Comparison of content and psychometric properties for assessment tools used for brain tumor patients: a scoping review.

A scoping review was conducted according to Joanna Briggs institute guidelines [ 10 ]. PubMed, ScienceDirect, and ProQuest databases were searched (last updated August 2020) for publications since 2000 using the following keywords: “brain neoplasm” or “meningioma” or “glioblastoma” or “intracranial neoplasm” or “brain cancer” or “outcome assessment” or “treatment outcome” or functional outcome mentioned in the title/abstract. Studies referring in the title or abstract to assessment tools used to assess people diagnosed with brain tumors older than 18 years were included. Original research studies randomized controlled clinical trials, observational studies, cross-sectional studies, qualitative studies were included in which authors reported using a tool to assess functioning in persons with brain tumors. Studies were included even if the tool was not initially designed to assess functioning. Studies were excluded if they addressed genetic, laboratory, and animal research. Systematic reviews, secondary analyses of published data, validity studies, protocols, letters, were also excluded from this report. All searches were limited to journal articles written in English; the search results were compiled in the reference management system EndNote where duplicates were removed. A summary of the search procedure is shown in Fig.  1 . Fig. 1 Flow diagram of the systematic literature search Flow diagram of the systematic literature search Data collection was based on the Joanna Briggs Institute Manual for Evidence Synthesis Chapter 11.2 Development of a Scoping Review protocol [ 10 ]. General study data (year of publication, country, study design), available data on participants (number, diagnosis), and assessment tools used in the study were recorded. Assessment tools that were used in more than 9% of all studies the scoping review using frequency analysis. The choice of this cut-off point was based on the distribution of frequencies as well as on substantive considerations of the list of instruments. All assessment instruments identified in the study meeting selection criteria were classified using the ICF linking guidelines. The ICF linking guidelines state that before starting the process of linking health-status measures to the ICF categories, identification of all meaningful concepts within each item of the health status measure needs to be performed. According to the rules, the interval of time cannot be linked to the ICF, also, if a meaningful concept of an item is explained by examples, both the concept and the examples are to be linked, while technical measures can be linked by defining the purpose and then linking it with the ICF category [ 11 , 12 ]. Two independent medical professionals (authors LG and SS) separately identified the meaningful concepts within the analyzed instruments and linked them to the ICF concepts. The raters met and discussed any discrepancies to achieve a consensus classification for the instruments and GB served as a third rater, in case the consensus could not be reached. Identified categories within each of the analyzed instruments were organized according to the structure of the ICF. Further, the content of the instruments was compared to identify categories that overlap between the instruments and those that are unique for specific tools. The perspective adopted in health information and categorization of response for self-assessment tools were also reported [ 11 ]. Following the search methodology developed by PubMed [ 13 ], the electronic database MEDLINE (PubMed) was searched for studies that reflect the psychometric properties of a particular assessment tool. First, a search was performed using a diagnosis-specific MeSH terms and key words identified in the search methodology and the names of assessment tools. Headline screening identified studies that reflected one of the psychometric properties of a given instrument (reliability: internal coherence; test/retest method, evaluator reliability. Validity: content validity; criterion validity; construct validity) specific to patients with brain tumors. If psychometric properties for chosen assessment tools were not identified, the search was repeated excluding diagnosis-specific MeSH terms, thus conducting a search for studies covering different diagnoses. Headline screening then identified studies that reflected one of the psychometric properties of a given instrument for various diagnoses. The interpretation of the psychometric properties is given in Table 1 . Table 1 The interpretation of the psychometric properties Reliability Internal reliability + Cronbach’s ɑ or ICC ≥ 0.70 − Cronbach’s ɑ or ICC < 0.70 Test/retest method + ICC ≥ 0.70 or Pearson correlation coefficient/ Spearman rank correlation coefficient ≥ 0.80 - ICC < 0.70 or Pearson correlation coefficient/Spearman rank correlation coefficient < 0.80 Interrater reliability + ICC ≥ 0.70 or Pearson correlation coefficient/ Spearman rank correlation