Bandwidth Optimization and Miniaturization of a 2.45 GHz Microstrip Patch Antenna Using a Modified Particle Swarm Optimization

Bandwidth Optimization and Miniaturization of a 2.45 GHz Microstrip Patch Antenna Using a Modified Particle Swarm Optimization | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Bandwidth Optimization and Miniaturization of a 2.45 GHz Microstrip Patch Antenna Using a Modified Particle Swarm Optimization Anwer Sabah Ahmed, Yousif Jawad Kadhim Nukhailawi, Heyam A. Marzog, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8637312/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This paper presents a compact rectangular microstrip patch antenna optimized for operation in the 2.45 GHz ISM band. A chaos-initialized Modified Particle Swarm Optimization (MPSO) framework is employed to jointly optimize the slot geometry and air-gap thickness with the objective of achieving antenna miniaturization while maintaining stable impedance matching and high radiation efficiency. An analytical air-gap model is incorporated into the optimization loop to enable efficient resonance control without relying on complex multilayer substrates or metamaterial loading. The antenna is designed on an RT-Duroid substrate and analyzed using COMSOL Multiphysics. Experimental results demonstrate an impedance bandwidth defined by | S₁₁ | ≤ −10 dB, a measured peak gain of approximately 5.1 dBi, and a radiation efficiency exceeding 92% at 2.45 GHz. A patch area reduction of 92.4% is achieved relative to a conventional design, with close agreement observed between simulated and measured results. Microstrip Patch Antenna Modified Particle Swarm Optimization Antenna Miniaturization ISM Band Bandwidth Enhancement Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8637312","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":579960388,"identity":"4661d0da-5065-4569-b070-2b4ad975f838","order_by":0,"name":"Anwer Sabah Ahmed","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAx0lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACNgaGBBAtB+eyEavFGKKUGC0wkNgA00IQ8Ek3PGD4ueNwev/8HgOGD2WHGfjYEwg4TOZAAmPvmcO5M47xGDDOOHeYgY3nAQEtEgkJDLxtt3MbgFqYedsOg0QIa2H823Y7XR6k5S+xWoCG304wAGlhJFbLYdm2/4Ybj6UVHOw5l85D0C/yM3ISH75tS5OXO3x444MfZdZy8u0EbGFg4Ek4AGOCGDzQuMUH2A+gixDUMgpGwSgYBSMMAAAidD4A8hKtwgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Technical Institute of Al-Najaf, Al-Furat Al-Awsat Technical University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Anwer","middleName":"Sabah","lastName":"Ahmed","suffix":""},{"id":579960389,"identity":"8502dcf8-44d1-4e35-8c9f-af3ee1234cf6","order_by":1,"name":"Yousif Jawad Kadhim Nukhailawi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Technical Institute of Al-Najaf, Al-Furat Al-Awsat Technical University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yousif","middleName":"Jawad Kadhim","lastName":"Nukhailawi","suffix":""},{"id":579960390,"identity":"a3c9c7df-a602-41e8-b8e9-c23c483bca39","order_by":2,"name":"Heyam A. 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