The Factors that Influence Land conflict In Hargiesa Capital Of Somaliland

The Factors that Influence Land conflict In Hargiesa Capital Of Somaliland | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article The Factors that Influence Land conflict In Hargiesa Capital Of Somaliland Ibrahim Said This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4785945/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Land conflict, an omnipresent challenge across Africa, finds a particularly poignant expression in Hargeisa, Somaliland, where the struggle for land has become a focal point of social discord and violence. This study explores the factors driving these conflicts, including expropriation, inheritance, commercialization, and urbanization. As Hargeisa grows, land has become a symbol of power and wealth, intensifying disputes that often result in homicides. Expropriation, frequently favoring those with political or economic influence, exacerbates tensions by marginalizing those with fewer resources. Inheritance conflicts have become more pronounced as rising land values turn customary practices into contentious legal battles. The commercialization and urbanization of land further disrupt traditional social orders, causing displacement and fostering resentment. Based on qualitative data from those involved in land disputes, this research highlights the urgent need for targeted interventions. Solutions must address the root causes of these conflicts through legal reforms, equitable land distribution, and community engagement. As Somaliland continues to develop, resolving these land conflicts is crucial for ensuring social justice and fostering communal harmony. The future stability of Hargeisa, and by extension Somaliland, depends on effective and inclusive land management strategies. Hargeisa Somaliland Land Conflict Expropriation Inheritance Commercialization Urbanization Social Justice Land Management Figures Figure 1 KEY TERMS AND DEFINITIONS Land inheritance : on the death of parents, children inherit the land property of their father or mother. Consequently, the inherited persons of that parcel of land always conflicted on the appropriations of land. Commercialization of Land: selling, buying, and gifting a parcel of land from government officials, friends, families, and relatives. Urbanization: In this context, the capital Hargiesa expanded its nearer villages, and to Hargiesa through that expansion. Land Expropriations: sometimes the people are relocated from their inhabited centers to new places by the government, therefore, misappropriation happens and it creates conflict. 1. INTRODUCTION The accumulation of land rent has become a significant force driving the transformation of rural and peri-urban landscapes in the developing world (Kan & Chen, 2021). Land disputes are pervasive across Africa, where land is often seen as a "prize" (Boone, 2014), granting those who control it—usually the ruling elite—greater opportunities to generate wealth and exert political or military power. In many African regions, predominantly rural societies are witnessing rapid urban growth and property development booms (T. Goodfellow, 2017). Commercialization of land and speculation intensified while issues related to land ownership become more pronounced. These challenges are further exacerbated when property rights are inadequately protected, such as in cases where Indigenous communities find their ancestral lands encroached upon in the name of development. Land conflicts are the main cause of homicides in the City of Hargiesa as vacant land is contested by extended families of people who fled the city, new comers to the city, and opportunists ( Bary & Bruyas,2007). Understanding land conflicts requires an examination of how land is utilized and valued by the involved parties. In the context of Somaliland and Hargiesa Capital Such conflicts are frequently driven by factors like rising land prices, expropriation, land inheritance disputes, and improper land management practices. Rather, this paper reflected as there were few literature on this issue of the causes of land conflicts in hargiesa capital. The argument of This study identifies various causes of land conflict in Hargeisa, Somaliland, with the goal of understanding and ranking these factors by their impact. Although it is known that variables such as expropriation, land inheritance, commercialization, and urbanization drive land conflicts, the specific influence of each factor remains uncertain. This research aims to fill that gap by providing insights into which factors contribute the most and least to land disputes. By shedding light on these causes, the study hopes to assist government land management institutions in addressing the underlying issues more effectively. The primary objective of this paper is to explore the factors contributing to land conflicts in Hargeisa. Using questionnaire data from 116 residents out of a target population of 202, the study seeks to provide a comprehensive understanding of land disputes in the district. The respondents offered valuable insights, particularly those who had direct experience with land conflicts. Demographically, the respondents were predominantly male (61.8%), with the majority aged between 25-34 years (59.2%). Educationally, 56.1% held degrees, and 38.9% had master’s degrees. The study’s analysis highlights the significant demographic and educational factors that may intersect with land conflict issues, offering a more nuanced understanding of the social dynamics at play. Table: Age Category of Respondents Age Category Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent 18-24 9 7.6% 7.6% 7.6% 25-34 68 59.2% 59.2% 66.9% 35-44 34 29.3% 29.3% 96.2% 45-54 4 3.2% 3.2% 99.4% 55+ 1 0.6% 0.6% 100.0% Total 116 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Educational Status of Respondents (SPSS Output) Educational Status Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Degree 65 56.1% 56.1% 56.1% High School 4 3.2% 3.2% 59.2% Master 45 38.9% 38.9% 98.1% Other 2 1.9% 1.9% 100.0% Total 116 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% This study’s findings offer valuable perspectives on the drivers of land conflicts in Hargeisa, providing a foundation for more informed decision-making by both policymakers and local communities 2. Theoretical Literature Various scholars have explored the concepts and definitions of land disputes, offering different perspectives in recent publications. This section outlines key definitions and concepts related to land disputes, highlighting contemporary viewpoints. However, this study primarily draws on Karl Marx’s social conflict theory, which provides the theoretical foundation for understanding the dynamics of land conflicts in Hargeisa, Somaliland. Marxist-based social theory argues that individuals and social classes in society possess unequal amounts of material and non-material resources (e.g., wealth, power). According to this theory, more powerful groups often use their resources to exploit those with less power, perpetuating inequality and conflict. In the context of land disputes in Hargeisa, this theory is particularly relevant, as conflicts often arise when those in positions of power (e.g. political elites, business owners) assert control over land at the expense of less powerful individuals or communities. The struggle for land in Hargeisa thus mirrors Marx’s view of social conflict, where the claims to land are typically won by those with greater influence, while those with less power are left vulnerable and marginalized. This theoretical lens helps explain the ongoing disputes in Hargeisa, revealing how power imbalances drive conflict and shape outcomes in land ownership and usage 2.1 Concepts of Land Disputes Conflict has been an inherent part of human history and remains inevitable (Assefa, 2005). Land, as a vital resource for shelter, livelihood, and wealth, is a fundamental right that every individual seeks within their country of residence. Mahajan (1998) emphasizes that land ownership constitutes one of the primary forms of wealth, noting that "the primary subject matter of ownership consists of material objects like land… the wealth of man may also consist of other things such as interests in land" (p. 324). The root of land disputes lies in the complexities of land ownership, where conflicting parties have competing interests in acquiring or controlling a parcel of land. These disputes can take various forms, involving different parties such as families, public institutions, businesses, or individuals. For instance, conflicts may arise between families over inheritance rights, businesses vying for valuable commercial land, or private individuals and public institutions over land use or ownership. These dynamics reflect how land becomes the focal point of contention as a finite and valuable resource. Whether driven by economic ambitions, social status, or the need for shelter, land disputes are shaped by the varying interests of stakeholders, leading to tensions that can escalate into larger conflicts. 2.1.1 Causes of Land Conflicts The management and operation of land records play a significant role in triggering conflicts over land. Inefficiencies in updating land records by relevant institutions often lead to disputes regarding land ownership. According to Hoque (2000), approximately 80% of civil and criminal cases are rooted in land disputes (p. 255).The causes of land conflicts are diverse and can stem from various factors, including but not limited to: Urbanization and Rising Land Prices: Rapid urban growth often drives up the value of land, making it a lucrative asset and leading to competition and disputes among individuals, businesses, and communities. Limited Access to Land Rights: The absence or restriction of rights to access land can result in conflicts, especially in cases where communities or individuals feel excluded from land ownership opportunities. Inadequate Compensation for Land Expropriation: When land is expropriated for public use or development projects, inadequate compensation or unfair practices can lead to disputes, particularly among those who feel they have been unfairly treated. Mismanagement of Land Inheritance: Disputes frequently arise within families over inherited land, especially when there is unclear documentation, favoritism, or miscommunication among heirs. These causes highlight the complex nature of land disputes, which are influenced by economic, social, and legal factors. Addressing these issues requires comprehensive land management strategies, transparent record-keeping, and equitable policies that consider the needs of all stakeholders involved 3. Empirical Literature Land disputes are prevalent in both rural and urban settings across neighboring countries, with Ethiopia and Kenya providing illustrative examples of such conflicts. 