Evolving initial conditions: an alternative developmental route to morphological diversity

ABSTRACT Phenotypic diversity is often thought to arise from the evolutionary modification of developmental processes. However, developmental processes are tightly coupled in space and time, with each process beginning from conditions set by the one before it. While we know from dynamical systems theory that initial conditions can significantly affect a system’s out-come, their importance as a source of phenotypic evolvability has been largely overlooked. Here we show for the first time, that phenotypic evolution can proceed through changes in developmental initial conditions while the underlying developmental process remains conserved. Somitogenesis is the process by which vertebral precursors, known as somites, are periodically patterned in the pre-somitic mesoderm (PSM). Somitic count (total number of somites) is thought to diversify through the evolution of components of somitogenesis such as the tempo of the segmentation clock or the mechanisms driving axial morphogenesis. Using two closely related species of Lake Malawi cichlid fishes that differ in vertebral counts, we show that somite count evolution has happened without changes to somitogenesis itself, but instead, by altering the size of the PSM at the onset of this process. This work will expand what we consider developmental drivers of phenotypic evolution and highlight the importance of comparative studies to understand the diversification of phenotypes.