coefficient ≥ 0.80 − ICC < 0.70 or Pearson correlation coefficient/Spearman rank correlation coefficient < 0.80 Validity Content validity + The content of the assessment instrument is adequate, comprehensive, questions and tasks chosen to adequately reflect the content to be evaluated - Not all selected questions and tasks reflect the content, content is not relevant, comprehensive Criterion validity + Significant and stable relation between measurement and another instrument (r ≥ 0.70) or with start/end measurement − Poor measurement correlation with another instrument (r < 0.70) or start / end measurement Structural validity + Correlation with instruments measuring the same ≥ 0.50 or correlation higher for unrelated elements in the instrument than for unrelated ones - Correlation with instruments measuring the same < 0.50 or correlation with related elements in the instrument is lower than unrelated ones Responsiveness Responsiveness + Able to detect clinically significant changes over time − Cannot detect clinically significant changes over time Cronbach’s ɑ, Chronbach's ɑ coefficient; ICC, interclass correlation coefficient The interpretation of the psychometric properties Cronbach’s ɑ, Chronbach's ɑ coefficient; ICC, interclass correlation coefficient

The initial search strategy returned 9721 articles. The duplicates were removed, titles and summaries were revised, following the exclusion of articles that did not meet the selection criteria, in result 56 articles were included in the scoping review. To make the search as comprehensive as possible, references from the 56 included articles were studied and an additional 32 articles were included after applying the selection criteria. As a result, a total of 88 studies were included in the report; 31 were administered in the United States, 42 in Europe (8 in Italy, 8 in the Netherlands, 6 in Norway, 4 in France, Germany and England each 3, Austria, Turkey, Sweden 2 studies each, Poland, Switzerland, Denmark, and Finland each 1), 2 in Australia, 7 in Canada, and 4 in Asian countries (Korea, Israel, Iran). The studies look at groups of patients with various brain tumor diagnoses. The 74 articles included patients with primary tumors, of which 26 were diagnosed with glioma, 3- oligodendroglioma, 1- oligoastrocytoma, 3- astrocytoma, 4- adenoma, 1- meningioma, 1 case study had a mixed group with patients suffering from meningioma and glioblastomas. 28 of the studies did not categorize patients by their histologic type; instead, patients with primary brain tumors were evaluated. 9 studies evaluated patients with secondary brain tumors or with brain metastases. In 4 of the included studies, the functional abilities of patients with brain tumors are compared to those of a stroke patient or a patient with a brain injury. All instruments mentioned in the articles were identified, yielding 86 assessment tools which are summarized in Additional file 1 . According to research methodology, 9 assessment tools that were used in more than 9% of the research articles included in the study were used for further analysis: A list of these instruments, their abbreviations, and the number of articles that have used that instrument are summarized in Table 2 . Out of nine instruments included in the study, Table 2 The most frequently used assessment instruments Assessment instrument Abbreviation N of studies mentioned Frequency (%) Karnofsky Performance Scale KPS 42 48 Mini-Mental State Examination MMSE 20 23 EORTC Quality of Life Questionnaire-Core 30 EORTC QLQ-C30 18 20 EORTC Quality of Life Questionnaire-Brain Neoplasm 20 EORTC QLQ-BN20 15 17 Functional Independence Measure FIM 13 15 Trail Making Test TMT 13 15 Barthel Index BI 9 10 Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Brain FACT-BR 8 9 36-Item Short Form Health Survey SF-36 8 9 The most frequently used assessment instruments two are specific for patients with brain tumors: ORTC Quality of Life Questionnaire-Brain Neoplasm 20 (EORTC QLQ-BN20), Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Brain (FACT-Br), one is specific for patients with oncological diseases—Karnofsky Performance Scale (KPS), four: Mini-mental State Examination (MMSE), Functional Independence Measure (FIM), Trial Making Test (TMT), Barthel Index (BI) and 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36)) are used for patients with various diagnoses. The EORTC Quality of Life Questionnaire 30 (EORTC QLQ-C30) has been shown to be valid, reliable, and responsive in patients with brain tumors as well as in patients with various oncological diseases. Similar, to the 36-item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36), it is used in patients with brain tumors as well as in patients with various diseases. In total, 283 meaningful concepts were identified within all nine assessment instruments and linked to 394 most precise categories of the ICF. The detailed description of the linking is shown in Table 3 . In two cases, the meaningful concepts could be linked most precisely to the component of Activities and Participation. In 12 