3.1 Land Conflicts in Shineli Woreda of Ethiopia In Ethiopia, land conflicts have particularly impacted communities reliant on pastoral livelihoods. In the Shineli Woreda, disputes among the pastoral community have periodically erupted. However, local interventions led by community elders have successfully mitigated the potential damage by leveraging indigenous conflict resolution mechanisms. These traditional methods have proven effective in resolving land disputes and restoring harmony within the community. According to the Ethiopian Human Rights Council (EHRCO, 2003), indigenous conflict resolution offers several advantages, including active participation by conflicting parties, raising public interest and awareness, creating long-term solutions, and employing a non-discriminatory approach. This approach has led to significant improvements in land ownership conflicts within the Shineli community. 3.2 Land Conflicts in Kenya In Kenya, land management is closely intertwined with politics, making the issue complex and difficult to navigate. Mung’ale (2021) highlights how land has historically been used as a political tool to gain support and maintain power, rather than establishing effective institutions to manage land fairly and equitably. Land conflicts have particularly affected residents in regions like West Pokot County, and unresolved land issues have often taken on political and ethnic dimensions, as seen in areas such as Rift Valley, Nyanza, Western, and Coastal provinces (Nyukuri, 1997; Kanyinga et al. 2008). Despite these challenges, Kenya has developed a decentralized system of governance in land management, aimed at reducing land disputes. This devolved system introduced a structure where land management institutions work collaboratively to address land issues more effectively. As noted by Ouma (2011) and Bosire (2013), the devolved system of governance was designed to overcome the weaknesses of the centralized system, promote economic development, and manage internal conflicts more efficiently. This system has shown promise in minimizing land disputes by promoting better coordination and inclusivity in land governance. These empirical examples from Ethiopia and Kenya underscore the importance of community-based interventions and the role of governance structures in addressing land conflicts. 4. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS 4.1 Study Population The study focused exclusively on Hargeisa, the capital city of Somaliland (refer to the map of Hargeisa for geographic context). Therefore, the findings are specific to the Hargeisa district and should not be generalized to reflect land disputes across all of Somaliland. The target population for this study included disputants officially registered with Hargeisa Municipality and the Hargeisa Land Tribunal Office. Out of a total population of 202 registered residents, a sample of 116 respondents was selected, and data was gathered as detailed in the Descriptive Analysis Statistics (DAS) provided in the supplementary files. The primary objective of the study was to examine the factors contributing to land conflicts within Hargeisa District by focusing on the experiences and perspectives of those directly affected 4.2 Land expropriation's influence on Land Conflict As one can see from Table 4.2, the influence of Land expropriation on land conflicts in the Hargiesa District exists according to the results of Table 2.2 below. The dataset results' mean and standard deviation show a strong relationship between The Variable of land expropriation and the occurrence of land conflict in Hargiesa City. For instance, the statement ‘Land taken by the government is used for private purposes’ had the highest mean value of 3.9 and a standard deviation of 1.24, whereas the question As a result of expropriation, the person attempted to do whatever to gain another land from neighboring areas’ had the lowest mean value of 3.5 and a standard deviation of 1.31. However, the effects of expropriation on land conflicts examined through the aforementioned five statements illustrated an overall mean value of 3.69 and a standard deviation of 1.30. This could be measurably encouraged by the fact that the expropriation had its cause in land conflicts. To that end, the assumption that expropriation causes land conflict in Hargiesa seems to be true, as mentioned in the dataset gathered from residents of the Hargiesa district. Table 4.2. Land Expropriation Descriptive Statistics Land Expropriation Influences Land Conflict N Mean Std. Deviation Sometimes the Land taken by the Government is used for private purposes. 115 3.90 1.240 Expropriation always happens for the benefit of the public figure's interest rather than the public interest. 114 3.73 1.254 There is no written Legal system mentioning the Expropriation law. 114 3.68 1.293 Land expropriation Causes conflict When the Local Government takes land from the landowner for public use in Hargiesa City. 115 3.66 1.430 As a result of Expropriation, Victims do whatever they gain other land from the neighboring Areas. 115 3.50 1.311 Valid N (list wise) 114 Pooled Mean 3.69 1.30 4.3 Land Inheritance Land inheritance contributes to the land conflict of Hargiesa City and the statistical analysis shows how the Variable affects the Dependent variable. As you can see from Table 2.3, the mean and the standard deviation of the respondents as examined by the five aforementioned statements could describe the contribution of land inheritance to the issues related to land conflicts in Hargiesa district. The statement that ‘mismanagement of land inheritance leads to land disputes among the entitled individuals of the inherited land’ had the highest mean of 3.83 and standard deviation of 1.226, whereas the statement ‘Hargiesa Local Government does not have a legal framework for land inheritance’ had the lowest mean of 3.59 and standard deviation of 1.299. However, the contribution of Land inheritance to land conflicts that was examined through the five statements showed an overall mean value of 3.73 and a standard deviation of 1.23. This could summarize the level of agreement among the participants’ views on the effects of land inheritance on land conflicts in the Hargiesa District. Finally and foremost, the Data analysis of this Variable (Land Inheritance) study demonstrates that the mismanagement of inherited land has a strong influence on the land conflict in Hargiesa District. Table 4.3. Land Inheritance Descriptive Statistics N Mean Std. Deviation Hargiesa Local Government does not have Legal frame for Land inheritance 115 3.59 1.299 Local Government has no concern about who gets what Land of inheritance. 115 3.70 1.302 The individuals who have power may mislead the process of fair division of the inherited land. 115 3.75 1.156 Land inheritance conflict is encouraged by the value increase of the land. 114 3.81 1.181 Mismanagement of land inheritance leads to land disputes among the entitled individuals of the inheritance property. 116 3.83 1.226 Valid N (listwise) 111 Pooled Mean 3.73 1.23 4.4 Commercialization of Land Table 4.4 explains the mean and standard deviation values from the aforementioned five statements, which could have an impact on land conflicts in the Hargiesa district as a result of the commercialization of land. The statement "Hargiesa Municipal has no involvement in the pricing mechanism of land" has the highest mean (4.18) and standard deviation (1.08) of any other statement. While the statement "commercialization of land heightens community conflict" had the lowest mean (3.89) and standard deviation (1.22), it was also the least accurate. But the commercialization of land had an overall mean of 4.05 and a standard deviation of 1.1 which might be the driving force, if not the second-largest component after urbanization. One could, therefore, comprehend that the occurrence of land conflict could have been greatly influenced by the commercialization of land. Finally, the dataset could say that commercialization has a positive relationship with the conflicts of land that Hargiesa City may suffer daily, and there could be no immediate plan to overcome such obstacles that hinder the economic matters of the whole district of Hargiesa City. Table4.4. Commercialization of Land Descriptive Statistics Commercialization of land affects land conflict; N Mean Std. Deviation Hargeisa Municipal has no involvement in the pricing mechanism of land 116 4.18 1.083 Commercialization of land causes disputes among neighboring individuals in Hargeisa outskirts. 116 4.10 1.110 There is a strong relationship between the commercialization of land &land conflict in Hargeisa City. 116 4.06 1.257 Commercialization of land creates conflicts among landowners. 116 4.02 1.222 Commercialization of land in Hargeisa Heightens community conflict. 116 3.89 1.228 Valid N (listwise) 116 Pooled mean 4.05 1.18 4.5 Urbanization Affects Land Conflict Table 4.5 mentions the mean and standard deviation values of the below-mentioned five statements, which could have an impact on land conflict in the district of Hargiesa as a result of the expansion of the city. Compared to other factors explained earlier, the role of urbanization in land conflict exists, and the statement ‘expansion of the city affected the private-owned land of the city’ has the highest mean of 3.49 and standard deviation of 1.35. On the opposite side, the statement ‘the expansion of the city threatens the stability of the land issue’ had the lowest mean of 3.19 and a standard deviation of 1.32. In addition, urbanization had an overall mean of 3.36 and a standard deviation of 1.35, which showed its positive impact on land conflict in Hargiesa. As a result, the dataset reflects the undeniable and measurable influence of urbanization on land conflict. Finally, urbanization, as shown from the responses of the participants, had a strong relationship with the occurrence of conflicts in the Hargiesa district. Table 4.5. Urbanization Descriptive Statistics Urbanization influences the land conflicts; N Mean Std. Deviation The expansion of the city affected the privet-owned land of the city. 116 3.49 1.352 Urbanization affected the lives of residents which occupied the outskirts of hargiesa. 116 3.44 1.398 Urbanization caused loss of individual land property that exasperate the land conflict. 116 3.38 1.379 Neighboring Blocks fights as the city expanded to their residents. 116 3.33 1.298 The expansion of the city threatens the stability of the land issues. 