Development and validation of a spinsterhood anxiety scale for diagnosing anxiety among unmarried Arab girls

Development and validation of a spinsterhood anxiety scale for diagnosing anxiety among unmarried Arab girls | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Development and validation of a spinsterhood anxiety scale for diagnosing anxiety among unmarried Arab girls Basim Aldahadha, Mohammad Al Dwakat This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7232273/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This study aimed to develop a tool to diagnose spinsterhood anxiety among Muslim girls. A group of experts (n = 26) evaluated these items to verify content validity. The items were shortened to 29 items. Two separate samples were subsequently selected: the first was used for exploratory factor analysis (EFA), while the second was used for confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The results revealed that 26 items explained five factors, representing 72.30% of the total variance. These factors were named family, personal, physical, sexual, and financial. The results also showed that the CFA provided positive confirmation of convergent validity and reliability, with significant evidence to support these statistics for the relationships between the Spinsterhood Anxiety Scale (SAS and the Beck Depression Inventory Arabic Version (BDI-ArV), Beck Anxiety Inventory Arabic Version (BAI-ArV), Well-Being (WB), and Arab Scale of Mental Health (ArS-MH) scales. Cronbach's alpha values for the five factors ranged between 0.88 and 0.75, while the total score was 0.91. The correlations between the SAS and the five factors were also significant. The scale predicted 79% of all BDI-ArV, BAI-ArV, WB, and ArS-MH. The study concluded that the SAS has suitable psychometric properties for diagnosis. Spinsterhood Anxiety Validity Factorial analysis Reliability Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Introduction All heavenly religions encourage marriage, as Judaism considers celibacy contrary to religion (Saje, 2021 ). The concept of marriage in Christianity is a sacred tradition from God and a spiritual bond in which one man is linked to one woman. This bond is known as the bond of marriage, in which both the woman and the man are equal (Okoye et al., 2024). In Islam, it is an act that individuals perform willingly and voluntarily (Elmali-Karakaya, 2022 ). The Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings be upon him) urged marriage, saying, “O young men, whoever among you can afford to get married, let him get married, for it is more effective in lowering the gaze and guarding chastity. And whoever cannot afford it, let him fast, for it will be a shield for him” (Sahih al-Bukhari et al., 1997). Marriage in Islam is considered an obligatory Sunnah and a necessity of life. Unmarried girls suffer from negative psychosocial pressures, the most important of which is social stigma (Shousha et al., 2022 ). This results in the reputation of unmarried girls being tarnished, and they are perceived as worthless and as belonging to a specific, socially unacceptable category. Consequently, unmarried girls suffer from labels, stereotypes, and discriminatory treatment compared with married women (Lee, 2018 ). This stigma is not limited to unmarried women in Arab countries. In Nigeria, unmarried women are described with negative attributes not only because they are not married but also because of a defect in their personality (Henrich, 2015 ; Ntoimo & Isiugo-Abanihe, 2013 ). Many Asian countries view marriage as an individual's lifetime achievement. Individuals who are not married are socially ostracized and stigmatized as mentally disturbed, especially women (Henrich, 2015 ; Mohamed et al., 2019 ). Marriage has changed in American society over the past decades due to the availability of multiple means of having children, the emergence of a shift in gender roles, the rise of gender equality, and the sharing of roles and responsibilities, sometimes even their exchange (Henrich, 2015 ). Americans are reluctant to marry until their thirties, forties, and even fifties as a result of societal development and cultural diversity (Frame, 2017 ). On the other hand, the term "spinsterhood," as a worrying social stigma for girls, is not as common in Western cultures as it is in Arab and Islamic countries and is replaced by the term "celibacy" (Kitayama & Cohen, 2007 ). The term “spinsterhood” is widely used in Arab and Islamic societies. However, late marriage in Western societies may not have the same negative effects as those experienced by girls in Arab and Islamic societies (Kitayama & Cohen, 2007 ; Rashad et al., 2005 ; Yacoub et al., 2011 ). Many studies indicate that the mortality rate for many causes is higher among unmarried people than among married people (Kravdal et al., 2018 ). On the other hand, marriage is associated with a lower mortality rate and helps in leading a healthier life and living for a longer period of time (Franke & Kulu, 2018 ), as well as recovering from many physical and psychological diseases (Brockmann & Klein, 2004 ). The benefits of marriage and its impact on mental and psychological health have been documented over the past half century, while in many countries, the age of marriage has increased alongside rising rates of never marrying. Other forms of marriage have emerged, such as joint, civil, and customary marriage (Kravdal et al., 2023 ; Sassler & Lichter, 2020 ). Spinsterhood is defined as a woman who has not married and is still a virgin in her father’s house, waiting for marriage, and who has reached the age of 30 years or above (Rashad et al., 2005 ; Yacoub et al., 2011 ). It is a description given to men and women, but women are more affected by this stigma compared to men because men can search for a wife, take the initiative, and have more freedom compared to women, who wait for a suitable husband to propose (Al-Bahnsawy, 2018 ; Shousha et al., 2022 ). There are legal definitions of spinsterhood and other social definitions. From a legal perspective, a single person is classified as a person who has never been married, while from a social perspective, a single person is defined as a person who does not have a partner, whether a wife, husband, or any other relationship (Parker, 2015 ). Spinsterhood is a social term that changes with changes in social conditions and the temporal development of society, with the age of marriage differing from one society to another, and sometimes even within one society, from one region to another (Shousha et al., 2022 ; Yacoub et al., 2011 ). In a rural society, a girl who is over 25 years old is considered a spinster, and the family begins to worry about her future and how others view her, whereas in