cases, it was the first level or chapter under the component of Activities and Participation. The content of the assessment tools was linked to 102 most relevant second-level categories of the ICF in total. Thirty-four of these categories were under the component of Body Functions and Structures, 50 – under Activities and Participation, and 18 – Environmental Factors. Detailed comparison of the content between assessment tools are shown in Tables 4 , 5 , and 6 for components of Body Functions and Structures, Activities and Participation and Environmental Factors, respectively. No appropriate ICF category was found for 54 items following the ICF linking guidelines. Table 3 Summary of linking the nine most frequently used assessment tools to the ICF KPS MMSE EORTC QLQ-C30 EORTC QLQ-BN20 FIM TMT BI FACT-BR SF-36 N of meaningful concepts 32 11 42 22 19 NA 32 63 62 N of categories identified 71 18 52 29 31 16 39 66 72 N of unique categories identified 22 15 39 19 29 16 22 52 27 Perspective Desc Desc Appr Appr Dep Desc Dep Appr Appr Categorization Int Int Int Int Body functions 2nd level 4 9 7 3 6 2 16 4 3d and 4th level 10 6 6 1 5 Body structures 2nd level 2 Activities and participation 1 1 1st level 1 5 2 4 2nd level 4 15 5 20 9 8 17 6 3d level 1 4 1 3 5 1 12 Environmental factors 2nd level 13 9 1 7 3d level 3 Not classified Nc-health condition 6 2 2 Nc-Quality of life 1 2 13 5 Nd-general health 1 2 6 Nd-physical health 3 1 2 Nd-mental health 2 Nd-disability 2 Personal factors 1 1 2 Desc, descriptive; Dep, dependency; Appr, appraisal; Int, intensity; NC, not covered; ND, not definable Table 4 Content comparison of assessment tools linked to the component of Body Functions and Structures of the ICF KPS MMSE EORTC QLQ-C30 EORTC QLQ-BN20 FIM TMT BI FACT-BR SF-36 Total Body functions b1 Mental functions b110 Consciousness functions x 1 b114 Orientation functions xxx 1 b117 Intellectual functions x 1 b126 Temperament and personality functions x xxx 2 b130 Energy and drive functions xxx x x 3 b134 Sleep functions x x 2 b140 Attention functions x x x x x 5 b144 Memory functions x x x x 4 b152 Emotional functions xxx xxx 2 b156 Perceptual functions x x x x 4 b160 Thought functions x x x 3 b164 High level cognitive functions x 1 b167 Mental functions of language xxx x x 3 b172 Calculation functions x 1 b176 Mental functions of sequencing complex movements x 1 b2 Sensory functions and pain b210 Seeing functions xxx x 2 b260 Proprioceptive function x x 2 b265 Touch function xxx 1 b270 Sensory functions related to temperature and other stimuli x 1 b280 Sensation of pain x x x x 4 b4 Functions of the cardiovascular, haematological, immunological and respiratory systems b440 Respiration functions x 1 b455 Exercise tolerance functions xxx 1 b5 Functions of digestive, metabolic and endocrine systems b510 Ingestion functions x 1 b525 Defecation functions x x x 3 b535 Sensations associated with the digestive system x x 2 b6 Genitourinary and reproductive functions b620 Urination functions x x x 3 b7 Neuromusculosceletal and movement related functions b730 Muscle power functions x xxx x x 4 b740 Muscle endurance functions x 1 b760 Control of voluntary movement functions x x 2 b780 Sensations related to muscles and movement functions x 1 b8 Functions of the skin and related structures b840 Sensation related to the skin x x 2 b850 Functions of hair x 1 Total 0 8 13 12 4 6 2 17 4 Body structures s730 Structure of upper extremity x 1 s750 Structure of lower extremity x 1 Total 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 x = 1 or 2 items included, xxx = 3 or more items included Table 5 Content comparison of assessment tools linked to the component of Activities and Participation of the ICF KPS MMSE EORTC QLQ-C30 EORTC QLQ-BN20 FIM TMT BI FACT-BR SF-36 Total d1 Learning and applying knowledge xxx 1 d110 Watching x x 2 d115 Listening x 1 d160 Focusing attention x 1 d163 Thinking x 1 d166 Reading x x x x 4 d175 Solving problems x x 2 d177 Making decisions x 1 d2 General tasks and demands d220 Undertaking multiple tasks x 1 d230 Carrying out daily routine x x 2 d240 Handling stress and other psychological demands x 1 d3 Communication x 1 d310 Communicating with receiving spoken messages x 1 d315 Communicating with receiving nonverbal messages x x 2 d320 Communicating with—receiving—formal sign language messages x 1 d325 Communicating with—receiving—written messages x 1 d330 Speaking x x x 3 d335 Producing nonverbal messages x x 2 d340 Lifting and carrying objects x x 2 d345 Writing messages x x 2 d350 Conversation x 1 d4 Mobility x 1 d410 Changing basic body position x x 2 d415 Maintaining a body position x x x 3 d420 Transferring oneself xxx x 2 d430 Lifting and carrying objects xxx 1 d440 Fine hand use x 1 d455 Hand and arm use x 1 d450 Walking x x x xxx xxx 5 d455 Moving around x xxx xxx 3 d460 Moving around in different locations x 1 d465 Moving around using equipment x x 2 d475 Driving x 1 d5 Self-care xxx x 2 d510 Washing oneself x x x x 4 d520 Caring for body parts x xxx x 3 d530 Toileting x x x 3 d540 Dressing x x x x x 5 d550 