Circularly Polarized Millimeter-Wave Hemisphere DRA Employing FSS Polarizer and Dielectric Superstrate for 5G Applications

Circularly Polarized Millimeter-Wave Hemisphere DRA Employing FSS Polarizer and Dielectric Superstrate for 5G Applications | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Circularly Polarized Millimeter-Wave Hemisphere DRA Employing FSS Polarizer and Dielectric Superstrate for 5G Applications Meshari D. Alanazi, Abdelhady M.A, Ahmed A. Ibrahim This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8020841/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 06 Jan, 2026 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted 12 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This paper presents a compact, wideband, high-gain, and circularly polarized (CP) hemisphere dielectric resonator antenna (HDRA) designed for 5G applications. The linearly polarized (LP) source antenna includes an HDRA on a ground plane, excited by a 50 Ω microstrip line to enhance radiation efficiency at millimeter-wave (mm-wave) frequencies. Power is coupled to the HDRA through an annular slot in the ground plane. A wide bandwidth from 20 GHz to 28 GHz is achieved by overlapping adjacent excited modes. To convert LP to CP, frequency-selective surface (FSS) superstrate cells are placed at an optimized distance above the HDRA. To improve the 3-dB axial ratio (AR) and gain of the HDRA, a 2×2 HDRA with a sequential phase feeding network and an additional dielectric substrate above four 3×3 FSS subgroups is used. The antenna parameters, such as S11, gain, AR, and radiation patterns, are analyzed, fabricated, and measured. The measured results show an S11 from 20 GHz to 28 GHz (33.33%) with a peak gain of 11.8 dBi and a 3-dB AR from 20.5 GHz to 28 GHz (31%). These results confirm the antenna's suitability for IoT and 5G applications. Physical sciences/Engineering Physical sciences/Physics HDRA Circular polarization FSS mm-wave communication 5G applications Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 06 Jan, 2026 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 17 Nov, 2025 Reviews received at journal 17 Nov, 2025 Reviews received at journal 14 Nov, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 12 Nov, 2025 Reviews received at journal 12 Nov, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 11 Nov, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 11 Nov, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 11 Nov, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 11 Nov, 2025 Editor invited by journal 11 Nov, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 05 Nov, 2025 First submitted to journal 05 Nov, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8020841","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":546665238,"identity":"90150737-20e1-43c7-a26a-f5bc8b6019ed","order_by":0,"name":"Meshari D. 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polarization, FSS, mm-wave communication, 5G applications","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8020841/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8020841/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis paper presents a compact, wideband, high-gain, and circularly polarized (CP) hemisphere dielectric resonator antenna (HDRA) designed for 5G applications. The linearly polarized (LP) source antenna includes an HDRA on a ground plane, excited by a 50 Ω microstrip line to enhance radiation efficiency at millimeter-wave (mm-wave) frequencies. Power is coupled to the HDRA through an annular slot in the ground plane. A wide bandwidth from 20 GHz to 28 GHz is achieved by overlapping adjacent excited modes. To convert LP to CP, frequency-selective surface (FSS) superstrate cells are placed at an optimized distance above the HDRA. To improve the 3-dB axial ratio (AR) and gain of the HDRA, a 2\u0026times;2 HDRA with a sequential phase feeding network and an additional dielectric substrate above four 3\u0026times;3 FSS subgroups is used. The antenna parameters, such as S11, gain, AR, and radiation patterns, are analyzed, fabricated, and measured. The measured results show an S11 from 20 GHz to 28 GHz (33.33%) with a peak gain of 11.8 dBi and a 3-dB AR from 20.5 GHz to 28 GHz (31%). These results confirm the antenna's suitability for IoT and 5G applications.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Circularly Polarized Millimeter-Wave Hemisphere DRA Employing FSS Polarizer and Dielectric Superstrate for 5G Applications","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-11-24 09:24:43","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8020841/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-11-18T04:31:19+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-11-17T11:20:30+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-11-15T01:55:43+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"260836183760509883174359722919027877665","date":"2025-11-12T06:56:58+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-11-12T05:18:07+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"204972386608733783358784528983214590928","date":"2025-11-12T04:49:48+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"88308199320179771804779967707526535891","date":"2025-11-12T03:39:27+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-11-12T02:01:53+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-11-12T01:52:53+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2025-11-11T18:07:01+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-11-05T16:35:40+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Scientific Reports","date":"2025-11-05T16:26:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"138450c4-cd37-4f4a-b4b5-d9128753c1c1","owner":[],"postedDate":"November 24th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[{"id":58154609,"name":"Physical sciences/Engineering"},{"id":58154610,"name":"Physical sciences/Physics"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-01-12T16:11:06+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-8020841","link":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-34558-3","journal":{"identity":"scientific-reports","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Scientific Reports"},"publishedOn":"2026-01-06 15:57:10","publishedOnDateReadable":"January 6th, 2026"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-11-24 09:24:43","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1038/s41598-025-34558-3","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-34558-3","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8020841","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8020841","identity":"rs-8020841","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}