Diversity and Distributional Pattern of Grasshoppers Fauna in Agroforest and Vegetative Lands of Tehsil Havelian, Pakistan

Diversity and Distributional Pattern of Grasshoppers Fauna in Agroforest and Vegetative Lands of Tehsil Havelian, Pakistan | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Diversity and Distributional Pattern of Grasshoppers Fauna in Agroforest and Vegetative Lands of Tehsil Havelian, Pakistan Zainab Waqar, Shabir Ahmed, Sardar Azhar Mehmood, Waheed Ali Panhwar, and 2 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3556503/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Grasshoppers are one of the most varied group of insects. They belong to phylum Arthropoda, class Insecta and order Orthoptera. Ensifera and Caelifera are two common suborders of the order Orthoptera. The current study was carried out to explore the diversity and distribution of grasshoppers in Tehsil Havelian, District Abbottabad, KPK. Field survey was conducted in 19 localities of Tehsil Havelian from August 2022 to October 2022. Environmental parameters like Temperature and Humidity were also measured. Total 400 specimens were collected from Tehsil Havelian by using Sweep Netting method and Handpicking method and were preserved in the Zoological Museum of Hazara University Mansehra. This study revealed 18 species, 14 genera and 3 families belonging to 2 sub-orders of Orthoptera. Species identified during present research includes: Acrida cinerea, Acrida exaltata, Aiolopus thalassinus, Hieroglyphus nigrorepletus, Oedaleus decorus, Oedaleus senegalensis, Oxya hyla, Oxya japonica, Oxya velox, Patanga succincta, Spathosternum prasiniferum, Trilophidiini annulate, Atractomorpha crenulate, Chrotogonus trachypterus, Conocephalus maculatus, Himertula kinneari, Mecopoda elongate and Phaneroptera gracilis. The most common species recorded in Tehsil Havelian was Spathosternum prasiniferum. Moreover, Acrididae was the most common family and Pyrogomorphidae was recorded as least common family in Tehsil Havelian. Grasshoppers Orthopterans Diversity Distribution Havelian KPK Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Introduction Diversity is a valuable natural resource that provides information on the current state of animal evolution as well as species richness and other ecological data (Bhusnar, 2015). All levels of ecosystem are supported by diversity of invertebrates (Maqsood et al . 2020). Grasshoppers are one of the most varied group of insects (Bhusnar, 2015) majorly found in terrestrial habitats around the world (Usman et al . 2017). They belong to phylum Arthropoda, class Insecta and order Orthoptera of kingdom Animalia (Prince et al . 2022). The distribution and diversity of grasshopper species around the world have been greatly affected by cultivation system, topography and changes in environmental circumstances (Hussain et al. 2017). They play a significant function in the grassland ecology due to the fact that they make up a significant amount of the arthropod biomass (Thakkar et al . 2015). There are just 161 recognized Orthopteran species in Pakistan (Sultana, 2019). Diversity and distribution of grasshoppers is affected by both abiotic and biotic components. Abiotic element includes temperature, high temperature results increased metabolism and low temperature resulting in decreased metabolism thus cause mortality. Heavy rainfall causes physical damage of both mature and immature ones and it also increases humidity which promotes fungal growth. Similarly, low rainfall leads to low vegetation. On the other hand, other organisms like insects, mammals, birds and reptiles (predators); Coleopteran, Hymenopteran and Dipteran (parasitoids); viruses, fungi and nematodes (pathogens) are included in biotic component (Kariuki et al . 2019). Moreover, ecological elements such vegetation structure, relative humidity, soil type, and protection from outside threats are among the factors that affect the variety of grasshoppers (Abrori et al. 2021). Grasshoppers provide a valuable purpose as vital consumers, supplement recyclers, and prey for a wide range of taxa, including flying species (Usman et al . 2017) thus supporting other biological elements of ecosystem (Song et al . 2018). Some grasshopper species are advantageous, including Sphenarium purpurascens , Oxya hyla hyla , and Acanthacris ruficornis , are eaten by humans. According to literature, they are good providers of fatty acids, crude carbs, fibre, ash and amino acids (Kariuki et al. 2019). Hesperotettix viridis (Melanoplinae) prefers to feed on poisonous snakeweeds that can hurt cattle and other livestock, and Cornops aquaticum (Leptysiminae) has been employed as a successful biocontrol agent of water hyacinth (Song et al. 2018). Conservation of grasshoppers is essential (Bhusnar, 2015). But grasshoppers are among the list of most damaging crop pests, with more than 100 species of the family Acrididae alone being pests of pastures and agricultural crops (Usman et al. 2017). Ragged round holes in the leaves of plants indicate grasshopper damage. Veins and the leaf margins also experience this damage (Mahdi et al. 2018). Their defoliation mode decreases the leaves' photosynthetic area, and their propensity to aggregate makes bulk feeding easier, which leads to increased crop loss (Kariuki et al. 2019). Adult grasshoppers, as well as their fourth and fifth instars, are crucial for the seasonal growth of grasses because they consume and destroy more vegetation at these times (Khan et al . 2022). Because of this, nobody consider protecting grasshoppers (Bhusnar, 2015). Materials and methods This research study was carried out in Tehsil Havelian from June to October 2022. During this period 400 specimens were collected from the 19 localities of Tehsil Havelian, Abbottabad (Fig. 1). The specimens were collected with help of Sweep Netting and Hand-picking methods (Usman et al. 2017). A piece of net with a diameter of 17 cm at mouth and beg length of 50 cm was used for systematic sweeping (Usman et al . 2017). A digital thermometer, Hygrometer and GPS (Global Positioning System) meter was used to note down ecological factors as well as geographical parameters such as temperature, humidity, altitude, latitude and longitude, respectively at various sampling sites (Hussain et al . 2017; Khan et al. 2021) in the field book along with basic information like date of visit, name of location and type of land (Betina et al . 2017). After collection, the grasshoppers were killed by spraying insecticide (Mortein).Dead specimens were mounted and then preserved (Khan et al . 2022)as a conventional method for lab work and were carried to Zoological Museum, Department of Zoology, Hazara University Mansehra, for the further observation. Naphthalene balls were placed in boxes to prevent attack of other arthropods on samples (Prince et al . 2022). During the laboratory work all preserved specimens were subsequently identified one by one with the help of taxonomic keys of Sultana and Wagan (2015) and Talbot (1939) at Hazara University, Mansehra; under the stereoscopic microscope. After identification, species of grasshoppers were permanently labeled and preserved in entomological boxes. Results and Discussion The diversity of grasshoppers of Tehsil Havelian were identified into 18 species, 14 genera and 3 families belonging to 2 sub-orders of order orthoptera as mentioned in Table 1. Total 19 localities of Tehsil Havelian were visited for sample collection. All the geographical information along with ecological parameters of localities are mentioned in Table 2. During this research Spathosternum prasiniferum (Acrididae) was recorded as the most common species (135 specimens) and Aiolopus thalassinus , Oedaleus senegalensis and Patanga succincta , (Acrididae); Atractomorpha crenulate (Pyrogomorphidae) and Phaneroptera gracilis (Tettigoniidae) were recorded as least common species with only 1 number of specimens each. This study also revealed that Acrididae was the most common family and Pyrogomorphidae was least common family in Tehsil Havelian. Distribution of grasshopper’s species collected from Tehsil Havelian is mentioned in Table 3. All the pictures of identified species explored from tehsil Havelian are mentioned in (Fig. 2) Table 1 Diversity of grasshoppers collected from Tehsil Havelian, District Abbottabad, KPK, Pakistan S. N. Sub- orders Families Genera No. of Species Names of Species 1 Caelifera Acrididae Acrida 02 A. exaltata 2 A. cinerea 3 Aiolopus 01 A. thalassinus 4 Hieroglyphus 01 H. nigrorepletus 5 Oedaleus 02 O. decorus 6 O. senegalensis 7 Oxya 03 O. velox 8 O. japonica 9 O. hyla 10 Patanga 01 P. succincta 11 Spathosternum 01 S. prasiniferum 12 Trilophidiini 01 T. annulate 13 Pyrogomorphidae Chrotogonus 01 C. trachypterus 14 Atractomorpha 01 A. crenulate 15 Ensifera Tettigoniidae Phaneroptera 01 P. gracilis 16 Himertula 01 H. kinneari 17 Mecopoda 01 M. elongate 18 Conocephalus 01 C. maculatus Acrida cinerea (Thunberg, 1815) The average length of a male is 40-50 mm whereas a female is 70-80 mm. Body colour is either green or brown with colourless hindwings. The head is long, triangular in appearance with two long antennae. Acrida cinerea, like the other species of Acrida, lacks stridulatory organs on its legs, which prevents it from making noise while it moves (Kuga and Kasuya, 2021). Distribution It is reported from Sindh, Pakistan by (Babar et al . 2022). Acrida exaltata (Walker, 1859) Possess green body colour. Head and pronotum are same in length. Tegmina is obtusely pointed and barely longer than the hind femora, and wings that are yellowish hyaline with cloudy cells in the center. Body size is 53 mm (Talbot, 1939). Distribution Acrida exaltata was collected from Uttar Pradesh, India by (Rafi et al . 2014). Bhusnar, (2015) reported this species from Solapur, India and (Thakkar et al. 2015) also explored it from South Gujarat, India. Mahdi et al . (2018) reported it from Rajshahi city, Bangladesh. In our country, (Sultana et al . 2013) carried research and reported it from Thar dessert, Sindh, Pakistan. It was collected by (Usman et al. 2017) from Ahmad abad, District Karak, KPK, Pakistan. In same year, it was also explored from Hazara division, KPK, Pakistan by (Panhwar and Ali, 2017) and (Usman et al. 2017) reported it from Khada District Karak, KPK, Pakistan. It was reported from Sialkot, Punjab, Pakistan by (Hussain et al . 2017). This species was also collected from District Dadu, Sindh, Pakistan by (Kalhoro et al . 2019). Khan et al . (2022) also reported it in piedmont of mount Elum, Buner, KPK, Pakistan. Prince et al . (2022) carried research and explored it from Cholistan desert, Punjab, Pakistan. Aiolopus thalassinus (Fabricius, 1781) General body colouration is variable, brown or green with ochraceous and black markings. Males range in size from 9.5 to 12.2, while females range from 10.9 to 16.5. Antennae are 22 to 24 segments long and roughly the length of the head and pronotum combined. The fastigium of the vertex is pentagonal (Usmani, 2008). Discussion It was collected from Uttar Pradesh, India by (Rafi et al . 2014). Thakkar et al . (2015) explored it from South Gujarat, India. Sultana et al . (2013) carried research and reported it from Thar dessert, Sindh, Pakistan. It was collected from South Cairo, Egypt by (Soliman et al . 2017). In the same year (Usman et al. 2017; Panhwar and Ali, 2017) explored this species from Ahmad Abad, District Karak, KPK, Pakistan and from Hazara division, KPK, Pakistan respectively. Moreover, it was also reported by (Usman et al. 2017) from Khada District Karak, KPK, Pakistan. Kalhoro et al . (2019) reported Aiolopus thalassinus from District Dadu, Sindh, Pakistan and (Kariuki et al . 2019) explored it from Nakuru County , Kenya, in the same year. Prince et al . (2022) also explored it from Cholistan desert, Punjab, Pakistan. Hieroglyphus nigrorepletus (Bolivar, 1912) Robust and cylindrical. The antennae are 26 segmented. Tegmina and wings surpassing the apex of hind femur with rounded apex. Hind tibia shorter than the hind femora with 9 outer and 10 inner spines. Body of male is 34mm while female 43mm of body length (Kumar and Usmani, 2015). Distribution It was collected from Uttar Pradesh, India by (Rafi et al . 