Eating x x x x 4 d560 Drinking x 1 d598 Self-care 0 d6 Domestic life x x 2 d620 Acquisition of goods and services x 1 d7 Interpersonal interactions and relationships x x 2 d710 Basic interpersonal interactions x 1 d720 Complex interpersonal interactions x 1 d750 Informal social relationships xxx 1 d760 Family relationships x x x x 4 d770 Intimate relationships x 1 d8 Major life areas x x 2 d840 Apprenticeship (work preparation) xxx x 2 d845 Acquiring, keeping and terminating a job xxx x 2 d850 Remunerative employment xxx x x x 4 d855 Non-remunerative employment xxx x 2 d870 Economic self-sufficiency x 1 d9 Community, social and civic life x x 2 d910 Community life x 1 d920 Recreation and leisure x x xxx 3 Total 6 1 23 6 21 9 10 19 16 x = 1 or 2 items included, xxx = 3 or more items included Table 6 Content comparison of assessment tools linked to the component of Environmental Factors of the ICF KPS MMSE EORTC QLQ-C30 EORTC QLQ-BN20 FIM TMT BI FACT_BR SF-36 Total e1 Products and technology e110 Products or substances for personal consumption x 1 e115 Products and technology for personal use in daily living x x x 3 e120 Products and technology for personal indoor and outdoor mobility and transportation xxx x 2 e3 Support and relationships e310 Immediate family xxx x x 3 e315 Extended family xxx x x 3 e320 Friends xxx x x 3 e325 Acquaintances, peers, colleagues, neighbors and community members x 1 e330 People in positions of authority x 1 e335 People in subordinate positions x 1 e340 Personal care providers and personal assistants xxx x x 3 e345 Strangers x 1 e350 Domesticated animals x 1 e355 Health professionals x x x 3 e4 Attitudes e410 Individual attitudes of immediate family members x 1 e415 Individual attitudes of extended family members x 1 e420 Individual attitude of friends x 1 e5 Services, systems and policies e575 General social support services, systems and policies x 1 e580 Health services, systems and policies xxx 1 Total 15 0 0 0 1 0 7 8 0 x = 1 or 2 items included, xxx = 3 or more items included Summary of linking the nine most frequently used assessment tools to the ICF Desc, descriptive; Dep, dependency; Appr, appraisal; Int, intensity; NC, not covered; ND, not definable Content comparison of assessment tools linked to the component of Body Functions and Structures of the ICF x = 1 or 2 items included, xxx = 3 or more items included Content comparison of assessment tools linked to the component of Activities and Participation of the ICF x = 1 or 2 items included, xxx = 3 or more items included Content comparison of assessment tools linked to the component of Environmental Factors of the ICF x = 1 or 2 items included, xxx = 3 or more items included Evaluating all 9 assessment tools, the most related ICF categories in the body function domain were b140 attention functions (n = 5), b144 memory functions (n = 4), b156 perceptual functions (n = 4), b280 sensation of pain (n = 4) and b730 muscle power functions (n = 4). FACT-BR, BN-20 and MMSE contained most concepts related to the Body functions and Structures. Five out of nine analyzed assessment tools included concepts on d450 walking and d540 dressing. The BN-20 questionnaire contained meaningful concepts that could be linked to 23 s level categories of the Activities and Participation, covering all domains of this component. FIM was linked to 21 categories that did not cover chapters of Major life areas and Community, social and civic life. For psychometric properties that are specific for brain tumor diagnosis, search in PubMed yielded 578 results for KPS, 18 for MMSE, 55 for EORTC QLQ-C30, 6 for EORTC QLQ-BN20, 5 for FIM, 36 for TMT, 14 for BI, 21 for FACT-Br, and 4 for SF-36. Headline screening resulted in identifying 1 study for EORTC QLQ-C30, 4 studies for EORTC QLQ-BN20, 3 studies for FACT- Br, and 1 study for SF-36. A search strategy for various diagnoses was implemented for the remaining assessment instruments as well as SF-36 and EORTC QLQ-C30 due to the previous search strategy yielding only 1 result. As a result, for further analysis, 4 articles for KPS, 5 for MMSE, 1 + 5 for EORTC QLQ-C30, 4 for EORTC QLQ-BN20, 10 for FIM, 2 for TMT, 7 for BI 3 for FACT-Br, and 8 for SF-36 were included in this review. The psychometric properties for assessment instruments EORTC QLQ-C30, EORTC QLQ-BN20, FACT-Br, and SF-36, that are specific to brain tumor diagnosis are summarized in Table 7 . The psychometric properties analyzed in mixed diagnosis studies for EORTC QLQ-C30, MMSE, SF-36, BI, FIM, KPS, TMT are summarized below, see Table 8 . Table 7 The psychometric properties of assessment tools used in patients with a diagnosis of brain tumor Assessment instrument Reliability Validity Responsiveness Time Research group References Test–retest Inter-rater Intra-rater Content Structural Criterion EORTC QLQ-BN20 + + + n = 891, brain tumor Taphoornet al. [ 27 ] + * + < 10 min n = 350, glioma, meningioma Shin and Kim [ 28 ] + + + n = 194, brain tumor Khoshnevisan et al. [ 29 ] + + n = 100, brain tumor Bunevičius et al. [ 30 ] EORTC QLQ-C30 + * − + 13–14 (SD 