Effect of source-based tele-dentistry using AI-generated educational videos on awareness of Egyptian children and caregivers regarding risks of early childhood caries; Prospective Cohort Study

Effect of source-based tele-dentistry using AI-generated educational videos on awareness of Egyptian children and caregivers regarding risks of early childhood caries; Prospective Cohort Study | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Effect of source-based tele-dentistry using AI-generated educational videos on awareness of Egyptian children and caregivers regarding risks of early childhood caries; Prospective Cohort Study Somaia Ghobar, AbdelHameed Hijazi, Dalia Abd-Allah, Hala Elalfy Fawzy, and 4 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8662614/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 15 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background Tele-dentistry is a relatively new approach that helps the challenged population with accessibility and socioeconomic problems to get the advice and consultations required to manage preventable oral health issues such as dental caries and periodontal disease. The current study assesses awareness changes after using AI videos as source-based tele-dentistry. Methods An AI-generated video describing important advice about prevention of early childhood caries, diet modifications, and first molar hypomineralisation was sent to children and caregivers through kindergartens and clinics, and an electronic questionnaire to assess awareness was completed before and after watching the videos once and twice. Results 70 children and 67 caregivers were included in the current study. Overall reliability of the parents and children electronic questionnaire was assessed with Cronbach’s alpha values between 0.709 and 0.889, respectively. Children’s awareness, including Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice domains heatmap analysis, showed a significant positive correlation with completion time of the e-questionnaire, while the educational level had a critical influence on the parents’ KAP scores. Conclusions Within the limitations of the current study, AI-generated educational videos showed a promising source for tele-dentistry enhancing practices and attitudes towards oral health issues in both children and caregivers and signify important collaboration with pediatric physicians and nursery houses. This trial was registered in 23\11\2025 in Clinicaltrials.gov under the number: NCT07248800. Retrospectively registered. Tele-dentistry Awareness Oral health Artificial intelligence Pediatricians Childhood caries Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 1. Introduction Background and rationale: Children's oral health is paramount for their general health and their well-being; it affects the physical, social, and mental health [1]. Oral health awareness can be spread in a wide range using the technological advancements used by pediatric dentists to ensure better access to oral health services and improve oral health behaviors [2, 3]. Internet based mobile technologies and health applications had promoted oral health education programs for the public use [4]. Dental caries is an irreversible microbial disease affecting the hard tissues of the tooth, and its manifestation persists throughout life even after treatment. It is reported by the World Health Organization (WHO) to affect different genders, social classes, and all age groups, with about 60–90% of children affected by dental caries [5]. According to the American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry (AAPD), dental caries in infants and children aged 71 months or below is known as early childhood caries (ECC) and is defined as the presence of one or more decayed teeth (non-cavitated or cavitated lesions), missing tooth due to caries, or filled tooth surfaces in any primary tooth [6]. The prevention and early management of ECC, as it is the most virulent form of caries. It can be seen on smooth surfaces that start as soon as the teeth erupt and progress rapidly, causing a detrimental impact on the dentition. Despite this, the lack of awareness among children and/or their caregivers is considered a major contributing factor to the high prevalence and severity of ECC, particularly with respect to improper oral hygiene practices, inappropriate feeding habits, and delayed dental visits [7]. “Telemedicine” is the delivery of healthcare services over long distances using electronically generated information-based on technology and telecommunication infrastructure [8]. It is used for diagnosis, consultation, treatment of diseases, and patient education [9]. The global increased use of wireless technologies in communications has changed the way dentistry is being practiced. Analogous to telemedicine, “Tele-dentistry” is a branch of dentistry that employs the internet and uses information technology [4]. The origin of tele-dentistry goes back to the late 20th century as a subset of telemedicine, developed to address the challenges of providing dental care in remote and underserved areas. The concept emerged with early advancements in telecommunication, allowing healthcare professionals to exchange medical records over long distances [10]. The United States military recorded one of the earliest uses of tele-dentistry, where they launched the Total Dental Access (TDA) project in the mid-1990s to test the feasibility of transmitting digital dental records and radiographs to specialists for remote diagnosis and treatment planning. This project demonstrated that electronic communication could enhance dental care by overcoming geographic barriers [11]. Tele-dentistry, with its various applications, is a skill that must be learned by oral health providers to ensure access to good oral care for those patients in remote and rural areas or patients with special needs [12]. Its applications include tele-triage, which focuses on prioritizing the patient’s needs, telediagnosis using images of oral pathologies, teleconsultation, and telemonitoring that minimize the need for traveling, therefore can help to reduce financial burden in the patients [13]. Further advantages of such technologies are keeping digital records available for referral to dental specialist consultations, whether the images or records were provided by non-specialists or by dental assistants. These records can include data from patient history using a questionnaire, clinical examination findings, and radiographic images, as well as photos from an intraoral camera or a digital camera [4, 14-16]. Dentists do not frequently see children under three, which leaves them susceptible to oral diseases. Healthy baby visit programs provide pediatricians with the opportunity to examine newborns from birth, thereby offering the optimal means for the timely detection of dental issues. By educating parents on oral preventive healthcare, pediatricians are well-positioned to provide screening services for early diagnosis and to make referrals where and when needed [17]. Doctors occupy a critical position in the promotion of oral health among children; this fact has been recognized for more than a decade. Many different healthcare professions share this task, but pediatricians have an important role in this regard [18]. Studies indicate that physicians value oral health, believe they play an important role in preventing dental disease and promoting oral health, and report a willingness to examine children for dental disease and educate caregivers about early childhood caries [19]. This supports the need for cooperation between the two disciplines. Since 2003, in the United States, recommendations for pediatric oral health risk assessments from the age of 6 months have included the role of pediatricians in oral health [17, 18]. Incorporating artificial intelligence in dentistry is seen to have the potential for better patient outcomes, with the assistance of timely interventions and the ease of clinical practices, which in turn can also lead to the redefinition of the future of dentistry, especially concerning patient education strategies and methods of communicating with them [20, 21]. Depending on Artificial intelligence can work to alleviate fear by making patients aware of the process, whereas automated reminders and follow-ups will reinforce information. Artificial intelligence will ensure that there is consistency in the information delivered by different practices, which will result in a better understanding by the patients. Overall experience. With these solutions that utilize artificial intelligence, dentists can provide improvements in communication, education, and patient satisfaction regarding treatment [22]. Hence, the role of producing video content by professionals such as physicians and specifically dentists represent an important focus of this research. Notably, this is in a scenario where there is an emerging capacity to utilize artificial intelligence to produce high-definition content fairly and easily. There was no comparative study between awareness and performance change in a pediatric clinic or kindergarten. So, the objective of this research is to investigate the effect of a digital tele-dentistry with AI-generated content on awareness and performance among a sample of Egyptian children and their caregivers in both kindergartens and pediatrician offices. Objectives: The current study aims to evaluate the effect of source-based tele-dentistry using AI-generated educational videos on awareness of Egyptian children and caregivers regarding risks of early childhood caries, the importance of oral health practices and a healthy diet, and the importance of taking care of the first permanent molars and comparing the resultant awareness from the two sources. 2. Materials and Methods This manuscript is reported in accordance with CONSORT guidelines for reporting clinical trials updated in 2025 [23]. This research was registered in 23\11\2025 in Clinicaltrials.gov under the number: NCT07248800. Retrospectively registered. Study Sitting: This study was conducted at multiple kindergartens and private pediatric clinics in Ismailia governorate, Egypt. Time: January to June 2025. Eligibility criteria: Parents and caregivers of children aged 5 – 10 years old of any gender Exclusion criteria: 1- Children 10 years old 2- Children with special needs, including: a. Physical disability (sensory or motor defects) b. Mental retardation 3- Uncooperative children or caregivers Intervention: An AI-generated video containing specific information about: 1. The importance of oral health practices and a healthy diet 2. Prevention of early childhood caries 3. The importance of taking care of the first permanent molars was disseminated, and participants were asked to view these videos once per week for 6 months. Outcomes: Primary outcome: knowledge and practice changes after using AI-generated videos in tele-dentistry to enhance oral health measures and screening, using an evaluation form (Appendix A.) about dietary habits and dental hygiene practices were registered by the children and their caregivers daily during the trial period Participant timeline: T 0 : Pretrial awareness assessment questionnaire T 1 : After watching the videos for the first time T 2 : After watching the videos twice Sample size: A random sampling technique formula to estimate the sampling size. It is computed as: n = N / (1+Ne2). Slovin's formula [24]. n = required sample size. N = population. e = margin of error at 5% (standard value of 0.05). Recruitment: Eligible participants were recruited through their contact information at three different kindergartens and three private pediatrician clinics in Ismailia governorate. Of the contacted participants who had agreed to sign an informed consent and adhere to the study protocol, they were enrolled in the study. Data Monitoring: The main investigator had to monitor data entry and accessibility of the information provided in this study. Missing or misinterpretation of data was handled by the agreement between all authors. Harms: No harm is expected from our intervention. Auditing: All data were self-recorded using an electronic database, with limited access to the main investigator only. The statistician got the row data after completing the trial period, while backup data was saved and monitored by the main investigator. Statistical methods: Statistical analyses were directed to measure and compare the knowledge and Awareness of the Parents participants. Data were collected, reviewed, and prepared into tables and figures using Microsoft Excel 2016. Normality of the data was tested using the Shapiro-Wilk and Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests at a significance level of p≤ 0.05 to determine whether the data were parametric or nonparametric. Moreover, nonparametric data were presented using both graphical and numerical descriptions, including frequency (n, %), mean, range, and standard deviation (SD). Parametric data were summarized in terms of mean and SD. Inferential statistics were performed using the Chi-square test to compare nonparametric data for goodness-of-fit. In contrast, parametric data comparisons for the Knowledge and Attitudes, and Awareness scores were conducted using an independent sample t-test. To measure the differences between the two groups according to the source of obtaining the questionnaire, whether parents in schools or parents from pediatric clinics, the Mann-Whitney U test was used to measure the significance of the differences, because the data do not follow normal distribution, and since all Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) values are greater than the significance level (0.05) in all variables and indicators (knowledge, attitudes, practices, total scores, and percentages). Three levels of statistical significance were defined: p ≤ 0.05 (*), p ≤ 0.01 (**), and p ≤ 0.001 (***). All data analyses were performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), IBM-SPSS version 29.0 for Mac OS. In addition, heat maps were generated to identify correlations. Principal component analysis (PCA) and a Heat map were carried out using PAST statistical software version 4.0. 3. Results 3.1. Children's Questionnaire Results A total of 70 participants were recorded in this study, using a 3-domain questionnaire: Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice (KAP) domains. The questionnaire demonstrates adequate to excellent internal consistency as measured by Cronbach's alpha coefficients, where the instrument exhibited excellent overall reliability (α = 0.889). Cronbach's alpha values of 0.70–0.79 are considered acceptable, 0.80–0.89 indicate good reliability suitable for most research purposes, and values ≥ 0.90 represent exceptional reliability appropriate for clinical and diagnostic assessments ( Table 1 ). Table 1 The reliability analysis of children's questionnaires and internal consistency as measured by Cronbach's alpha coefficients Section variables Responses Cronbach's alpha Knowledge 6 70 0.869 Attitude 5 70 0.823 Practice 8 70 0.703 Total 19 70 0.889 3.1.1 Survey Demographics and Exposure The survey distribution showed that most child participants were reached through parents in schools (61.4%, n = 43) compared to pediatricians' clinics (38.6%, n = 27), though this difference was not statistically significant (χ² p-value = 0.056). Regarding survey completion timing, the highest proportion of children completed the survey before watching the educational video (44.3%, n = 31), followed by after watching twice (22.9%, n = 16), once (17.1%, n = 12), and other circumstances (15.7%, n = 11), with a highly significant distribution (χ² p-value = 0.002). This timing variable demonstrated significant associations with knowledge scores (ANOVA p = 0.002, p < 0.01), where children who completed the survey after watching the video twice exhibited the highest knowledge mean (4.44 ± 0.26) compared to those completing it before viewing (3.53 ± 0.93) ( Table 2 , Fig. 1 ). Table 2 Description of the distribution of Demographics and Exposure of children questionnaires, in terms of frequency (n, %) and chi-square. Variable Scale Frequency Chi-square N % How did the survey reach you? Parents in schools 43 61.4 0.056 ns Pediatrician's Clinic 27 38.6 When did you complete the current survey? Before watching the video 31 44.3 0.002** After watching the video "once." 12 17.1 After watching the video "twice." 