2014). Sultana et al . (2013) collected from Thar dessert, Sindh, Pakistan. Khan et al . (2022) also reported this species in piedmont of mount Elum, Buner, KPK, Pakistan. It was explored from Hazara division, KPK, Pakistan by Panhwar and Ali, (2017). Oedaleus decorus (Germar, 1825) Body colour is green or grey with black and pale dots. The pronotum has two white stripes that are interrupted medially. Possess large black band on hind wings (Kuravova, 2015). Distribution It was reported by (Betina et al . 2017) from arid mountains of Batna, Algeria. (Tamkeen et al . 2015) reported Oedaleus decorus from Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan. Oedaleus senegalensis (Krauss, 1877) Yellowish head with longitudinal bands behind each eye with few brown punctations. Frons is rounded and straight. Frontal ridge is somewhat impressed at the ocellus and is shallowly sulcate. They have broad, flat, and rough-punctuated vertex. Body size of male 20-26 is while female possess 28-37mm (HAGGAG et al. 2008). Distribution It was collected from Uttar Pradesh, India by (Rafi et al . 2014). It was reported by (Usman et al. 2017) from Ahmad Abad, District Karak, KPK, Pakistan. This species was also reported from Buner, KPK, Pakistan by (Khan et al . 2022). Panhwar and Ali, (2017) explored it from Hazara division, KPK, Pakistan. Oxya hyla (Serville, 1831) Head is large, as broad as or broader than the pronotum. The fastigium is obtuse. They have filiform antennae. The pronotum is flattened and smooth. Tegmina is narrow and obtusely rounded at the extremity. Legs are long and slender, with broad wings that are rounded at the tips. The tips of the hind tibiae were extended, and each carina had around 10 spines, including an outer apical spine (Talbot, 1939). Distribution It was collected from Uttar Pradesh, India by (Rafi et al . 2014). Oxya hyla was explored by (Bhusnar, 2015) from Solapur, India and (Thakkar et al. 2015) also reported it from South Gujarat, India. Leksono et al . (2022) explored it from Dompu, Sumbawa Island, Indonesia. It was collected from Thar dessert, Sindh, Pakistan by (Sultana et al . 2013). and also from Sialkot, Punjab, Pakistan by (Hussain et al . 2017). It was also collected from District Dadu, Sindh, Pakistan by (Kalhoro et al . 2019). Khan et al . (2022) reported it in piedmont of mount Elum, Buner, KPK, Pakistan. In the same year (Prince et al . 2022) also explored it from Cholistan desert, Punjab, Pakistan. It was reported from Hazara division, KPK, Pakistan by (Panhwar and Ali, 2017) Oxya japonica (Thunberg, 1824) Antennae equal to or a little longer than the combined length of the head and pronotum. Female sub vaginal plate has lateral longitudinal ridges on the ventral side that are lacking spines except at apex. It seriously harms paddy crops. Male is 12mm while female is 15mm in length (Kevan et al . 1997). Distribution It was collected from Uttar Pradesh, India by (Rafi et al . 2014). It was explored by (Bhusnar, 2015) from Solapur, India. Oxya japonica was also collected by (Abrori et al . 2021) from Batu city, East Java. From Malang, Indonesia, it was reported by (Leksono et al . 2020). In our country, this species was reported from Sialkot, Punjab, Pakistan by (Hussain et al . 2017). Kalhoro et al . (2019) collected this species from District Dadu, Sindh, Pakistan. It was also explored in piedmont of mount Elum, Buner, KPK, Pakistan by (Khan et al . 2022). Oxya velox (Fabricius, 1787) Green body colour, with a broad black band extending from the upper half of the eye to the base of the tegmina. The hind femora are shorter than the tegmina. Legs are green while hind tibiae are blue with about 10 white black-tipped spines. Last ventral segment in female longitudinally bicarinate. Body length is 16-32 mm (Talbot, 1939). Distribution It was collected from Uttar Pradesh, India by (Rafi et al . 2014). This was reported by (Kalhoro et al . 2019) from District Dadu, Sindh, Pakistan. Khan et al . (2022) also reported Oxya velox in piedmont of mount Elum, Buner, KPK, Pakistan. It was explored from Hazara division, KPK, Pakistan by (Panhwar and Ali, 2017). Patanga succincta (Johannson, 1763) Have dull yellow body colour. Antenna gets darker towards the apex. A pale-yellow line extends from the vertex's fastigium down the median carina of the pronotum to the suture of the closed tegmina. Have a black and pale blue stripe below each eye. Seven external spines are on the hind tibia. Body length is 42-62 inches (Kevan et al . 1997). Distribution It is reported from Bombay, India by (Antoniou, 1970). This species was also collected by (Suhail et al . 2001) from Cholistan, Punjab, Pakistan. Spathosternum prasiniferum (Walker,1871) Green body colour. Below the lateral carinae of the pronotum, blackish or dark green band behind the lower of the eyes. It is outlined above by a thin pale-yellow line, and below by a wider one, which is followed by another dusky band that is bordered by yellow. Base of tegmina is light brown in colour. Particularly in females, the hind femora are frequently more or less green and have 10 or 11 spines. Size 13–20 mm (Talbot, 1939). Distribution It was collected from Uttar Pradesh, India by (Rafi et al . 2014). Arya et al . (2015) reported Spathosternum prasiniferum from Western Himalayas, India and Bhusnar, (2015) reported it from Solapur, India in the same year. It was collected from Thar dessert, Sindh, Pakistan by (Sultana et al . 2013). This species was also collected from District Dadu, Sindh, Pakistan by (Kalhoro et al . 2019). Khan et al . (2022) reported it in piedmont of mount Elum, Buner, KPK, Pakistan. Panhwar and Ali, (2017) explored it from Hazara division, KPK, Pakistan. Trilophidiini annulate (Thunberg, 1815) Body is brown or grey, with black markings. Antennae are slightly thickened, and pale at the base. Pronotum rugose, with lateral carinae. Wings are yellow at the base and brown or black beyond; the tegmina is grey, occasionally with two brown bands, and the extremity is brownish hyaline. It has thicker femora. Size 18–16 mm (Talbot, 1939). Distribution It was reported from Uttar Pradesh, India by (Rafi et al . 2014). Bhusnar, (2015) collected Trilophidiini annulate from Solapur, India and Thakkar et al . (2015) also explored it from South Gujarat, India in same year. It was collected by (Song et al . 2018) from America. Leksono et al . (2022) explored it from Dompu, Sumbawa Island, Indonesia. In our country, (Sultana et al . 2013) carried research and reported it from Thar dessert, Sindh, Pakistan. It was reported from Sialkot, Punjab, Pakistan by (Hussain et al . 2017). This species was reported from District Dadu, Sindh, Pakistan by (Kalhoro et al . 2019). Khan et al . (2022) reported it in piedmont of mount Elum, Buner, KPK, Pakistan. Panhwar and Ali, (2017) explored it from Hazara division, KPK, Pakistan. Atractomorpha crenulate (Fabricius, 1793) Greenish in colour. Body length is 16-26mm. Fastigium of the vertex nearly as long as the oval eyes, obtusely pointed, and narrowly carinated in front. Antennae very short and thick. The sides of the head and pronotum are somewhat slanted, behind the eyes are crenulated. The crenulation is frequently pale or pink and prosternum has an obtusely rounded tubercle. Tegmina is pointed and its length is 15-20mm. Base and tips of the wings are hyaline. Legs are slender and long. Abdomen rosy and smooth (Talbot, 1939). Distribution From Malang, Indonesia, it was reported by (Leksono et al . 2020). Abrori et al . (2021) collected this species from Batu city, East Java. Leksono et al . (2022) explored it from Dompu, Sumbawa Island, Indonesia. In our country, Atractomorpha crenulate was reported from Sialkot, Punjab, Pakistan by (Hussain et al . 2017). It was also collected from mount Elum, Buner, KPK, Pakistan by (Khan et al . 2022). Chrotogonus trachypterus (Blanchard, 1836) Tuberculate, rugose, and brown in colour. Short, broad, rugose heads with large, black-ringed antennae and prominent eyes. Pronotum is short and broad with many tiny, densely packed tubercles. Sternum with blackish colour. Tegmina is not as long as the abdomen. Short, whitish spines are present on the tibiae. Size 17 to 19 mm (Talbot, 1939). Distribution Sultana et al . (2013) carried research and reported it from Thar dessert, Sindh, Pakistan. Panhwar, (2018) reported it from Gorakh hill station, Dadu, Sindh, Pakistan. It was collected by (Khan et al . 2022) in piedmont of mount Elum, Buner, KPK, Pakistan. Conocephalus maculatus (Le Guillou, 1841) Head is brownish yellow in colour. Round eyes with an outward protuberance and a basal yellowish ring. Antenna is dull brownish. There are darker, crooked patches on the tibia and femur of the legs. These spots are darker in mid of tibia. On both the ventral and dorsal sides, the femur lacks spines. Male is 14mm long while female is 15mm long (Dharini and Chitra, 2023). Distribution Arya et al . (2015) reported Conocephalus maculatus from Western Himalayas, India. Abrori et al . (2021) collected this species from Batu city, East Java. Leksono et al . (2022) explored it from Dompu, Sumbawa Island, Indonesia. Khan et al . (2022) reported it in piedmont of mount Elum, Buner, KPK, Pakistan. Himertula kinneari (Uvarov, 1923) Small body with brownish colouring that extends from the fastigium's apex to the anterior part of the tegmina. The pronotum is short, narrow, and has a disc that is compressed at the back and circular in the front. Well-developed wings and tegmina. male cerci are significantly modified. 10.5–11mm body length of male (Panhwar et al. 2018). Distribution This species was explored from Western Himalayas, India by (Arya et al . 2015). It was also collected by (Meena et al . 2021)from southern-western Rajasthan, India. Akram et al . (2018) reported this species from Mansehra, KPK, Pakistan. Mecopoda elongate (Linnaeus, 1758) Large body size, male 64mm and female 54mm. From above, the head is squarish, and the fastigium is shortened. Internal and exterior tympanic membranes are open. Pronotum with an apparent lateral keel. Tegmen is lengthy, exceeding abdominal apex but not the wings at the back. Long hind femur, almost as long as the tegmen. The ovipositor is elongated (Liu et al . 2019). Distribution Farooqi and Usmani, (2017) reported it from Bihar, India. Phaneroptera gracilis (Burmeister, 1838) Body is slender. Fastigium is sharp and narrow, upper portion has thin groove. Small V-shaped sulcus on the pronotum. 3 external and 4 internal spurs on the hind tibiae. Tegmen has a slender, rounded tip. Shorter tegmina than the back wings. Tenth abdominal tergite in males is often unaltered. Male cerci are lengthy and have a pointed apex while female cerci are thin, clearly curved, and undulate. A well-developed ovipositor with little teeth or serrations (Farooqi and Usmani, 2018). Distribution Arya et al . (2015) reported it from Western Himalayas, India. This species was also explored from Mansehra, KPK, Pakistan by (Akram et al . 