116 3.19 1.326 Valid N (list wise) 116 Pooled Mean 3.36 1.35 4.6 Statistical Analysis The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 26.0(IBM SPSS Statistics) was used for statistical analysis. Data are presented as Standard deviation, Mean, and Min-max for quantitative Variables. Slovin’s formula is used for assessing the confidence level of the data and the difference is considered statistically significant when Error Margin E<0.05. 5. RESULTS and discussions The study focused on land conflicts in the Hargiesa Capital used questionnaire-based data collection. The target population was 202 residents, with 116 respondents selected as the sample. Regarding demographics, there were 82 male respondents (70.6%) and 34 female respondents (29.3%). The highest frequency in age was the 25-34 category, representing 59.2% of the respondents, while the lowest was the 45-54 category, at 3.2%. Regarding educational background, 82 individuals (70.6%) had earned degrees, while 34 individuals (29.3%) had master's degrees. In comparison, the lowest was 45–54, which represented 3.2% of the respondents. In addition, the data explained the educational background of the respondents, and the lead category was the respondents who earned degrees—82 individuals representing 71 % of the target group. The second group was those who had a master's degree—34 individuals, which represents 29.9% of the overall target group. See the table below; Study Focus Land conflicts in Hargeisa Capital Data Collection Methods questionnaire-based theme Target Population 202 residents Sample Size 116 respondents Gender Distribution - Male: 85 (73.3%) - Female: 31 (26.7%) Age Distribution - 25-34 years: 59.2% - 45-54 years: 3.2% Educational Background - Degrees: 82 (70.6%) - Master's Degrees: 34 (29.3%) The findings below were based on participant responses, research objectives, and data analysis, confidently addressing the following research questions: 1. How does land commercialization influence conflicts in Hargeisa District? 2. What role does land expropriation play in influencing conflicts in the Hargeisa district? 3. How does land inheritance impact conflicts in the Hargeisa district? 4. What is the influence of urbanization on land conflicts in the Hargeisa district? Here’s a summary of the findings addressing each research question: Land Commercialization: Land commercialization has significantly increased conflicts in Hargeisa District by elevating land values and creating disputes over land ownership and usage. The drive for profit has intensified competition for land resources. Land Expropriation: Land expropriation has played a major role in conflicts by displacing residents and altering land ownership. The process often lacks adequate compensation and transparency, leading to resistance and unrest among affected populations. Land Inheritance: Land inheritance issues have contributed to conflicts due to unclear or contested inheritance rights. Disputes over inherited land can lead to family and community tensions, especially when traditional inheritance practices are challenged by modern legal frameworks. Urbanization: Urbanization has intensified land conflicts by increasing demand for land in growing urban areas. As Hargeisa expands, the pressure on land resources has led to conflicts over land use and allocation, affecting both residential and commercial interests. These summaries encapsulate the key findings related to each research question based on the data and participant responses 6. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS The study’s dataset highlights four key findings related to land conflicts in Hargeisa, each tied to specific research questions: For one thing, Land expropriation in Hargeisa often benefits public figures over public services, with 75% of respondents agreeing that land is seized mainly for personal gain. To address this, the study recommends strengthening legal frameworks and enforcement by establishing clear expropriation laws and accountability mechanisms to prevent power abuse by officials. Secondly, Land inheritance conflicts in Hargeisa are primarily driven by rising land values, though other underlying issues also play a role. To address these conflict, the study recommends a combination of legal, social, and community-based approaches. Key solutions include clarifying and enforcing inheritance laws, fostering community engagement, and promoting cultural reforms. By integrating legal reforms with social interventions and proactive planning, inheritance conflicts can be minimized, preventing rising land values from leading to destructive family disputes. Thirdly, the study finds that land commercialization in Hargeisa has intensified community conflicts, with political and social factors also contributing. To address this, it recommends establishing proper zoning laws to designate areas for commercial, residential, agricultural, and public use. Additionally, inclusive economic policies should balance the benefits of commercialization with community needs. Enhancing public awareness and engagement is also vital, as informed citizens are better equipped to defend their land rights and participate in decision-making. Finally, urban expansion has particularly impacted residents on the outskirts of Hargeisa District. The growing urban areas have increased pressure on land resources, affecting those living peripherally. To address the challenges of urbanization in Hargeisa, especially its impact on peripheral residents, this paper proposes such following solutions; Inclusive Urban Planning: Develop comprehensive land use plans that consider future growth and extend infrastructure to peripheral areas, preventing marginalization. Protecting Peripheral Communities: Implement policies to prevent displacement, promote affordable housing, and strengthen community land rights to safeguard against land grabs. Sustainable Urban Growth: Encourage environmentally friendly development and promote decentralization through satellite towns to ease pressure on Hargeisa’s core. Public Participation and Governance: Involve peripheral residents in planning decisions and enhance local governance to manage growth transparently. Finally, Addressing Social and Economic Disparities: Support economic empowerment programs and develop affordable housing to reduce pressure on land and prevent informal settlements. These solutions aim to balance urban growth, ensuring equitable development for both central and peripheral communities in Hargeisa. Finally and foremost, the study recommends further research into the underlying causes of land conflicts in Hargeisa. Public institutions are urged to conduct comprehensive studies to address this critical issue effectively. Declarations CONSENT TO PUBLISH The research participants have previously accepted and consented to publish this work since publishing in our setting and according to university laws and regulations (University of Hargiesa) depends on the study participants' acceptance. INFORMED CONSENT STATEMENT All participants in this study provided informed permission, and their concern for the study was evident, since it would benefit the appropriate land management institutions in Hargiesa, Somaliland's capital. ETHICAL CLEARANCE University of Hargiesa and particularly Department of Research and Community Services Directorate had been validated this study as per upon their Research Ethics Protocol. See the attached ethical clearance statement in the supplementary files section. ACKNOWLEDGMENT ALLHAMDULILAAH. Thanks To Allah who allow me the aptitude to perform such an important project and thanks to Him again and again. I appreciate my Supervisor, Prof Khalid Ahmad from University of Hargiesa, who offered timely criticism and corrections that led me through the different stages of this study. I appreciate my Family and Friends for their prolific support during this period. I also appreciate my whole classmates, men and women, who helped me during the various stages of this program. FUNDING NO FUNDING. References 1. Journal Articles Kan, K., & Chen, X. (2021). Land speculation by villagers: Territorialities of accumulation and exclusion in peri-urban China. Journal Name, volume (issue), page range. (Add the specific journal details if available) Goodfellow, T. (2017). Urban fortunes and skeleton cityscapes: Real estate and late urbanization in Kigali and Addis Ababa. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 41(5), 786-803. Collier, P., & Hoeffler, A. (2004). Greed and grievance in civil war. 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Barry, M., & Bruyas, F. (2007). Land administration strategy formulation in post-conflict situations: The case of Hargeisa, Somaliland. Report or Publication Details. Daniels, S., & Walker, G. (1997). Rethinking public participation in natural resource management: Concepts from pluralism and five emerging approaches. In J. Anderson (Ed.), Pluralism and Sustainable Forestry and Rural Development (pp. 29-48). Rome: FAO. 8. Website UK Essays. (2015). Land-based conflicts in Somaliland politics essay. UK Essays. Available at https://www.ukessays.com/essays/politics/land-based-conflicts-in-somaliland-politics-essay.php. 9. Other The World Factbook. (2013). Langley, Virginia: Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved December 6, 2013 SPSS 26 Output and Results. Supplementary Files DATA.sav APPENDIX.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4785945","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":377917128,"identity":"32e1f573-865d-44a0-be10-2e0d1c0b093a","order_by":0,"name":"Ibrahim Said","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA30lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACAxBRAWYyHwASEjLEaTkDVMrAwJYA0sJDihYeMJuwFnOJHDOJAzV2dfwzcj6/ulFjwcPAfvjoBnxaLGfkGBscOJYsIXHm7DbrnGNAh/Gkpd3A67AbOYaPP7AxSzAc791mnMMG1CLBY0ZIi8GBA//qJeQP8zwzzvlHnBbDBwfbDksYHO9hfpzbRoQWy55nxQYH+45LbjxzzIw5t0+Ch42QX8zZk7dJHPhWzS93I/nx55xvdXL87IeP4dWCDNgkwCSxykGA+QMpqkfBKBgFo2DkAACPBEhaHs7Q7gAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ibrahim","middleName":"","lastName":"Said","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-07-23 05:59:14","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4785945/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4785945/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":70919607,"identity":"c9baef71-4ac0-494e-9f35-923fa978ad59","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-12-09 08:34:20","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":69143,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eHargiesa Map Mug\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4785945/v1/d51836c4a72a8942f47a7601.png"},{"id":71604000,"identity":"84cb3b8e-0eda-42a3-99cf-f0ae0a7f5fd6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-12-17 06:03:15","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":776766,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4785945/v1/345e2bc1-6462-4fd8-bb2a-70be7ffd32c3.pdf"},{"id":70921774,"identity":"d78cdd2f-a9fd-4654-9882-7aa9d983fea9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-12-09 08:42:20","extension":"sav","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":15536,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"DATA.sav","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4785945/v1/dca06d1944b9e54c06e6e929.sav"},{"id":70919609,"identity":"374bf3c6-793f-40a9-8f0a-82061c173bbf","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-12-09 08:34:22","extension":"docx","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":1614767,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"APPENDIX.