Transient Numerical Analysis of Coupled Convection– Radiation–Latent Heat Transfer in a Partially Open Cavity with Variable-Heat Blocks and Hybrid Fins

Transient Numerical Analysis of Coupled Convection– Radiation–Latent Heat Transfer in a Partially Open Cavity with Variable-Heat Blocks and Hybrid Fins | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Transient Numerical Analysis of Coupled Convection– Radiation–Latent Heat Transfer in a Partially Open Cavity with Variable-Heat Blocks and Hybrid Fins H. Elouizi, L. El Moutaouakil, M. Boukendil This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8300828/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This numerical study aims to optimize the cooling of three variable-heat blocks arranged in a partially open rectangular cavity. A conductive plate, separating an air region from another containing a phase change material (PCM), supports the heat-generating blocks. Each block has one half-surface in contact with air, equipped with porous fins, and the other in contact with the PCM, fitted with solid fins. The coupling between convection–radiation in the air and conduction–latent heat storage in the PCM enables more efficient thermal management. The numerical modeling, based on the Galerkin finite element method, investigates the influence of several parameters, including the Reynolds number \(\:(200\le\:\text{R}\text{e}\le\:1000)\) , emissivity \(\:(0.1\le\:{\upvarepsilon\:}\le\:0.9)\) , fusion temperature ( \(\:300\:\text{K}\le\:{\text{T}}_{\text{f}}\le\:315\:\text{K})\) , latent heat \(\:(192.12\:\text{k}\text{J}{\:\text{k}\text{g}}^{-1}\le\:{\text{L}}_{\text{f}}\le\:272.12\:\text{k}\text{J}{\:\text{k}\text{g}}^{-1})\) , block radius \(\:(0.1\:\text{c}\text{m}\le\:\text{r}\le\:0.35\:\text{c}\text{m})\) , block displacement toward the PCM \(\:(0\le\:\text{d}\le\:0.15\:\text{c}\text{m})\) and inclination angle \(\:(0\text{ᵒ}\le\:\le\:180\text{ᵒ})\) . The results show that increasing the emissivity \(\:({\upvarepsilon\:}=0.9)\) lowers the maximum temperature by about 6 K, while a higher Reynolds number further reduces it by up to 6%. A PCM with higher latent heat decreases the maximum temperature by 3.48%, confirming the effectiveness of latent heat storage. The optimal inclination angle \(\:\left(=135^\circ\:\right)\:\) enhances heat dissipation, whereas enlarging the block radius increases the maximum temperature by up to 19%. These findings highlight the crucial role of convection–radiation–latent heat coupling in the design of high-performance and thermally stable electronic cooling systems. Convection–radiation coupling PCM Transient heat transfer Partially open cavity Hybrid porous fins Thermal management Variable heat generation blocks. Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8300828","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":588483545,"identity":"73459e22-4529-4a5f-a600-75f628aec065","order_by":0,"name":"H. Elouizi","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABBklEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDACduYGBgYDBh4DMK/CBkgwNh7Aq4WZEVnLmTSQlgYitDCAdIEUtx0Gc/Bq4WdmbHzMU1AnY85+OvnDjzPn7da2HwbaUmMTjUuLZDNjszGPARuPZU/uBsOeitvJ284kArUcS8ttwKHF4DBjmzSPAQ+PwYHcDQk8Z24nmx0AamFsOIxTiz1EiwSPwfm3Gw7+bTuXbHb+IX4tBsxgLQY8BjdyNzbzth2wM7tBwBaJw4zNhnMMEoBa3m5mljmTnGB2A2hLAh6/8Lc3H3zw5k+dvcH53M0f31TY2ZudT3/44EONDU4tGCARrDKBWOUgYE+K4lEwCkbBKBgZAACQMWGjJUv0rAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Cadi Ayyad University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"H.","middleName":"","lastName":"Elouizi","suffix":""},{"id":588483546,"identity":"73155da1-74cb-4b12-99bf-4dd664408073","order_by":1,"name":"L. El Moutaouakil","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Cadi Ayyad University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"L.","middleName":"El","lastName":"Moutaouakil","suffix":""},{"id":588483547,"identity":"faa26302-935d-45ed-aa50-ee10216f0f39","order_by":2,"name":"M. Boukendil","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Cadi Ayyad University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"M.","middleName":"","lastName":"Boukendil","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-12-07 15:53:10","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8300828/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8300828/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":102746843,"identity":"a8a3f6a4-2e47-4bdc-9e2c-35a06f87ae40","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-16 09:02:03","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2580697,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8300828/v1_covered_8522ecef-c483-4c04-89e0-46b57d949faf.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Transient Numerical Analysis of Coupled Convection– Radiation–Latent Heat Transfer in a Partially Open Cavity with Variable-Heat Blocks and Hybrid Fins","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Convection–radiation coupling, PCM, Transient heat transfer, Partially open cavity, Hybrid porous fins, Thermal management, Variable heat generation blocks.","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8300828/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8300828/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis numerical study aims to optimize the cooling of three variable-heat blocks arranged in a partially open rectangular cavity. A conductive plate, separating an air region from another containing a phase change material (PCM), supports the heat-generating blocks. Each block has one half-surface in contact with air, equipped with porous fins, and the other in contact with the PCM, fitted with solid fins. The coupling between convection\u0026ndash;radiation in the air and conduction\u0026ndash;latent heat storage in the PCM enables more efficient thermal management. The numerical modeling, based on the Galerkin finite element method, investigates the influence of several parameters, including the Reynolds number \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:(200\\le\\:\\text{R}\\text{e}\\le\\:1000)\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e, emissivity \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:(0.1\\le\\:{\\upvarepsilon\\:}\\le\\:0.9)\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e, fusion temperature (\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:300\\:\\text{K}\\le\\:{\\text{T}}_{\\text{f}}\\le\\:315\\:\\text{K})\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e, latent heat \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:(192.12\\:\\text{k}\\text{J}{\\:\\text{k}\\text{g}}^{-1}\\le\\:{\\text{L}}_{\\text{f}}\\le\\:272.12\\:\\text{k}\\text{J}{\\:\\text{k}\\text{g}}^{-1})\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e, block radius \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:(0.1\\:\\text{c}\\text{m}\\le\\:\\text{r}\\le\\:0.35\\:\\text{c}\\text{m})\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e, block displacement toward the PCM \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:(0\\le\\:\\text{d}\\le\\:0.15\\:\\text{c}\\text{m})\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e and inclination angle \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:(0\\text{ᵒ}\\le\\:\\le\\:180\\text{ᵒ})\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results show that increasing the emissivity \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:({\\upvarepsilon\\:}=0.9)\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e lowers the maximum temperature by about 6 K, while a higher Reynolds number further reduces it by up to 6%. A PCM with higher latent heat decreases the maximum temperature by 3.48%, confirming the effectiveness of latent heat storage. The optimal inclination angle \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\left(=135^\\circ\\:\\right)\\:\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003eenhances heat dissipation, whereas enlarging the block radius increases the maximum temperature by up to 19%. These findings highlight the crucial role of convection\u0026ndash;radiation\u0026ndash;latent heat coupling in the design of high-performance and thermally stable electronic cooling systems.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Transient Numerical Analysis of Coupled Convection– Radiation–Latent Heat Transfer in a Partially Open Cavity with Variable-Heat Blocks and Hybrid Fins","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-02-13 10:26:31","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8300828/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"bdabe738-4bab-4eb0-aa29-7ef206748a90","owner":[],"postedDate":"February 13th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-02-13T10:26:31+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-02-13 10:26:31","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8300828","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8300828","identity":"rs-8300828","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}