkIBURpAWhqOyUk2gLQYEK+F2djgAIhLjBZ79rMHH1fuYEvcfH514ocHBgzy/GIHCNjCk5dsePaMTOK2G283SwAdZjhzdgIhh+WYSTawsQG1nN0A0pJgcJuQFv435j8b2JgTN884u/kHcVokcswYG9uA3ufv3UakLTfeGEs2nDkmJ3GDd5tFgoEEYb+w9+cYfmyoAEZl/9nNN39U2MjzSxPQggASYJUSxCoHAf4DpKgeBaNgFIyCkQQAzQxDDwLScnIAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-0021-874X","institution":"Ibra hospital","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Taher","middleName":"","lastName":"Abdullah","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-04-10 09:53:35","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":{"humanSubjects":false,"vertebrateSubjects":false,"conflictsOfInterestStatement":false,"humanSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false,"humanSubjectConsent":false,"humanSubjectClinicalTrial":false,"humanSubjectCaseReport":false,"vertebrateSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false},"doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6418916/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6418916/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":81176048,"identity":"25a8bc4c-55d0-4ebc-a92d-48a06e055ad4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-23 06:22:23","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":17620,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eknowledge score\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"kn.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6418916/v1/f7304252b8aa4a3d4cbbee04.png"},{"id":81176881,"identity":"d4e44d9e-8960-4b0d-bc87-a52d5a880849","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-23 06:30:24","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":14086,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eAwareness score\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"as.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6418916/v1/e869aed11820093bce0c3c3b.png"},{"id":81177269,"identity":"03984f73-3b8a-41bb-ab0e-6d75f7510b5c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-23 06:38:24","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1134085,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6418916/v1/eecfd9eb-e83b-4936-b6ab-903e1140c1b3.pdf"},{"id":81176046,"identity":"00949c33-6449-4573-b061-05e667ed4dcc","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-23 06:22:23","extension":"docx","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":24188,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Appendix.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6418916/v1/84cdf0cc72d43a72c9b16f38.docx"}],"financialInterests":"The authors declare no competing interests.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eThe perception of genetic knowledge and the awareness regarding genetic counseling and related genetic service among doctors, nurses in North Al Sharqia region, Oman: explorative study\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction and Literature Review","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn 2003, the successful completion of the Human Genome Project marked a seminal moment, catalyzing a rapid expansion of genetic knowledge. Today, advancements in genomics have provided unprecedented insights into the etiology and progression of genetic diseases, emphasizing the importance of disseminating this information to the public to enhance awareness and empower individuals to cope with these conditions (1).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGlobally, genetic disorders affect approximately 2\u0026ndash;5% of all births and account for nearly 30% of admissions to pediatric wards and hospitals. Moreover, these disorders represent a primary cause of mortality, contributing to as much as 50% of all deaths among children and neonates. In Oman, around 300 distinct genetic diseases have been documented, with an estimated prevalence of 3.5\u0026ndash;4.5% among newborns per 1,000 births. Furthermore, the incidence of Down syndrome in Oman is approximately 1 in 300 births, compared to 1 in 800 births worldwide (2).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGenetic counseling as a distinct profession originated in the United States in 1969 at Sarah Lawrence College, New York, and has since achieved global expansion. By 2018, approximately 7,000 genetic counselors were actively practicing across 28 countries, reflecting the field\u0026rsquo;s significant and sustained growth (3)(4). Despite the clear relevance of genetic counseling in facilitating patients\u0026rsquo; comprehension and acceptance of genetic information and diagnoses, thereby supporting them in managing the multifaceted impact of genetic diseases on their lives and families, research into the general awareness of genetic counseling and genetic literacy remains scarce (3). Notably, a study published in the Journal of Genetic Counselors in 2018 reported that the majority of undergraduate participants were at least familiar with the concept of genetic counseling (4).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe scope of practice for genetic counselors is multifaceted, encompassing the collection and critical analysis of patients\u0026rsquo; medical histories, risk assessment for the recurrence of genetic disorders in progeny, and the education of families regarding inheritance patterns. Additionally, genetic counselors provide essential guidance on available diagnostic tests, preventative strategies, and furnish patients with supplementary informational resources regarding their genetic conditions (5)(6).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEmpirical investigations have highlighted significant gaps in genetic knowledge among healthcare professionals. For instance, a 2006 study at Pamukkale University in Turkey assessed nurses\u0026rsquo; familiarity with the genetic bases of diseases, inheritance patterns, and the practical aspects of genetic counseling and testing, revealing notable deficiencies. Complementary research among nursing students has similarly demonstrated an insufficiency in comprehensive understanding of genetics and genetic disorders (7)(8)(9).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA systematic review of barriers limiting access to genetic services, which synthesized findings across nine studies, identified that one of the principal challenges lies in general healthcare doctors\u0026rsquo; limited awareness of patients\u0026rsquo; genetic risk factors. This deficiency is compounded by an inadequate ability to obtain detailed family histories, limited genetic knowledge overall, and a general unawareness of available genetic services. Furthermore, the coordination of referrals to genetic services is often suboptimal, exacerbated by an insufficient genetic workforce (10). Additional obstacles encountered by patients following referral include logistical difficulties such as distant appointments, limited insurance support, familial resistance, and anxiety regarding test outcomes (12) (13) (14) (15).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhile there has been a gradual annual improvement in the general population\u0026rsquo;s genetic literacy (11) and an enhanced understanding of genetic aspects of diseases such as cancer\u0026mdash;which helps mitigate associated stigmas (16)\u0026mdash;there remains a pervasive insufficiency in genetic knowledge and testing awareness among doctors across various specialties, a concern that is recognized worldwide (8)(17). Given that information about genetic tests and advances in genetics is predominantly disseminated through media channels, and that primary care providers serve as the initial point of contact for many individuals, it becomes imperative that genetic knowledge and counseling transcend the confines of genetics specialists. This underscores a critical need for comprehensive educational initiatives, such as targeted workshops and training programs, to elevate the standard of genetic literacy among general healthcare practitioners (18).