2018). Neighbor joining clustering of localities and environmental variables According to results of neighbor joining clusters, in first cluster nine localities have close association in their environment. In the second cluster, four localities and in cluster three, six localities revealed similarities with each other (Fig. 3). Principal Coordinate Analysis (PCoA) PCoA plot was constructed between diversity and abundance of grasshoppers of tehsil Havelian. On basis of environmental factors of selected localities, all the nineteen localities had similarity in environmental parameters i.e., Humidity and Temperature but only one locality, Satora, had different environmental condition from rest of all (Fig. Table 2). Table 2 Geographical Information and Ecological Parameters of Tehsil Havelian, District Abbottabad LOCALITIES LATITUDE (N) LONGITUDE (E) TEMPERATURE °C HUMIDITY % Havelian Urban 34.05533 73.15762 29 52 Satora 33.95862 73.25009 21 72 Rajoya 34.07794 73.22667 31 47 Bodla 33.96464 73.17844 25 75 Jhangra 34.02076 73.13922 24 71 Sultanpur 34.04313 73.12673 28 61 Chamba 34.03075 73.13042 27 65 Chando Maira 34.0058 73.21329 25 74 Karhaki 33.94135 73.1524 28 58 Danna Nooral 33.94284 73.18293 29 56 Bandi Attai Khan 34.04601 73.21875 29 38 Dewanl Manal 34.00067 73.26011 23 51 Lower Langra 34.06127 73.15738 26 40 Kiala Payaan 33.95416 73.16755 27 43 Noja Bandi 33.97052 73.18228 24 43 Banda Sahib Khan 34.07124 73.14969 26 36 Malkan 34.08422 73.2114 26 33 Phullan Wali 34.03657 73.18599 24 33 Punjgran 34.02156 73.15079 23 40 Conclusion According to the findings of the current research, it is concluded that Spathosternum prasiniferum was most common species while Aiolopus thalassinus , Oedaleus senegalensis and Patanga succincta (Acrididae), Atractomorpha crenulate (Pyrogomorphidae) and Phaneroptera gracilis (Tettigoniidae) were recorded as least common species, with only 1 number of specimens each in Tehsil Havelian. 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Pure Applied Biology 11:217-225. https://doi.org/10.19045/bspab.2022.110023 Kuga T, Kasuya E (2021) Mechanism of sound production by the chinese grasshopper acrida cinerea (orthoptera: Acrididae) during flight. Entomological Science 24:410-420. https://doi.org/10.1111/ens.12493 Kumar H, Usmani MK (2015) A review of the genus hieroglyphus (acrididae: Hemiacridinae) from india, with description of a new species. Tropical Zoology 28:35-55. https://doi.org/10.1080/03946975.2015.1015850 Kuravova K (2015) The grasshopper oedaleus decorus in the czech republic (orthoptera: Acrididae). Klapalekiana 51:55-60. Liu YF, Shen CZ, Gong P, Zhang L, He ZQ (2019) Three new species of genus Mecopoda Serville, 1831 from China (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Mecopodinae). Zootaxa 4585:561-572. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4585.3.10 Leksono AS, Yanuwiadi B, Afandhi A, Farhan M, Zairina A (2020) Grasshopper diversity in several agricultural areas and savannas in Dompu, Sumbawa Island, Indonesia. Biodiversita 23:75-80. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d211206 Leksono AS, Yanuwiadi B, Khotimah A, Zairina A (2022) The abundance and diversity of grasshopper communities in relation to elevation and land use in Malang, Indonesia. Biodiversita 21:5614-5620. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d230110 Mahdi SHA, Ahmed M, Ahsan MK (2018) Species diversity, seasonal abundance and morphometric analysis of grasshopper (orthoptera: Caelifera) in rajshahi city, bangladesh. Serangga 23:24-34. Maqsood S, Rana N, Majeed W, Nargis S (2020) Effect of dawn and dusk on the diversity and abundance of arthropods in a mixed agroecosystem. Pak J Agric Sci 57:975-980. Meena S, Meena P, Kumari V (2021) Diversity of orthopteran insects in Rajasthan: A review. International Journal of Entomology Research i 6:18-21. Panhwar WA (2018) Biodiversity of caelifera (orthoptera) from gorakh hill station, dadu sindh pakistan. Journal of Entomology & Zoology studies 6:1807-1811. Panhwar WA, Ali S (2017) A checklist of acrididae (Orthoptera) of Hazara division, khyber pakhtunkhwa, pakistan. Journal of Entomology & Zoology Studies 5:96-100. Prince MA, Sultana R, Kumar S (2022) Biodiversity of caelifera (orthoptera) in cholistan desert, punjab, pakistan. Plant Cell Biotechnology & Molecular Biology 23:38-44. https://doi.org/10.56557/pcbmb/2022/v23i1-27378 Rafi U, Usmani MK, Akhtar MH, Nayeem R (2014) Population density, diversity and distributional pattern of grasshopper fauna (acrididae: acridoidea: orthoptera) in central and eastern uttar pradesh, india. Rec. zool. Surv. India 114:165-176. Soliman MM, Haggag AA, El-Shazly MM (2017) Assessment of grasshopper diversity along a pollution gradient in the al-tebbin region, south cairo, egypt. Journal of Entomology & Zoology studies 5:298-306. Song H, Marino-Perez R, Woller DA, Cigliano MM (2018) Evolution, diversification, and biogeography of grasshoppers (orthoptera: Acrididae). Insect Systematics & Diversity 2:1-25. https://doi.org/10.1093/isd/ixy008 Suhail A, Suhail G, Al- Hariri MK (2001) Some Acridid Grasshoppers Belonging to Subfamily Cyrtacanthacridinae (Acrididae: Orthoptera) from Pakistan. International Journal Of Agriculture & Biology 3:43-46. Sultana R (2019) University of sindh jamshoro barcodes grasshoppers in pakistan’s thar desert. iBOL Barcode Bulletin https://doi.org/10.21083/ibol.v9i1.5491, 9(1). DOI 10.21083/ibol.v9i1.5491. Sultana R, Wagan YS, Wagan MS (2013) Orthopteran Biodiversity of Thar Desert, Sindh, Pakistan. Pakistan J. Zoology 45:299-304. Talbot G (1939) The fauna of british india, including ceylon and burma. 1:1-276. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.97003 Tamkeen A, Mahmood K, Nazir N (2015) Oedipodinae (Acrididae: Orthoptera) of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan. Pakistan J. Zool 47:1067-1076. Thakkar B, Parmar S, Parikh P (2015) Study on diversity of orthoptera fauna in south gujarat, india. International Journal of Pure & Applied Zoology 3:368-374. Usman K, Gul S, Rehman HU, Pervaiz K, Khan H, Manzoor S, Maqbool T, Gul S (2017) Grasshoppers of taxa (insecta, orthroptra, acrididae) at ahmad abad district karak khyber pakhtunkhwa, pakistan. J. Appl. Environ. Biol. Sci 7:26-30. Usman K, Rehman HU, Nazir R, Khan M, Rab A, Khan MI, Khudadad S, Pervaiz K (2017) Exploring of grasshoppers fauna at toordand district karak khyber pakhtunkhwa, pakistan. Journal of Entomology & Zoology Studies 5:1850-1853. Usman K, Rehman HU, Rab A, Khan MI, Khudadad S, Pervaiz K (2017) Study on grasshoppers fauna of khada district karak khyber pakhtunkhwa, pakistan. Journal of Entomology & Zoology Studies 5:1846-1849. Usmani MK (2008) A new species of the genus aiolopus fieber (oedipodinae: Acrididae) from libya. Insecta Mundi 0041:1-14. 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b, \u003cem\u003eAcrida cinerea\u003c/em\u003e; c, \u003cem\u003eAiolopus thalassinus\u003c/em\u003e; d, \u003cem\u003eHieroglyphus nigrorepletus\u003c/em\u003e; e, \u003cem\u003eOedaleus decorus\u003c/em\u003e; f, \u003cem\u003eOedaleus senegalensis\u003c/em\u003e; g, \u003cem\u003eOxya velox\u003c/em\u003e; h, \u003cem\u003eOxya japonica\u003c/em\u003e; i, \u003cem\u003eOxya hyla\u003c/em\u003e; j, \u003cem\u003ePatanga succincta\u003c/em\u003e; k, \u003cem\u003eSpathosternum prasiniferum\u003c/em\u003e; l, \u003cem\u003eTrilophidinni annulate\u003c/em\u003e; m, \u003cem\u003eChrotogonus trachypterus\u003c/em\u003e; n, \u003cem\u003eAtractomorpha crenulate\u003c/em\u003e; o, \u003cem\u003ePhaneroptera gracilis\u003c/em\u003e; p, \u003cem\u003eHimertula kinneari\u003c/em\u003e; q, \u003cem\u003eMecopoda elongate\u003c/em\u003e; r, \u003cem\u003eConocephalus maculatus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3556503/v1/ac592f53c946280b22f308be.jpg"},{"id":49385967,"identity":"e9abbdbe-f788-45cb-aa16-7d5af6ed8edb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-09 19:52:15","extension":"jpg","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":49594,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eNeighbor joining clustering of localities of Tehsil Havelian, District Abbottabad, KPK, Pakistan\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3556503/v1/e0b321648e17e6180662a6bf.jpg"},{"id":49385965,"identity":"75d0aac0-6d5b-489c-9dcc-718197a46220","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-09 19:52:15","extension":"jpg","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":41643,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePrincipal Coordinate Analysis (PCoA)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3556503/v1/61c521fe740ce55944820073.jpg"},{"id":77853572,"identity":"c1c424dd-4eef-4d0a-8d85-22a851e368da","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-06 07:22:42","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1120321,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3556503/v1/778d436d-802f-49d6-9d1e-56d45b6f6a8c.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eDiversity and Distributional Pattern of Grasshoppers Fauna in Agroforest and Vegetative Lands of Tehsil Havelian, Pakistan\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eDiversity is a valuable natural resource that provides information on the current state of animal evolution as well as species richness and other ecological data\u0026nbsp;(Bhusnar, 2015). All levels of ecosystem are supported by diversity of invertebrates\u0026nbsp;(Maqsood\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eet al\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e 2020). Grasshoppers are one of the most varied group of insects\u0026nbsp;(Bhusnar, 2015)\u0026nbsp;majorly found in terrestrial habitats around the world\u0026nbsp;(Usman\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eet al\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e 2017). They belong to phylum Arthropoda, class Insecta and order Orthoptera of kingdom Animalia\u0026nbsp;(Prince\u0026nbsp;et al\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e 2022). The distribution and diversity of grasshopper species around the world have been greatly affected by cultivation system, topography and changes in environmental circumstances\u0026nbsp;(Hussain\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eet al. 2017). They play a significant function in the grassland ecology due to the fact that they make up a significant amount of the arthropod biomass\u0026nbsp;(Thakkar\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eet al\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e 2015). There are just 161 recognized Orthopteran species in Pakistan\u0026nbsp;(Sultana, 2019). Diversity and distribution of grasshoppers is affected by both abiotic and biotic components. Abiotic element includes temperature, high temperature results increased metabolism and low temperature resulting in decreased metabolism thus cause mortality. Heavy rainfall causes physical damage of both mature and immature ones and it also increases humidity which promotes fungal growth. Similarly, low rainfall leads to low vegetation. On the other hand, other organisms like insects, mammals, birds and reptiles (predators); Coleopteran, Hymenopteran and Dipteran (parasitoids); viruses, fungi and nematodes (pathogens) are included in biotic component\u0026nbsp;(Kariuki\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eet al\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e 2019). Moreover, ecological elements such vegetation structure, relative humidity, soil type, and protection from outside threats are among the factors that affect the variety of grasshoppers\u0026nbsp;(Abrori et al. 2021).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGrasshoppers provide a valuable purpose as vital consumers, supplement recyclers, and prey for a wide range of taxa, including flying species\u0026nbsp;(Usman\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eet al\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e 2017)\u0026nbsp;thus supporting other biological elements of ecosystem (Song\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eet al\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e 2018).\u0026nbsp;Some grasshopper species are advantageous, including \u003cem\u003eSphenarium purpurascens\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eOxya hyla hyla\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eAcanthacris ruficornis\u003c/em\u003e, are eaten by humans. According to literature, they are good providers of \u0026nbsp;fatty acids, crude carbs, fibre, ash and amino acids\u0026nbsp;(Kariuki\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eet al. 2019). \u003cem\u003eHesperotettix viridis\u003c/em\u003e (Melanoplinae) prefers to feed on poisonous snakeweeds that can hurt cattle and other livestock, and \u003cem\u003eCornops aquaticum\u003c/em\u003e (Leptysiminae) has been employed as a successful biocontrol agent of water hyacinth\u0026nbsp;(Song\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eet al. 2018).