Quality Assessment and Origin Identification on Four Species of Curcumae Radix by HPLC Assay and Fingerprint Analysis

Quality Assessment and Origin Identification on Four Species of Curcumae Radix by HPLC Assay and Fingerprint Analysis | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Quality Assessment and Origin Identification on Four Species of Curcumae Radix by HPLC Assay and Fingerprint Analysis Yu-Ling Ho, Chi-Ren Liao, Chun-Pin Kao, Kun-Chang Wu, Shang-Chih Lai, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-838863/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background Curcumae Radix is a multi-source Chinese medicine called Yujin. It is derived from the root tubers of four Curcuma species including Curcuma wenyujin , C. kwangsiensis , C. phaeocaulis and C. longa. The identification of the root tubers of the four Curcuma species often caused confusions. Methods In this study, we developed HPLC/PDA methods to differentiate these four species of Curcumae Radix by HPLC assay and fingerprint analysis. The methods developed were also validated with their precision, repeatability and accuracy. Results Curdione could only be detected in C. wenyujin . For C. kwangsiensis , C. phaeocaulis , if the relative peak area value of peak 1 and germacrone peak of the samples was more than 1.024, it could be identified as C. phaeocaulis of Curcumae Radix. Curcumin, desmethoxycurcumin and bisdesmethoxycurcumin could only be detected in C. longa . We also developed a simple method to determine curcumin, desmethoxycurcumin and bisdesmethoxycurcumin in C. lon ga and germacrone in the other three species of Curcumae Radix. Conclusions Because of the definite difference of main ingredients between curcumin-free group (C. wenyujin , C. kwangsiensis and C. phaeocaulis ) and curcumin containing C. longa from this study, four Curcuma species of Curcumae Radix in the pharmacopeia should be separated into two monographs, with curcumin-free and germacrone containing species as one and curcumin containing C. longa as the second monograph. The HPLC/PDA methods of HPLC assay and fingerprint analysis developed in this study could be used for the quality control of these four species of Curcumae Radix. Keywords: Curcumae Radix, HPLC, assay, fingerprint, curcumin, desmethoxycurcumin, bisdesmethoxycurcumin, germacrone, curdione Clinical Pharmacology Curcumae Radix HPLC assay fingerprint curcumin desmethoxycurcumin bisdesmethoxycurcumin germacrone curdione Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Full Text Supplementary Files CurcumaeradixmanuscriptSupplementaldocuments08222021.pdf Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-838863","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":48722962,"identity":"59917bfb-fa04-454d-9b62-e5368520b5b0","order_by":0,"name":"Yu-Ling Ho","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"HungKuang University","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yu-Ling","middleName":"","lastName":"Ho","suffix":""},{"id":48722963,"identity":"98dd3628-f03b-4760-84b5-c37ffc18ba17","order_by":1,"name":"Chi-Ren Liao","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Central Flagship Pharmacy","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Chi-Ren","middleName":"","lastName":"Liao","suffix":""},{"id":48722964,"identity":"9c90e8e5-d2bd-4f4d-bdff-48292d472c8b","order_by":2,"name":"Chun-Pin Kao","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Hsin Sheng College of Medical Care and Management","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Chun-Pin","middleName":"","lastName":"Kao","suffix":""},{"id":48722965,"identity":"ed6868cf-f8eb-4e31-ab65-2e43abec0b85","order_by":3,"name":"Kun-Chang Wu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"China Medical University","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Kun-Chang","middleName":"","lastName":"Wu","suffix":""},{"id":48722966,"identity":"0cde5f5e-028e-4030-b91b-3e27362ec810","order_by":4,"name":"Shang-Chih Lai","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Tzu Chi University","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Shang-Chih","middleName":"","lastName":"Lai","suffix":""},{"id":48722967,"identity":"b5133a24-07fa-41d0-b261-aa7446fce654","order_by":5,"name":"Yuan-Shiun Chang","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAyUlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYHACNhAhh8QmUosxnM1DrJbEBqK1GJw//OzBzx216f3TzhgwfCg7zGAvkUBAy400c8PeM8dzZ9zOMWCcce4wAw9hLTxsErxtx3I3SOcYMPO2AbVIE9Jy/gyb5N+2Y+kGIC1/idJyIIdNmretJgGshZEYLZI30sykZdsOGM64nVZwsOdcOg/P/Qf4tfABQ0zybVudPP/s5I0PfpRZy7H3HMCvRQEifxhMgtiEY1K+AUzVEVQ4CkbBKBgFIxgAAH+2QbVKJqc+AAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8149-2638","institution":"China Medical University