16 22.9 Other 11 15.7 The children's knowledge section comprised six variables with an overall mean score of 3.87 ± 0.83. The knowledge items assessed children's understanding of dental caries etiology and prevention using a 5-point Likert scale with emoji-based responses (5 = Strongly agree, 4 = Agree, 3 = Moderate, 2 = Disagree, 1 = Strongly disagree) (Table, 3) The question 2 in knowledge domain ("When we don't brush our teeth this cause tooth cavities") exhibited the highest positive response rate at 70.0% (n = 49) with a mean of 4.40 ± 1.12 (range 1–5) and highly significant association (χ², p < 0.001). While Knowledge item K5 ("Do you think not visiting the dentist can cause tooth cavities") demonstrated the lowest positive response within the knowledge domain at 44.3% (n = 31, mean = 4.00 ± 1.14), yet remained highly significant (χ², p < 0.001). The knowledge scores were categorized into three performance levels: poor (27.1%, n = 19), accepted (31.4%, n = 22), and good (41.4%, n = 29), showing that a plurality of children achieved good knowledge levels. When stratified by survey distribution method, no significant association was found between knowledge scores and how the survey reached participants (χ²=0.548, p > 0.05), nor by survey completion timing (χ² p = 0.086). The attitude section included five variables with an overall mean of 3.63 ± 0.64. The attitude items assessed children's self-reported dental hygiene behaviors and perceptions using a 5-point Likert scale. ( Table 3 ) Attitude item A3 ("I clean my teeth before sleep") exhibited the highest agreement rate at 70.0% (n = 49) with a mean of 4.50 ± 0.90 (range 2–5) and highly significant chi-square (χ² p < 0.001). The behavioral attitude item A5 ("If you have visited the dentist, mention why?") assessed reasons for dental visits, revealing that pain was the most common motivator (40.0%, n = 28), followed by treating decay (31.4%, n = 22), regular checkups (20.0%, n = 14), and didn't visit (8.6%, n = 6), with a mean of 3.61 ± 1.34 (range 1–5) and highly significant chi-square (χ² p < 0.001). Attitude scores were stratified as poor (51.4%, n = 36), accepted (30.0%, n = 21), and good (18.6%, n = 13), indicating that over half of the children demonstrated poor attitude scores. The distribution showed no significant association with how the survey reached participants (χ² p = 0.518) but demonstrated a significant relationship with survey completion timing (χ² p = 0.023). ANOVA analysis revealed no significant differences in mean attitude scores across completion timing groups (p = 0.108, p > 0.05), suggesting that video exposure did not substantially influence attitudes. The practice section comprised eight variables with an overall mean of 1.36 ± 0.33. The practice items assessed actual oral hygiene behaviors and dietary habits. ( Table 3 ) Practice item P1 (toothbrush use) and P2 (toothpaste use) demonstrated exceptionally high adoption rates of 90.0% (n = 63, mean = 0.90 ± 0.30, range 0–1) and 94.3% (n = 66, mean = 0.94 ± 0.23, range 0–1) respectively, both with highly significant chi-square values (χ² p < 0.001). In contrast, P3 (dental floss usage) showed only 20.0% (n = 14) adoption with a mean of 0.20 ± 0.40, though highly significant (χ² p < 0.001), and P4 (mouthwash use) exhibited 37.1% (n = 26) usage with a mean of 0.37 ± 0.49 and moderate significance (χ² p = 0.031). Practice scores were categorized as poor (20.0%, n = 14), acceptable (70.0%, n = 49), and good (10.0%, n = 7), demonstrating that most children exhibited acceptable practice levels. No significant associations were found between practice scores and survey distribution method (χ² p = 0.170) or completion timing (χ² p = 0.071). Mean practice scores differed significantly by distribution method (t-test p = 0.003, p < 0.01), with school-based recruitment showing higher practice means (1.44 ± 0.30) compared to clinic-based (1.22 ± 0.31). Table 3 Description of K, A, and P in terms of frequency n, %, mean ± SD, True (n, %), and chi-square Variables Frequency n(%) Mean ± SD TRUE Chi square (sign.) (Range) n (%) K Strongly agree Agree Moderate Disagree Strongly disagree K1 48(68.6) 8(11.4) 0(0.0) 10(14.3) 4(5.7) 4.23 ± 1.32 (1–5) 48(68.6) < 0.001*** K2 49(70.0) 11(15.7) 2(2.9) 5(7.1) 3(4.3) 4.40 ± 1.12 (1–5) 49(70.0) < 0.001*** K3 41(58.6) 13(18.6) 6(8.6) 9(12.9) 1(1.4) 4.20 ± 1.14 (1–5) 41(58.6) < 0.001*** K4 46(65.7) 7(10.0) 3(4.3) 9(12.9) 5(7.1) 4.14 ± 1.37 (1–5) 46(65.7) < 0.001*** K5 31(44.3) 20(28.6) 9(12.9) 8(11.4) 2(2.9) 4.00 ± 1.14 (1–5) 31(44.3) < 0.001*** K6 3 times 2 times once I don't know 36(51.4) 21(30.0) 8(11.4) 5(7.1) 2.26 ± 0.93 (0–3) 36(51.4) < 0.001*** K-Mean 3.87 ± 0.83 A Strongly agree Agree Moderate Disagree Strongly disagree A1 45(64.3) 12(17.1) 4(5.7) 9(12.9) 0(1.0) 4.33 ± 1.06 (2–5) 45(64.3) < 0.001*** A2 33(47.1) 17(24.3) 13(18.6) 5(7.1) 2(2.9) 4.06 ± 1.10 (1–5) 33(47.1) < 0.001*** A3 49(70.0) 12(17.1) 4(5.7) 5(7.1) 0(1.0) 4.50 ± 0.90 (2–5) 49(70.0) < 0.001*** A4 23(32.9) 21(30.0) 9(12.9) 10(14.3) 7(10.0) 1.63 ± 0.90 (0–3) 14(20.0) 0.003** A5 Didn't visit Pain Treating decay Regular checkup 6(8.6) 28(40.0) 22(31.4) 14(20.0) 3.61 ± 1.34 (1–5) 23(32.9) < 0.001*** A-Mean 3.63 ± 0.64 P Q Options Yes No P1 Toothbrush 63(90.0) 7(10.0) 0.90 ± 0.30 (0–1) 63(90.0) < 0.001*** P2 Toothpaste 66(94.3) 4(5.7) 0.94 ± 0.23 (0–1) 66(94.3) < 0.001*** P3 Dental floss 14(20.0) 56(80.0) 0.20 ± 0.40 (0–1) 14(20.0) < 0.001*** P4 Mouthwash 26(37.1) 44(62.9) 0.37 ± 0.49 (0–1) 26(37.1) 0.031* P5 I don't Know NO Yes 21(30.0) 7(10.0) 42(60.0) 1.30 ± 0.91 (0–2) 42(60.0) < 0.001*** P6 Daily Between meals every day Several times a week Rarely 7(10.0) 18(25.7) 35(50.0) 10(14.3) 2.31 ± 0.84 (1–4) 10(14.3) < 0.001*** P7 Once Twice 3 times 4 times 5 times 22(31.4) 11(15.7) 12(17.1) 9(12.9) 16(22.9) 2.80 ± 1.57 (1–5) 16(22.9) 0.109 ns P8 Yes No 64(91.4) 6(8.6) 0.91 ± 0.28 (0–1) 64(91.4) < 0.001*** P-Mean 1.36 ± 0.33 K= Knowledge, A= Attitudes, P= Practice; *, **, *** significant at p < 0.05, < 0.01, 0.05. Comparing KAP levels in children's questionnaires with different sittings and repetition of video watching revealed no statistical significance in the knowledge and attitude domains, while Practice domain was significantly affected by sitting (0.003). Repetition of videos showed statistical significance, while knowledge showed statistical significance (0.002). ( Table 4 , Figs. 2 and 3 ) Table 4 Interaction between demographic personal parameters and KAP. Sociodemographic variable Scale Mean ± SD n Knowledge Attitude Practice How did the survey reach you? Parents in schools 43 3.98 ± 0.84 3.72 ± 0.64 1.44 ± 0.30 Pediatrician's Clinic 27 3.70 ± 0.80 3.47 ± 0.62 1.22 ± 0.31 Ind t-test 0.165 ns 0.118 ns 0.003** When did you complete the current survey? Before watching the video 31 3.53 ± 0.93 b 3.44 ± 0.74 a 0.31 ± 0.06 a After watching video "once" 12 3.79 ± 0.80 b 3.60 ± 0.67 a 0.37 ± 0.11 a After watching video “twice" 16 4.44 ± 0.26 a 3.86 ± 0.42 a 0.30 ± 0.08 a Other 11 4.09 ± 0.65 ab 3.84 ± 0.45 a 0.28 ± 0.08 a ANOVA p-value 0.002** 0.108 ns 0.051 ns *, **, *** significant at p < 0.05, < 0.01, 0.05. 3.1.2 Correlation Heatmap Analysis The correlation heatmap for children's questionnaire variables employed a blue-red color scheme, where blue indicates positive correlations and red represents negative correlations, with boxed colors denoting statistically significant relationships (p < 0.05). The completion time was positively and significantly correlated to knowledge, attitudes and practices. Moreover, Access method was negatively non significantly correlated to Knowledge and attitudes and significantly with Practice. ( Fig. 4 ) When comparing the method of delivery in children questionnaire, there was clear differences in mean ranks between children in schools versus those in pediatric clinics. These differences were observed across the dimensions of knowledge (K), attitudes (A), and practices (P). The results showed that the school group had higher mean ranks compared to the pediatric clinic group in all dimensions. The differences were most pronounced in the pediatric clinics (P-Mean and P-Sum), with mean ranks of 41.00 and 41.30 for school children, compared to 26.74 and 26.26 for clinic children. This reflects a relatively higher level of practice among the school group. Less pronounced but still present differences were observed in the knowledge and attitudes dimensions, again favoring the school children. ( Table 5 ) Table 5 KAP means ranks change in relation to different sittings for the children's questionnaire How did you receive this questionnaire? N Mean Rank Sum of Ranks Z Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) K-Mean Kids in schools 43 39.26 1688.00 -1.963- 0.050* Kids Clinic 27 29.52 797.00 Total 70 A-Mean Kids in schools 43 39.00 1677.00 -1.828- .068 ns Kids Clinic 27 29.93 808.00 Total 70 P-Mean Kids in schools 43 41.00 1763.00 -2.872- 0.004 ** Kids Clinic 27 26.74 722.00 Total 70 3.2. Parents' questionnaire The parents' questionnaire (n = 67) displayed acceptable to good overall reliability (α = 0.709), falling within the acceptable range for group comparisons and research applications. The subsections showed variable reliability, where attitude showed the highest internal consistency, while the knowledge domain showed questionable internal consistency ( Table 6 ). Table 6 The reliability analysis of parents’ questionnaires and internal consistency as measured by Cronbach's alpha coefficients Section Variable / Question Responses Cronbach's alpha Knowledge 14 67 0.663 Attitude 10 67 0.875 Practice 19 67 0.703 Total 43 67 0.709 3.2.1. Survey Demographics and Family Characteristics The parents' questionnaire demonstrated acceptable to good reliability across sections (Knowledge α = 0.663, Attitude α = 0.875, Practice α = 0.703, Total α = 0.709). Survey distribution showed 56.7% (n = 38) reached through schools and 43.3% (n = 29) through pediatricians' clinics, with no significant difference (χ² p = 0.272). Completion timing revealed that 56.7% (n = 38) completed the survey before watching the awareness video about dental care, 23.9% (n = 16) after watching once, and 19.4% (n = 13) after watching twice, demonstrating a highly significant distribution (χ² p < 0.001). 3.2.2. Knowledge Domain The parents' knowledge section comprised 14 variables with an overall mean of 2.37 ± 0.31, demonstrating questionable to acceptable reliability (Cronbach's α = 0.663). Item K1 ("The rate of consuming foods and beverages that contain high sugar levels") showed the highest mean at 3.49 ± 1.24 (range 0–5), while K3 ("How should you clean the child mouth before his/her teeth appeared") showed concerning results, with equal proportions using "does not use anything" (41.8%, n = 28) and "cloth" (41.8%, n = 28), only 11.9% (n = 8) using "child's toothbrush," and merely 4.5% (n = 3) using "soft toothbrush" (mean = 1.79 ± 0.83, range 1–4), highly significant (χ² p < 0.001). Knowledge scores demonstrated significant associations with parental education and family demographics. Father's education significantly influenced knowledge (ANOVA p = 0.030, p < 0.05), with postgraduate-educated fathers showing the highest knowledge means (2.59 ± 0.19) compared to secondary-educated (2.26 ± 0.33). Mother's education also significantly affected knowledge (ANOVA p = 0.010, p < 0.05), with postgraduate (2.51 ± 0.27) and higher education (2.42 ± 0.28) groups outperforming secondary education (2.23 ± 0.32). Number of children showed a highly significant association (ANOVA p = 0.001, p < 0.001), with families having 4–6 children demonstrating higher knowledge (2.52 ± 0.36) than those with one child (2.04 ± 0.25). Survey completion timing significantly influenced knowledge (ANOVA p = 0.009, p < 0.01), with those watching the video twice achieving the highest scores (2.59 ± 0.25). 3.2.3. Attitude Domain The parents' attitude section comprised 10 binary (Yes/No) variables with an overall mean of 0.44 ± 0.24, demonstrating good reliability (Cronbach's α = 0.875). A2 ("Did you notice bleeding from your child's gums") showed the lowest prevalence at 14.9% (n = 10) with highly significant distribution (mean = 0.15 ± 0.36, range 0–1, χ², p < 0.001). A3 ("Did you notice bad breath from your child's mouth") showed the highest prevalence at 59.7% (n = 40) (mean = 0.60 ± 0.49, range 0–1, χ², p = 0.112). Attitude scores showed no significant associations with survey distribution method (t-test p = 0.459, p > 0.05) or completion timing (ANOVA p = 0.732, p > 0.05). However, fathers' education significantly influenced attitudes (ANOVA p = 0.046, p < 0.05), with secondary-educated fathers showing higher attitude scores (0.53 ± 0.22) compared to postgraduate-educated (0.33 ± 0.19). Mother's education also significantly affected attitudes (ANOVA p = 0.028, p < 0.05), with secondary-educated mothers demonstrating higher scores (0.54 ± 0.20) than postgraduate (0.36 ± 0.24) and higher education groups (0.40 ± 0.22). 3.2.4. Practice Domain The parents' practice section comprised 19 variables with an overall mean of 1.10 ± 0.18, demonstrating acceptable reliability (Cronbach's α = 0.703). Practice scores demonstrated significant associations with several demographic variables. Survey completion timing significantly influenced practice (ANOVA p = 0.046, p < 0.05), with those watching the video twice showing the highest practice means (1.20 ± 0.16). Age of youngest child significantly affected practice (ANOVA p = 0.027, p 6 years category also significantly influenced practice (ANOVA p = 0.017, p < 0.05), with parents of both male and female children showing the highest scores (1.19 ± 0.12). ( Table 7 , Fig. 5 ) Table 7 Description of sociodemographic variables of parents’ questionnaire. Sociodemographic variable Mean ± SD Scale n Knowledge Attitude Practice How did the survey reach you? Parents in schools 38 2.37 ± 0.28 0.42 ± 0.23 1.10 ± 0.16 Pediatrician's Clinic 29 2.38 ± 0.35 0.47 ± 0.23 1.09 ± 0.20 Ind t-test 0 0.946 ns 0.459 ns 0.790 ns When did you complete the current survey? Before watching the video 38 2.29 ± 0.30 b 0.44 ± 0.21 a 1.09 ± 0.17 ab After watching the video "once" 16 2.40 ± 0.32 b 0.48 ± 0.26 a 1.04 ± 0.18 b After watching the video “twice" 13 2.59 ± 0.25 a 0.41 ± 0.26 a 1.20 ± 0.16 a ANOVA p-value 0.009** 0.732 ns 0.046* Father's Education Secondary 23 2.26 ± 0.33 b 0.53 ± 0.22 a 1.11 ± 0.16 a Higher 37 2.41 ± 0.29 ab 0.41 ± 0.23 ab 1.11 ± 0.16 a Postgraduate 7 2.59 ± 0.19 a 0.33 ± 0.19 b 1.10 ± 0.18 a ANOVA p-value 0.030* 0.046* 0.885 ns Mother's Education Secondary 24 2.23 ± 0.32 b 0.54 ± 0.20 a 1.05 ± 0.20 a Higher 26 2.42 ± 0.28 a 0.40 ± 0.22 b 1.13 ± 0.17 a Postgraduate 17 2.51 ± 0.27 a 0.36 ± 0.24 b 1.11 ± 0.15 a ANOVA p-value 0.010* 0.028* 0.255 ns Number of children One child 8 2.04 ± 0.25 a 0.46 ± 0.16 a 1.01 ± 0.26 b 2–3 children 45 2.39 ± 0.27 b 0.44 ± 0.25 a 1.09 ± 0.17 ab 4–6 children 14 2.52 ± 0.36 b 0.44 ± 0.18 a 1.16 ± 0.14 a ANOVA p-value 0.001*** 0.962 ns 0.159 ns Age of youngest child From 6 to 12 months 10 2.23 ± 0.32 b 0.47 ± 0.22 a 0.97 ± 0.19 b From 1–2 years 15 2.28 ± 0.34 b 0.42 ± 0.21 a 1.07 ± 0.16 ab From 2 to 6 years 25 2.35 ± 0.29 b 0.51 ± 0.24 a 1.11 ± 0.19 a Over 6 years old 17 2.60 ± 0.19 a 0.35 ± 0.22 a 1.18 ± 0.13 a ANOVA p-value 0.004*** 0.145 ns 0.027* Age of oldest child From 6 to 12 months 17 2.37 ± 0.33 a 0.54 ± 0.22 a 1.02 ± 0.21 a From 1–2 years 4 2.13 ± 0.33 a 0.43 ± 0.10 a 1.11 ± 0.15 a From 2 to 6 years 6 2.13 ± 0.34 a 0.52 ± 0.29 a 1.07 ± 0.19 a Over 6 years old 40 2.44 ± 0.28 a 0.39 ± 0.22 a 1.13 ± 0.16 a ANOVA p-value 0.043* 0.141 ns 0.215 ns Child’s Gender (6–12 months) No Children 7 2.45 ± 0.25 ab 0.40 ± 0.24 a 1.15 ± 0.21 a Male 28 2.33 ± 0.35 b 0.50 ± 0.22 a 1.06 ± 0.16 a Female 21 2.30 ± 0.29 b 0.39 ± 0.23 a 1.10 ± 0.21 a Male and Female 11 2.61 ± 0.15 a 0.43 ± 0.24 a 1.15 ± 0.13 a ANOVA p-value 0.030* 0.339 ns 0.456 ns Child’s Gender (1–2 years No Children 10 2.42 ± 0.30 ab 0.41 ± 0.24 a 1.14 ± 0.23 a Male 23 2.31 ± 0.31 b 0.45 ± 0.20 a 1.08 ± 0.15 a Female 28 2.37 ± 0.33 ab 0.48 ± 0.24 a 1.08 ± 0.19 a Male and Female 6 2.61 ± 0.15 a 0.30 ± 0.25 a 1.16 ± 0.14 a ANOVA p-value 0.201 0.371 ns 0.680 ns Child’s Gender (2–6 years) No Children 6 2.49 ± 0.24 a 0.43 ± 0.19 a 1.09 ± 0.26 a Male 26 2.31 ± 0.35 a 0.43 ± 0.22 a 1.11 ± 0.16 a Female 28 2.38 ± 0.31 a 0.48 ± 0.24 a 1.10 ± 0.18 a Male and Female 7 2.50 ± 0.20 a 0.36 ± 0.26 a 1.06 ± 0.19 a ANOVA p-value 0 0.392 ns 0.616 ns 0.934 ns Child’s Gender (More than 6 years) No Children 3 2.21 ± 0.12 b 0.43 ± 0.06 a 0.86 ± 0.32 b Male 29 2.35 ± 0.30 ab 0.45 ± 0.25 a 1.07 ± 0.15 a Female 25 2.35 ± 0.32 ab 0.44 ± 0.22 a 1.12 ± 0.18 a Male and Female 10 2.56 ± 0.30 a 0.41 ± 0.22 a 1.19 ± 0.12 a ANOVA p-value 0.186 ns 0.969 ns 0.017* 3.2.5: Parents Questionnaire Heatmap: The correlation heatmap for the parents' questionnaire (n = 67) employs a blue-red color gradient scheme generated using PAST statistical software version 4.0, where blue indicates positive correlations between variables that change together, red represents negative correlations indicating inverse relationships, and boxed colors denote statistically significant associations (p < 0.05). The visualization reveals critical sociodemographic influences on KAP domains, with parental education demonstrating positive correlations with knowledge scores (postgraduate-educated fathers: 2.59 ± 0.19 vs. secondary-educated: 2.26 ± 0.33, p = 0.030; postgraduate-educated mothers: 2.51 ± 0.27 vs. secondary-educated: 2.23 ± 0.32, p = 0.010) but paradoxically showing negative correlations with attitude barrier-reporting, as secondary-educated parents exhibited higher attitude scores. Within domains, the heatmap displays positively correlated clusters representing conceptually related constructs: knowledge items assessing oral hygiene practices (K2-K5) and preventive care awareness (K6, K7, K10), attitude variables grouping observable oral health problems (A1-A4: white spots 46.3%, bad breath 59.7%, pain 47.8%) and behavioral barriers (A5-A9: forgetting 67.2%, uncooperative child 41.8%), and practice items showing healthy dietary patterns (P1-P2, P11-P14) versus cariogenic behaviors (P4-P6, P10: sugar consumption >once daily 55.2%). Cross-domain correlations reveal that knowledge scores (mean = 2.37 ± 0.31) demonstrate significant positive associations with practice scores (mean = 1.10 ± 0.18), confirmed by educational video intervention effects on both domains (knowledge ANOVA p = 0.009; practice ANOVA p = 0.046), However, attitude scores (mean = 0.44 ± 0.24) exhibit weak or complex correlations with other domains, remaining unaffected by video exposure (ANOVA p = 0.732, p > 0.05). Negative correlations likely appear between knowledge levels and barrier-reporting variables (A5-A9), while positive correlations between the number of children and knowledge (4–6 children: 2.52 ± 0.36 vs. one child: 2.04 ± 0.25, p = 0.001) and between child age and practice scores (> 6 years: 1.18 ± 0.13 vs. 6–12 months: 0.97 ± 0.19, p = 0.027). ( Fig. 6 ) Method of questionnaire delivery to the parents was compared; the results indicate that there are no statistically significant differences between parents who received the questionnaire through schools and those who received it through pediatric clinics regarding the levels of knowledge, attitudes, and practices under study. ( Table 8 ) Table 8 KAP means ranks change in relation to different sittings for children's questionnaire Ranks How did the survey reach you? N Mean Rank Sum of Ranks Z Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) K-Mean Parents in schools 38 33.58 1276.00 -0.203 0.839 Pediatrician's Clinic 29 34.55 1002.00 Total 67 A-Mean Parents in schools 38 32.61 1239.00 -0.676 0.499 Pediatrician's Clinic 29 35.83 1039.00 Total 67 P-Mean Parents in schools 38 34.01 1292.50 -0.006 0.995 Pediatrician's Clinic 29 33.98 985.50 Total 67 Accordingly, the results indicate that there are no statistically significant differences between parents who received the questionnaire through schools and those who received it through pediatric clinics regarding the levels of knowledge, attitudes, and practices under study. 