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methodology","content":"\u003cp\u003eAn exploratory-descriptive, non-experimental research design will be employed, utilizing a cross-sectional approach. Knowledge and awareness will be assessed through two self-developed questionnaires. A comprehensive search for background and foreground information related to the research topic will be conducted, incorporating key terms such as genetic knowledge, genetic counseling, and awareness. The research will utilize established academic databases, including PubMed, Google Scholar, and Hindawi.\u0026quot;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStatement of the Problem\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study investigates the level of genetic knowledge and awareness of genetic counseling among doctors and nurses in Oman. To date, no prior research has explored this specific subject within the Omani context, highlighting a significant gap in the literature. By examining the current status of genetic knowledge and the understanding of genetic counseling and its importance, this study aims to generate valuable insights that can contribute to the enhancement of healthcare practices. Additionally, it seeks to support the dissemination of genetic knowledge, promote informed decision-making, and improve awareness of genetic counseling and related services, ultimately fostering a more comprehensive approach to genetic healthcare in the region.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePrimary Research Question:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study explores the perception of genetic knowledge and awareness of genetic counseling and related genetic services among doctors and nurses in the North Al Sharqia region.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMain Objectives:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study aims to provide a comprehensive assessment of the current state of genetic knowledge and awareness of genetic counseling among healthcare professionals. By evaluating the understanding and attitudes of doctors and nurses, it seeks to highlight existing gaps and inform potential improvements in genetic education and counseling practices.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eProcedures:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCategory of the Study:\u003c/strong\u003e Non-Clinical Quantitative Research\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTarget Population:\u003c/strong\u003e Doctors and nurses working in regional hospitals and local health centers (LHCs) within the North Al Sharqia region.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eParticipant Recruitment:\u003c/strong\u003e Healthcare professionals will be accessed and invited to participate in the study within their workplace settings.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInclusion Criteria:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eHealthcare professionals (doctors and nurses) employed in Ministry of Health institutions within the North Al Sharqiya region.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eIndividuals who have been working in these institutions for a period of six months or longer.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eExclusion Criteria:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eHealthcare professionals (doctors and nurses) not employed in Ministry of Health institutions within the North Al Sharqiya region.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eIndividuals with a tenure of less than six months in the specified institutions.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eDoctors specializing in the field of genetics.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eProposed Sample Size:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e296 participants\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBasis for Sample Size Calculation and Methodology\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eThe sample size for this study was determined based on statistical considerations to ensure representativeness and reliability. A \u003cstrong\u003econfidence level of 95%\u003c/strong\u003e and a \u003cstrong\u003econfidence interval of 5%\u003c/strong\u003e were applied to a population of \u003cstrong\u003e1,280\u003c/strong\u003e, resulting in a calculated sample size of \u003cstrong\u003e296\u003c/strong\u003e participants.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eParticipant Enrollment and Allocation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003eEligible participants will be enrolled in the study using a \u003cstrong\u003econvenience sampling method\u003c/strong\u003e, which allows for the inclusion of readily available doctors and nurses within Ministry of Health institutions in the North Al Sharqiya region.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Collection Method\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe required data will be gathered through a \u003cstrong\u003eself-administered questionnaire\u003c/strong\u003e, enabling participants to provide responses independently while ensuring consistency in data collection.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Analysis and Validation:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eKS and AS are integrated into the analysis to facilitate the exploration of associations between various variables.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eData collection took place between \u003cstrong\u003eJanuary and February 2020\u003c/strong\u003e at \u003cstrong\u003eIbra Hospital\u003c/strong\u003e and \u003cstrong\u003eSamad Local Health Center (LHC)\u003c/strong\u003e in the North Al Sharqiya region.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eA pilot study was conducted to evaluate the validity and reliability of the questionnaire prior to its full-scale implementation.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eThe questionnaire was distributed to a sample of approximately 15 doctors, who were asked to complete it. Any questions identified as unclear or difficult were subsequently revised.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eFurthermore, experts in genetics and counseling critically reviewed the questionnaire to ensure its accuracy and appropriateness before distribution.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e- Consent was implied when participants agreed to complete the questionnaire, signifying their willingness to participate in the study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e- Efforts were undertaken to minimize potential biases. For example, participants might randomly select correct answers for questions they did not know. To mitigate this, the option \u0026quot;I don\u0026rsquo;t know\u0026quot; was included as a valid response.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e- Furthermore, when questionnaires were completed in group settings, discussions among participants might have influenced responses, resulting in similar answers across multiple participants. However, this phenomenon was accounted for, as the study primarily aimed to assess overall knowledge and awareness.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;- Consent was implied when participants agreed to complete the questionnaire, signifying their willingness to participate in the study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e- Efforts were undertaken to minimize potential biases. For example, participants might randomly select correct answers for questions they did not know. To mitigate this, the option \u0026quot;I don\u0026rsquo;t know\u0026quot; was included as a valid response.