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4785945/v1/661ebedc3caee60bec7904b3.docx"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"The Factors that Influence Land conflict In Hargiesa Capital Of Somaliland","fulltext":[{"header":"KEY TERMS AND DEFINITIONS ","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLand inheritance\u003c/strong\u003e: on the death of parents, children inherit the land property of their father or mother. Consequently, the inherited persons of that parcel of land always conflicted on the appropriations of land.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCommercialization of Land:\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp; selling, buying, and gifting a parcel of land from government officials, friends, families, and relatives.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUrbanization:\u003c/strong\u003e In this context, the capital Hargiesa expanded its nearer villages, and to Hargiesa through that expansion.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLand Expropriations:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003esometimes the people are relocated from their inhabited centers to new places by the government, therefore, misappropriation happens and it creates conflict. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"1. INTRODUCTION","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe accumulation of land rent has become a significant force driving the transformation of rural and peri-urban landscapes in the developing world (Kan \u0026amp; Chen, 2021). Land disputes are pervasive across Africa, where land is often seen as a \u0026quot;prize\u0026quot; (Boone, 2014), granting those who control it\u0026mdash;usually the ruling elite\u0026mdash;greater opportunities to generate wealth and exert political or military power. In many African regions, predominantly rural societies are witnessing rapid urban growth and property development booms (T.\u0026nbsp;Goodfellow, 2017).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCommercialization of land\u0026nbsp;and speculation intensified while\u0026nbsp;issues related to land ownership become more pronounced. These challenges are further exacerbated when property rights are inadequately protected, such as in cases where Indigenous communities find their ancestral lands encroached upon in the name of development.\u0026nbsp;Land conflicts are the main cause of homicides in the City\u0026nbsp;of Hargiesa\u0026nbsp;as vacant land is contested by extended families of people who fled the city, new comers to the city, and opportunists ( Bary \u0026amp; Bruyas,2007). Understanding land conflicts requires an examination of how land is utilized and valued by the involved parties.\u0026nbsp;In the context of Somaliland and Hargiesa Capital\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Such conflicts are frequently driven by factors like rising land prices, expropriation, land inheritance disputes, and improper land management practices.\u0026nbsp;Rather, this paper reflected as there were few literature on this issue of the causes of land conflicts in hargiesa capital.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe argument of This study identifies various causes of land conflict in Hargeisa, Somaliland, with the goal of understanding and ranking these factors by their impact. Although it is known that variables such as expropriation, land inheritance, commercialization, and urbanization drive land conflicts, the specific influence of each factor remains uncertain. This research aims to fill that gap by providing insights into which factors contribute the most and least to land disputes. By shedding light on these causes, the study hopes to assist government land management institutions in addressing the underlying issues more effectively. The primary objective of this paper is to explore the factors contributing to land conflicts in Hargeisa. Using questionnaire data from 116 residents out of a target population of 202, the study seeks to provide a comprehensive understanding of land disputes in the district. The respondents offered valuable insights, particularly those who had direct experience with land conflicts. Demographically, the respondents were predominantly male (61.8%), with the majority aged between 25-34 years (59.2%). Educationally, 56.1% held degrees, and 38.9% had master\u0026rsquo;s degrees. The study\u0026rsquo;s analysis highlights the significant demographic and educational factors that may intersect with land conflict issues, offering a more nuanced understanding of the social dynamics at play.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAge Category of Respondents\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAge Category\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFrequency\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePercent\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eValid Percent\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCumulative Percent\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18-24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.6%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.6%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.6%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25-34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.2%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.2%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66.9%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35-44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.3%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.3%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96.2%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45-54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.2%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.2%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e99.4%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.6%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.6%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.0%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e116\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e100.0%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e100.0%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e100.0%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEducational Status of Respondents (SPSS Output)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEducational Status\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFrequency\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePercent\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eValid Percent\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCumulative Percent\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDegree\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.1%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.1%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.1%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHigh School\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.2%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.2%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.2%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMaster\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.9%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.9%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98.1%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOther\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.9%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.9%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.0%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e116\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e100.0%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e100.0%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e100.0%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study\u0026rsquo;s findings offer valuable perspectives on the drivers of land conflicts in Hargeisa, providing a foundation for more informed decision-making by both policymakers and local communities\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Theoretical Literature","content":"\u003cp\u003eVarious scholars have explored the concepts and definitions of land disputes, offering different perspectives in recent publications. This section outlines key definitions and concepts related to land disputes, highlighting contemporary viewpoints. However, this study primarily draws on Karl Marx\u0026rsquo;s social conflict theory, which provides the theoretical foundation for understanding the dynamics of land conflicts in Hargeisa, Somaliland.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMarxist-based social theory argues that individuals and social classes in society possess unequal amounts of material and non-material resources (e.g., wealth, power). According to this theory, more powerful groups often use their resources to exploit those with less power, perpetuating inequality and conflict. In the context of land disputes in Hargeisa, this theory is particularly relevant, as conflicts often arise when those in positions of power (e.g. political elites, business owners) assert control over land at the expense of less powerful individuals or communities. The struggle for land in Hargeisa thus mirrors Marx\u0026rsquo;s view of social conflict, where the claims to land are typically won by those with greater influence, while those with less power are left vulnerable and marginalized. This theoretical lens helps explain the ongoing disputes in Hargeisa, revealing how power imbalances drive conflict and shape outcomes in land ownership and usage\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.1 \u003cstrong\u003eConcepts of Land Disputes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConflict has been an inherent part of human history and remains inevitable (Assefa, 2005). Land, as a vital resource for shelter, livelihood, and wealth, is a fundamental right that every individual seeks within their country of residence. Mahajan (1998) emphasizes that land ownership constitutes one of the primary forms of wealth, noting that \u0026quot;the primary subject matter of ownership consists of material objects like land\u0026hellip; the wealth of man may also consist of other things such as interests in land\u0026quot; (p. 324).