12) min n = 366, brain tumor Cheng et al. [ 31 ] FACT-Br + + + n = 500, brain tumor Arli and Gurkan [ 32 ] + § + †,‡ + 5 to 10 min n = 101, brain tumor Weitzner et al. [ 33 ] + † + + n = 62, metastases in the brain Thavarajah et al. [ 34 ] SF-36 + + 10 [ 40 – 45 ] min n = 277, brain tumor Bunevičius et al. [ 30 ] For interpretation of “+” and “−” for each property: Internal reliability: “+” Cronbach’s ɑ or ICC ≥ 0.70; “−” Cronbach’s ɑ or ICC < 0.70; Test/retest method: “+” ICC ≥ 0.70 or Pearson correlation coefficient/ Spearman rank correlation coefficient ≥ 0.80; “−” ICC < 0.70 or Pearson correlation coefficient/Spearman rank correlation coefficient < 0.80; Interrater reliability: “+” ICC ≥ 0.70 or Pearson correlation coefficient/ Spearman rank correlation coefficient ≥ 0.80; “−” ICC < 0.70 or Pearson correlation coefficient/Spearman rank correlation coefficient < 0.80; Content validity: “+” The content of the assessment instrument is adequate, comprehensive, questions and tasks chosen to adequately reflect the content to be evaluated; “ –” Not all selected questions and tasks reflect the content, content is not relevant, comprehensive; Criterion validity: “+” Significant and stable relation between measurement and another instrument (r ≥ 0.70) or with start/end measurement; “ –” Poor measurement correlation with another instrument (r < 0.70) or start/end measurement; Structural validity: “+” Correlation with instruments measuring the same ≥ 0.50 or correlation higher for unrelated elements in the instrument than for unrelated ones; “−” Correlation with instruments measuring the same < 0.50 or correlation with related elements in the instrument is lower than unrelated ones; Responsiveness: “+” Able to detect clinically significant changes over time; “−” Cannot detect clinically significant changes over time SD, standard deviation * Except Cognitive scale; † Except Social, family wellbeing domains; ‡ Except Interaction with a physician domain; § Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy—General questionnaire analyzed Table 8 The psychometric properties analyzed in mixed diagnosis studies Assessment instrument Reliability Validity Responsiveness Time Research group References Test–retest Inter-rater Intra-rater Content Structural Criterion EORTC QLQ- C30 +* + n = 89, myeloma Kontodimopoulos et al. [ 35 ] +* + n = 105, breast cancer Kontodimopoulos et al. [ 35 ] +* + n = 28, lung cancer Ozturk et al. [ 36 ] +* + + n112, lung cancer Nicklasson and Bergman [ 37 ] + + 11 min n = 305, lung cancer Aaronson et al. [ 38 ] FIM +  +  n = 93,829, rehabilitation patients Stineman et al. [ 39 ] + + + n = 62, SCI; n = 51, stroke Küçükdeveci et al. [ 40 ] + + n = 49, age > 50 Pollak et al. [ 41 ] + n = 50, SCI Karamehmetoglu et al. [ 42 ] + n = 11 studies Ottenbacher et al. [ 43 ] + + + n = 11 102, mixed diagnosis Dodds et al. [ 44 ] + + n = 1502, neurologic deficit Ng et al. [ 45 ] + n = 102, acute stroke Tur et al. [ 46 ] + n = 48, brain trauma Hall et al. [ 47 ] + 30–40 min n = 516, mixed diagnosis Coster et al. [ 48 ] BI + + + + n = 459, stroke Oveisgharan et al. [ 49 ] + + n = 258, stroke Shah et al. [ 50 ] + + + 10.1 min (± 1.56) n = 50, neurologic deficit Rödén-Jüllig et al. [ 51 ] + + n = 90, multiple sclerosis Nicholl et al. [ 52 ] + n = 273, neurologic deficit Rollnik [ 53 ] + n = 75, brain trauma Liu et al. [ 54 ] + n = 259, vascular brain damage; n = 107 brain trauma Houlden et al. [ 55 ] SF-36 + + + n = 1980, mixed Brazier et al. [ 56 ] + + n = 124, stroke Anderson et al. [ 57 ] + + n = 252, n-198, endometriosis Stull et al. [ 58 ] + + n = 37, Parkinsons Steffen and Seney [ 59 ] + n = 209, stroke Dorman et al. [ 60 ] + n = 514, brain trauma Guilfoyle et al. [ 61 ] + n = 120, brain trauma Paniak et al. [ 62 ] MMSE + + + n = 207, brain trauma Elhan et al. [ 63 ] + + 10 min n = 63, no impairments; n = 206, cognitive impairments Folstein et al. [ 64 ] + n = 48, age > 50 Molloy et al. [ 65 ] + n = 72, stroke Toglia et al. [ 66 ] − n = 112, stroke Blake et al. [ 67 ] KPS + + n = 52, tumor Yates et al. [ 68 ] + + n = 100, mixed diagnosis Grieco et al. [ 69 ] + + n = 47, tumor Mor et al. [ 70 ] + + n = 93, tumor Schag et al. [ 71 ] TMT + + A part 180 s B part 300 s n = 484, age > 50 Cangoz et al. [ 71 ] + + n = 117, neurologic deficit O’Donnell et al. [ 72 ] For interpretation of “+” and “−” for each property: Internal reliability: “+” Cronbach’s ɑ or ICC ≥ 0.70; “−” Cronbach’s ɑ or ICC < 0.70; Test/retest method: “+” ICC ≥ 0.70 or Pearson correlation coefficient/ Spearman rank correlation coefficient ≥ 0.80; “−” ICC < 0.70 or Pearson correlation coefficient/Spearman rank correlation coefficient < 0.80; Interrater reliability: “+” ICC ≥ 0.70 or Pearson correlation coefficient/ Spearman rank correlation coefficient ≥ 0.80; “−” ICC < 0.70 or Pearson correlation coefficient/Spearman rank correlation coefficient < 0.80; Content validity: “+” The content of the assessment instrument is adequate, comprehensive, questions and tasks chosen to adequately reflect the content to be evaluated; “−” Not all selected questions