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e- Furthermore, when questionnaires were completed in group settings, discussions among participants might have influenced responses, resulting in similar answers across multiple participants. However, this phenomenon was accounted for, as the study primarily aimed to assess overall knowledge and awareness.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e- Data Analysis: The data were analyzed using SPSS software, version 25.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e- Beneficiaries of the Research: This study will benefit the Ministry of Health, healthcare professionals (doctors and nurses), and the general population by providing valuable insights into genetic knowledge and awareness.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e- Potential Shortcomings / Limitations:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eThe drop-out rate does not affect the study, as participants who completed the questionnaire were considered included in the analysis.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eOne limitation lies in the incomplete return of questionnaires; of the 320 distributed, only 160 were received.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eDetermining whether this sample is sufficient to assess knowledge and awareness of genetic counseling depends on its representativeness of the target population. A detailed analysis of the response rate and representativeness is necessary to ensure the reliability of the findings.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e"},{"header":"Results ","content":"\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"463\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" style=\"width: 463px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAge\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePercent\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eValid Percent\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCumulative Percent\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eValid\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18-30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31-40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e84.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41-50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51-60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e126\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e78.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMissing\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSystem\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e160\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe majority of participants, accounting for 66.9% of the total sample, are between the ages of 18 and 40 years.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"463\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" style=\"width: 463px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSex\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePercent\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eValid Percent\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCumulative Percent\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eValid\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003efemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e116\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e157\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMissing\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSystem\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e160\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe majority of the sample consists of females, with 116 females compared to 41 males. This is likely because most nurses, who form a significant portion of the population studied, are female.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"463\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" style=\"width: 463px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eName of institution you work In\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePercent\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eValid Percent\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCumulative Percent\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eValid\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIbra\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e147\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e91.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e93.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e93.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSamad\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e157\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMissing\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSystem\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e160\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe questionnaires were distributed across two locations: Ibra Hospital and Samad Alshan Local Health Center. A significant portion of the questionnaires was distributed at Ibra Hospital, as it is larger and accommodates more doctors and nurses compared to Samad LHC.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"463\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" style=\"width: 463px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYrs. of experience\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePercent\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eValid Percent\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCumulative Percent\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eValid\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1-5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6-10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11-20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e93.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e154\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMissing\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSystem\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e160\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExperience correlates with age, with younger individuals typically possessing less experience. This relationship provides context and helps to interpret the data presented in this table.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"511\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" style=\"width: 511px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003edepartment you work In\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 172px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePercent\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eValid Percent\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCumulative Percent\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"11\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eValid\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003epediatric\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003esurgery\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eObg.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emedicine\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003edialysis unit\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eophthalmology\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003egeneral nursing\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eICU\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e85.