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe root of land disputes lies in the complexities of land ownership, where conflicting parties have competing interests in acquiring or controlling a parcel of land. These disputes can take various forms, involving different parties such as families, public institutions, businesses, or individuals. For instance, conflicts may arise between families over inheritance rights, businesses vying for valuable commercial land, or private individuals and public institutions over land use or ownership.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThese dynamics reflect how land becomes the focal point of contention as a finite and valuable resource. Whether driven by economic ambitions, social status, or the need for shelter, land disputes are shaped by the varying interests of stakeholders, leading to tensions that can escalate into larger conflicts.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.1.1 \u003cstrong\u003eCauses of Land Conflicts\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe management and operation of land records play a significant role in triggering conflicts over land. Inefficiencies in updating land records by relevant institutions often lead to disputes regarding land ownership. According to Hoque (2000), approximately 80% of civil and criminal cases are rooted in land disputes (p. 255).The causes of land conflicts are diverse and can stem from various factors, including but not limited to:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUrbanization and Rising Land Prices:\u003c/strong\u003e Rapid urban growth often drives up the value of land, making it a lucrative asset and leading to competition and disputes among individuals, businesses, and communities.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLimited Access to Land Rights:\u003c/strong\u003e The absence or restriction of rights to access land can result in conflicts, especially in cases where communities or individuals feel excluded from land ownership opportunities.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInadequate Compensation for Land Expropriation:\u003c/strong\u003e When land is expropriated for public use or development projects, inadequate compensation or unfair practices can lead to disputes, particularly among those who feel they have been unfairly treated.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMismanagement of Land Inheritance:\u003c/strong\u003e Disputes frequently arise within families over inherited land, especially when there is unclear documentation, favoritism, or miscommunication among heirs.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThese causes highlight the complex nature of land disputes, which are influenced by economic, social, and legal factors. Addressing these issues requires comprehensive land management strategies, transparent record-keeping, and equitable policies that consider the needs of all stakeholders involved\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"3. Empirical Literature","content":"\u003cp\u003eLand disputes are prevalent in both rural and urban settings across neighboring countries, with Ethiopia and Kenya providing illustrative examples of such conflicts.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.1 Land Conflicts in Shineli Woreda of Ethiopia\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn Ethiopia, land conflicts have particularly impacted communities reliant on pastoral livelihoods. In the Shineli Woreda, disputes among the pastoral community have periodically erupted. However, local interventions led by community elders have successfully mitigated the potential damage by leveraging indigenous conflict resolution mechanisms. These traditional methods have proven effective in resolving land disputes and restoring harmony within the community. According to the Ethiopian Human Rights Council (EHRCO, 2003), indigenous conflict resolution offers several advantages, including active participation by conflicting parties, raising public interest and awareness, creating long-term solutions, and employing a non-discriminatory approach. This approach has led to significant improvements in land ownership conflicts within the Shineli community.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.2 Land Conflicts in Kenya\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn Kenya, land management is closely intertwined with politics, making the issue complex and difficult to navigate. Mung\u0026rsquo;ale (2021) highlights how land has historically been used as a political tool to gain support and maintain power, rather than establishing effective institutions to manage land fairly and equitably. Land conflicts have particularly affected residents in regions like West Pokot County, and unresolved land issues have often taken on political and\u0026nbsp;ethnic\u0026nbsp;dimensions, as seen in areas such as Rift Valley, Nyanza, Western, and Coastal provinces (Nyukuri, 1997; Kanyinga et al. 2008).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDespite these challenges, Kenya has developed a decentralized system of governance in land management, aimed at reducing land disputes. This devolved system introduced a structure where land management institutions work collaboratively to address land issues more effectively. As noted by Ouma (2011) and Bosire (2013), the devolved system of governance was designed to overcome the weaknesses of the centralized system, promote economic development, and manage internal conflicts more efficiently. This system has shown promise in minimizing land disputes by promoting better coordination and inclusivity in land governance.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThese empirical examples from Ethiopia and Kenya underscore the importance of community-based interventions and the role of governance structures in addressing land conflicts.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"4. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4.1 Study Population\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study focused exclusively on Hargeisa, the capital city of Somaliland (refer to the map of Hargeisa for geographic context). Therefore, the findings are specific to the Hargeisa district and should not be generalized to reflect land disputes across all of Somaliland. The target population for this study included disputants officially registered with Hargeisa Municipality and the Hargeisa Land Tribunal Office. Out of a total population of 202 registered residents, a sample of 116 respondents was selected, and data was gathered as detailed in the Descriptive Analysis Statistics (DAS) provided in the supplementary files. The primary objective of the study was to examine the factors contributing to land conflicts within Hargeisa District by focusing on the experiences and perspectives of those directly affected\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4.2 Land expropriation\u0026apos;s influence on Land Conflict\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs one can see from Table 4.2, the influence of Land expropriation on land conflicts in the Hargiesa District exists according to the results of Table 2.2 below. The dataset results\u0026apos; mean and standard deviation show a strong relationship between The Variable of land expropriation and the occurrence of land conflict in Hargiesa City. For instance, the statement \u0026lsquo;Land taken by the government is used for private purposes\u0026rsquo; had the highest mean value of 3.9 and a standard deviation of 1.24, whereas the question As a result of expropriation, the person attempted to do whatever to gain another land from neighboring areas\u0026rsquo; had the lowest mean value of 3.5 and a standard deviation of 1.31.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHowever, the effects of expropriation on land conflicts examined through the aforementioned five statements illustrated an overall mean value of 3.69 and a standard deviation of 1.30. This could be measurably encouraged by the fact that the expropriation had its cause in land conflicts. To that end, the assumption that expropriation causes land conflict in Hargiesa seems to be true, as mentioned in the dataset gathered from residents of the Hargiesa district.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 4.2. Land Expropriation\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"594\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 100%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDescriptive Statistics\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 65.6566%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLand Expropriation Influences Land Conflict\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.06061%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eN\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 12.1212%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMean\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 16.1616%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStd. Deviation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65.6566%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSometimes the Land taken by the Government is used for private purposes.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.06061%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e115\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.1212%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.1616%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.240\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65.6566%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExpropriation always happens for the benefit of the public figure\u0026apos;s interest rather than the public interest.