cities, the worry begins at the age of 30, and with contemporary developments, it has increased to 33 years (Abdul Bari & Ismail, 2013 ). There are two types of spinsterhood: forced spinsterhood, which is imposed by society on women who have exceeded the permissible age for marriage, and voluntary spinsterhood, which is primarily due to the girl’s choice as a result of insisting on some conditions and specifications that must be met by the other party (Shousha et al., 2022 ). Marriage is a physiological need and is among the needs that Maslow described in his famous pyramid. People differ in their needs, which range from basic needs to higher-level needs for self-actualization. All individuals, whether married or unmarried, have the same needs, but they all have the need for marriage (Shahrak et al., 2021 ). Many studies have shown that single women feel lonely, are less attractive, and are dissatisfied with life (Adamczyk, 2017 ). They also suffer from functional problems related to respect for social relationships and self-confidence (Byrne & Carr, 2005 ). Spinster women also experience isolation and suffer from a negative social stigma, as society views them unequally compared with married women. From this standpoint, single women may develop more psychological disorders compared to married women, as they suffer from depression, aggression, and obsessive‒compulsive disorder (Safiri & Shahanavaz, 2016 ). They also face problems related to a lack of independence and weak communication with friends (Omid et al., 2017 ). In addition, they suffer from emotional psychological experiences represented by deprivation of basic needs and inequality with men (Sharafoddin, 2020 ). Compared with married people, Sharafoddin's study (2018) revealed that unmarried people suffer from addiction problems and suicidal tendencies. Kajbaf et al.'s study (2008) also revealed that single women and unmarried men aged 32 to 42 years were more prone to depression, social ostracism, and greater anxiety about their financial future and personal independence. In contrast, married people feel satisfied and calm, that they belong to people whom they love and live with, and that they are committed to a more satisfying sexual relationship compared to unmarried people. In contrast, the results of other studies have shown that the rate of psychological disorders among people who have never married is lower than that among married people; these results can be attributed to the absence of marital problems and family responsibilities resulting from marriage (Adamczyk, 2017 ; Noorbala et al., 2017 ). Notably, there is no published study worldwide entitled the Spinsterhood Anxiety Scale (SAS). Most of the previous studies focused on the spinsterhood rate (Al-Momani, 2022 ), the stigma of spinsterhood (Shousha et al., 2022 ), attitudes toward spinsterhood (Herouach, 2018 ), celibacy (Budgeon, 2016 ), and the health and psychological harms of spinsterhood (Fekih & Mounis, 2017 ). The Study Problem and Importance Marriage in Arab societies has social, religious, and cultural specificity, as marriage and family formation are considered necessary things that an individual must do in his life. It is the way of life and a developmental requirement through which the individual obtains social acceptance and fulfills half of religion. Socialization processes and Arab and Islamic culture support the idea that marriage and family stability are the dreams of every girl, while a woman who has never married has violated traditions, customs, and social roles. For these reasons, and because of the lack of men willing to marry, spinsterhood has become a regional phenomenon in all Arab countries (Al-Bahnsawy, 2018 ). The results of a comprehensive survey conducted in the Arab community in a number of countries revealed that spinsterhood ranks second in terms of prevalence after the phenomenon of divorce. Figure 1 shows the prevalence of spinsterhood in some Arab countries out of the total number of girls who have reached the age of marriage, i.e., 30 years and above. The percentage of spinsterhood in Jordan reached approximately 42%, while the highest percentage was in Lebanon, at 85%. There are approximately one million single women in Jordan who are over 30 years old (Al-Momani, 2022 ). There are 15 million girls over 30 years old who have never been married in Egypt (Shousha et al., 2022 ). As a result, Arab women face a very important problem: the stigma of being a spinster due to the late age of marriage. The problem lies in the fact that the male initiates marriage and is the one who has the mechanism to search for a wife he likes, while the woman remains in her father's house waiting for a husband to come and propose to her, which limits the possibility of a girl having the authority to search for a husband. Customs and traditions do not allow a woman to search for a husband as a man does, and this may be one of the reasons for spinsterhood, not to mention many other reasons, the most important of which are the high cost of dowries, the legal, moral, and financial consequences that fall on the husband after marriage, and the life requirements of starting a home that provides all the necessities and furniture. As a result, the older the girl becomes and approaches thirty, the more feelings of anxiety about spinsterhood develop, which necessitates a stand at diagnosing, predicting, and controlling anxiety in the future. This requires the construction of a reliable scientific scale with appropriate psychometric properties. On the other hand, there is a problem completely different from the problem of spinsterhood that a number of Arab countries suffer from, which is early marriage of girls, or what is called underage marriage ( Kaser ). Although early marriage is rejected by most Arab Islamic countries, there are a number of underage girls who married early before reaching the legal age (Osman, 2005 ). The percentage of married girls in Yemen whose ages ranged between 15 and 19 years was approximately 27%, which means 200,000 girls, while the number of girls who married early whose ages ranged between 15 and 19 years in Egypt reached 385,000 girls. Early marriage is generally associated with many problems on the health, social, financial and educational sides for both spouses and their children (Jad et al., 2024 ). The importance of this study stems from the need for an Arabic scale that helps diagnose the anxiety of unmarried girls over the age of 30, as this instrument will provide a great opportunity to conduct more diagnostic, therapeutic, and predictive studies. It will also help reduce anxiety and psychological pressures that affect unmarried girls. The importance of this study is evident from the high rate of spinsterhood in Arab countries and the