\u0026nbsp;Conservation of grasshoppers is essential\u0026nbsp;(Bhusnar, 2015). But grasshoppers are among the list of most damaging crop pests, with more than 100 species of the family Acrididae alone being pests of pastures and agricultural crops\u0026nbsp;(Usman\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eet al. 2017). Ragged round holes in the leaves of plants indicate grasshopper damage. Veins and the leaf margins also experience this damage\u0026nbsp;(Mahdi\u0026nbsp;et al. 2018). Their defoliation mode decreases the leaves\u0026apos; photosynthetic area, and their propensity to aggregate makes bulk feeding easier, which leads to increased crop loss\u0026nbsp;(Kariuki\u0026nbsp;et al. 2019). Adult grasshoppers, as well as their fourth and fifth instars, are crucial for the seasonal growth of grasses because they consume and destroy more vegetation at these times\u0026nbsp;(Khan\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eet al\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e 2022). Because of this, nobody consider protecting grasshoppers (Bhusnar, 2015).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis research study was carried out in Tehsil Havelian from June to October 2022. During this period 400 specimens were collected from the 19 localities of Tehsil Havelian, Abbottabad (Fig. 1).\u0026nbsp;The specimens were collected with help of Sweep Netting and Hand-picking methods\u0026nbsp;(Usman\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eet al. 2017). A piece of net with a diameter of 17 cm at mouth and beg length of 50 cm was used for systematic sweeping\u0026nbsp;(Usman\u0026nbsp;et al\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e 2017). A digital thermometer, Hygrometer and GPS (Global Positioning System) meter was used to note down ecological factors as well as geographical parameters such as temperature, humidity, altitude, latitude and longitude, respectively at various sampling sites\u0026nbsp;(Hussain\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eet al\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e 2017; Khan\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eet al. 2021)\u0026nbsp;in the field book along with basic information like date of visit, name of location and type of land\u0026nbsp;(Betina\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eet al\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e 2017).\u0026nbsp;After collection, the grasshoppers were killed by spraying insecticide (Mortein).Dead specimens were mounted and then preserved\u0026nbsp;(Khan\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eet al\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e 2022)as a conventional method for lab work and were carried to Zoological Museum, Department of Zoology, Hazara University Mansehra, for the further observation. Naphthalene balls were placed in boxes to prevent attack of other arthropods on samples\u0026nbsp;(Prince\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eet al\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e 2022).\u0026nbsp;During the laboratory work all preserved specimens were subsequently identified one by one with the help of taxonomic keys of Sultana and\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eWagan (2015) and Talbot (1939) at Hazara University, Mansehra; under the stereoscopic microscope. After identification, species of grasshoppers were permanently labeled and preserved in entomological boxes.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results and Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe diversity of grasshoppers of Tehsil Havelian were identified into 18 species, 14 genera and 3 families belonging to 2 sub-orders of order orthoptera as mentioned in Table 1. Total 19 localities of Tehsil Havelian were visited for sample collection. All the geographical information along with ecological parameters of localities are mentioned in Table\u0026nbsp;2. During this research \u003cem\u003eSpathosternum prasiniferum\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Acrididae) was recorded as the most common species (135 specimens) and \u003cem\u003eAiolopus thalassinus\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eOedaleus senegalensis\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003ePatanga succincta\u003c/em\u003e, (Acrididae); \u003cem\u003eAtractomorpha crenulate\u003c/em\u003e (Pyrogomorphidae) and \u003cem\u003ePhaneroptera gracilis\u003c/em\u003e (Tettigoniidae) were recorded as least common species with only 1 number of specimens each. This study also revealed that Acrididae was the most common family and Pyrogomorphidae was least common family in Tehsil Havelian. Distribution of grasshopper\u0026rsquo;s species collected from Tehsil Havelian is mentioned in Table 3. All the pictures of identified species explored from tehsil Havelian are mentioned in (Fig. 2)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"634\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eDiversity of grasshoppers collected from Tehsil Havelian, District Abbottabad, KPK, Pakistan\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.874015748031496%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS. N.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.275590551181102%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSub- orders\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.212598425196852%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFamilies\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.89763779527559%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGenera\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.69291338582677%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo. of Species\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.04724409448819%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNames of Species\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.874015748031496%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.275590551181102%\" rowspan=\"14\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCaelifera\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.212598425196852%\" rowspan=\"12\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAcrididae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.89763779527559%\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAcrida\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.69291338582677%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.04724409448819%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eA. exaltata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.31578947368421%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"73.6842105263158%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eA. cinerea\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.01923076923077%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.846153846153847%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAiolopus\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.48076923076923%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.65384615384615%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eA. thalassinus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.01923076923077%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.846153846153847%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHieroglyphus\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.48076923076923%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.65384615384615%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eH. nigrorepletus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.01923076923077%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.846153846153847%\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOedaleus\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.48076923076923%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.65384615384615%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eO. decorus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.31578947368421%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"73.6842105263158%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eO. senegalensis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.01923076923077%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.846153846153847%\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOxya\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.48076923076923%\" rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.65384615384615%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eO. velox\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.31578947368421%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"73.6842105263158%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eO. japonica\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.31578947368421%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"73.6842105263158%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eO. hyla\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.01923076923077%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.846153846153847%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePatanga\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.48076923076923%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.65384615384615%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP. succincta\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.01923076923077%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.846153846153847%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSpathosternum\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.48076923076923%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.65384615384615%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eS. prasiniferum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.01923076923077%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.846153846153847%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTrilophidiini\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.48076923076923%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.65384615384615%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eT. annulate\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.293680297397769%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.676579925650557%\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePyrogomorphidae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.304832713754646%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChrotogonus\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.702602230483272%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.022304832713754%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. trachypterus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.01923076923077%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.846153846153847%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAtractomorpha\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.48076923076923%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.65384615384615%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eA. crenulate\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.874015748031496%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.275590551181102%\" rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEnsifera\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.212598425196852%\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTettigoniidae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.89763779527559%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhaneroptera\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.69291338582677%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.04724409448819%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP. gracilis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.01923076923077%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.846153846153847%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHimertula\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.48076923076923%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.65384615384615%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eH. kinneari\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.01923076923077%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.846153846153847%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMecopoda\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.48076923076923%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.65384615384615%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eM. elongate\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.01923076923077%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.846153846153847%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eConocephalus\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.48076923076923%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.65384615384615%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. maculatus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAcrida cinerea\u003c/em\u003e (Thunberg, 1815)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe average length of a male is 40-50 mm whereas a female is 70-80 mm. Body colour is either green or brown with colourless hindwings. The head is long, triangular in appearance with two long antennae. Acrida cinerea, like the other species of Acrida, lacks stridulatory organs on its legs, which prevents it from making noise while it moves\u0026nbsp;(Kuga and Kasuya, 2021).