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEmergency\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e97.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eorthopedic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e152\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMissing\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSystem\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 172px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e160\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe majority of the samples, accounting for 29.4%, were collected from the pediatric department. This department comprises two distinct wards: the NICU (Neonatal Intensive Care Unit) and the pediatric ward.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"508\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" style=\"width: 508px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003esource of knowledge\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePercent\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eValid Percent\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCumulative Percent\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"7\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eValid\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 107px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCurriculum\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 107px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTV\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 107px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eArticles\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 107px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBooks\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 107px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emultiple source\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e91.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 107px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOthers\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 107px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e149\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e93.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMissing\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 107px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSystem\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e160\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMost participants, 71 individuals (44.4%), utilized multiple sources to acquire knowledge. Additionally, a significant portion, 49 participants (30.6%), relied solely on books as their source of information.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"475\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" style=\"width: 475px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOpinion about the importance of diagnoses of genetic disease\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 136px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePercent\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eValid Percent\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCumulative Percent\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eValid\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 73px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eimportant\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e155\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMissing\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 73px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSystem\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 136px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e160\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNearly all doctors and nurses acknowledge and strongly agree on the critical importance of diagnosing genetic diseases.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"463\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" style=\"width: 463px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eexposed to genetic counseling\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePercent\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eValid Percent\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCumulative Percent\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eValid\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eyes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e108\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e151\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e94.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMissing\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSystem\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e160\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA total of 43 participants, representing 26.9% of the study population, reported having been exposed to genetic counseling.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 29px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 216px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eQuestion :\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWrong \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCorrect \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI don\u0026rsquo;t know \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 29px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 216px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDefect in down syndrome\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;13.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;124 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;77.5 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;15 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 9.4 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 29px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 216px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWhat type of inheritance in sickle cell disease\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;25.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e85 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;53.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 21.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 29px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 216px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003egenetic test in premarital\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;8.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e122 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 76.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;15\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 29px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 216px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAny genes responsible for cancer\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 13.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e122 \u0026nbsp;76.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 29px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 216px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAnyway to test embryo before implantation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 11.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;41.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e74 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;46.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 29px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 216px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAutosomal dominant inheritance\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 28.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e94 \u0026nbsp; 58.