fact that there is a major dilemma among most Jordanian and Arab families, noting that the topic of spinsterhood has received great attention, as most social media sites and forums are full of discussions about the phenomenon due to its family, health, and religious consequences. Notably, there is no Arab or non-Arab research that has contributed to the development of a tool to diagnose spinsterhood anxiety among unmarried girls. Study Objectives This study aimed to construct an SAS for unmarried girls aged 30 years and above, according to the foundations of the scientific method for constructing health and religion scales (Koenig & Al Zaben, 2020 ). This study aims to open the way for conducting more studies in the future to determine the nature of this problem and its symptoms. The four-stage scale was adopted (Aldahadha, 2023 ; Aldahadha et al., 2019 ; Drummond & Carey, 2019 ; Koenig & Carey, 2024 ) with the aim of avoiding random answers that often tend toward the middle as a choice chosen by many respondents. This research consisted of three basic stages that together constitute seven partial stages (see Fig. 2 ). The first three colors in blue represent the first basic stage, the green color indicates the second basic and partial stage, and the last three partial stages in yellow indicate the third basic stage. The first three stages involved apparent validity, which was represented by presenting the scale items to a list of experts. The second stage was represented by exploratory factor analysis (EFA). Finally, the third stage, which included the other three stages, was represented by CFA, including reliability and validity procedures. Method Cognitive Interview The initial scale items, which were recruited from the pool of items, were presented to a sample of experts and specialists in the field of measurement and evaluation, as well as religious men, all of whom are academics working in Jordanian universities. They were asked to evaluate the extent to which these items fit the definition of spinsterhood anxiety mentioned above, the extent to which the linguistic formulation is correct and appropriate for the Arab environment, and the degree to which these items measure what they were designed to measure. They were also asked to modify the items as needed, delete or add what is necessary, and write any comments. We contacted 27 spinsters over the age of 30, using the available data and our personal knowledge of them, their parents, and their families, to conduct an in-person cognitive interview (Boeije & Willis, 2013 ). The interviews were conducted via mobile phone and, in a few cases, via email. The objectives of the interviews were clearly stated, and confidentiality was maintained. As a next step, these questions were posed to another group of psychologists (n = 9), religious leaders (n = 13), and parents (n = 20) of the spinsters. All the cognitive interviews were conducted after obtaining consent to participate. $ 14 was allocated to each interviewee, which was transferred to their financial accounts using their mobile phone numbers. Study Design The SAS was developed in 7 stages (see Fig. 2 ). In the first stage, open-ended questions were asked to a group of spinster girls (n = 27) over the age of 30 who had never been married. The questions included the following: What are the thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that a spinster experiences, and how does she view the future? What are the effects that she feels and that affect her? The second phase involved reviewing the research literature, particularly in the Arab context and religious studies, on the effects of spinsterhood, the negatives of late marriage, and the feelings of anxiety experienced by spinsters (Shahrak et al., 2021 ). During this phase, these questions were posed to another group of psychologists, religious figures, and parents of spinsters to gain insights into the ideas and items that could be relied upon to develop the study tool. A total of 38 initial items were created for the SAS based on its operational definition, which is “the negative feelings, thoughts, and behaviors in the future and present that afflict spinsters due to their unmarried status, who have never been married before, are still a virgin, and are over 30 years old.” The third phase consisted of formulating the scale items from the aforementioned sources and verifying the apparent validity procedures, which consisted of presenting the scale items to a group of arbitrators (n = 26) to express their opinions and judgments regarding the degree of representativeness, uniqueness, technical competence, and comprehension of the items. In the fourth stage, the SAS was evaluated through EFA on an independent sample designated for this analysis. In the fifth stage, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was explored using another independent sample, with a time interval of at least 10 days from the application of the EFA sample. Demographic data were taken from both samples, and all study tools, including the checklist extracted from the EFA, were applied. In the sixth stage, CFA data were used, and internal construct validity was calculated, including Cronbach's omega coefficient and mean interitem correlations, as well as the test‒retest reliability coefficient over a three-week period in a subset of CFA participants. Finally, the seventh stage was dedicated to verifying the validity of the relationship between the SAS and the tools used, including discriminant validity and predictive validity. Online Research Participants ‏ There were 439 participants in the first phase of the EFA and 371 participants in the second phase of the CFA, all of whom were unmarried girls over 30 years old. The sample was considered to be as diverse and comprehensive as possible for Arab nationalities. The links to these tools were sent through all social media sites. They were asked to complete these tools, stressing that they are confidential and that the identities of the respondents cannot be known or even disclosed to any other party. The demographic variables related to the participants’ characteristics (e.g., gender and age) were also identified. Male participants, girls under 30 years old, divorced or widowed women, and non-Muslims were excluded. There was a two-week period between applying the tools for the purposes of the EFA and the second round, which was the application of the tools to obtain data for the CFA. On the other hand, the following two questions were posed to the study sample: "If a married man proposed to you and he was characterized by good morals, religiosity, knowledge, and wealth, would you agree to marry him?" The second question was "Do you regret a marriage opportunity that you had in the past and did not agree