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDistribution\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt is reported from Sindh, Pakistan by\u0026nbsp;(Babar\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eet al\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e 2022).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch6\u003e\u003cem\u003eAcrida exaltata\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Walker, 1859) \u0026nbsp;\u003c/h6\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePossess green body colour. Head and pronotum are same in length. Tegmina is obtusely pointed and barely longer than the hind femora, and wings that are yellowish hyaline with cloudy cells in the center. Body size is 53 mm\u0026nbsp;(Talbot, 1939).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDistribution\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAcrida exaltata\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003ewas collected from Uttar Pradesh, India by\u0026nbsp;(Rafi\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eet al\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e 2014). Bhusnar, (2015) reported this species\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003efrom Solapur, India and\u0026nbsp;(Thakkar\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eet al. 2015)\u0026nbsp;also explored it from South Gujarat, India.\u0026nbsp;Mahdi\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eet al\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e (2018) reported it from Rajshahi city, Bangladesh. In our country, (Sultana\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eet al\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e 2013) carried research and reported it from Thar dessert, Sindh, Pakistan. It was collected by (Usman\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eet al. 2017)\u0026nbsp;from Ahmad abad, District Karak, KPK, Pakistan. In same year, it was also explored from Hazara division, KPK, Pakistan by\u0026nbsp;(Panhwar and Ali, 2017)\u0026nbsp;and\u0026nbsp;(Usman\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eet al. 2017) reported it from Khada District Karak, KPK, Pakistan. It was reported from Sialkot, Punjab, Pakistan by (Hussain \u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eet al\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e 2017). This species was also collected from District Dadu, Sindh, Pakistan by (Kalhoro\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eet al\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e 2019). Khan\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eet al\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e (2022) also reported it in piedmont of mount Elum, Buner, KPK, Pakistan. Prince et al\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e (2022) carried research and explored it from Cholistan desert, Punjab, Pakistan.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAiolopus\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003ethalassinus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Fabricius, 1781)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGeneral body colouration is variable, brown or green with ochraceous and black markings. Males range in size from 9.5 to 12.2, while females range from 10.9 to 16.5. Antennae are 22 to 24 segments long and roughly the length of the head and pronotum combined. The fastigium of the vertex is pentagonal (Usmani, 2008).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIt was collected from Uttar Pradesh, India by (Rafi\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eet al\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e 2014).\u0026nbsp;Thakkar\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eet al\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e (2015)\u0026nbsp;explored it from South Gujarat, India.\u0026nbsp;Sultana\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eet al\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e (2013)\u0026nbsp;carried research and reported it from Thar dessert, Sindh, Pakistan. It was collected from South Cairo, Egypt by\u0026nbsp;(Soliman\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eet al\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e 2017). In the same year (Usman\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eet al. 2017;\u0026nbsp;Panhwar and Ali, 2017)\u0026nbsp;explored this species from Ahmad Abad, District Karak, KPK, Pakistan and from Hazara division, KPK, Pakistan respectively. Moreover, it was also reported by\u0026nbsp;(Usman\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eet al. 2017)\u0026nbsp;from Khada District Karak, KPK, Pakistan.\u0026nbsp;Kalhoro\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eet al\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e (2019)\u0026nbsp;reported \u003cem\u003eAiolopus\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003ethalassinus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003efrom District Dadu, Sindh, Pakistan and\u0026nbsp;(Kariuki\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eet al\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e 2019)\u0026nbsp;explored it from Nakuru County\u003cstrong\u003e,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eKenya, in the same year.\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003ePrince\u0026nbsp;et al\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e (2022)\u0026nbsp;also explored it from Cholistan desert, Punjab, Pakistan.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHieroglyphus nigrorepletus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Bolivar, 1912)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRobust and cylindrical. The antennae are 26 segmented. Tegmina and wings surpassing the apex of hind femur with rounded apex. Hind tibia shorter than the hind femora with 9 outer and 10 inner spines. Body of male is 34mm while female 43mm of body length\u0026nbsp;(Kumar and Usmani, 2015).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDistribution\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003ewas collected from Uttar Pradesh, India by\u0026nbsp;(Rafi\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eet al\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e 2014).\u0026nbsp;Sultana\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eet al\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e (2013)\u0026nbsp;collected from Thar dessert, Sindh, Pakistan.\u0026nbsp;Khan\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eet al\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e (2022)\u0026nbsp;also reported this species in piedmont of mount Elum, Buner, KPK, Pakistan. It was explored from Hazara division, KPK, Pakistan by\u0026nbsp;Panhwar and Ali, (2017).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eOedaleus decorus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Germar, 1825)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBody colour is green or grey with black and pale dots. The pronotum has two white stripes that are interrupted medially. Possess large black band on hind wings\u0026nbsp;(Kuravova, 2015).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDistribution\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt was reported by (Betina\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eet al\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e 2017)\u0026nbsp;from\u0026nbsp;arid mountains of Batna, Algeria. (Tamkeen\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eet al\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e 2015) reported\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eOedaleus decorus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003efrom Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eOedaleus senegalensis\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Krauss, 1877)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYellowish head with longitudinal bands behind each eye with few brown punctations. Frons is rounded and straight. Frontal ridge is somewhat impressed at the ocellus and is shallowly sulcate. They have broad, flat, and rough-punctuated vertex. Body size of male 20-26 is while female possess 28-37mm (HAGGAG et al. 2008).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDistribution\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt was collected from Uttar Pradesh, India by\u0026nbsp;(Rafi\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eet al\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e 2014). It was reported by\u0026nbsp;(Usman\u0026nbsp;et al. 2017)\u0026nbsp;from Ahmad Abad, District Karak, KPK, Pakistan. This species was also reported from Buner, KPK, Pakistan by (Khan\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eet al\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e 2022).\u0026nbsp;Panhwar and Ali, (2017)\u0026nbsp;explored it from Hazara division, KPK, Pakistan.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eOxya hyla\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Serville, 1831)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHead is large, as broad as or broader than the pronotum. The fastigium is obtuse. They have filiform antennae. The pronotum is flattened and smooth. Tegmina is narrow and obtusely rounded at the extremity. Legs are long and slender, with broad wings that are rounded at the tips. The tips of the hind tibiae were extended, and each carina had around 10 spines, including an outer apical spine\u0026nbsp;(Talbot, 1939).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDistribution\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt was collected from Uttar Pradesh, India by\u0026nbsp;(Rafi\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eet al\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e 2014). \u003cem\u003eOxya hyla\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003ewas explored by (Bhusnar, 2015)\u0026nbsp;from Solapur, India and\u0026nbsp;(Thakkar\u0026nbsp;et al. 2015)\u0026nbsp;also reported it from South Gujarat, India. Leksono\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eet al\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e (2022) explored it from\u0026nbsp;Dompu, Sumbawa Island, Indonesia. It was collected from Thar dessert, Sindh, Pakistan by\u0026nbsp;(Sultana\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eet al\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e 2013). and also from Sialkot, Punjab, Pakistan by (Hussain \u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eet al\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e 2017). It was also collected from District Dadu, Sindh, Pakistan by\u0026nbsp;(Kalhoro\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eet al\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e 2019).