and tasks reflect the content, content is not relevant, comprehensive; Criterion validity: “+” Significant and stable relation between measurement and another instrument (r ≥ 0.70) or with start/end measurement; “−” Poor measurement correlation with another instrument (r < 0.70) or start / end measurement; Structural validity: “+” Correlation with instruments measuring the same ≥ 0.50 or correlation higher for unrelated elements in the instrument than for unrelated ones; “−” Correlation with instruments measuring the same < 0.50 or correlation with related elements in the instrument is lower than unrelated ones; Responsiveness: “+” Able to detect clinically significant changes over time; “−” Cannot detect clinically significant changes over time * Except Cognitive scale The psychometric properties of assessment tools used in patients with a diagnosis of brain tumor For interpretation of “+” and “−” for each property: Internal reliability: “+” Cronbach’s ɑ or ICC ≥ 0.70; “−” Cronbach’s ɑ or ICC < 0.70; Test/retest method: “+” ICC ≥ 0.70 or Pearson correlation coefficient/ Spearman rank correlation coefficient ≥ 0.80; “−” ICC < 0.70 or Pearson correlation coefficient/Spearman rank correlation coefficient < 0.80; Interrater reliability: “+” ICC ≥ 0.70 or Pearson correlation coefficient/ Spearman rank correlation coefficient ≥ 0.80; “−” ICC < 0.70 or Pearson correlation coefficient/Spearman rank correlation coefficient < 0.80; Content validity: “+” The content of the assessment instrument is adequate, comprehensive, questions and tasks chosen to adequately reflect the content to be evaluated; “ –” Not all selected questions and tasks reflect the content, content is not relevant, comprehensive; Criterion validity: “+” Significant and stable relation between measurement and another instrument (r ≥ 0.70) or with start/end measurement; “ –” Poor measurement correlation with another instrument (r < 0.70) or start/end measurement; Structural validity: “+” Correlation with instruments measuring the same ≥ 0.50 or correlation higher for unrelated elements in the instrument than for unrelated ones; “−” Correlation with instruments measuring the same < 0.50 or correlation with related elements in the instrument is lower than unrelated ones; Responsiveness: “+” Able to detect clinically significant changes over time; “−” Cannot detect clinically significant changes over time SD, standard deviation * Except Cognitive scale; † Except Social, family wellbeing domains; ‡ Except Interaction with a physician domain; § Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy—General questionnaire analyzed The psychometric properties analyzed in mixed diagnosis studies A part 180 s B part 300 s For interpretation of “+” and “−” for each property: Internal reliability: “+” Cronbach’s ɑ or ICC ≥ 0.70; “−” Cronbach’s ɑ or ICC < 0.70; Test/retest method: “+” ICC ≥ 0.70 or Pearson correlation coefficient/ Spearman rank correlation coefficient ≥ 0.80; “−” ICC < 0.70 or Pearson correlation coefficient/Spearman rank correlation coefficient < 0.80; Interrater reliability: “+” ICC ≥ 0.70 or Pearson correlation coefficient/ Spearman rank correlation coefficient ≥ 0.80; “−” ICC < 0.70 or Pearson correlation coefficient/Spearman rank correlation coefficient < 0.80; Content validity: “+” The content of the assessment instrument is adequate, comprehensive, questions and tasks chosen to adequately reflect the content to be evaluated; “−” Not all selected questions and tasks reflect the content, content is not relevant, comprehensive; Criterion validity: “+” Significant and stable relation between measurement and another instrument (r ≥ 0.70) or with start/end measurement; “−” Poor measurement correlation with another instrument (r < 0.70) or start / end measurement; Structural validity: “+” Correlation with instruments measuring the same ≥ 0.50 or correlation higher for unrelated elements in the instrument than for unrelated ones; “−” Correlation with instruments measuring the same < 0.50 or correlation with related elements in the instrument is lower than unrelated ones; Responsiveness: “+” Able to detect clinically significant changes over time; “−” Cannot detect clinically significant changes over time * Except Cognitive scale

This study identified nine rehabilitation assessment instruments that have most commonly been referred to in the literature for adults with brain tumors, that cover all components of the ICF, and have good psychometric properties. As far as the authors are aware, this is the only scoping review of assessment instruments used for adults with brain tumors. However, this scoping review did not identify one unique assessment instrument for the target group. This patient group is specific in a way that there is no unifying patient-specific clinical set of symptoms and their symptoms depend on various other factors [ 14 ]. Five of these tools are used for objective assessment: KPS, MMSE, FIM, TMT, BI, four are self-assessment tools: FACT-Br, SF-36, EORTC QLQ-C30, EORTC QLQ- BN20. One of these tools (KPS) is used to assess physical