College of Chinese Medicine","correspondingAuthor":true,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yuan-Shiun","middleName":"","lastName":"Chang","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2021-08-23 05:32:07","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-838863/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-838863/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":12982050,"identity":"f9eb9c8b-8f6d-4ea7-bf78-c49a6d5145ca","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-09-01 17:23:14","extension":"jpg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":178912,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"The different medicinal parts of C. phaeocaulis, C. wenyujin, C.\nkwangsiensis (A) and C. longa (B). The root tubers of these four Curcuma species,\nCurcumae Radix, were called Yujin. The rhizomes of C. phaeocaulis, C. wenyujin and\nC. kwangsiensis were called Ezhu. The rhizome of C. longa (turmeric) was called\nJianghuang.","description":"","filename":"1.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-838863/v1/6fb3b8f7737988bac03a59c3.jpg"},{"id":12981795,"identity":"2b229a7c-e4e7-4689-bf9d-ebc1ccde67f9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-09-01 17:20:14","extension":"jpg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":43260,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Chemical structures of (i) germacrone, (ii) curdione, (iii)\nbisdesmethoxycurcumin, (iv) curcumin and (v) desmethoxycurcumin used for HPLC\nassay and fingerprint analysis of Curcumae Radix.","description":"","filename":"2.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-838863/v1/683dc1ca3c6cdcfb646f0de2.jpg"},{"id":12982049,"identity":"6d8ee235-3aad-41df-a3b4-afd8adeb109a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-09-01 17:23:14","extension":"jpg","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":428350,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"A The typical HPLC chromatograms (210 nm) of HPLC assay of three\nCurcuma species (C. wenyujin, C. kwangsiensis and C. phaeocaulis) of Curcumae\nRadix.\nA: C. wenyujin; B: C. kwangsiensis; C: C. phaeocaulis; D: marker, germacrone (G).\nB The typical HPLC chromatograms (430 nm) of HPLC assay of C. longa of\nCurcumae Radix. A: C. longa; B: Mixture standard of curcumin (C),\ndesmethoxycurcumin (D) and bisdesmethoxycurcumin (B).","description":"","filename":"3.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-838863/v1/2beee5179b74813d64c523c8.jpg"},{"id":12981794,"identity":"ffa9a0cc-7a73-46ba-9609-1bde9fc73997","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-09-01 17:20:14","extension":"jpg","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":527673,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"A The typical HPLC chromatograms (210 nm) of fingerprint analysis of\nthree Curcuma species (C. wenyujin, C. kwangsiensis and C. phaeocaulis) of\nCurcumae Radix. A: C. wenyujin; B: C. kwangsiensis; C: C. phaeocaulis; D: marker,\ngermacrone (G); E: marker, curdione (C).\nB The typical HPLC chromatograms (335 nm) of HPLC fingerprint analysis\nof C. longa of Curcumae Radix. A: C. longa; B: Mixture standards of curcumin (C),\ndesmethoxycurcumin (D) and bisdesmethoxycurcumin (B).","description":"","filename":"4.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-838863/v1/4543e3508c36962057f5258f.jpg"},{"id":12981798,"identity":"54b67b26-fdd2-4289-aa82-15c6cdc2614f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-09-01 17:20:14","extension":"jpg","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":979408,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"A The HPLC fingerprint chromatograms (210 nm) of total 30 batches of\nthree species (C. wenyujin, C. kwangsiensis and C. phaeocaulis) of Curcumae Radix.\nA: C. wenyujin (W1-W10); B: C. kwangsiensis (K1-K10); C: C. phaeocaulis (P1-P10).\nFour common characteristic peaks (peak 1–4) were chosen in HPLC fingerprint\nchromatograms. Peak 3, germacrone (G) was chosen as the marker peak.\nB The HPLC fingerprint chromatograms (335 nm) of total 10 batches of C.\nlonga of Curcumae Radix. C. longa (L1-L10). Four common characteristic peaks\n(peak 1–4) were chosen in HPLC fingerprint chromatograms. Peak 2 (C): curcumin;\nPeak 3 (D): desmethoxycurcumin; Peak 4 (B): bisdesmethoxycurcumin. Peak 2,\ncurcumin (C) was chosen as the marker peak.","description":"","filename":"5.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-838863/v1/c04ab38fb8c269b511620130.jpg"},{"id":13674260,"identity":"1bcf66b5-8235-497b-9fff-544fa2173729","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-09-17 11:20:54","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":723902,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Curcumaeradixmanuscript08242021.