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.06061%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e114\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.1212%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.1616%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.254\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65.6566%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.06061%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.1212%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.1616%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65.6566%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThere is no written Legal system mentioning the Expropriation law.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.06061%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e114\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.1212%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.1616%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.293\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65.6566%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLand expropriation Causes conflict When the Local Government takes land from the landowner for public use in Hargiesa City.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.06061%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e115\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.1212%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.1616%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.430\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65.6566%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAs a result of Expropriation, Victims do whatever they gain other land from the neighboring Areas.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.06061%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e115\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.1212%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.1616%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.311\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65.6566%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eValid N (list wise)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.06061%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e114\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12.1212%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16.1616%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65.6566%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Pooled Mean\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.06061%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12.1212%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 3.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16.1616%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;1.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4.3 Land Inheritance\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLand inheritance contributes to the land conflict of Hargiesa City and the statistical analysis shows how the Variable affects the Dependent variable. As you can see from Table 2.3, the mean and the standard deviation of the respondents as examined by the five aforementioned statements could describe the contribution of land inheritance to the issues related to land conflicts in Hargiesa district.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe statement that \u0026lsquo;mismanagement of land inheritance leads to land disputes among the entitled individuals of the inherited land\u0026rsquo; had the highest mean of 3.83 and standard deviation of 1.226, whereas the statement \u0026lsquo;Hargiesa Local Government does not have a legal framework for land inheritance\u0026rsquo; had the lowest mean of 3.59 and standard deviation of 1.299.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHowever, the contribution of Land inheritance to land conflicts that was examined through the five statements showed an overall mean value of 3.73 and a standard deviation of 1.23. This could summarize the level of agreement among the participants\u0026rsquo; views on the effects of land inheritance on land conflicts in the Hargiesa District. Finally and foremost, the Data analysis of this Variable (Land Inheritance) study demonstrates that the mismanagement of inherited land has a strong influence on the land conflict in Hargiesa District.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 4.3. Land Inheritance\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"558\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 100%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDescriptive Statistics\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64.5161%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.45161%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8.60215%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 20.4301%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStd. Deviation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64.5161%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHargiesa Local Government does not have \u0026nbsp;Legal frame for Land inheritance\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.45161%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e115\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.60215%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 20.4301%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.299\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64.5161%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLocal Government has no concern about who gets what Land of inheritance.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.45161%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e115\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.60215%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 20.4301%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.302\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64.5161%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe individuals who have power may mislead the process of fair division of the inherited land.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.45161%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e115\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.60215%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 20.4301%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.156\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64.5161%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLand inheritance conflict is encouraged by the value increase of the land.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.45161%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e114\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.60215%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 20.4301%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.181\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64.5161%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMismanagement of land inheritance leads to land disputes among the entitled individuals of the inheritance property.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.45161%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e116\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.60215%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 20.4301%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.226\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64.5161%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eValid N (listwise)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.45161%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e111\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.60215%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 20.4301%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64.5161%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003ePooled \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Mean\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.45161%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.60215%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 20.4301%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4.4\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCommercialization of Land\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 4.4 explains the mean and standard deviation values from the aforementioned five statements, which could have an impact on land conflicts in the Hargiesa district as a result of the commercialization of land. The statement \u0026quot;Hargiesa Municipal has no involvement in the pricing mechanism of land\u0026quot; has the highest mean (4.18) and standard deviation (1.08) of any other statement. While the statement \u0026quot;commercialization of land heightens community conflict\u0026quot; had the lowest mean (3.89) and standard deviation (1.22), it was also the least accurate.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBut the commercialization of land had an overall mean of 4.05 and a standard deviation of 1.1 which might be the driving force, if not the second-largest component after urbanization. One could, therefore, comprehend that the occurrence of land conflict could have been greatly influenced by the commercialization of land. Finally, the dataset could say that commercialization has a positive relationship with the conflicts of land that Hargiesa City may suffer daily, and there could be no immediate plan to overcome such obstacles that hinder the economic matters of the whole district of Hargiesa City.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable4.4. Commercialization of Land\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"648\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 100%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDescriptive Statistics\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 71.2963%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCommercialization of land affects land conflict;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 5.55556%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 7.40741%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 15.7407%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStd. Deviation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71.2963%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHargeisa Municipal has no involvement in the pricing mechanism of land\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5.55556%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e116\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7.40741%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.7407%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.083\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71.2963%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCommercialization of land causes disputes among neighboring individuals in Hargeisa outskirts.