4. Discussion Tele-dentistry leverages digital communication technologies to deliver dental services remotely in regions with inadequate or no dental facilities. A variety of tele-dentistry approaches are available, including video conferencing for in-the-moment consultations, store-and-forward techniques involving collection and transmission of diagnostic data for specialist assessment, and remote patient monitoring that enables the continuous delivery of healthcare and patient safety [25]. The use of tele-dentistry for screening of early childhood caries awareness has shown high reliability and feasibility in school settings [26]. The results of the current study support these findings, where excellent and good reliability are found in children's and caregivers' questionnaires, respectively. In the literature, studies have studied the effect of tele-dentistry application on awareness and performance of oral health and healthy diet for children with a few artificial intelligence (AI) applications [9–11, 15, 16, 26, 27]. Studies have confirmed that artificial intelligence has revolutionary uses in detecting and managing dental caries. Dental care providers can benefit from better diagnostic capabilities with the use of machine-learning algorithms and image recognition technology, allowing them to detect early-stage cavities that may not have been considered with other diagnostic approaches [28, 29]. Others concluded comparable outcomes regarding the awareness level using messaging services (MS) to educate children's caregivers compared to on-site visits to dental hospitals. The caregivers showed high satisfaction with the MS method [30]. Educational interventions, particularly video-based learning, demonstrated a significant positive effect on the knowledge of both children and caregivers, suggesting evidence-based pathways for community health promotion initiatives. These results were consistent with many researchers who reported increased knowledge level among parents and children using video-based methods [27, 31]. A positive association was found between parent education level and favorable practices of oral health, suggesting that more parents experience enhanced dental health competency. This is consistent with the previous work of Minervini et al., who found that the higher education level of both father and mother was significantly associated with lower Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale [32]. During the period of the COVID-19 pandemic, many physicians used telemedicine and tele-dentistry for preventive and educational purposes. One of the most recent publications reported that pediatric dentists had significantly reduced oral health disparities [33]. This supports the need to disseminate tele-consultation among medical health practitioners. Prevention of early childhood caries and diet modifications using tele-dentistry is an effective method, especially for remote populations. This evidence has been endorsed by many authors, who reported decreased sugar intakes and increased healthy food consumption after exposure to video-based tele-dentistry [34, 35]. The results of the current study showed significant improvement regarding oral health awareness among children and caregivers, these results are consistent with Sa et al work which had found that the applications of tele-dentistry can be used as important tool to implement oral heathy habits in the first years of children life, hence reducing sugar consumptions and increased oral hygiene in particular with employed and educated mothers after at least two tele-consultations [34]. Iranparvar et al. highlighted the use of maternal-assisted tele-dentistry using smartphone images in the detection of early childhood caries, which facilitates the early interventions to prevent its progression, with 100% sensitivity and specificity, especially in low-resource settings and remote locations [36]. First, molar caries and molar incisor hypomineralisation are one of the common pediatric oral health preventable conditions via proper screening and interventions, which can include tele-dentistry for early recognition and interception. Current studies showed that application of tele-dentistry can be a useful tool for increased awareness and practices aimed at the detection and recognition of early signs and sites of molar incisor hypomineralisation. This aligns with the recently published systematic review, concluding that mobile-based education can promote better hygiene behavior with high satisfaction among caregivers in rural and low-access settings [37]. AI-driven technologies demonstrated a significant positive impact on patient satisfaction in general dentistry. Enhanced diagnostic precision, personalized care, and effective communication were the key contributors to improved outcomes [38]. Game-based models and interactive mobile applications have shown a promising utility for enhancing behavior and knowledge among gen a, many studies reported significant improvement of knowledge, behavior, and practice in oral hygiene, especially when incorporating gamification or theory-based behavioral strategies [39]. Other studies confirmed that videos can be used to raise awareness of dental health among children [40, 41]. While other studies have shown that using audio-visual aids to teach children how to brush their teeth has proven effective in improving their skills in this area, further development and improvement of these aids to make them more child-friendly is also necessary [42]. In contrast, studies have confirmed that although videos published by government organizations and professional associations contain high-quality, evidence-based, and trustworthy information, there is a possibility that patients may come across YouTube videos that may contain unhelpful and possibly harmful advice [43]. Pediatricians and health advisors with access to medical support can significantly influence oral health practices and knowledge of children and their caregivers. The results imply that advice from pediatric physicians has a positive correlation with caregivers’ attitudes. This agrees with results from recent papers conducted in Saudi Arabia and another one in Russia, which concluded that pediatricians, as the first medical professionals to meet parents of infants, possess significant potential to contribute to comprehensive caries prevention by advising on healthy nutrition and timely referral to a dentist [17, 44]. According to our knowledge, few studies have correlated the effect of advisor personnel on adherence and motivation for oral health care. This link emphasizes the important role of nursery schools in maintaining excellent oral hygiene and increasing the awareness of oral health, especially for children. 5. Limitations and Conclusions Despite the limited sample size, and lack of adherence to watching the educational videos we can conclude that AI-generated educational videos, delivered as source-based tele-dentistry, can significantly improve knowledge and practices regarding children's oral health among parents and children. This strengthens the participation of other medical practitioners, nursery schools, and kindergartens in education and prevention of oral health problems. These findings support the beneficial role of applications utilizing AI content in public and oral health issues using tele-dentistry. Further source-based studies are needed to compare the effects of different methods on oral health awareness. Abbreviations AAPD: American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry AI: Artificial Intelligence ECC: Early Childhood Caries KAP: Knowledge, Attitude and Practice PCA: Principal Component Analysis SD: Standard Deviation TDA: Total Dental Access WHO: World Health Organization Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects outlined in the World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki (2024 revision). The study protocol was approved by the ethics committee for clinical trials at Sinai University under the number: SU.REC.2024 (24 H). All participants had signed an informed consent before the enrollment in the study, for children under the age of 16, their parent’s had signed an informed consent also. Consent for publication: Not applicable. Availability of data and materials: Videos and data supporting the current results are available upon reasonable request and agreement of all authors of this study. Competing interests: The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest of any source. Funding of the research: This work was supported and funded by the Deanship of Scientific Research at Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU) (Grant number IMSIU-DDRSP2601) Author Contributions: Conceptualization, SG, AH, DA, HEF, MA, BE, AMA; methodology, SG, AH, DA, HEF, MA, BE, HR, AMA, software, SG, AH, DA, HEF, MA, BE, HR, AMA; validation, SG, AH, DA; formal analysis, SG, AH, DA, AMA; investigation, SG, AH, DA, HEF, MA, BE; resources, SG, AH, DA, MA, BE, AMA, data curation, SG, AH, HEF, AMA; writing—original draft preparation SG, AH, DA, HEF, MA, BE, AMA, writing—review and editing SG, AH, DA, HEF, MA, BE, AMA, visualization, AMA, HEF, AH; supervision, SG, AH, DA; project administration, SG, AH, DA, MA funding acquisition, AMA, HR; All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. All authors reviewed the manuscript. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8662614","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":611968586,"identity":"a5e0c3cd-be92-4adc-8e10-6f34e217adce","order_by":0,"name":"Somaia Ghobar","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Sinai University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Somaia","middleName":"","lastName":"Ghobar","suffix":""},{"id":611968587,"identity":"59d3f9d5-6754-4afb-b414-0cc1ec350a34","order_by":1,"name":"AbdelHameed Hijazi","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAzUlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDACCcYGAyApB+bwMDAwE63FmBQtECqxAaqFMOCf3dxQ8OOPRfr8GQmMD962MbDzE7TkzsEGwx4eidzGGQnMhnPbGJglGwjpuZHYYMAjIZHbLJHAJs0L1GJwgIAOeaAWwz8GEulsEgnsv4nSYgDUYsyTIJHAA7SFmSgthiAtMgckDGfwPGyWnHNOgrBf5G6kPzN886dOXr49+eCHN2U2yQRDDAjYDCA0I8h4iWQidDAwP0Dm2RGjZRSMglEwCkYWAAB5KzdvWnrH2QAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Zarqa University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"AbdelHameed","middleName":"","lastName":"Hijazi","suffix":""},{"id":611968588,"identity":"52e63321-2cc3-475f-a90e-070f22cb7fe2","order_by":2,"name":"Dalia Abd-Allah","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Suez Canal University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Dalia","middleName":"","lastName":"Abd-Allah","suffix":""},{"id":611968589,"identity":"5a7f7265-fa80-45ff-ad1e-7806ce03d549","order_by":3,"name":"Hala Elalfy Fawzy","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Midocean University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Hala","middleName":"Elalfy","lastName":"Fawzy","suffix":""},{"id":611968590,"identity":"1d406b19-84b6-4171-99c5-9d645d73b13e","order_by":4,"name":"Mohamed Abdallah","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Zagazig University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mohamed","middleName":"","lastName":"Abdallah","suffix":""},{"id":611968591,"identity":"86964dc6-3883-4dc2-b488-e14c5cf4e043","order_by":5,"name":"Basma Elballat","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Canadian International College","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Basma","middleName":"","lastName":"Elballat","suffix":""},{"id":611968592,"identity":"4f0c381d-9de0-40b5-8946-d7d00a510d8d","order_by":6,"name":"Hassan Rudayni","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Imam Mohammad ibn Saud Islamic University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Hassan","middleName":"","lastName":"Rudayni","suffix":""},{"id":611968596,"identity":"c51fa16f-fee3-4f71-8516-11d10fe862b8","order_by":7,"name":"Abdelghafar M. Abu-Elsaoud","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Imam Mohammad ibn Saud Islamic University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Abdelghafar","middleName":"M.","lastName":"Abu-Elsaoud","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2026-01-21 17:54:51","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8662614/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8662614/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":105728490,"identity":"22217d29-a937-4930-86d9-fa007ed5e148","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-03-30 11:12:01","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":156066,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eBar chart presenting the description of the distribution of Demographics and Exposure of children questionnaires, in terms of frequency (n, %) and chi-square\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8662614/v1/2f405449e12c1cf2a9c18372.png"},{"id":105621354,"identity":"aab4d667-70f7-44c6-945d-8bb948e4ec3f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-03-28 08:29:09","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":148119,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eInteraction between demographic personal parameters and KAP.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8662614/v1/d6c3e2db4560f3ba8947be41.png"},{"id":105621356,"identity":"dfc73932-e793-4adf-b91e-a0e05a4c68e7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-03-28 08:29:09","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":158315,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eEvaluation (true, False) response of Knowledge, attitudes and practice.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8662614/v1/b22fd51f73b972e23fe13617.png"},{"id":105729115,"identity":"41e99840-c40b-4ac4-931a-643a630fdb5d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-03-30 11:13:31","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":536538,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eHeatmap presenting the interaction between study variables.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8662614/v1/bc6cad6ad3c2b64a4125055b.png"},{"id":105621353,"identity":"4778d25b-70cc-46c0-9696-3d43e471d196","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-03-28 08:29:09","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":187870,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eStacked column presenting the evaluation of true response in Knowledge, attitudes, and practices.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8662614/v1/f6c5db5a07366bd88a8b0e45.png"},{"id":105621359,"identity":"0e5f1b6a-384b-435f-acf8-d6d2ccec103f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-03-28 08:29:10","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":867853,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eBlue, red heatmap presenting Pearson’s correlation between study variables. Blue indicates positive correlation, red indicates negative correlation, and boxed blue or red indicates significant correlation as revealed by two-tailed significance tests.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8662614/v1/d8510c82392be79cfa1d8196.png"},{"id":105730136,"identity":"79c88a32-a135-444c-a1cd-7ed2c56bcdd0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-03-30 11:22:05","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":5796143,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8662614/v1/cd504d89-9b8b-48c2-960e-f88bf0bdb8a8.pdf"},{"id":105621357,"identity":"d6d3ae66-d2e0-42b3-b07f-b43ab9643713","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-03-28 08:29:09","extension":"docx","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":26728,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Studyquestionnaires.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8662614/v1/a34d22b217ad45c7459ac14c.docx"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Effect of source-based tele-dentistry using AI-generated educational videos on awareness of Egyptian children and caregivers regarding risks of early childhood caries; Prospective Cohort Study","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBackground and rationale:\u003c/strong\u003e Children\u0026apos;s oral health is paramount for their general health and their well-being; it affects the physical, social, and mental health [1]. Oral health awareness can be spread in a wide range using the technological advancements used by pediatric dentists to ensure better access to oral health services and improve oral health behaviors [2, 3]. Internet based mobile technologies and health applications had promoted oral health education programs for the public use [4].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDental caries is an irreversible microbial disease affecting the hard tissues of the tooth, and its manifestation persists throughout life even after treatment. It is reported by the World Health Organization (WHO) to affect different genders, social classes, and all age groups, with about 60\u0026ndash;90% of children affected by dental caries [5]. According to the American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry (AAPD), dental caries in infants and children aged 71 months or below is known as early childhood caries (ECC) and is defined as the presence of one or more decayed teeth (non-cavitated or cavitated lesions), missing tooth due to caries, or filled tooth surfaces in any primary tooth [6].