to?" The purpose of these two questions was to explore the extent to which girls, especially spinsters, desire to become a second or third wife and to identify the marriage opportunities that some girls have lost in the past, which has led to feelings of frustration and the sense of missing the marriage train; see Table 1 for more information about the demographic characteristics of the study sample. The mean age of the study sample was 33.22 years (SD = 11.62, range 30–42, n = 0 missing). Table 1 Participant characteristics (n = 810). Variables N (%) Nationality Jordanians 326 (40.25%) Egyptians 195 (24.07%) Syrians 126 (15.55%) Iraqis 108 (13.33%) Others 55 (6.80%) Age 30–37 362 (44.69%) 38–45 275 (33.95%) Over 46 173 (21.36%) Qualification Diploma and below 187 (23.09%) Bachelor 354 (43.70%) Master and doctorate 269 (33.21%) Family salary (monthly) Below 500JD 409 (50.49%) 500-800JD 311(38.40%) Over 800JD 90 (11.11%) Vocational Work in a public sector 162 (20.00%) Work in a private/personal sector 389 (48.02%) Do not work 259 (31.98%) If a married man with excellent qualities loves you, would you agree to marry him? Yes 393 (48.55%) No 355 (43.86%) Not sure 62 (7.59%) Do you recall dismissing a marriage opportunity that was offered to you in the past because you did not agree to it? Yes 389 (48.02%) No 234 (28.89%) Not sure 187 (23.09%) Instruments Beck Depression Inventory Arabic Version (BDI-ArV) (Beck et al. ( 1996 )): This scale is a version of a checklist that is widely used in the Arab academic community. It was subsequently translated into Arabic (Aldahadha, 2021 ). It consists of 21 items scored on a scale from 0 to 3, with 0 indicating no symptoms and 3 indicating very severe symptoms. Therefore, the highest score for this scale ranges from 0 to 63. This scale, in its Arabic version, achieved appropriate psychometric properties when applied to a sample of students at the University of Jordan. This scale distinguished between depressed and nondepressed students. Reliability values ​​were also appropriate. A test-retest test was performed, and the result was 0.87 for a sample of male and female students at the University of Jordan (n = 635), while the Cronbach's alpha for the total score was 0.90. Beck Anxiety Inventory Arabic Version (BAI-ArV) (Al-Issa et al. ( 2000 )): This scale aims to assess anxiety levels in adults. It is an exact replica of the Beck and Steer ( 1990 ) scale. It is a self-report scale that has been standardized for the Arab context and has been widely used in Arab research. It is answered on a four-point scale ranging from 0 to 3, with 3 indicating a high degree of anxiety symptoms and 0 indicating a very low degree of anxiety symptoms. Therefore, the range of responses to this scale ranges from 0 to 63, with a higher score indicating a greater degree of anxiety. 36 is considered the cutoff point between the most anxious and the least anxious. This scale has excellent psychometric properties, and the Cronbach's alpha for the total score was 0.92. Well-being (WB) (Tennant et al. ( 2007 )): This scale consists of 14 items, which together form a single-item scale. It is answered on a five-point scale ranging from 0 to 4, with 0 indicating never and 4 indicating daily. Scores on this scale range from 0 to 56, with the highest score indicating the greatest value and 0 indicating the lowest value. The higher the score is, the greater the number of indicators with a higher level of WB. Note that all items on this scale are in the positive direction, and a score of 30 is considered a cutoff point between those who enjoy WB and those who suffer from a lack of WB indicators. Examples of items on the scale include "I feel I have extra energy"; "I deal with problems efficiently and powerfully"; "I always think clearly and positively"; and "I feel satisfied with myself." This scale has demonstrated appropriate psychometric properties and has been used in numerous international studies. It has been translated into several languages, including Arabic. Cronbach's alpha was calculated for the total score and was 0.87 (Aldahadha, 2020 ). Arab Scale of Mental Health ( ArS-MH) (Abdel-Khalek, 2011 ): This scale is one of the best and most widely used scales in the Arab world. It was developed to suit a wide age range, particularly adolescents and adults. To obtain its psychometric properties, it was administered to a sample of 3,619 individuals aged 15 to 71 years. EFA and CFA were conducted, and six factors were derived, including satisfaction, self-confidence, optimism, enjoyment, meaning in life, and stability. The scale demonstrated a high degree of reliability and stability, ranging from 94 to 96%. The stability value after 10 days of application ranged from 84 to 94%. The results revealed a very high correlation between the scale and several other scales, such as life satisfaction, hope, optimism, and self-actualization (Aldahadha, 2023 ). Procedures Data were collected between January 2025 and February 2025. The participants were targeted according to the conditions indicated in Fig. 1 , which illustrates the stages of the characteristics of the study sample individuals. They were directed to fill out the scales through a survey sent to them via a Qualtrics link. This link was sent through various social media sites. It was also sent to followers who have social fame in Egypt, Syria, Iraq, and Lebanon. An amount of $ 500 was paid to accounts with more than 200,000 followers. The study tools were published over several periods, and each time, they were charged the same amount. These tools initially contained all the demographic variables indicated in Table 1 , noting that the target group is spinster girls. It was also emphasized that the procedures of this research are for scientific purposes and that the identities of the respondents will not be revealed. The respondent does not necessarily have to mention any information that indicates her identity, name, or any other personal details, in compliance with the ethics of scientific research and to maintain the confidentiality and privacy of the participants. Finally, the procedures of this research have been approved by the educational institution in which the authors work. The scale’s 31 items were sent to the judges, and they were told to evaluate these items in terms of linguistic integrity, their relation to the approved definition of spinsterhood anxiety, and the extent to which these items are appropriate for Islamic and Arabic teachings. The judges were given a week to evaluate this tool according to a four-point scale ranging from 0 (very slightly) to 3 (very strongly). Thus, sufficient information was obtained for the judges’ opinions on the representativeness and uniqueness of all the items. Finally, the judges agreed to