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5.55556%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e116\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7.40741%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.7407%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.110\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71.2963%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThere is a strong relationship between the commercialization of land \u0026amp;land conflict in Hargeisa City.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5.55556%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e116\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7.40741%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.7407%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.257\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71.2963%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCommercialization of land creates conflicts among landowners.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5.55556%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e116\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7.40741%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.7407%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.222\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71.2963%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCommercialization of land in Hargeisa Heightens community conflict.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5.55556%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e116\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7.40741%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.7407%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.228\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71.2963%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eValid N (listwise)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5.55556%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e116\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7.40741%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15.7407%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71.2963%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Pooled mean\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5.55556%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7.40741%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15.7407%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4.5 Urbanization\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Affects Land Conflict\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 4.5 mentions the mean and standard deviation values of the below-mentioned five statements, which could have an impact on land conflict in the district of Hargiesa as a result of the expansion of the city.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCompared to other factors explained earlier, the role of urbanization in land conflict exists, and the statement \u0026lsquo;expansion of the city affected the private-owned land of the city\u0026rsquo; has the highest mean of 3.49 and standard deviation of 1.35. On the opposite side, the statement \u0026lsquo;the expansion of the city threatens the stability of the land issue\u0026rsquo; had the lowest mean of 3.19 and a standard deviation of 1.32. In addition, urbanization had an overall mean of 3.36 and a standard deviation of 1.35, which showed its positive impact on land conflict in Hargiesa. As a result, the dataset reflects the undeniable and measurable influence of urbanization on land conflict. Finally, urbanization, as shown from the responses of the participants, had a strong relationship with the occurrence of conflicts in the Hargiesa district.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003eTable 4.5. Urbanization\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"654\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 100%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDescriptive Statistics\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 70.6422%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUrbanization influences the land conflicts;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.42202%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 9.17431%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 13.7615%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStd. Deviation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 70.6422%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe expansion of the city affected the privet-owned land of the city.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.42202%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e116\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9.17431%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.7615%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.352\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 70.6422%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUrbanization affected the lives of residents which occupied the outskirts of hargiesa.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.42202%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e116\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9.17431%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.7615%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.398\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 70.6422%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUrbanization caused loss of individual land property that exasperate the land conflict.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.42202%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e116\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9.17431%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.7615%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.379\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 70.6422%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNeighboring Blocks fights as the city expanded to their residents.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.42202%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e116\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9.17431%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.7615%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.298\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 70.6422%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe expansion of the city threatens the stability of the land issues.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.42202%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e116\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9.17431%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.7615%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.326\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 70.6422%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eValid N (list wise)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.42202%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e116\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.17431%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13.7615%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 70.6422%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Pooled Mean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.42202%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.17431%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13.7615%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4.6 Statistical Analysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 26.0(IBM SPSS Statistics) was used for statistical analysis. Data are presented as Standard deviation, Mean, and Min-max for quantitative Variables. Slovin\u0026rsquo;s formula is used for assessing the confidence level of the data and the difference is considered statistically significant when Error Margin E\u0026lt;0.05.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"5. RESULTS and discussions","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe study focused on land conflicts in the Hargiesa Capital used questionnaire-based data collection. The target population was 202 residents, with 116 respondents selected as the sample. Regarding demographics, there were 82 male respondents (70.6%) and 34 female respondents (29.3%). The highest frequency in age was the 25-34 category, representing 59.2% of the respondents, while the lowest was the 45-54 category, at 3.2%. Regarding educational background, 82 individuals (70.6%) had earned degrees, while 34 individuals (29.3%) had master\u0026apos;s degrees. In comparison, the lowest was 45\u0026ndash;54, which represented 3.2% of the respondents. In addition, the data explained the educational background of the respondents, and the lead category was the respondents who earned degrees\u0026mdash;82 individuals representing 71 % of the target group. The second group was those who had a master\u0026apos;s degree\u0026mdash;34 individuals, which represents 29.9% of the overall target group. See the table below;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStudy Focus\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLand conflicts in Hargeisa Capital\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Collection Methods\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003equestionnaire-based theme\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTarget Population\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e202 residents\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSample Size\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e116 respondents\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGender Distribution\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e- Male: 85 (73.3%)\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;- Female: 31 (26.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAge Distribution\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e- 25-34 years: 59.2%\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;- 45-54 years: 3.2%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEducational Background\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e- Degrees: 82 (70.6%)\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;- Master\u0026apos;s Degrees: 34 (29.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe findings below were based on participant responses, research objectives, and data analysis, confidently addressing the following research questions:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1. How does land commercialization influence conflicts in Hargeisa District?