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe prevention and early management of ECC, as it is the most virulent form of caries. It can be seen on smooth surfaces that start as soon as the teeth erupt and progress rapidly, causing a detrimental impact on the dentition. Despite this, the lack of awareness among children and/or their caregivers is considered a major contributing factor to the high prevalence and severity of ECC, particularly with respect to improper oral hygiene practices, inappropriate feeding habits, and delayed dental visits [7].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026ldquo;Telemedicine\u0026rdquo; is the delivery of healthcare services over long distances using electronically generated information-based on technology and telecommunication infrastructure [8]. It is used for diagnosis, consultation, treatment of diseases, and patient education [9]. The global increased use of wireless technologies in communications has changed the way dentistry is being practiced. Analogous to telemedicine, \u0026ldquo;Tele-dentistry\u0026rdquo; is a branch of dentistry that employs the internet and uses information technology [4].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe origin of tele-dentistry goes back to the late 20th century as a subset of telemedicine, developed to address the challenges of providing dental care in remote and underserved areas. The concept emerged with early advancements in telecommunication, allowing healthcare professionals to exchange medical records over long distances [10].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe United States military recorded one of the earliest uses of tele-dentistry, where they launched the Total Dental Access (TDA) project in the mid-1990s to test the feasibility of transmitting digital dental records and radiographs to specialists for remote diagnosis and treatment planning. This project demonstrated that electronic communication could enhance dental care by overcoming geographic barriers [11].\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTele-dentistry, with its various applications, is a skill that must be learned by oral health providers to ensure access to good oral care for those patients in remote and rural areas or patients with special needs [12]. Its applications include tele-triage, which focuses on prioritizing the patient\u0026rsquo;s needs, telediagnosis using images of oral pathologies, teleconsultation, and telemonitoring that minimize the need for traveling, therefore can help to reduce financial burden in the patients [13]. Further advantages of such technologies are keeping digital records available for referral to dental specialist consultations, whether the images or records were provided by non-specialists or by dental assistants. These records can include data from patient history using a questionnaire, clinical examination findings, and radiographic images, as well as photos from an intraoral camera or a digital camera [4, 14-16].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDentists do not frequently see children under three, which leaves them susceptible to oral diseases. Healthy baby visit programs provide pediatricians with the opportunity to examine newborns from birth, thereby offering the optimal means for the timely detection of dental issues. By educating parents on oral preventive healthcare, pediatricians are well-positioned to provide screening services for early diagnosis and to make referrals where and when needed [17].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDoctors occupy a critical position in the promotion of oral health among children; this fact has been recognized for more than a decade. Many different healthcare professions share this task, but pediatricians have an important role in this regard [18]. Studies indicate that physicians value oral health, believe they play an important role in preventing dental disease and promoting oral health, and report a willingness to examine children for dental disease and educate caregivers about early childhood caries [19]. This supports the need for cooperation between the two disciplines. Since 2003, in the United States, recommendations for pediatric oral health risk assessments from the age of 6 months have included the role of pediatricians in oral health [17, 18].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIncorporating artificial intelligence in dentistry is seen to have the potential for better patient outcomes, with the assistance of timely interventions and the ease of clinical practices, which in turn can also lead to the redefinition of the future of dentistry, especially concerning patient education strategies and methods of communicating with them [20, 21]. \u0026nbsp;Depending on Artificial intelligence can work to alleviate fear by making patients aware of the process, whereas automated reminders and follow-ups will reinforce information. Artificial intelligence will ensure that there is consistency in the information delivered by different practices, which will result in a better understanding by the patients. Overall experience. With these solutions that utilize artificial intelligence, dentists can provide improvements in communication, education, and patient satisfaction regarding treatment [22].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHence, the role of producing video content by professionals such as physicians and specifically dentists represent an important focus of this research. Notably, this is in a scenario where there is an emerging capacity to utilize artificial intelligence to produce high-definition content fairly and easily.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThere was no comparative study between awareness and performance change in a pediatric clinic or kindergarten. So, the objective of this research is to investigate the effect of a digital tele-dentistry with AI-generated content on awareness and performance among a sample of Egyptian children and their caregivers in both kindergartens and pediatrician offices.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eObjectives:\u003c/strong\u003e The current study aims to evaluate the effect of source-based tele-dentistry using AI-generated educational videos on awareness of Egyptian children and caregivers regarding risks of early childhood caries, the importance of oral health practices and a healthy diet, and the importance of taking care of the first permanent molars and comparing the resultant awareness from the two sources.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis manuscript is reported in accordance with CONSORT guidelines for reporting clinical trials updated in 2025 [23].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis research was registered in 23\\11\\2025 in Clinicaltrials.gov under the number: NCT07248800. Retrospectively registered.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eStudy Sitting: This study was conducted at multiple kindergartens and private pediatric clinics in Ismailia governorate, Egypt.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTime: January to June 2025.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEligibility criteria:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eParents and caregivers of children aged 5 \u0026ndash; 10 years old of any gender\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExclusion criteria:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1-\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Children \u0026lt;5 years old or \u0026gt;10 years old\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2-\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Children with special needs, including:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ea.\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Physical disability (sensory or motor defects)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eb.\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Mental retardation\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3-\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Uncooperative children or caregivers\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIntervention:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAn AI-generated video containing specific information about:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;The importance of oral health practices and a healthy diet\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Prevention of early childhood caries\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;The importance of taking care of the first permanent molars was disseminated, and participants were asked to view these videos once per week for 6 months.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOutcomes:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePrimary outcome: knowledge and practice changes after using AI-generated videos in tele-dentistry to enhance oral health measures and screening, using an evaluation form (Appendix A.) about dietary habits and dental hygiene practices were registered by the children and their caregivers daily during the trial period\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eParticipant timeline:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e: Pretrial awareness assessment questionnaire\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e: After watching the videos for the first time\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e: After watching the videos twice\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSample size:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA random sampling technique formula to estimate the sampling size. It is computed as: n = N / (1+Ne2). Slovin\u0026apos;s formula [24].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003en = required sample size. N = population. e = margin of error at 5% (standard value of 0.05).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRecruitment:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEligible participants were recruited through their contact information at three different kindergartens and three private pediatrician clinics in Ismailia governorate.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOf the contacted participants who had agreed to sign an informed consent and adhere to the study protocol, they were enrolled in the study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData Monitoring:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe main investigator had to monitor data entry and accessibility of the information provided in this study. Missing or misinterpretation of data was handled by the agreement between all authors.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHarms:\u0026nbsp;No harm is expected from our intervention.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAuditing:\u0026nbsp;All data were self-recorded using an electronic database, with limited access to the main investigator only. The statistician got the row data after completing the trial period, while backup data was saved and monitored by the main investigator.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eStatistical methods:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eStatistical analyses were directed to measure and compare the knowledge and Awareness of the Parents participants. Data were collected, reviewed, and prepared into tables and figures using Microsoft Excel 2016. Normality of the data was tested using the Shapiro-Wilk and Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests at a significance level of p\u0026le; 0.05 to determine whether the data were parametric or nonparametric. \u0026nbsp;Moreover, nonparametric data were presented using both graphical and numerical descriptions, including frequency (n, %), mean, range, and standard deviation (SD). Parametric data were summarized in terms of mean and SD. Inferential statistics were performed using the Chi-square test to compare nonparametric data for goodness-of-fit. In contrast, parametric data comparisons for the Knowledge and Attitudes, and Awareness scores were conducted using an independent sample t-test. \u0026nbsp;To measure the differences between the two groups according to the source of obtaining the questionnaire, whether parents in schools or parents from pediatric clinics, the Mann-Whitney U test was used to measure the significance of the differences, because the data do not follow normal distribution, and since all Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) values are greater than the significance level (0.05) in all variables and indicators (knowledge, attitudes, practices, total scores, and percentages). Three levels of statistical significance were defined: p \u0026le; 0.05 (*), p \u0026le; 0.01 (**), and p \u0026le; 0.001 (***). All data analyses were performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), IBM-SPSS version 29.0 for Mac OS. In addition, heat maps were generated to identify correlations. Principal component analysis (PCA) and a Heat map were carried out using PAST statistical software version 4.0.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"3. Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.1. Children's Questionnaire Results\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA total of 70 participants were recorded in this study, using a 3-domain questionnaire: Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice (KAP) domains. The questionnaire demonstrates adequate to excellent internal consistency as measured by Cronbach's alpha coefficients, where the instrument exhibited excellent overall reliability (α\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.889). Cronbach's alpha values of 0.70\u0026ndash;0.79 are considered acceptable, 0.80\u0026ndash;0.89 indicate good reliability suitable for most research purposes, and values\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;0.90 represent exceptional reliability appropriate for clinical and diagnostic assessments \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e).\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe reliability analysis of children's questionnaires and internal consistency as measured by Cronbach's alpha coefficients\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSection\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003evariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResponses\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCronbach's alpha\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eKnowledge\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.869\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAttitude\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.823\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePractice\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.703\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.889\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.1.1 Survey Demographics and Exposure\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e The survey distribution showed that most child participants were reached through parents in schools (61.4%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;43) compared to pediatricians' clinics (38.6%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;27), though this difference was not statistically significant (χ\u0026sup2; p-value\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.056). Regarding survey completion timing, the highest proportion of children completed the survey before watching the educational video (44.3%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;31), followed by after watching twice (22.9%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;16), once (17.1%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;12), and other circumstances (15.7%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;11), with a highly significant distribution (χ\u0026sup2; p-value\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.002). This timing variable demonstrated significant associations with knowledge scores (ANOVA p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.002, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01), where children who completed the survey after watching the video twice exhibited the highest knowledge mean (4.44\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.26) compared to those completing it before viewing (3.53\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.93) \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e).\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDescription of the distribution of Demographics and Exposure of children questionnaires, in terms of frequency (n, %) and chi-square.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eScale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChi-square\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHow did the survey reach you?\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParents in schools\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.056 ns\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePediatrician's Clinic\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWhen did you complete the current survey?\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBefore watching the video\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.002**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAfter watching the video \"once.\"\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAfter watching the video \"twice.