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;11.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 29px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 216px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAutosomal recessive inheritance\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 41.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67 \u0026nbsp; 41.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;15.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 29px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 216px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMode of inheritance in G6PD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 20.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45 \u0026nbsp; 28.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 29px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 216px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePedigree 1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;16.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e92 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 57.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;2.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 29px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 216px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePedigree 2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;32.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;35.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 29px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 216px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDefinition of the chromosome\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;18.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e99 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 61.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;18.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 29px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 216px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDefinition of the Locus\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 23.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58 \u0026nbsp; 36.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;38.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis table summarizes the results of questions assessing knowledge and awareness. Questions 1, 3, and 4 had over 70% of participants providing correct answers, demonstrating relatively high levels of knowledge. In contrast, the lowest percentages of correct responses were observed in Questions 10 and 12, with approximately 36% accuracy. Questions 5 and 7 showed moderate performance, with around 40% of participants answering correctly.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"495\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" style=\"width: 495px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDescriptive Statistics\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMinimum\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMaximum\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStd. Deviation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eknowledge score\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e160\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.603\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eValid N (listwise)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e160\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eThe mean knowledge score of 4.7, which exceeds 50% of the total possible score, indicates an adequate level of genetic knowledge among doctors and nurses.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"493\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" style=\"width: 493px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDescriptive Statistics\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 114px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMinimum\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMaximum\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStd. Deviation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 114px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eawareness score\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e160\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.908\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 114px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eValid N (listwise)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e160\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe mean awareness score was approximately 2, exceeding 50% of the total possible score. This reflects a commendable level of awareness among doctors and nurses regarding genetic services and counseling.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"400\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 399px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eChi-Square Tests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eValue\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003edf\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAsymptotic Significance (2-sided)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePearson Chi-Square\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63.704\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLikelihood Ratio\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.740\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.004\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLinear-by-Linear Association\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.010\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN of Valid Cases\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e160\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 399px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ea. 24 cells (60.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is .44.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA strong association was observed between knowledge and awareness, with a p-value of \u0026lt;0.01 indicating statistical significance. This relationship suggests that as knowledge increases, awareness also improves.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"400\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 399px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eChi-Square Tests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eValue\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003edf\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAsymptotic Significance (2-sided)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePearson Chi-Square\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.847\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.321\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLikelihood Ratio\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.547\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.369\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLinear-by-Linear Association\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.051\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.821\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN of Valid Cases\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e149\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 399px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ea. 48 cells (80.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is .09.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo association was observed between age groups and knowledge, as evidenced by a p-value of 0.321, indicating a lack of statistical significance.