\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2. What role does land expropriation play in influencing conflicts in the Hargeisa district?\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3. How does land inheritance impact conflicts in the Hargeisa district?\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4. What is the influence of urbanization on land conflicts in the Hargeisa district?\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHere\u0026rsquo;s a summary of the findings addressing each research question:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003col start=\"1\" type=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eLand Commercialization: Land commercialization has significantly increased conflicts in Hargeisa District by elevating land values and creating disputes over land ownership and usage. The drive for profit has intensified competition for land resources.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eLand Expropriation: Land expropriation has played a major role in conflicts by displacing residents and altering land ownership. The process often lacks adequate compensation and transparency, leading to resistance and unrest among affected populations.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eLand Inheritance: Land inheritance issues have contributed to conflicts due to unclear or contested inheritance rights. Disputes over inherited land can lead to family and community tensions, especially when traditional inheritance practices are challenged by modern legal frameworks.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eUrbanization: Urbanization has intensified land conflicts by increasing demand for land in growing urban areas. As Hargeisa expands, the pressure on land resources has led to conflicts over land use and allocation, affecting both residential and commercial interests.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThese summaries encapsulate the key findings related to each research question based on the data and participant responses\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"6. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe study\u0026rsquo;s dataset highlights four key findings related to land conflicts in Hargeisa, each tied to specific research questions:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor one thing, Land expropriation in Hargeisa often benefits public figures over public services, with 75% of respondents agreeing that land is seized mainly for personal gain. To address this, the study recommends strengthening legal frameworks and enforcement by establishing clear expropriation laws and accountability mechanisms to prevent power abuse by officials.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSecondly, Land inheritance conflicts in Hargeisa are primarily driven by rising land values, though other underlying issues also play a role. To address these conflict, the study recommends a combination of legal, social, and community-based approaches. Key solutions include clarifying and enforcing inheritance laws, fostering community engagement, and promoting cultural reforms. By integrating legal reforms with social interventions and proactive planning, inheritance conflicts can be minimized, preventing rising land values from leading to destructive family disputes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThirdly, the study finds that land commercialization in Hargeisa has intensified community conflicts, with political and social factors also contributing. To address this, it recommends establishing proper zoning laws to designate areas for commercial, residential, agricultural, and public use. Additionally, inclusive economic policies should balance the benefits of commercialization with community needs. Enhancing public awareness and engagement is also vital, as informed citizens are better equipped to defend their land rights and participate in decision-making.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFinally, urban expansion has particularly impacted residents on the outskirts of Hargeisa District. The growing urban areas have increased pressure on land resources, affecting those living peripherally. To address the challenges of urbanization in Hargeisa, especially its impact on peripheral residents, this paper proposes such following solutions;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eInclusive Urban Planning: Develop comprehensive land use plans that consider future growth and extend infrastructure to peripheral areas, preventing marginalization.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eProtecting Peripheral Communities: Implement policies to prevent displacement, promote affordable housing, and strengthen community land rights to safeguard against land grabs.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSustainable Urban Growth: Encourage environmentally friendly development and promote decentralization through satellite towns to ease pressure on Hargeisa\u0026rsquo;s core.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003ePublic Participation and Governance: Involve peripheral residents in planning decisions and enhance local governance to manage growth transparently.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eFinally, Addressing Social and Economic Disparities: Support economic empowerment programs and develop affordable housing to reduce pressure on land and prevent informal settlements.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThese solutions aim to balance urban growth, ensuring equitable development for both central and peripheral communities in Hargeisa.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFinally and foremost, the study recommends further research into the underlying causes of land conflicts in Hargeisa. Public institutions are urged to conduct comprehensive studies to address this critical issue effectively.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCONSENT TO PUBLISH\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe research participants have previously accepted and consented to publish this work since publishing in our setting and according to university laws and regulations (University of Hargiesa) depends on the study participants\u0026apos; acceptance.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eINFORMED CONSENT STATEMENT \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll participants in this study provided informed permission, and their concern for the study was evident, since it would benefit the appropriate land management institutions in Hargiesa, Somaliland\u0026apos;s capital. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eETHICAL CLEARANCE\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUniversity of Hargiesa and particularly Department of Research and Community Services Directorate had been validated this study as per upon their Research Ethics Protocol. See the attached ethical clearance statement in the supplementary files section. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eACKNOWLEDGMENT\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eALLHAMDULILAAH. Thanks To Allah who allow me the aptitude to perform such an important project and thanks to Him again and again. \u0026nbsp;I appreciate my Supervisor, Prof Khalid Ahmad from University of Hargiesa, who offered timely criticism and corrections that led me through the different stages of this study. I appreciate my Family and Friends for their prolific support during this period. I also appreciate my whole classmates, men and women, who helped me during the various stages of this program.\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFUNDING\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNO FUNDING.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003ch3\u003e1. 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Retrieved December 6, 2013 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSPSS 26 Output and Results.\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Hargeisa, Somaliland, Land Conflict, Expropriation, Inheritance, Commercialization, Urbanization, Social Justice, Land Management","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4785945/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4785945/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eLand conflict, an omnipresent challenge across Africa, finds a particularly poignant expression in Hargeisa, Somaliland, where the struggle for land has become a focal point of social discord and violence. This study explores the factors driving these conflicts, including expropriation, inheritance, commercialization, and urbanization. As Hargeisa grows, land has become a symbol of power and wealth, intensifying disputes that often result in homicides. Expropriation, frequently favoring those with political or economic influence, exacerbates tensions by marginalizing those with fewer resources. Inheritance conflicts have become more pronounced as rising land values turn customary practices into contentious legal battles. The commercialization and urbanization of land further disrupt traditional social orders, causing displacement and fostering resentment.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBased on qualitative data from those involved in land disputes, this research highlights the urgent need for targeted interventions. Solutions must address the root causes of these conflicts through legal reforms, equitable land distribution, and community engagement. As Somaliland continues to develop, resolving these land conflicts is crucial for ensuring social justice and fostering communal harmony. The future stability of Hargeisa, and by extension Somaliland, depends on effective and inclusive land management strategies.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"The Factors that Influence Land conflict In Hargiesa Capital Of Somaliland","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-12-09 08:34:15","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4785945/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"23d36342-515f-4025-9df8-99e6ed51d455","owner":[],"postedDate":"December 9th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-12-27T05:53:06+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-12-09 08:34:15","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4785945","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4785945","identity":"rs-4785945","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}