adopt 29 items and delete two items that did not meet the minimum standard of 1.5. Three samples were selected for this study. The first sample was for EFA, the second sample was for CFA, and the final sample was for convergent validity and reliability. There was a time difference of at least two weeks between each sample. The sources of sample recruitment were different and diverse each time (Aldahadha, 2023 ;Cappelleri et al., 2013 ; Koenig & Al Zaben, 2020 ; Koenig & Carey, 2024 ). Approval for conducting this research was obtained from the Deanship of Scientific Research through grant number 2025/1019, in accordance with the ethics of scientific research as outlined by the American Psychological Association and the Declaration of Helsinki 1970 (American Education Research Association, American Psychological Association, and the National Council on Measurement in Education, 2014). ‏ In a subsequent step, the Arabic version of the scale was translated into English and presented to a group of arbitrators who were fluent in both Arabic and English (n = 9) to ensure the correctness of the language and translation. Minor modifications were made by advancing or delaying some words or by replacing some words with others. To ensure the reverse translation, the arbitrators themselves were asked to evaluate the degree of similarity in the content and language of the scale items to verify the degree of conformity between the original English version and the English version translated from the Arabic version. The conformity was complete, and there were no comments or modifications. Notably, the scale takes between 15 and 20 minutes to complete, including basic demographic information, while completing all the study tools takes between 50 and 60 minutes. Data Analysis A series of analyses were conducted, the first of which was to extract the means and standard deviations of the representativeness and uniqueness. A value of 1.5 was adopted as a minimum for accepting the items, which was agreed upon by the arbitrators and experts. SPSS 26 and AMOS 23 were used to verify the validity and reliability of the SAS, represented by the factorial structure of the SAS items. To test the factorial structure of the SAS, a random sample was used, and EFA was conducted with the aim of reaching the most saturated items and deleting the less saturated items. In a subsequent step, CFA was conducted on another independent sample. The results were analyzed through SPSS version 26, which revealed that 0% of the data were missing because the link did not accept sending any missing or incomplete information. In a previous step, an appropriate value of 0.6 or above was adopted for the EFA based on the Kaiser‒Meyer‒Olkin (KMO) sampling measure and a significant p value ( p > .05 ) in Bartlett’s test of sphericity (Tabachnick & Fidell, 2013 ). Kaiser’s criterion retains factors with eigenvalues ​​greater than one (Kaiser, 1960 ). The factors were rotated using oblique rotation (Promax method), and the factors were expected to be correlated. Item retention was psychometrically conducted using the pattern matrix factor loadings and the correlation matrix; the criteria for item removal included factor loadings below 0.40, collinearity above 0.8, cross-loading on more than one factor, and items that loaded onto theoretically dissimilar items (Hair et al., 2014 ). Model fit was assessed using the root mean square error of approximation criteria (RMSEA), with values close to 0.06 or lower; the comparative fit index (CFI) and the Tucker‒Lewis index (TLI), with values approximately 0.95 or above; and the standardized root mean square residual (SRMR), with values close to 0.08 or below (Hu & Bentler, 1999 ). The following analysis was conducted on a sample (n = 279) to confirm internal consistency. McDonald’s omega and Cronbach’s alpha coefficients with values of 0.7 or higher represent good internal consistency. To test convergent validity, Pearson correlations were computed between the total score of the spinsterhood scale, the subscale means, and other instruments. Finally, a hierarchical regression analysis was conducted. Results Face validity All the arbitrators, who hold doctorates in measurement and evaluation (n = 7), Islamic Sharia sciences (n = 9), and psychology (n = 10), agreed that all the items (n = 31) are linguistically, technically, and contentwise suitable for the SAS. In a subsequent step, they were asked to verify the representativeness and uniqueness of the initial items of the SAS. The means and standard deviations were extracted. The results of Table 2 show that all 31 items had an average above the standard of 1.5 and that there were only two items that did not meet the required standard, which were deleted from the list: “I suffer from deformities in my body that prevent me from getting married” and “Raising children bothers me, which makes me worried about getting married.” The results of the correlations between the items were statistically significant ( r (31) = 90, p < 0.001), and the average response to the question was also high, i.e., 2.64, which is an acceptable value. Accordingly, these 29 items were adopted as items for the SAS. Therefore, we can continue to check the psychometric properties of the scale through EFA and CFA. Table 2 Representativeness and uniqueness of the SAS means of experts. n Items Unique Representative 1. I worry a lot that I won't complete my life with a partner. 1.77 1.93 2. I fear that I will spend my life alone without a family. 1.54 1.63 3. I fear that I won't get married and have children. 1.65 1.84 4. I need to love or be loved. 1.74 2.75 5. I want to be a mother to children. 2.23 2.09 6. I worry a lot that my future will be uncertain. 2.13 2.00 7. I fear failing in marriage in the future. 1.60 1.77 8. I am afraid that I will get married and become an unsuccessful mother to my children. 1.88 1.63 9. I have recurring insecure thoughts because I am not married. 2.10 2.31 10. I fear that I will be a financial burden on my parents and siblings. 1,69 2.54 11. I feel hopeless and anxious. 1.94 2.56 12. I feel guilty because I didn't take advantage of previous marriage opportunities. 1.53 2.31 13. I worry that I am not meeting my sexual needs. 2.02 1.69 14. I often ignore my sexual needs. 2.18 1.95 15. I am very bothered by the label of "spinster" in society. 2.20 2.13 16. I think a lot about my future self and how I will be. 1.98 2.71 17. I am very concerned about my future physical and mental health. 1.69 1.78 18. I am very disturbed by thinking about financial matters and how I will meet my basic needs. 2.57 1.97 19. I am anxious because I am unemployed. 2.15 1.64 20. I am very anxious because my money will go to someone other than my children after my death. 