activity, two (MMSE; TMT) are cognitive function assessment tools, FACT-Br, SF-36, EORTC QLQ-C30, EORTC QLQ-BN20 measures the quality of life, and both, FIM and BI are used to assess disability. The most frequently used assessment instrument is the Karnofsky Performance Scale as it is used as a criterion for the selection of participants by measuring their level of physical activity [ 15 ]. This assessment tool is developed for a general assessment of oncological patients [ 16 ] and reflects the overall ability to perform usual daily activities (component of Activities and Participation of the ICF) in the context of help needed from other people (Environmental Factors). Four of these instruments are used to evaluate patients with brain tumors: EORTC QLQ-C30; EORTC QLQ-BN20; FACT-Br, SF-36; they are all linked to the quality of life. Moreover, the EORTC team recommends that EORTC QLQ-C30 and EORTC QLQ-BN20 tools be used together [ 17 ]. These two tools cover both functioning components of the ICF and from the perspective of content, complement each other. EORTC QLQ-C30 contains more specific questions on problems specific to patients with brain tumors [ 18 , 19 ]. The EORTC QLQ-C30 and the EORTC QLQ-BN20 provide comprehensive information about the patient's quality of life, but this is often overlooked in studies identified in this scoping review. The FACT-Br questionnaire has been used less and it has as good properties in terms of intra-rater reliability and structural validity as other two specific quality of life measurements, contains problems that have not been included in any of the previous tools, and can clearly be important for this population, such as handling stress or driving a car. It also considers important Environmental factors, such as help and attitudes of family members and friends, as well as health professionals. Some important concepts also overlap with the SF-36 that have developed as a multipurpose tool that is used for assessment of functional health and well-being [ 20 ] and has also been widely used for patient-reported outcomes in populations with different diagnoses [ 21 ]. Therefore, this could be a good choice to use the SF-36, if the comparison between populations is needed. Between the most used assessment tools, the FIM and BI have been listed. These instruments are non-specific to diagnosis, and both have been widely used in different rehabilitation populations [ 22 – 24 ]. Both scales, the FIM and the BI, are performance-based assessment tools and both analyze the level of independence in the most important activities of daily living. Their psychometric properties have been profoundly analyzed, and the ceiling effect for the BI can be observed when compared to the FIM [ 25 ]. However, the psychometric properties of the objective assessment instruments specific for the patient group have not been proven; therefore, their psychometric properties were demonstrated in patients suffering from stroke, traumatic brain injury (TBI), or similar neurological conditions. Interestingly, two neuropsychological assessment tools (the MMSE and the TMT) are mentioned among the most frequently used for persons with brain tumors. It can be explained by the fact that cognitive impairments are a common symptom in patients with brain tumors [ 4 ]. Both instruments focus mostly on the cognitive functions of the component of the Body Functions and Structures of the ICF and both are performance-based. However, the psychometric properties of the MMSE have been better documented. The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) provides the user with a broad spectrum of health outcomes, including physical and cognitive functioning. By linking available assessment tools to this concept, it is possible to analyze the content of the available instruments and choose the appropriate one for the problem that is being measured and, consequently, treated [ 11 , 12 ]. Using the ICF framework, it was possible to link most elements identified in the assessment instruments to certain categories. Some elements could not be linked since they covered topics such as quality of life, personal factors, or certain elements not defined in the ICF. Body Function categories were dominated by MMSE, TMT, EORTC QLQ-BN20, EORTC QLQ-C30, activity and participation categories—FIM, BI, KPS, SF-36 but FACT-Br viewed these two domains equally. Environmental factors were assessed by EORTC QLQ-30, FACT-Br, FIM, BI, and KPS. Given that the clinical picture of brain tumor patients is similar to that of other neurological conditions, such as stroke [ 6 ] or TBI [ 7 ], the ICF Core Sets were reviewed for stroke and TBI [ 26 ], and their categories were compared to categories identified in this scoping review. Comprehensive core sets for stroke listed 13 categories in body functions and structures, 14 in activities and participation, and 23 categories in environmental factors that were not identified in assessment instruments analyzed in this study. Comprehensive core sets for TBI listed 10 categories in body functions domain, 