\u0026nbsp;Khan\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eet al\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e (2022)\u0026nbsp;reported it in piedmont of mount Elum, Buner, KPK, Pakistan. In the same year\u0026nbsp;(Prince\u0026nbsp;et al\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e 2022)\u0026nbsp;also explored it from Cholistan desert, Punjab, Pakistan. It was reported from Hazara division, KPK, Pakistan by\u0026nbsp;(Panhwar and Ali, 2017)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eOxya japonica\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Thunberg, 1824)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAntennae equal to or a little longer than the combined length of the head and pronotum. Female sub vaginal plate has lateral longitudinal ridges on the ventral side that are lacking spines except at apex. It seriously harms paddy crops. Male is 12mm while female is 15mm in length\u0026nbsp;(Kevan\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eet al\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e 1997).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDistribution\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt was collected from Uttar Pradesh, India by\u0026nbsp;(Rafi\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eet al\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e 2014). It was explored by (Bhusnar, 2015)\u0026nbsp;from Solapur, India. \u003cem\u003eOxya japonica\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003ewas also collected by (Abrori\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eet al\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e 2021)\u0026nbsp;from Batu city, East Java. From Malang, Indonesia, it was reported by (Leksono\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eet al\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e 2020). In our country, this species was reported from Sialkot, Punjab, Pakistan by (Hussain \u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eet al\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e 2017). \u0026nbsp;Kalhoro\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eet al\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e (2019)\u0026nbsp;collected this species from District Dadu, Sindh, Pakistan. It was also explored in piedmont of mount Elum, Buner, KPK, Pakistan by (Khan\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eet al\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e 2022).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eOxya velox\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Fabricius, 1787)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGreen body colour, with a broad black band extending from the upper half of the eye to the base of the tegmina. The hind femora are shorter than the tegmina. Legs are green while hind tibiae are blue with about 10 white black-tipped spines. Last ventral segment in female longitudinally bicarinate. Body length is 16-32 mm\u0026nbsp;(Talbot, 1939).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDistribution\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt was collected from Uttar Pradesh, India by\u0026nbsp;(Rafi\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eet al\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e 2014). This was reported by\u0026nbsp;(Kalhoro\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eet al\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e 2019)\u0026nbsp;from District Dadu, Sindh, Pakistan.\u0026nbsp;Khan\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eet al\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e (2022)\u0026nbsp;also reported \u003cem\u003eOxya velox\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003ein piedmont of mount Elum, Buner, KPK, Pakistan. It was explored from Hazara division, KPK, Pakistan by\u0026nbsp;(Panhwar and Ali, 2017).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePatanga succincta\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Johannson, 1763)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHave dull yellow body colour. Antenna gets darker towards the apex. A pale-yellow line extends from the vertex\u0026apos;s fastigium down the median carina of the pronotum to the suture of the closed tegmina. Have a black and pale blue stripe below each eye. Seven external spines are on the hind tibia. Body length is 42-62 inches\u0026nbsp;(Kevan\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eet al\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e 1997).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDistribution\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt is reported from Bombay, India by\u0026nbsp;(Antoniou, 1970). This species was also collected by\u0026nbsp;(Suhail\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eet al\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e 2001)\u0026nbsp;from Cholistan, Punjab, Pakistan.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSpathosternum prasiniferum\u003c/em\u003e (Walker,1871)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGreen body colour. Below the lateral carinae of the pronotum, blackish or dark green band behind the lower of the eyes. It is outlined above by a thin pale-yellow line, and below by a wider one, which is followed by another dusky band that is bordered by yellow. Base of tegmina is light brown in colour. Particularly in females, the hind femora are frequently more or less green and have 10 or 11 spines. Size 13\u0026ndash;20 mm\u0026nbsp;(Talbot, 1939).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDistribution\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt was collected from Uttar Pradesh, India by\u0026nbsp;(Rafi\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eet al\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e 2014). \u0026nbsp;Arya\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eet al\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e (2015)\u0026nbsp;reported \u003cem\u003eSpathosternum prasiniferum\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003efrom Western Himalayas, India and\u0026nbsp;Bhusnar, (2015)\u0026nbsp;reported it from Solapur, India in the same year. It was collected from Thar dessert, Sindh, Pakistan by\u0026nbsp;(Sultana\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eet al\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e 2013). This species was also collected from District Dadu, Sindh, Pakistan by\u0026nbsp;(Kalhoro\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eet al\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e 2019).\u0026nbsp;Khan\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eet al\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e (2022)\u0026nbsp;reported it in piedmont of mount Elum, Buner, KPK, Pakistan.\u0026nbsp;Panhwar and Ali, (2017)\u0026nbsp;explored it from Hazara division, KPK, Pakistan.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTrilophidiini\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003eannulate\u003c/em\u003e (Thunberg, 1815)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBody is brown or grey, with black markings. Antennae are slightly thickened, and pale at the base. Pronotum rugose, with lateral carinae. Wings are yellow at the base and brown or black beyond; the tegmina is grey, occasionally with two brown bands, and the extremity is brownish hyaline. It has thicker femora. Size 18\u0026ndash;16 mm\u0026nbsp;(Talbot, 1939).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDistribution\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003ewas reported from Uttar Pradesh, India by\u0026nbsp;(Rafi\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eet al\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e 2014).\u0026nbsp;Bhusnar, (2015)\u0026nbsp;collected \u003cem\u003eTrilophidiini\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003eannulate\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003efrom Solapur, India\u0026nbsp;and Thakkar\u0026nbsp;et al\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e (2015)\u0026nbsp;also explored it from South Gujarat, India in same year. It was collected by (Song\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eet al\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e 2018) from America. Leksono\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eet al\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e (2022) explored it from\u0026nbsp;Dompu, Sumbawa Island, Indonesia. In our country, (Sultana\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eet al\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e 2013)\u0026nbsp;carried research and reported it from Thar dessert, Sindh, Pakistan. It was reported from Sialkot, Punjab, Pakistan by (Hussain \u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eet al\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e 2017). \u0026nbsp;This species was reported from District Dadu, Sindh, Pakistan by\u0026nbsp;(Kalhoro\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eet al\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e 2019).\u0026nbsp;Khan\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eet al\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e (2022)\u0026nbsp;reported it in piedmont of mount Elum, Buner, KPK, Pakistan.\u0026nbsp;Panhwar and Ali, (2017)\u0026nbsp;explored it from Hazara division, KPK, Pakistan.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eAtractomorpha crenulate\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(Fabricius, 1793)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGreenish in colour. Body length is 16-26mm. Fastigium of the vertex nearly as long as the oval eyes, obtusely pointed, and narrowly carinated in front. Antennae very short and thick. The sides of the head and pronotum are somewhat slanted, behind the eyes are crenulated. The crenulation is frequently pale or pink and prosternum has an obtusely rounded tubercle. Tegmina is pointed and its length is 15-20mm. Base and tips of the wings are hyaline. Legs are slender and long. Abdomen rosy and smooth\u0026nbsp;(Talbot, 1939).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDistribution\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFrom Malang, Indonesia, it was reported by (Leksono\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eet al\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e 2020).\u0026nbsp;Abrori\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eet al\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e (2021)\u0026nbsp;collected this species from Batu city, East Java. Leksono\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eet al\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e (2022) explored it from\u0026nbsp;Dompu, Sumbawa Island, Indonesia. In our country, \u003cem\u003eAtractomorpha crenulate\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003ewas reported from Sialkot, Punjab, Pakistan by (Hussain \u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eet al\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e 2017). It was also collected from mount Elum, Buner, KPK, Pakistan by (Khan\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eet al\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e 2022).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eChrotogonus trachypterus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Blanchard, 1836)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTuberculate, rugose, and brown in colour. Short, broad, rugose heads with large, black-ringed antennae and prominent eyes. Pronotum is short and broad with many tiny, densely packed tubercles. Sternum with blackish colour. Tegmina is not as long as the abdomen. Short, whitish spines are present on the tibiae. Size 17 to 19 mm\u0026nbsp;(Talbot, 1939).