\"\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe children's knowledge section comprised six variables with an overall mean score of 3.87\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.83. The knowledge items assessed children's understanding of dental caries etiology and prevention using a 5-point Likert scale with emoji-based responses (5\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Strongly agree, 4\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Agree, 3\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Moderate, 2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Disagree, 1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Strongly disagree) \u003cb\u003e(Table, 3)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe question 2 in knowledge domain (\"When we don't brush our teeth this cause tooth cavities\") exhibited the highest positive response rate at 70.0% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;49) with a mean of 4.40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.12 (range 1\u0026ndash;5) and highly significant association (χ\u0026sup2;, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhile Knowledge item K5 (\"Do you think not visiting the dentist can cause tooth cavities\") demonstrated the lowest positive response within the knowledge domain at 44.3% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;31, mean\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.14), yet remained highly significant (χ\u0026sup2;, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe knowledge scores were categorized into three performance levels: poor (27.1%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;19), accepted (31.4%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;22), and good (41.4%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;29), showing that a plurality of children achieved good knowledge levels. When stratified by survey distribution method, no significant association was found between knowledge scores and how the survey reached participants (χ\u0026sup2;=0.548, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), nor by survey completion timing (χ\u0026sup2; p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.086).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe attitude section included five variables with an overall mean of 3.63\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.64. The attitude items assessed children's self-reported dental hygiene behaviors and perceptions using a 5-point Likert scale. \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAttitude item A3 (\"I clean my teeth before sleep\") exhibited the highest agreement rate at 70.0% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;49) with a mean of 4.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.90 (range 2\u0026ndash;5) and highly significant chi-square (χ\u0026sup2; p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). The behavioral attitude item A5 (\"If you have visited the dentist, mention why?\") assessed reasons for dental visits, revealing that pain was the most common motivator (40.0%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;28), followed by treating decay (31.4%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;22), regular checkups (20.0%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;14), and didn't visit (8.6%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;6), with a mean of 3.61\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.34 (range 1\u0026ndash;5) and highly significant chi-square (χ\u0026sup2; p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAttitude scores were stratified as poor (51.4%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;36), accepted (30.0%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;21), and good (18.6%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;13), indicating that over half of the children demonstrated poor attitude scores. The distribution showed no significant association with how the survey reached participants (χ\u0026sup2; p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.518) but demonstrated a significant relationship with survey completion timing (χ\u0026sup2; p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.023). ANOVA analysis revealed no significant differences in mean attitude scores across completion timing groups (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.108, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), suggesting that video exposure did not substantially influence attitudes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe practice section comprised eight variables with an overall mean of 1.36\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.33. The practice items assessed actual oral hygiene behaviors and dietary habits. \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePractice item P1 (toothbrush use) and P2 (toothpaste use) demonstrated exceptionally high adoption rates of 90.0% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;63, mean\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.90\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.30, range 0\u0026ndash;1) and 94.3% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;66, mean\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.94\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.23, range 0\u0026ndash;1) respectively, both with highly significant chi-square values (χ\u0026sup2; p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). In contrast, P3 (dental floss usage) showed only 20.0% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;14) adoption with a mean of 0.20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.40, though highly significant (χ\u0026sup2; p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001), and P4 (mouthwash use) exhibited 37.1% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;26) usage with a mean of 0.37\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.49 and moderate significance (χ\u0026sup2; p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.031).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePractice scores were categorized as poor (20.0%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;14), acceptable (70.0%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;49), and good (10.0%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;7), demonstrating that most children exhibited acceptable practice levels. No significant associations were found between practice scores and survey distribution method (χ\u0026sup2; p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.170) or completion timing (χ\u0026sup2; p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.071). Mean practice scores differed significantly by distribution method (t-test p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.003, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01), with school-based recruitment showing higher practice means (1.44\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.30) compared to clinic-based (1.22\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.31).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDescription of K, A, and P in terms of frequency n, %, mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD, True (n, %), and chi-square\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"11\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c3\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency n(%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTRUE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChi square\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(sign.)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e(Range)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"8\" rowspan=\"9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eK\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eStrongly agree\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAgree\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eModerate\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDisagree\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eStrongly disagree\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48(68.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8(11.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0(0.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10(14.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4(5.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.23\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.32 (1\u0026ndash;5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48(68.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49(70.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11(15.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2(2.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5(7.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3(4.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.12 (1\u0026ndash;5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49(70.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41(58.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13(18.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6(8.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9(12.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1(1.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.14 (1\u0026ndash;5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41(58.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46(65.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7(10.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3(4.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9(12.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5(7.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.14\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.37 (1\u0026ndash;5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46(65.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31(44.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20(28.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9(12.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8(11.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2(2.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.14 (1\u0026ndash;5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31(44.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 times\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 times\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eonce\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eI don't know\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36(51.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21(30.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8(11.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5(7.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.26\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.93 (0\u0026ndash;3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36(51.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eK-Mean\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"8\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.87\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.83\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"7\" rowspan=\"8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eA\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eStrongly agree\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAgree\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eModerate\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDisagree\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eStrongly disagree\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45(64.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12(17.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4(5.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9(12.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0(1.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.06 (2\u0026ndash;5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45(64.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33(47.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17(24.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13(18.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5(7.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2(2.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.06\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.10 (1\u0026ndash;5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33(47.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49(70.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12(17.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4(5.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5(7.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0(1.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.90 (2\u0026ndash;5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49(70.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23(32.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21(30.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9(12.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10(14.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7(10.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.63\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.90 (0\u0026ndash;3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14(20.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.003**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDidn't visit\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePain\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTreating decay\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRegular checkup\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6(8.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28(40.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22(31.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14(20.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.61\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.34 (1\u0026ndash;5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23(32.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eA-Mean\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"8\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.63\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.64\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"13\" rowspan=\"14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eQ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eOptions\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eYes\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNo\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eToothbrush\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63(90.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7(10.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.90\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.30 (0\u0026ndash;1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63(90.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eToothpaste\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66(94.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4(5.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.94\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.23 (0\u0026ndash;1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66(94.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDental floss\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14(20.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56(80.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.40 (0\u0026ndash;1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14(20.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMouthwash\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26(37.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44(62.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.37\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.49 (0\u0026ndash;1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26(37.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.031*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eI don't Know\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNO\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eYes\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21(30.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7(10.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42(60.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.91 (0\u0026ndash;2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42(60.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDaily\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBetween meals every day\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSeveral times a week\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRarely\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7(10.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18(25.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35(50.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10(14.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.31\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.84 (1\u0026ndash;4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10(14.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eOnce\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTwice\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 times\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 times\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 times\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22(31.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11(15.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12(17.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9(12.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16(22.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.80\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.57 (1\u0026ndash;5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16(22.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.109 ns\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eYes\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNo\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64(91.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6(8.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.91\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.28 (0\u0026ndash;1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64(91.