1.52 2.36 21. I need a life partner to help me manage my financial affairs. 2.36 2.01 22. Loneliness and not having a life partner are disturbing to me. 2.44 1.99 23. I am afraid of aging and not having children to care for me. 2.29 2.53 24. I am afraid of becoming disabled or suffering from a physical illness and being unable to care for myself. 1.95 1,80 25. I view spinsters as more susceptible to physical illness. 1.71 1.86 26. I am concerned that I am single and that married women are healthier. 1.90 2.01 27. I am afraid of developing breast cancer due to spinsterhood. 1.76 1.97 28. I often avoid situations that arouse my sexual urges. 1.69 2.14 29. I am afraid of remaining a virgin and never getting married. 2.14 2.50 Exploratory factor analysis results The KMO value was 0.92, and the Bartlett test ( p < .001) showed that the result was fit and suitable for continuing the factor analysis. The results of the basic factor analysis indicated the extraction of five factors with eigenvalues ​​greater than one after extraction and before rotation, as supported by parallel analysis. The five-analysis solution explained 72.30% of the variance (Factor 1: 40.76%, Factor 2: 13.28%, Factor 3: 9.07%, Factor 4: 5.97%, and Factor 5: 3.22%). An EFA (principal axis factoring) test was conducted to confirm the presence of five factors, provide further interpretation (promax rotation), and confirm the results. The fixed five factors explained 67.84% of the variance (Factor 1: 41.40%, Factor 2: 10.17%, Factor 3: 7.61%, Factor 4: 5.35%, and Factor 5: 3.31%) (see factor loading in Table 3 ). Two items that did not achieve the minimum load of 0.40 were deleted: "I am very anxious because my money will go to someone other than my children after my death." and "I view spinsters as more susceptible to physical illness." One item cross-loaded on more than one factor: "Loneliness and not having a life partner are disturbing to me.” The results revealed that 26 items were distributed over five factors. The first was named the family factor and consists of six items. It refers to the fear of living alone, not having children, and losing family life, along with the disturbing aspects that follow as a result. The second factor, which was named the personal factor and consists of six items, refers to the low self-esteem of spinster girls, their lack of self-confidence, the resulting ambiguity in the future, their lack of a sense of security and despair, and the fact that their future may be vague and unknown. The third factor, which consists of five items, was named the physical factor and refers to feelings of anxiety related to physical and psychological health in the future and the resulting problems of aging, disability, or unexpected diseases. The fourth factor was named the sexual factor and consists of five items. It refers to the need for love, the satisfaction of sexual desires, marital relations, and anxiety about not meeting these innate needs. Finally, the fifth factor consists of four items and is named the financial factor. It refers to the feelings of anxiety experienced by spinsters due to financial pressures, which may arise from unemployment, the absence of a partner, or potential difficulties in managing their financial affairs in the future. Table 3 EFA for five factors. n Items Family Personal Physical Sexual Financial 1. I worry a lot that I won't complete my life with a partner. 0.763 2. I fear that I will spend my life alone without a family. 0.468 3. I fear that I won't get married and have children. 0.724 4. I want to be a mother to children. 0.611 5. I fear failing in marriage in the future. 0.781 6. I am afraid that I will get married and become an unsuccessful mother to my children. 0.584 7. I worry a lot that my future will be uncertain. 0.605 8. I have recurring insecure thoughts because I am not married. 0.668 9. I feel hopeless and anxious 0.750 10. I feel guilty because I didn't take advantage of previous marriage opportunities. 0.589 11. I am very bothered by the label of "spinster" in society. 0.730 12. I think a lot about my future self and how I will be. 0.837 13. I am very concerned about my future physical and mental health. 0.443 14. I am afraid of aging and not having children to care for me. 0.742 15. I am afraid of becoming disabled or suffering from a physical illness and being unable to care for myself. 0.635 16. I am concerned that I am single and that married women are healthier. 0.601 17. I am afraid of developing breast cancer due to spinsterhood. 0.591 18. I need to love or be loved. 0.489 19. I worry that I am not meeting my sexual needs. 0.817 20. I often ignore my sexual needs. 0.643 21. I often avoid situations that arouse my sexual urges. 0.622 22. I am afraid of remaining a virgin and never getting married. 0.609 23. I fear that I will be a financial burden on my parents and siblings. 0.621 24. I am very disturbed by thinking about financial matters and how I will meet my basic needs. 0.559 25. I am anxious because I am unemployed. 0.605 26. I need a life partner to help me manage my financial affairs. 0.452 Conformity Factor Analysis The one-factor model and the five-factor model were used to verify the validity of the factors. The results showed that the one-factor option was weak and did not fit the data or the scale items (CFI = 0.761, TLI = 0.753, RMSEA = 0.143, SRMR = 0.096) compared with the five-factor model, which showed a good fit, as shown in Table 4 (CFI = 0.922, TLI = 0.929, RMSEA = 0.82, SRMR = 0.056). The correlations revealed that there was a relationship between the items of the second factor, between the second and sixth items, and between the third and fifth items. With respect to the fourth factor, there was a relationship between the first and fifth items. Table 4 Fit of the single- and five-factor models in the CFA. Model χ2 ( df ) CFI TLI RMSEA SRMR p Single factor 958.804 (423) 0.761 0.753 0.143 0.096 < .001 Five factors 852.084 (356) 0.922 0.929 0.082 0.056 < .001 χ 2 = Chi square , TLI = Tucker–Lew index, RMSEA = Root mean square error of approximation, CFA = Confirmatory factor analysis, CFI = Comparative fit index, SRMR = Standardized root mean square residual. Convergent validity The results of the Pearson test revealed statistically significant correlations between the SAS and its five factors with all the scales used in this study. These scales included BDI-ArV, BAI-ArV, WB, and ArS-MH, with values ​​ranging between 0.46 and 0.84 for each of the total scores of the scale and its five factors. All values ​​were significant at p < 0.01 (see Table 5 ). Table 5 Convergent validity of the SAS and its factors with the BDI-ArV, BAI-Ar, WB, and ArS-MH scales. Family Personal Physical Sexual Financial SAS BDI-ArV 0.597 0.570 0.651 0.687 0.537 0.841 BAI-ArV 0.704 0.601 