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDistribution\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSultana\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eet al\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e (2013)\u0026nbsp;carried research and reported it from Thar dessert, Sindh, Pakistan. Panhwar, (2018) reported it from Gorakh hill station, Dadu, Sindh, Pakistan. It was collected by (Khan\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eet al\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e 2022)\u0026nbsp;in piedmont of mount Elum, Buner, KPK, Pakistan.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eConocephalus maculatus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Le Guillou, 1841)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHead is brownish yellow in colour. Round eyes with an outward protuberance and a basal yellowish ring. Antenna is dull brownish. There are darker, crooked patches on the tibia and femur of the legs. These spots are darker in mid of tibia. On both the ventral and dorsal sides, the femur lacks spines. Male is 14mm long while female is 15mm long\u0026nbsp;(Dharini and Chitra, 2023).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDistribution\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eArya\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eet al\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e (2015)\u0026nbsp;reported \u003cem\u003eConocephalus maculatus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003efrom Western Himalayas, India.\u0026nbsp;Abrori\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eet al\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e (2021)\u0026nbsp;collected this species from Batu city, East Java. Leksono\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eet al\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e (2022) explored it from\u0026nbsp;Dompu, Sumbawa Island, Indonesia. \u0026nbsp;Khan\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eet al\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e (2022)\u0026nbsp;reported it in piedmont of mount Elum, Buner, KPK, Pakistan.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHimertula\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003ekinneari\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Uvarov, 1923)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSmall body with brownish colouring that extends from the fastigium\u0026apos;s apex to the anterior part of the tegmina. The pronotum is short, narrow, and has a disc that is compressed at the back and circular in the front. Well-developed wings and tegmina. male cerci are significantly modified. 10.5\u0026ndash;11mm body length of male (Panhwar et al. 2018).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDistribution\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis species was explored from Western Himalayas, India by (Arya\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eet al\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e 2015). It was also collected by (Meena\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eet al\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e 2021)from southern-western Rajasthan, India. \u0026nbsp;Akram\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eet al\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e (2018)\u0026nbsp;reported this species from Mansehra, KPK, Pakistan.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMecopoda elongate\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Linnaeus, 1758)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLarge body size, male 64mm and female 54mm. From above, the head is squarish, and the fastigium is shortened. Internal and exterior tympanic membranes are open. Pronotum with an apparent lateral keel. Tegmen is lengthy, exceeding abdominal apex but not the wings at the back. Long hind femur, almost as long as the tegmen. The ovipositor is elongated (Liu et al\u003cem\u003e.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e2019).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDistribution\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFarooqi and Usmani, (2017)\u0026nbsp;reported it from Bihar, India.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003ePhaneroptera gracilis\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(Burmeister, 1838)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBody is slender. Fastigium is sharp and narrow, upper portion has thin groove. Small V-shaped sulcus on the pronotum. 3 external and 4 internal spurs on the hind tibiae. Tegmen has a slender, rounded tip. Shorter tegmina than the back wings. Tenth abdominal tergite in males is often unaltered. Male cerci are lengthy and have a pointed apex while female cerci are thin, clearly curved, and undulate. A well-developed ovipositor with little teeth or serrations\u0026nbsp;(Farooqi and Usmani, 2018).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDistribution\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eArya\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eet al\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e (2015) reported it\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003efrom Western Himalayas, India. This species was also explored from Mansehra, KPK, Pakistan by (Akram\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eet al\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e 2018).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNeighbor joining clustering of localities and environmental variables\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to results of neighbor joining clusters, in first cluster nine localities have close association in their environment. In the second cluster, four localities and in cluster three, six localities revealed similarities with each other (Fig. 3).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePrincipal Coordinate Analysis (PCoA)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePCoA plot was constructed between diversity and abundance of grasshoppers of tehsil Havelian. On basis of environmental factors of selected localities, all the nineteen localities had similarity in environmental parameters i.e., Humidity and Temperature but only one locality, Satora, had different environmental condition from rest of all (Fig. Table 2).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"638\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Geographical Information and Ecological Parameters of Tehsil Havelian, District Abbottabad\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.864406779661017%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLOCALITIES\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.135593220338983%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLATITUDE (N)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.152542372881356%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLONGITUDE (E)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.71186440677966%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTEMPERATURE \u0026deg;C\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.28813559322034%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHUMIDITY %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"0.847457627118644%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.864406779661017%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHavelian Urban\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.135593220338983%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.05533\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.152542372881356%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73.15762\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.71186440677966%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.28813559322034%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"0.847457627118644%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.864406779661017%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSatora\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.135593220338983%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.95862\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.152542372881356%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73.25009\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.71186440677966%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.28813559322034%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"0.847457627118644%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.864406779661017%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRajoya\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.135593220338983%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.07794\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.152542372881356%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73.22667\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.71186440677966%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.28813559322034%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"0.847457627118644%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.864406779661017%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBodla\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.135593220338983%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.96464\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.152542372881356%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73.17844\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.71186440677966%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.28813559322034%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"0.847457627118644%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.864406779661017%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJhangra\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.135593220338983%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.02076\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.152542372881356%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73.13922\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.71186440677966%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.28813559322034%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"0.847457627118644%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.864406779661017%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSultanpur\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.135593220338983%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.04313\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.152542372881356%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73.12673\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.71186440677966%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.28813559322034%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"0.847457627118644%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.864406779661017%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChamba\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.135593220338983%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.03075\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.152542372881356%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73.13042\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.71186440677966%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.28813559322034%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"0.847457627118644%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.864406779661017%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChando Maira\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.135593220338983%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.0058\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.152542372881356%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73.21329\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.71186440677966%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.28813559322034%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"0.847457627118644%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.864406779661017%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKarhaki\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.135593220338983%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.94135\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.152542372881356%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73.1524\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.71186440677966%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.28813559322034%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"0.847457627118644%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.864406779661017%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDanna Nooral\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.135593220338983%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.94284\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.152542372881356%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73.18293\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.71186440677966%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.28813559322034%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"0.847457627118644%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.864406779661017%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBandi Attai Khan\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.135593220338983%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.04601\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.152542372881356%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73.21875\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.71186440677966%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.28813559322034%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"0.847457627118644%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.864406779661017%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDewanl Manal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.135593220338983%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.00067\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.152542372881356%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73.26011\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.71186440677966%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.28813559322034%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"0.847457627118644%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.864406779661017%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLower Langra\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.135593220338983%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.06127\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.152542372881356%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73.15738\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.71186440677966%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.28813559322034%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"0.847457627118644%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.864406779661017%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKiala Payaan\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.135593220338983%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.95416\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.152542372881356%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73.16755\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.71186440677966%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.28813559322034%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"0.847457627118644%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.864406779661017%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNoja Bandi\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.135593220338983%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.97052\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.152542372881356%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73.18228\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.71186440677966%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.28813559322034%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"0.847457627118644%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.864406779661017%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBanda Sahib Khan\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.135593220338983%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.07124\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.152542372881356%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73.14969\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.71186440677966%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.28813559322034%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"0.847457627118644%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.864406779661017%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMalkan\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.135593220338983%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.08422\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.152542372881356%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73.2114\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.71186440677966%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.28813559322034%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"0.847457627118644%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.864406779661017%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhullan Wali\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.135593220338983%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.03657\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.152542372881356%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73.18599\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.71186440677966%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.28813559322034%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"0.847457627118644%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.864406779661017%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePunjgran\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.135593220338983%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.02156\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.152542372881356%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73.15079\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.71186440677966%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.28813559322034%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"0.847457627118644%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eAccording to the findings of the current research, it is concluded that \u003cem\u003eSpathosternum prasiniferum\u003c/em\u003e was most common species while \u003cem\u003eAiolopus thalassinus\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eOedaleus senegalensis\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003ePatanga succincta\u003c/em\u003e (Acrididae), \u003cem\u003eAtractomorpha crenulate\u003c/em\u003e (Pyrogomorphidae) and \u003cem\u003ePhaneroptera gracilis\u003c/em\u003e (Tettigoniidae) were recorded as least common species, with only 1 number of specimens each in Tehsil Havelian. \u0026nbsp; Moreover, Acrididae was the most common family followed by Pyrogomorphidae that was least common family in Tehsil Havelian.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflict of interest.\u003c/strong\u003e The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical statement\u003c/strong\u003e. The research conducted Compliance with Ethical Standards\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAbrori M, Leksono AS, Gama ZP (2021) The abundance and diversity of grasshopper (orthoptera) in batu city, east java. Biotropika: Journal of Tropical Biology 9:19-26. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.biotropika.2021.009.01.03\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAkram M, Panhwar WA, Mehmood SA, Ahmed S, Ali S (2018) Incidence and distribution of False Katydids (Phaneropterinae) from district Mansehra. Journal of Entomology \u0026amp; Zoology Studies 6:2577-2579.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAntoniou A (1970) Observations on rearing and breeding the Bombay locust Patanga succincta (L.), in the laboratory. J. nat. Hist 4:85-88.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eArya MK, Joshi PC, Badoni VP (2015) Species composition, abundance, density and diversity of grasshoppers (Insecta: Orthoptera) in a protected forest ecosystem in the Western Himalayas, India. 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Sci 7:26-30.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eUsman K, Rehman HU, Nazir R, Khan M, Rab A, Khan MI, Khudadad S, Pervaiz K (2017) Exploring of grasshoppers fauna at toordand district karak khyber pakhtunkhwa, pakistan. Journal of Entomology \u0026amp; Zoology Studies 5:1850-1853.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eUsman K, Rehman HU, Rab A, Khan MI, Khudadad S, Pervaiz K (2017) Study on grasshoppers fauna of khada district karak khyber pakhtunkhwa, pakistan. Journal of Entomology \u0026amp; Zoology Studies 5:1846-1849.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eUsmani MK (2008) A new species of the genus aiolopus fieber (oedipodinae: Acrididae) from libya. Insecta Mundi 0041:1-14.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":true,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Grasshoppers, Orthopterans, Diversity, Distribution, Havelian, KPK","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3556503/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3556503/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"Grasshoppers are one of the most varied group of insects. They belong to phylum Arthropoda, class Insecta and order Orthoptera. Ensifera and Caelifera are two common suborders of the order Orthoptera. The current study was carried out to explore the diversity and distribution of grasshoppers in Tehsil Havelian, District Abbottabad, KPK. Field survey was conducted in 19 localities of Tehsil Havelian from August 2022 to October 2022. Environmental parameters like Temperature and Humidity were also measured. Total 400 specimens were collected from Tehsil Havelian by using Sweep Netting method and Handpicking method and were preserved in the Zoological Museum of Hazara University Mansehra. This study revealed 18 species, 14 genera and 3 families belonging to 2 sub-orders of Orthoptera. Species identified during present research includes: Acrida cinerea, Acrida exaltata, Aiolopus thalassinus, Hieroglyphus nigrorepletus, Oedaleus decorus, Oedaleus senegalensis, Oxya hyla, Oxya japonica, Oxya velox, Patanga succincta, Spathosternum prasiniferum, Trilophidiini annulate, Atractomorpha crenulate, Chrotogonus trachypterus, Conocephalus maculatus, Himertula kinneari, Mecopoda elongate and Phaneroptera gracilis. The most common species recorded in Tehsil Havelian was Spathosternum prasiniferum. Moreover, Acrididae was the most common family and Pyrogomorphidae was recorded as least common family in Tehsil Havelian.","manuscriptTitle":"Diversity and Distributional Pattern of Grasshoppers Fauna in Agroforest and Vegetative Lands of Tehsil Havelian, Pakistan","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-01-09 19:52:10","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3556503/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"fd9639d4-1ea5-4c94-9c1b-357d273aea28","owner":[],"postedDate":"January 9th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-03-06T07:14:32+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-01-09 19:52:10","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-3556503","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-3556503","identity":"rs-3556503","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}