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP-Mean\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.36\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.33\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eK= Knowledge, A= Attitudes, P= Practice; *, **, *** significant at p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05, \u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01, \u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001, ns, non-significant at p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eComparing KAP levels in children's questionnaires with different sittings and repetition of video watching revealed no statistical significance in the knowledge and attitude domains, while Practice domain was significantly affected by sitting (0.003). Repetition of videos showed statistical significance, while knowledge showed statistical significance (0.002). \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, Figs.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInteraction between demographic personal parameters and KAP.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSociodemographic variable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eScale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKnowledge\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAttitude\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePractice\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHow did the survey reach you?\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParents in schools\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.98\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.72\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.44\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePediatrician's Clinic\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.70\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.47\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.22\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eInd t-test\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.165 ns\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.118 ns\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.003**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWhen did you complete the current survey?\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBefore watching the video\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.53\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eb\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.44\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.31\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAfter watching video \"once\"\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.79\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eb\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.37\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAfter watching video\u0026nbsp;\u0026ldquo;twice\"\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.44\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.86\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.09\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.84\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.28\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eANOVA p-value\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.002**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.108 ns\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.051 ns\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e*, **, *** significant at p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05, \u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01, \u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001, ns, non-significant at p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.1.2 Correlation Heatmap Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe correlation heatmap for children's questionnaire variables employed a blue-red color scheme, where blue indicates positive correlations and red represents negative correlations, with boxed colors denoting statistically significant relationships (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe completion time was positively and significantly correlated to knowledge, attitudes and practices. Moreover, Access method was negatively non significantly correlated to Knowledge and attitudes and significantly with Practice. \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eFig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhen comparing the method of delivery in children questionnaire, there was clear differences in mean ranks between children in schools versus those in pediatric clinics. These differences were observed across the dimensions of knowledge (K), attitudes (A), and practices (P). The results showed that the school group had higher mean ranks compared to the pediatric clinic group in all dimensions. The differences were most pronounced in the pediatric clinics (P-Mean and P-Sum), with mean ranks of 41.00 and 41.30 for school children, compared to 26.74 and 26.26 for clinic children. This reflects a relatively higher level of practice among the school group. Less pronounced but still present differences were observed in the knowledge and attitudes dimensions, again favoring the school children. \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKAP means ranks change in relation to different sittings for the children's questionnaire\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHow did you receive this questionnaire?\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean Rank\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSum of Ranks\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAsymp. Sig. (2-tailed)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK-Mean\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKids in schools\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1688.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.963-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.050*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKids Clinic\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e797.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA-Mean\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKids in schools\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1677.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.828-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.068 ns\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKids Clinic\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e808.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP-Mean\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKids in schools\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1763.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2.872-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.004 **\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKids Clinic\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e722.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.2. Parents' questionnaire\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe parents' questionnaire (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;67) displayed acceptable to good overall reliability (α\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.709), falling within the acceptable range for group comparisons and research applications. The subsections showed variable reliability, where attitude showed the highest internal consistency, while the knowledge domain showed questionable internal consistency \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e).\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe reliability analysis of parents\u0026rsquo; questionnaires and internal consistency as measured by Cronbach's alpha coefficients\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSection\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariable / Question\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResponses\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCronbach's alpha\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKnowledge\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.663\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAttitude\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.875\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePractice\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.703\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.709\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.2.1. Survey Demographics and Family Characteristics\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe parents' questionnaire demonstrated acceptable to good reliability across sections (Knowledge α\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.663, Attitude α\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.875, Practice α\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.703, Total α\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.709). Survey distribution showed 56.7% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;38) reached through schools and 43.3% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;29) through pediatricians' clinics, with no significant difference (χ\u0026sup2; p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.272). Completion timing revealed that 56.7% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;38) completed the survey before watching the awareness video about dental care, 23.9% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;16) after watching once, and 19.4% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;13) after watching twice, demonstrating a highly significant distribution (χ\u0026sup2; p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.2.2. Knowledge Domain\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe parents' knowledge section comprised 14 variables with an overall mean of 2.37\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.31, demonstrating questionable to acceptable reliability (Cronbach's α\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.663).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eItem K1 (\"The rate of consuming foods and beverages that contain high sugar levels\") showed the highest mean at 3.49\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.24 (range 0\u0026ndash;5), while K3 (\"How should you clean the child mouth before his/her teeth appeared\") showed concerning results, with equal proportions using \"does not use anything\" (41.8%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;28) and \"cloth\" (41.8%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;28), only 11.9% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;8) using \"child's toothbrush,\" and merely 4.5% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3) using \"soft toothbrush\" (mean\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.79\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.83, range 1\u0026ndash;4), highly significant (χ\u0026sup2; p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKnowledge scores demonstrated significant associations with parental education and family demographics. Father's education significantly influenced knowledge (ANOVA p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.030, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), with postgraduate-educated fathers showing the highest knowledge means (2.59\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.19) compared to secondary-educated (2.26\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.33). Mother's education also significantly affected knowledge (ANOVA p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.010, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), with postgraduate (2.51\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.27) and higher education (2.42\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.28) groups outperforming secondary education (2.23\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.32).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNumber of children showed a highly significant association (ANOVA p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001), with families having 4\u0026ndash;6 children demonstrating higher knowledge (2.52\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.36) than those with one child (2.04\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.25). Survey completion timing significantly influenced knowledge (ANOVA p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.009, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01), with those watching the video twice achieving the highest scores (2.59\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.25).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.2.3. Attitude Domain\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe parents' attitude section comprised 10 binary (Yes/No) variables with an overall mean of 0.44\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.24, demonstrating good reliability (Cronbach's α\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.875).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA2 (\"Did you notice bleeding from your child's gums\") showed the lowest prevalence at 14.9% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;10) with highly significant distribution (mean\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.15\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.36, range 0\u0026ndash;1, χ\u0026sup2;, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). A3 (\"Did you notice bad breath from your child's mouth\") showed the highest prevalence at 59.7% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;40) (mean\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.49, range 0\u0026ndash;1, χ\u0026sup2;, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.112).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAttitude scores showed no significant associations with survey distribution method (t-test p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.459, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) or completion timing (ANOVA p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.732, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). However, fathers' education significantly influenced attitudes (ANOVA p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.046, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), with secondary-educated fathers showing higher attitude scores (0.53\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.22) compared to postgraduate-educated (0.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.19). Mother's education also significantly affected attitudes (ANOVA p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.028, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), with secondary-educated mothers demonstrating higher scores (0.54\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.20) than postgraduate (0.36\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.24) and higher education groups (0.40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.22).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.2.4. Practice Domain\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe parents' practice section comprised 19 variables with an overall mean of 1.10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.18, demonstrating acceptable reliability (Cronbach's α\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.703).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePractice scores demonstrated significant associations with several demographic variables. Survey completion timing significantly influenced practice (ANOVA p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.046, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), with those watching the video twice showing the highest practice means (1.20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.16). Age of youngest child significantly affected practice (ANOVA p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.027, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), with parents of children over 6 years demonstrating higher practice scores (1.18\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.13). Child's gender in the \u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;6 years category also significantly influenced practice (ANOVA p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.017, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), with parents of both male and female children showing the highest scores (1.19\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.12). \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e, Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab7\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 7\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDescription of sociodemographic variables of parents\u0026rsquo; questionnaire.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSociodemographic variable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eScale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKnowledge\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAttitude\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePractice\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHow did the survey reach you?\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParents in schools\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.37\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.42\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePediatrician's Clinic\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.38\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.47\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.09\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eInd t-test\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.946 ns\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.459 ns\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.790 ns\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWhen did you complete the current survey?