0.479 0.577 0.670 0.708 WB − 0.536 − 0.763 − 0.590 − 0.484 − 0.706 − 0.630 ArS-MH − 0.660 − 0.710 − 0.730 − 0.459 − 0.552 − 0.672 BDI-ArV = Arabic Version of Beck Depression Inventory, BAI-ArV = Arabic Version of Beck Anxiety Inventory, WB = Well-Being, ArS-MH = Arab Scale of Mental Health. Reliability To verify reliability, Cronbach's alpha coefficient was extracted to determine the stability of the SAS. The split‒half reliability equation and the test‒retest coefficient were used for the total SAS score and its five factors. The results revealed that the SAS had a reliability ranging between 0.79 and 0.87 for the total SAS score and its five factors. Notably, these values ​​were statistically significant at p < 0.01, indicating the stability of the scale over different periods of time. On the other hand, the McDonald's omega coefficient equation was used, and the results revealed that its values ​​were 0.90 for the total SAS score, while the values ​​ranged between 0.80 and 0.91 for the five factors. The test‒retest reliability coefficient was 0.87 for the total score. Finally, Pearson’s test was used to determine the relationships between the SAS and its five factors, and the results revealed significant correlations, ranging from 0.53 to 0.74 ( p < 0.01) (see Table 6 ). Table 6 Correlations between the total SAS score and related factors. SAS Family Personal Physical Sexual SAS - Family 0.537 - Personal 0.670 0.740 - Physical 0.706 0.573 0.611 - Sexual 0.552 0.682 0.700 0.685 Financial 0.497 0.508 0.571 0.609 0.534 Predictive power of the SAS To verify the predictive ability of the SAS for each of the BDI-ArV, BAI-ArV, WB, and ArS-MH scales, a hierarchical regression analysis was conducted, with the SAS variable considered an independent variable and the previous measures considered dependent variables. The results of the regression analysis show that in the first step, the variables of age and income were entered with the aim of neutralizing them and controlling their effects, and it was found that they explained 2% of the predictive ability of the SAS. In the second step, BDI-ArV was added alone, and it explained 6% of the predictive ability of the SAS. In the third step, BAI-ArV was entered, and as a result, the predictive ability of the SAS increased to 31%. In the fourth step, the WB variable was added, and the percentage of the predictive ability of the SAS increased to 52%. Finally, in the fifth step, the ArS-MH variable was added, and the predictive ability of the SAS also increased to 79%. All these predictions were statistically significant at P < 0.01, except for the variables of gender and income. Thus, there is a strong relationship between the SAS and each of the related dependent variables, i.e., BDI-ArV, BAI-ArV, WB, and ArS-MH (see Table 7 ). Table 7 Hierarchical regression analysis with the SAS, age, income, and study instruments (n = 284). Models F ΔR² R² β t Step one: Age * Income 9.16 0.02 0.10 -3.78 Step two: BDI-ArV 3.21* 0.06 -0.38 0.69 Step three: BDI-ArV * BAI-ArV 159.08* 0.25 0.31 0.33 12.09 Step four: BDI-ArV * BAI-ArV * WB 224.13* 0.21 0.52 0.58 15.31 Step five: BDI-ArV * BAI-ArV * WB * ArS-MH 259.54* 0.27 0.79 0.84 17.47 ΔR²= Difference between the models, BDI-ArV = Arabic Version of Beck Depression Inventory, BAI-ArV = Arabic Version of Beck Anxiety Inventory, WB = Well-Being, ArS-MH = Arab Scale of Mental Health, * p < 0.01. Discussion The aim of this study is to construct a scale with valid and reliable psychometric properties to diagnose the symptoms of spinsterhood anxiety among Muslim girls in the Arab world who are 30 years and older. It is a new scale that has never been developed before anywhere in the world, to the best of the researchers’ knowledge. This scale was developed according to several stages. The first was through verifying the validity of the content. In the beginning, a number of spinster girls discovered the thoughts and feelings that afflicted them and caused their apprehension and fear of the future due to the late age of marriage. In conjunction with this stage, the theoretical literature and articles were reviewed to learn about the suffering of spinster girls and the harms that befall them because of this problem. Accordingly, 38 items were collected to measure spinsterhood anxiety. These items were later presented to a group of arbitrators and were shortened to 31 items. As part of the content validity stage, representativeness and uniqueness were verified, and two items were deleted; thus, the number of items in the scale was 29. In the second stage, EFA was conducted on a separate sample, and the results revealed that there were 5 factors for constructing the SAS with 26 items. These factors were confirmed in a separate sample through CFA procedures, using two models—the single-factor model and the multifactor model—to compare and verify the presence of the five factors. The results of the CFA confirmed the validity of the scale model with five factors. Accordingly, it is possible to correct the scale according to the total score so that the scale scores, all of which are negative, range from 0 to 104, with a higher number indicating a higher degree of ASA. This scale also has flexibility, as it can be corrected according to its five different factors. Notably, regarding the study sample members’ response to the question, “If a suitor with good specifications and capabilities proposes to you, would you agree to marry him if he was married to another woman?”, the most common answer was yes, which constituted 48.52%, while 43.83% of the girls answered no. Those who answered “not sure” had the lowest percentage, at 7.56%. This indicates several interpretations, namely that the spinster girl gives up certain conditions and accepts marriage as a second or third wife, because the anxiety of spinsterhood is largely linked to negative social stigma as well as family, financial, physical, and sexual problems. She accepts a reality in which she may forgo some benefits of being a first wife in exchange for forming a family, getting married, becoming a mother, and having children in the future. This idea may constitute an obstacle for many girls and societies, due to the negative social outlook, financial circumstances affecting the family, and the husband’s inability to have multiple wives. There are major conflicts that the spinster Arab woman experiences. On the one hand, she has anxiety in the future about remaining a spinster or marrying and becoming a second wife, knowing that the financial circumstances also do not allow the husband to have multiple wives and that there are many family, economic, and social consequences that prevent this from happening (Aldahadha, 2025 ). As for the second question related to past lost marriage opportunities