Performance Evaluation and Reuse Potential of an On-Site Residential Greywater Treatment System for Sustainable Urban Water Management

Performance Evaluation and Reuse Potential of an On-Site Residential Greywater Treatment System for Sustainable Urban Water Management | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Performance Evaluation and Reuse Potential of an On-Site Residential Greywater Treatment System for Sustainable Urban Water Management Akram Salim Pathan, Milind L Waikar This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8730944/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 5 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Rapid urbanization has intensified the imbalance between water demand and freshwater availability, emphasizing the need for decentralized and sustainable water reuse solutions. This study evaluates the performance and reuse potential of an on-site residential greywater treatment system designed for sustainable urban water management. The treatment process consisted of initial settling followed by dual-stage multimedia filtration using two filter storage units (FSU-I and FSU-II). The filtration media comprised sand, activated carbon, zeolite, fine gravel, and coarse gravel, operated under six experimental phases at hydraulic loading rates of 14.00 and 24.00 m³/m²/day. Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) was applied as a final disinfection step prior to reuse. The system demonstrated high treatment efficiency, achieving average removal efficiencies of 95.65 ± 1.95% for turbidity, 82.34 ± 5.84% for biochemical oxygen demand (BOD₅), 96.78 ± 1.87% for total suspended solids (TSS), 76.35 ± 4.11% for chemical oxygen demand (CODₜ), and 98.69% for Escherichia coli . The treated effluent met reuse standards for non-potable applications such as landscaping, peri-urban agriculture, construction activities, city cleaning, and recreational uses. Implementation of the system resulted in an estimated 65% reduction in daily freshwater consumption, corresponding to an approximate 39.69% decrease in residential water expenditure. Overall, the findings demonstrate that decentralized residential greywater treatment systems can significantly enhance urban water sustainability and support smart city water infrastructure. Greywater reuse Residential wastewater treatment Multimedia filtration Hydraulic loading rate Urban water sustainability Smart city planning Full Text Supplementary Files DeclarationofIntereststatementConflictofinterest.pdf GraphicalAbstractGrywaterManuscript.pdf HighlightGrywaterManuscript.pdf Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Reviewers agreed at journal 03 Mar, 2026 Reviewers invited by journal 02 Mar, 2026 Editor invited by journal 12 Feb, 2026 Editor assigned by journal 04 Feb, 2026 First submitted to journal 02 Feb, 2026 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8730944","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":599527424,"identity":"17c3492e-f10f-4ef4-80e7-695b7e156431","order_by":0,"name":"Akram Salim 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This study evaluates the performance and reuse potential of an on-site residential greywater treatment system designed for sustainable urban water management. The treatment process consisted of initial settling followed by dual-stage multimedia filtration using two filter storage units (FSU-I and FSU-II). The filtration media comprised sand, activated carbon, zeolite, fine gravel, and coarse gravel, operated under six experimental phases at hydraulic loading rates of 14.00 and 24.00 m\u0026sup3;/m\u0026sup2;/day. Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) was applied as a final disinfection step prior to reuse. 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