\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBefore watching the video\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.29\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eb\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.44\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.09\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAfter watching the video \"once\"\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eb\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.48\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.04\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eb\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAfter watching the video \u0026ldquo;twice\"\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.59\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.41\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eANOVA p-value\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.009**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.732 ns\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.046*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFather's Education\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSecondary\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.26\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eb\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.53\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.11\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigher\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.41\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.41\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.11\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePostgraduate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.59\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eb\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eANOVA p-value\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.030*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.046*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.885 ns\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMother's Education\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSecondary\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.23\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eb\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.54\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.05\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigher\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.42\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eb\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.13\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePostgraduate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.51\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.36\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eb\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.11\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eANOVA p-value\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.010*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.028*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.255 ns\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNumber of children\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOne child\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.04\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.46\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.01\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eb\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u0026ndash;3 children\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.39\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eb\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.44\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.09\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u0026ndash;6 children\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.52\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eb\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.44\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.16\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eANOVA p-value\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.962 ns\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.159 ns\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAge of youngest child\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrom 6 to 12 months\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.23\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eb\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.47\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.97\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eb\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrom 1\u0026ndash;2 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.28\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eb\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.42\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrom 2 to 6 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.35\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eb\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.51\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.11\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOver 6 years old\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.35\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.18\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eANOVA p-value\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.004***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.145 ns\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.027*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAge of oldest child\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrom 6 to 12 months\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.37\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.54\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.02\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrom 1\u0026ndash;2 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.13\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.43\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.11\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrom 2 to 6 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.13\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.52\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOver 6 years old\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.44\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.39\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.13\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eANOVA p-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.043*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.141 ns\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.215 ns\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChild\u0026rsquo;s Gender (6\u0026ndash;12 months)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo Children\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.45\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.15\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eb\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.06\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eb\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.39\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale and Female\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.61\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.43\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.15\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eANOVA p-value\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.030*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.339 ns\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.456 ns\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChild\u0026rsquo;s Gender (1\u0026ndash;2 years\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo Children\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.42\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.41\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.14\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.31\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eb\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.45\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.08\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.37\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.48\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.08\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale and Female\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.61\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.16\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eANOVA p-value\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.201\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.371 ns\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.680 ns\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChild\u0026rsquo;s Gender (2\u0026ndash;6 years)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo Children\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.49\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.43\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.09\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.31\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.43\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.11\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.38\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.48\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale and Female\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.36\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.06\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eANOVA p-value\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.392 ns\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.616 ns\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.934 ns\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChild\u0026rsquo;s Gender (More than 6 years)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo Children\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.21\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eb\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.43\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.86\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eb\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.35\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.45\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.35\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.44\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.12\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale and Female\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.56\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.41\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.19\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eANOVA p-value\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.186 ns\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.969 ns\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.017*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.2.5: Parents Questionnaire Heatmap:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe correlation heatmap for the parents' questionnaire (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;67) employs a blue-red color gradient scheme generated using PAST statistical software version 4.0, where blue indicates positive correlations between variables that change together, red represents negative correlations indicating inverse relationships, and boxed colors denote statistically significant associations (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). The visualization reveals critical sociodemographic influences on KAP domains, with parental education demonstrating positive correlations with knowledge scores (postgraduate-educated fathers: 2.59\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.19 vs. secondary-educated: 2.26\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.33, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.030; postgraduate-educated mothers: 2.51\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.27 vs. secondary-educated: 2.23\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.32, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.010) but paradoxically showing negative correlations with attitude barrier-reporting, as secondary-educated parents exhibited higher attitude scores. Within domains, the heatmap displays positively correlated clusters representing conceptually related constructs: knowledge items assessing oral hygiene practices (K2-K5) and preventive care awareness (K6, K7, K10), attitude variables grouping observable oral health problems (A1-A4: white spots 46.3%, bad breath 59.7%, pain 47.8%) and behavioral barriers (A5-A9: forgetting 67.2%, uncooperative child 41.8%), and practice items showing healthy dietary patterns (P1-P2, P11-P14) versus cariogenic behaviors (P4-P6, P10: sugar consumption \u0026gt;once daily 55.2%).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCross-domain correlations reveal that knowledge scores (mean\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.37\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.31) demonstrate significant positive associations with practice scores (mean\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.18), confirmed by educational video intervention effects on both domains (knowledge ANOVA p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.009; practice ANOVA p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.046), However, attitude scores (mean\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.44\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.24) exhibit weak or complex correlations with other domains, remaining unaffected by video exposure (ANOVA p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.732, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Negative correlations likely appear between knowledge levels and barrier-reporting variables (A5-A9), while positive correlations between the number of children and knowledge (4\u0026ndash;6 children: 2.52\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.36 vs. one child: 2.04\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.25, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001) and between child age and practice scores (\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;6 years: 1.18\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.13 vs. 6\u0026ndash;12 months: 0.97\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.19, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.027). \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eFig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e Method of questionnaire delivery to the parents was compared; the results indicate that there are no statistically significant differences between parents who received the questionnaire through schools and those who received it through pediatric clinics regarding the levels of knowledge, attitudes, and practices under study. \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab8\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 8\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKAP means ranks change in relation to different sittings for children's questionnaire\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRanks\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHow did the survey reach you?\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean Rank\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSum of Ranks\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAsymp. Sig. (2-tailed)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK-Mean\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParents in schools\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1276.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.203\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.839\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePediatrician's Clinic\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1002.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA-Mean\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParents in schools\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1239.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.676\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.499\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePediatrician's Clinic\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1039.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP-Mean\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParents in schools\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1292.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.006\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.995\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePediatrician's Clinic\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e985.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e Accordingly, the results indicate that there are no statistically significant differences between parents who received the questionnaire through schools and those who received it through pediatric clinics regarding the levels of knowledge, attitudes, and practices under study.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4. Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTele-dentistry leverages digital communication technologies to deliver dental services remotely in regions with inadequate or no dental facilities. A variety of tele-dentistry approaches are available, including video conferencing for in-the-moment consultations, store-and-forward techniques involving collection and transmission of diagnostic data for specialist assessment, and remote patient monitoring that enables the continuous delivery of healthcare and patient safety [25].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe use of tele-dentistry for screening of early childhood caries awareness has shown high reliability and feasibility in school settings [26]. The results of the current study support these findings, where excellent and good reliability are found in children's and caregivers' questionnaires, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e In the literature, studies have studied the effect of tele-dentistry application on awareness and performance of oral health and healthy diet for children with a few artificial intelligence (AI) applications [9\u0026ndash;11, 15, 16, 26, 27]. Studies have confirmed that artificial intelligence has revolutionary uses in detecting and managing dental caries. Dental care providers can benefit from better diagnostic capabilities with the use of machine-learning algorithms and image recognition technology, allowing them to detect early-stage cavities that may not have been considered with other diagnostic approaches [28, 29].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOthers concluded comparable outcomes regarding the awareness level using messaging services (MS) to educate children's caregivers compared to on-site visits to dental hospitals. The caregivers showed high satisfaction with the MS method [30].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eEducational interventions, particularly video-based learning, demonstrated a significant positive effect on the knowledge of both children and caregivers, suggesting evidence-based pathways for community health promotion initiatives. These results were consistent with many researchers who reported increased knowledge level among parents and children using video-based methods [27, 31].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA positive association was found between parent education level and favorable practices of oral health, suggesting that more parents experience enhanced dental health competency. This is consistent with the previous work of Minervini et al., who found that the higher education level of both father and mother was significantly associated with lower Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale [32].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDuring the period of the COVID-19 pandemic, many physicians used telemedicine and tele-dentistry for preventive and educational purposes. One of the most recent publications reported that pediatric dentists had significantly reduced oral health disparities [33]. This supports the need to disseminate tele-consultation among medical health practitioners.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrevention of early childhood caries and diet modifications using tele-dentistry is an effective method, especially for remote populations. This evidence has been endorsed by many authors, who reported decreased sugar intakes and increased healthy food consumption after exposure to video-based tele-dentistry [34, 35].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe results of the current study showed significant improvement regarding oral health awareness among children and caregivers, these results are consistent with \u003cem\u003eSa et al\u003c/em\u003e work which had found that the applications of tele-dentistry can be used as important tool to implement oral heathy habits in the first years of children life, hence reducing sugar consumptions and increased oral hygiene in particular with employed and educated mothers after at least two tele-consultations [34].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIranparvar et al. highlighted the use of maternal-assisted tele-dentistry using smartphone images in the detection of early childhood caries, which facilitates the early interventions to prevent its progression, with 100% sensitivity and specificity, especially in low-resource settings and remote locations [36].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFirst, molar caries and molar incisor hypomineralisation are one of the common pediatric oral health preventable conditions via proper screening and interventions, which can include tele-dentistry for early recognition and interception. Current studies showed that application of tele-dentistry can be a useful tool for increased awareness and practices aimed at the detection and recognition of early signs and sites of molar incisor hypomineralisation. This aligns with the recently published systematic review, concluding that mobile-based education can promote better hygiene behavior with high satisfaction among caregivers in rural and low-access settings [37].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAI-driven technologies demonstrated a significant positive impact on patient satisfaction in general dentistry. Enhanced diagnostic precision, personalized care, and effective communication were the key contributors to improved outcomes [38].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGame-based models and interactive mobile applications have shown a promising utility for enhancing behavior and knowledge among gen a, many studies reported significant improvement of knowledge, behavior, and practice in oral hygiene, especially when incorporating gamification or theory-based behavioral strategies [39].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOther studies confirmed that videos can be used to raise awareness of dental health among children [40, 41]. While other studies have shown that using audio-visual aids to teach children how to brush their teeth has proven effective in improving their skills in this area, further development and improvement of these aids to make them more child-friendly is also necessary [42]. In contrast, studies have confirmed that although videos published by government organizations and professional associations contain high-quality, evidence-based, and trustworthy information, there is a possibility that patients may come across YouTube videos that may contain unhelpful and possibly harmful advice [43].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePediatricians and health advisors with access to medical support can significantly influence oral health practices and knowledge of children and their caregivers. The results imply that advice from pediatric physicians has a positive correlation with caregivers\u0026rsquo; attitudes. This agrees with results from recent papers conducted in Saudi Arabia and another one in Russia, which concluded that pediatricians, as the first medical professionals to meet parents of infants, possess significant potential to contribute to comprehensive caries prevention by advising on healthy nutrition and timely referral to a dentist [17, 44].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e According to our knowledge, few studies have correlated the effect of advisor personnel on adherence and motivation for oral health care. This link emphasizes the important role of nursery schools in maintaining excellent oral hygiene and increasing the awareness of oral health, especially for children.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"5. Limitations and Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDespite the limited sample size, and lack of adherence to watching the educational videos we can conclude that AI-generated educational videos, delivered as source-based tele-dentistry, can significantly improve knowledge and practices regarding children's oral health among parents and children. This strengthens the participation of other medical practitioners, nursery schools, and kindergartens in education and prevention of oral health problems.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThese findings support the beneficial role of applications utilizing AI content in public and oral health issues using tele-dentistry. Further source-based studies are needed to compare the effects of different methods on oral health awareness.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAAPD: American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAI: Artificial Intelligence\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eECC: Early Childhood Caries\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eKAP: Knowledge, Attitude and Practice\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003ePCA: Principal Component Analysis\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSD: Standard Deviation\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eTDA: Total Dental Access\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eWHO: World Health Organization\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate: This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects outlined in the World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki (2024 revision). The study protocol was approved by the ethics committee for clinical trials at Sinai University under the number: SU.REC.2024 (24 H). All participants had signed an informed consent before the enrollment in the study, for children under the age of 16, their parent\u0026rsquo;s had signed an informed consent also.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConsent for publication:\u0026nbsp;Not applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAvailability of data and materials:\u0026nbsp;Videos and data supporting the current results are available upon reasonable request and agreement of all authors of this study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCompeting interests: The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest of any source.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFunding of the research: This work was supported and funded by the Deanship of Scientific Research at Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU) (Grant number IMSIU-DDRSP2601)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAuthor Contributions:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConceptualization, SG, AH, DA, HEF, MA, BE, AMA; methodology, SG, AH, DA, HEF, MA, BE, HR, AMA, software, SG, AH, DA, HEF, MA, BE, HR, AMA; validation, SG, AH, DA; formal analysis, SG, AH, DA, AMA; investigation, SG, AH, DA, HEF, MA, BE; resources, SG, AH, DA, MA, BE, AMA, data curation, SG, AH, HEF, AMA; writing\u0026mdash;original draft preparation SG, AH, DA, HEF, MA, BE, AMA, writing\u0026mdash;review and editing SG, AH, DA, HEF, MA, BE, AMA, visualization, AMA, HEF, AH; supervision, SG, AH, DA; project administration, SG, AH, DA, MA funding acquisition, AMA, HR; All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. All authors reviewed the manuscript.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eKey to initials,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull;\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;SG: Somaia Ghobar\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull;\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;AH: AbdelHameed Hijazi\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull;\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;DA: Dalia Abd-Allah\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull;\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;HEF: Hala Elalfy Fawzy\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull;\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;MA: Mohamed Abdallah\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull;\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;BE: Basma Elballat\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull;\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;HR: Hassan Rudayni\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull;\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;AMA: Abdelghafar M. Abu-Elsaoud\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments:\u0026nbsp;Not applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAlqarni AA, Alfaifi HM, Aseeri NA, Gadah T, Togoo RA: \u003cstrong\u003eEfficacy of a Self-Designed Mobile Application to Improve Child Dental Health Knowledge among Parents\u003c/strong\u003e. \u003cem\u003eJ Int Soc Prev Community Dent \u003c/em\u003e2018, \u003cstrong\u003e8\u003c/strong\u003e(5):424-430.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMallineni SK, Innes NP, Raggio DP, Araujo MP, Robertson MD, Jayaraman J: \u003cstrong\u003eCoronavirus disease (COVID-19): Characteristics in children and considerations for dentists providing their care\u003c/strong\u003e. \u003cem\u003eInt J Paediatr Dent \u003c/em\u003e2020, \u003cstrong\u003e30\u003c/strong\u003e(3):245-250.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eShetty V, Yamamoto 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Saint Petersburg; 2025.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-oral-health","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"ohea","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Oral Health](http://bmcoralhealth.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/ohea/default.aspx","title":"BMC Oral Health","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Tele-dentistry, Awareness, Oral health, Artificial intelligence, Pediatricians, Childhood caries","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8662614/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8662614/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTele-dentistry is a relatively new approach that helps the challenged population with accessibility and socioeconomic problems to get the advice and consultations required to manage preventable oral health issues such as dental caries and periodontal disease. The current study assesses awareness changes after using AI videos as source-based tele-dentistry.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAn AI-generated video describing important advice about prevention of early childhood caries, diet modifications, and first molar hypomineralisation was sent to children and caregivers through kindergartens and clinics, and an electronic questionnaire to assess awareness was completed before and after watching the videos once and twice.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e 70 children and 67 caregivers were included in the current study. Overall reliability of the parents and children electronic questionnaire was assessed with Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s alpha values between 0.709 and 0.889, respectively. Children\u0026rsquo;s awareness, including Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice domains heatmap analysis, showed a significant positive correlation with completion time of the e-questionnaire, while the educational level had a critical influence on the parents\u0026rsquo; KAP scores.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusions\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eWithin the limitations of the current study, AI-generated educational videos showed a promising source for tele-dentistry enhancing practices and attitudes towards oral health issues in both children and caregivers and signify important collaboration with pediatric physicians and nursery houses. This trial was registered in 23\\11\\2025 in Clinicaltrials.gov under the number: NCT07248800. Retrospectively registered.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Effect of source-based tele-dentistry using AI-generated educational videos on awareness of Egyptian children and caregivers regarding risks of early childhood caries; Prospective Cohort Study","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-03-28 08:28:54","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8662614/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-04-14T07:39:57+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-04-11T08:54:20+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-04-09T20:59:06+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-04-09T11:12:19+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"76113014500026948642084084600604737519","date":"2026-04-07T06:51:58+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"173004864549915318108417992111717297213","date":"2026-04-05T06:49:52+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"104210643838539955018386085614937785488","date":"2026-04-02T20:04:31+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"141703841683971682587584230071423980460","date":"2026-04-02T11:10:16+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-04-01T20:15:45+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"293608274657054087918323970693440766609","date":"2026-03-25T11:09:35+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2026-03-25T08:50:06+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2026-02-26T13:14:32+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2026-02-04T15:00:52+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2026-02-04T11:50:50+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"BMC Oral Health","date":"2026-02-04T11:30:36+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-oral-health","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"ohea","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Oral Health](http://bmcoralhealth.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/ohea/default.aspx","title":"BMC Oral Health","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"c5f2efa8-367f-4446-956f-65ca6417c314","owner":[],"postedDate":"March 28th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-03-28T08:28:54+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-03-28 08:28:54","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8662614","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8662614","identity":"rs-8662614","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}