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"400\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 399px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eChi-Square Tests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eValue\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003edf\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAsymptotic Significance (2-sided)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePearson Chi-Square\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.115\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.826\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLikelihood Ratio\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.882\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.743\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLinear-by-Linear Association\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.347\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.246\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN of Valid Cases\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e154\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 399px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ea. 28 cells (70.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is .45.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo statistical association was observed between years of experience and knowledge, as indicated by a p-value of 0.826, showing no significant relationship. This result may be attributed to the uneven distribution of participants, with a smaller proportion having extensive years of experience compared to the majority with fewer years of experience.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"403\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 403px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eChi-Square Tests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eValue\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003edf\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAsymptotic Significance (2-sided)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePearson Chi-Square\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e113.841\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.009\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLikelihood Ratio\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e115.955\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.007\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLinear-by-Linear Association\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.824\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.093\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN of Valid Cases\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e152\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 403px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ea. 96 cells (96.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is .08.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA strong association was identified between the participants\u0026apos; department and their level of knowledge, with a statistically significant p-value of 0.009 (\u0026lt;0.01). Previous studies suggest that healthcare professionals in pediatric departments, including both doctors and nurses, tend to possess greater knowledge of genetic diseases due to their frequent exposure to children affected by these conditions.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"400\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 399px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eChi-Square Tests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eValue\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003edf\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAsymptotic Significance (2-sided)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePearson Chi-Square\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.847\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.321\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLikelihood Ratio\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.547\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.369\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLinear-by-Linear Association\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.051\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.821\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN of Valid Cases\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e149\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 399px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ea. 48 cells (80.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is .09.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo statistically significant relationship was observed between the sources of knowledge and the level of knowledge, as evidenced by a non-significant p-value of 0.321.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"400\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 399px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eChi-Square Tests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eValue\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003edf\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAsymptotic Significance (2-sided)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePearson Chi-Square\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.949\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.355\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLikelihood Ratio\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.900\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.283\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLinear-by-Linear Association\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.372\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.542\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN of Valid Cases\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e151\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 399px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ea. 9 cells (45.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 1.71.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo statistically significant difference was observed between knowledge and exposure to genetic counseling, as indicated by a p-value of 0.355.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"400\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 400px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eChi-Square Tests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eValue\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDf\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAsymptotic Significance (2-sided)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePearson Chi-Square\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.602\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.014\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLikelihood Ratio\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.901\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.005\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLinear-by-Linear Association\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.928\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN of Valid Cases\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e151\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 400px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ea. 1 cells (12.5%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 2.85.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA significant association was observed between exposure to genetic counseling and awareness of genetic counseling and services, highlighting the impactful role of direct exposure in enhancing awareness.