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-838863/v1_covered.pdf"},{"id":12982051,"identity":"dcf4b5a3-4724-40c3-a4a8-d26b52aadad8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-09-01 17:23:27","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":720382,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Curcumaeradixmanuscript08242021.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-838863/v1_covered.pdf"},{"id":12981797,"identity":"afa841a1-b645-425c-b187-1cf0a11ef1bb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-09-01 17:20:14","extension":"pdf","order_by":5,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":461848,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"CurcumaeradixmanuscriptSupplementaldocuments08222021.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-838863/v1/c81d429203355d56af4e6333.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eQuality Assessment and Origin Identification on Four Species of Curcumae Radix by HPLC Assay and Fingerprint Analysis\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"Full Text","content":"This preprint is available for \u003ca href='/article/rs-838863/latest.pdf' target='_blank'\u003edownload as a PDF\u003c/a\u003e."}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Curcumae Radix, HPLC, assay, fingerprint, curcumin, desmethoxycurcumin, bisdesmethoxycurcumin, germacrone, curdione","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-838863/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-838863/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eBackground\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCurcumae Radix is a multi-source Chinese medicine called Yujin. It is derived from the root tubers of four Curcuma species including Curcuma wenyujin , C. kwangsiensis , C. phaeocaulis and C. longa. The identification of the root tubers of the four Curcuma species often caused confusions. \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMethods\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn this study, we developed HPLC/PDA methods to differentiate these four species of Curcumae Radix by HPLC assay and fingerprint analysis. The methods developed were also validated with their precision, repeatability and accuracy. \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eResults\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCurdione could only be detected in C. wenyujin . For C. kwangsiensis , C. phaeocaulis , if the relative peak area value of peak 1 and germacrone peak of the samples was more than 1.024, it could be identified\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;as C. phaeocaulis of Curcumae Radix. Curcumin, desmethoxycurcumin and bisdesmethoxycurcumin could only be detected in C. longa . We also developed a simple method to determine curcumin, desmethoxycurcumin and bisdesmethoxycurcumin in C. lon ga and germacrone in the other three species of Curcumae Radix. \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eConclusions\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBecause of the definite difference of main ingredients between curcumin-free group (C. wenyujin , C. kwangsiensis and C. phaeocaulis ) and curcumin containing C. longa from this study, four Curcuma species of Curcumae Radix in the pharmacopeia should be separated into two monographs, with curcumin-free and germacrone containing species as one and curcumin containing C. longa as the second monograph. The HPLC/PDA methods of HPLC assay and fingerprint analysis developed in this study could be used for the quality control of these four species of Curcumae Radix.\u0026nbsp;Keywords: Curcumae Radix, HPLC, assay, fingerprint, curcumin, desmethoxycurcumin, bisdesmethoxycurcumin, germacrone, curdione\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Quality Assessment and Origin Identification on Four Species of Curcumae Radix by HPLC Assay and Fingerprint Analysis","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2021-09-01 17:20:12","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-838863/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"9fd9d706-bcd8-4a37-9959-3029dc6ae498","owner":[],"postedDate":"September 1st, 2021","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":6867230,"name":"Clinical Pharmacology"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2021-09-19T05:44:45+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2021-09-01 17:20:12","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-838863","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-838863","identity":"rs-838863","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"rHA-KDH7Qsr4HCuvH75dn","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}