22 in activities and participation, and 28 categories in environmental factor domain that were not identified in any of 9 assessment instruments analyzed within this study. This can be explained by the fact that the most frequently used assessment instruments do not cover all the possible impairments for people with brain tumors. Given that the ICF Core Sets for stroke and TBI were compared to categories identified in this review and they proved to be overall covering similar areas it can be concluded that all 9 assessment tools identified in this study can be appropriate and specific assessment instruments for patients with brain tumors, as they have been proven valid, reliable, and responsive to a variety of neurological conditions. Further research is recommended to assess reliability, validity, and responsiveness of assessment instruments specifically for brain tumor patient groups. Overall, the current study has a few limitations. First, the quality of the studies included in the scoping review was not assessed, as the purpose of the scoping review was to identify the most frequently used assessment instruments. Second, the authors included only nine out of 86 assessment tools for further analysis, which were used in more than 9% of the study articles included in the study. That runs the risk that this analysis of assessment instruments does not use some of the more recently developed assessment tools, which may be better suited for the specific patient group but are not used frequently enough in research articles to be included in the analysis.

Between the nine most frequently used assessment instruments in clinical studies, one was a generic tool for an overall description of activity level for patients with diagnosis of cancer, three were diagnosis-specific self-assessment tools, one was a multipurpose tool for assessment of functionality and health status, two were widely used tools in rehabilitation for assessment of activities of daily living, and two were neurocognitive tests. These tools cover all components of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health and have proven to have good psychometric properties; however, the assessment tools that are not diagnosis-specific, still must be validated for the brain tumor population. Since the content and administration vary, the choice of the tool used for assessment of patients with brain tumor depends on the clinical question posed, as well as the aim of the use of this tool.

Based on 2015 statistics, patients with brain tumors make up a total of 5% of all oncology patients in Latvia [ 1 ]. As the medical industry, diagnostic capabilities, and technologies for treating primary tumors evolve, the survival rates for individuals diagnosed with primary brain tumors have increased significantly [ 1 , 2 ]. Tumor localization, anatomical distribution, and volume are determinants before and after primary treatment. The most common symptoms for brain tumors usually include headache, nausea, vomiting, partial and generalized seizures, cognitive impairment, and ataxia. These symptoms may also arise from common treatment strategies used for brain tumor patients such as chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and surgery. It is estimated that 75% of all patients with brain tumors show symptoms of focal neurological deficiency [ 3 ], which greatly affects one’s level of functioning, as well as the quality of life. Numerous articles discuss the role of rehabilitation in tumor cases, while others discuss the positive effects of rehabilitation for patients with brain tumors compared to patients with stroke or after a traumatic brain injury [ 4 , 5 ]. All of these articles demonstrate positive outcomes in restoring functioning [ 6 , 7 ]. Bartolo M. et al. have demonstrated that rehabilitation is very effective if initiated as early as possible after primary treatment for brain tumor patients [ 5 ]. To assess the rehabilitation needs and outcomes for this population, a specific functional disability assessment tool is necessary [ 8 ]. The use of appropriate assessment tools could improve rehabilitation planning that in turn would lead to better outcomes, including patients’ quality of life. Currently, no standardized protocols are provided for evaluation of persons with brain tumors. The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) provides a framework for coding large-scale health information, a common standardized language for identifying and comparing functional assessment tools, and provides valuable information to develop an evidence-based standardized evaluation protocol for patients with brain tumor [ 9 ]. The aim of this study was to determine the most frequently utilized functional assessment instruments for patients with brain tumors, compare their contents, using the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health, and analyze their psychometric properties.

Additional file 1 . All identified assessment tools, frequency and references. Additional file 1 . All identified assessment tools, frequency and references.