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion ","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study aimed to evaluate two key dimensions: genetic knowledge and awareness of genetic counseling and genetic services among doctors and nurses in Oman. Conducted in North Al Sharqiya, the study involved a total of 160 participants.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe mean knowledge score was 4.7, slightly exceeding 50% of the total score, reflecting an adequate level of genetic knowledge among doctors and nurses. This result contrasts with findings from previous studies (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e). The mean awareness score was approximately 2, surpassing 50% of the total score, indicating a good level of awareness regarding genetic services and counseling.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA statistically significant association (p-value\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01) was observed between knowledge and awareness, suggesting that higher knowledge levels are linked to improved awareness.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHowever, no significant association was found between age groups and knowledge, as evidenced by a non-significant p-value of 0.321. Similarly, no statistical association was identified between years of experience and knowledge (p-value of 0.826). This finding may be attributed to the smaller proportion of participants with extensive years of experience compared to the majority with fewer years of experience.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA significant association was found between participants' departmental affiliation and their level of knowledge, with a p-value of 0.009 (\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01). Previous studies indicate that healthcare professionals in pediatric departments, including both doctors and nurses, exhibit greater knowledge of genetic diseases, likely due to their familiarity with affected children.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo statistically significant relationship was observed between sources of knowledge and knowledge levels (p-value of 0.321). Similarly, no significant difference was noted between knowledge and exposure to genetic counseling, as indicated by a p-value of 0.355.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLastly, a strong association was identified between exposure to genetic counseling and awareness of genetic counseling and services, underscoring the role of direct exposure in enhancing awareness.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study explores the state of genetic knowledge and awareness of genetic counseling among doctors and nurses in Oman, addressing a subject that has not been previously investigated within the country. It offers valuable insight into the current status of genetic knowledge and awareness, underscoring their importance and the need for enhancement.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study also aims to foster improvement in genetic knowledge and awareness of genetic counseling and services. By utilizing a questionnaire as a key tool, the research stimulates inquiry and contributes to advancing both knowledge and clinical counseling awareness.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCompared to findings from previous studies, this research demonstrates an improvement in genetic knowledge and awareness of genetic services and counseling. However, continued efforts are necessary to elevate these aspects to a higher standard.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePost-study initiatives include distributing an informative paper on genetic knowledge and counseling to further enhance awareness. Additionally, lectures are planned to engage healthcare professionals and strengthen understanding of this critical topic.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe research highlights the pivotal role of genetic counseling and calls for increased awareness through media campaigns. Moreover, it emphasizes the importance of integrating this subject into training programs for doctors and nurses to ensure comprehensive education on genetic counseling.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExpanding awareness of the services provided by genetic programs, such as premarital counseling and the availability of relevant tests at local health centers, remains a key priority identified in this study.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThe study was ethically approved by the Health Studies and Research Approval Committee of the Ministry of Health, Sultanate of Oman, through the Directorate General of Health Services at North Sharqiyah Governorate.\u0026rdquo;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIbrahim Ali Kabbash, Asmaa Omar Attalla, Salwa Abd Elmageed Atlam, (2019)Perception of Importance of Premarital Counseling among Medical, Students of Tanta University, Egypt, The Egyptian Journal of Community Medicine Vol37 No. 2 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eChris M. R. Smerecnik, MSc, Ilse Mesters, PhD, Nanne K. de Vries, PhD, and Hein de Vries, PhD (2008)Educating the general public about multifactorial genetic disease: applying a theory-based framework, to understand current public knowledge, Genet Med:10(4):251\u0026ndash;258.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKelly E. Ormond,Mercy Ygona Laurino,Kristine Barlow-Stewart, Tina-Marie Wessels, Shelley Macaulay,Jehannine Austin, Anna Middleton ( 2018); Genetic counseling globally: Where are we now?, Am J Med Genet,178C:98\u0026ndash;107.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAmanda Gerard, Sarah Noblin, S. Shahrukh Hashmi, Andrew J.Bean,Katie Bergstrom, Christina B. Hurst, William Mattox, Blair Stevens, (2019) Undergraduate Student Perceptions and Awareness of Genetic Counseling ,J Genet Couns.;28:27\u0026ndash;39.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBiesecker BB (2001): Goals of genetic counseling, Clin Genet, 60: 323\u0026ndash;330\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRobert Resta , Barbara Bowles Biesecker , Robin L. Bennett , Sandra Blum , Susan Estabrooks Hahn , Michelle N. Strecker ,Janet L. Williams, (2006), A New Definition of Genetic Counseling: National Society of Genetic Counselors\u0026rsquo; Task Force Report ,J. of Genetic CouncelingVolume15, Issue2, Pages 77-83\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAyse Gaye Tomatir ,Hulya Cetin Sorkun,Huriye Demirhan, Beyza Akdag, .(2006),Nurses professed knowledge of Genetics and Genetic Counseling,Tohoku J.Exp.Med 210,321-332.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMarieke J H Baars, Lidewij Henneman, Leo P ten Kate, (2005), Deficiency of knowledge of genetics and genetic tests among general practitioners, gynecologists, and pediatricians: A global problem, Genetics in Medicine 605\u0026ndash;610 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBilgin Kıray Vural, Ayşe Gaye Tomatır, Nevin Kuzu Kurban, Ayten Taşpınar, (2009) Nursing Students\u0026rsquo; Self-Reported Knowledge of Genetics and Genetic Education, Public Health Genomics 028, \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTürem Delikurt, Graham R Williamson, Violetta Anastasiadou, and Heather Skirton, (2015) A systematic review of factors that act as barriers to patient referral to genetic services, European Journal of Human Genetics 23, 739\u0026ndash;745\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePhuong L.Mai, ,Susan ThomasVadaparampil , NancyBreen ,Timothy S.McNeel, LouiseWideroff , Barry I.Graubard , (2014), Awareness of Cancer Susceptibility Genetic Testing: The 2000, 2005, and 2010 National Health Interview Surveys, American Journal of Preventive Medicine,Volume 46, Issue 5, Pages 440-448\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKatarina M. Sussner \u0026amp; Lina Jandorf \u0026amp; Hayley S. Thompson \u0026amp; Heiddis B. Valdimarsdottir , (2010) Interest and Beliefs About BRCA Genetic Counseling Among At-Risk Latinas in New York City, J Genet Counsel 19:255\u0026ndash;268\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKatie A. Long \u0026amp; Stephen B. Thomas \u0026amp; Robin E. Grubs \u0026amp; Elizabeth A. Gettig \u0026amp; Lakshmanan Krishnamurti, (2011) Attitudes and Beliefs of African-Americans Toward Genetics, Genetic Testing, and Sickle Cell Disease Education and Awareness, J Genet Counsel 20:572\u0026ndash;592\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSharon J. Rolnick \u0026amp; Alanna K. Rahm \u0026amp; Jody M. Jackson \u0026amp; Larissa Nekhlyudov \u0026amp; Katrina A. B. Goddard \u0026amp; Terry Field \u0026amp; Catherine McCarty \u0026amp; Cynthia Nakasato \u0026amp;Douglas Roblin \u0026amp; Christopher P. Anderson \u0026amp; Rodolfo Valdez, (2011) Barriers in Identification and Referral to Genetic Counseling for Familial Cancer Risk: The Perspective of Genetic Service Providers, J Genet Counsel 20:314\u0026ndash;322\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCora M Aalfs Ellen MA Smets Hanneke CJM de Haes Nico J Leschot, , ( 2003), Referral for genetic counselling during pregnancy: limited alertness and awareness about genetic risk factors among GPs , Family Practice, Volume 20, Issue 2Pages 135\u0026ndash;141\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKatie E. J. Hann, Madeleine Freeman, Lindsay Fraser, Jo Waller, Saskia C. Sanderson, Belinda Rahman, Lucy Side, Sue Gessler, Anne Lanceley, (2017) Awareness, knowledge, perceptions, and attitudes towards genetic testing for cancer risk among ethnic minority groups: a systematic review,BMC Public HealthBMC series \u0026ndash; open, inclusive and trusted 17:503\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHebaM. Al-Qattan, Dana F. Amlih, Fatima S. Sirajuddin, Dalal I. Alhuzaimi, Mai S. Alageel, 1 ReemaM. Bin Tuwaim ,1 and Farjah H. Al Qahtani, (2019), Quantifying the Levels of Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice Associated with Sickle Cell Disease and Premarital Genetic Counseling in 350 Saudi Adults, Advances in Hematology ,Article ID 3961201, 7 pages\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJune C. Carroll , Andrea L. Rideout , Brenda J. Wilson , Judith Allanson , Sean M. Blaine , Mary Jane Esplen , Sandra A. Farrell , Gail E. Graham , Jennifer MacKenzie , Wendy Meschino ,Fiona Miller , Preeti Prakash , Cheryl Shuman , Anne Summers , Sherry Taylor , (2009);Genetic education for primary care providers Improving attitudes, knowledge, and confidence , Can Fam Physician 55:e92-9\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"oman national genetic center","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Genetic knowledge, genetic counseling, awareness","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6418916/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6418916/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBackground:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGenetic knowledge has expanded significantly over recent decades, resulting in an enhanced comprehension of genetic diseases. The discipline of genetic counseling originated in the United States in 1969 at Sarah Lawrence College in New York and has subsequently achieved global dissemination. Notably, only a limited number of studies have examined the level of awareness regarding genetic counseling and genetic literacy.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGenetic counseling is of paramount importance as it facilitates patients’ understanding and acceptance of complex genetic information and diagnostic outcomes, thereby enabling them to effectively manage the personal and familial ramifications.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFurthermore, numerous impediments obstruct access to genetic services. A principal barrier is the insufficiency of specialized genetic knowledge among general healthcare practitioners, which undermines their ability to integrate genetic considerations into routine clinical practice.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eObjective\u003c/strong\u003e: The objective of this study is to evaluate the perception of genetic knowledge and the level of awareness regarding genetic counseling and related genetic services among physicians and nurses in the North Al Sharqia region of Oman.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethods: \u003c/strong\u003eThis study aims to assess the genetic knowledge and the level of awareness regarding genetic counseling and related genetic services among doctors and nurses in Oman. Data were collected via a structured questionnaire administered in the North Sharqia region, with a total of 160 participants. The analysis of the collected data was performed using the SPSS statistical program.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThere is a statistically significant association between the department in which participants work and their level of genetic knowledge (p = 0.009, p \u0026lt; 0.01). Previous studies indicate that healthcare professionals in the pediatric department, including both doctors and nurses, tend to possess a higher level of genetic knowledge due to their increased exposure to children with genetic disorders. Additionally, there is a statistically significant association between exposure to genetic counseling and the level of awareness regarding genetic counseling and related services. This finding suggests that healthcare professionals with greater exposure to genetic counseling demonstrate enhanced awareness and understanding of the associated services.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusion\u003c/strong\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCompared to previous studies, there has been a notable improvement in genetic knowledge and the awareness of genetic services and counseling. Nevertheless, further efforts are warranted to elevate these aspects to higher standards. This study underscores the critical importance of genetic counseling and advocates for the broad dissemination of genetic knowledge through media channels, as well as its integration into the training programs for physicians and nurses.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMoreover, it is essential to ensure that healthcare professionals are thoroughly informed about the services provided by genetic centers and the range of tests available at local health centers, particularly those pertinent to premarital counseling.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"The perception of genetic knowledge and the awareness regarding genetic counseling and related genetic service among doctors, nurses in North Al Sharqia region, Oman: explorative study","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-04-23 06:22:19","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6418916/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"cd452e47-502d-4c78-82c2-f7e871c14956","owner":[],"postedDate":"April 23rd, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":47000859,"name":"Medical Genetics"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-04-23T06:22:19+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-04-23 06:22:19","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6418916","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6418916","identity":"rs-6418916","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}