that the respondent did not accept, the largest percentage of respondents answered yes (48.02%), indicating that real marriage opportunities existed. This may be contrary to some of the teachings of the Islamic religion, as the Prophet said: “ If someone comes to you whose religion and character you are satisfied with, then marry him .” However, girls may gamble in the hope that a groom with better specifications will come, and in return, they become older and begin to lose opportunities. Therefore, one of the reasons for spinsterhood is the high expectations and harsh conditions that young girls impose on husbands, expecting them to meet specifications that perhaps only a few possess (e.g., finance, education, beauty, etc.). At the same time, she may lack some specifications, which causes a gap in marital compatibility, distortion of expectations, and dissatisfaction with reality. This, in fact, calls for intensified marriage programs and awareness efforts, helping girls to understand their true qualities without exaggeration and magnification, to avoid the anxiety of spinsterhood. ‏ Due to the lack of studies similar to this research, the results of this study is compared with the theoretical literature, reports of spinster girls and their parents, and teachings of the Islamic religion (Quran, 30:21; Quran, 16:80) that urge marriage. Accordingly, the results of this study are largely consistent with the Islamic religion, which urges young people to marry and considers marriage half of the religion. According to reports of spinster girls and the theoretical literature written on this topic, spinsterhood has negative health effects on both the body and mind (Brockmann & Klein, 2004 ), in addition to social effects related to personal identity and the negative social stigma attached to spinster girls (Lee, 2018 ; Shousha et al., 2022 ). The first factor was named family and referred to the feelings and thoughts of anxiety that control the spinster girl due to her loss of forming a family, not having a life partner, not having children, and perhaps failing to marry in the future or not being able to raise children. This factor consists of six items, all of which achieved an acceptable loading rate for the purpose of this research. In fact, the items of this factor focus on the axis of the importance of the family because the girl in the Arab environment is accustomed to living within the family context and is not able to live alone for cultural, social, and religious reasons. This is contrary to Arab customs and traditions, which constitutes a burden for her, especially when her siblings marry, her parents pass away, and she is left to live alone and in isolation. Arab culture requires the girl to live with one of her brothers or to find one of her relatives to live with, and this will not be comfortable for her and will cause her more suffering and anxiety in the future. Therefore, this factor has great importance in this scale because the religious and cultural context in most Arab and Islamic countries preserves girls and protects them from living alone. ‏ The second factor was named personal and stemmed from the girl’s repeated doubts about her personal situation, lack of self-confidence in the future, and lack of security due to not getting married. It also included feelings of despair and anxiety that overwhelm her because of missed marriage opportunities that she had previously but did not seize. There are several assumptions that confirm the importance of this factor and explain the reasons for its inclusion in this scale. The most important is that marriage for the girl is a basic goal in life, and not getting married indicates many personal shortcomings. These include feelings of low self-confidence, beliefs that she is not beautiful, and distress over the fact that her colleagues have married while she remains single, all of which deeply affect her personal well-being. Marriage in Arab and Islamic countries is the pinnacle of achievement for both fathers and daughters alike. When fathers boast, they always say that they have married off their daughters and protected them. There are many Arab proverbs that indicate the importance of a girl’s marriage and that she lives under the protection of her husband and has children: “ The shadow of a man is better than the shadow of a wall ,” “ A girl has nothing but her husband’s house ,” and “ Marry your daughter and do not leave her as your daughter .” It is a sacred demand for all Muslim families and is also linked to the religious and cultural aspects, and there is great competition. There is a difference between girls who are willing to marry and those who are chosen first. Therefore, marriage is a basic requirement and has a great impact on personal aspects and girls’ self-confidence and life in general. The third factor was named physical and consists of five items that together form feelings of anxiety and concern about the psychological and physical health conditions. These include fears of not having children in the future to take care of them, worries about physical disabilities or chronic diseases, and the fear of developing breast cancer. This fear is linked to the belief that breastfeeding contributes to reducing the rates of breast cancer and that celibacy may prevent the girl from being a wet nurse. These items achieved a reliable loading rate of more than 0.4. There is no doubt that marriage is linked to having children, and Arab customs, traditions, and Islamic teachings have long imposed on most families the expectation that children always take care of their parents. It is a great shame for parents to live in nursing homes in their old age, as this contradicts cultural and social traditions and is forbidden in the Islamic religion. Caring for parents is both a right and a duty for children, which constitutes a concern and anxiety for girls about remaining unmarried and becoming spinsters. The fourth factor, which is called sexual, is one of the most important factors, but for cultural, religious, and social reasons, this factor is repressed and not expressed clearly and frankly. There are limitations imposed by the teachings of the Islamic religion, culture, and customs on practicing sex, and it is forbidden except in a legal marriage. It has very dire consequences if a girl has sex before marriage. Although sex is a basic need, it remains unsatisfied. There is repression of sexual feelings and needs, and customs and traditions do not allow a girl to ask for a husband or for her parents to look for a husband for her. The matter is up to men only. Therefore, the girl is caught between a rock and a hard place, as she lacks the freedom to practice sex before marriage and does not have the authority to ask for a husband, unlike men. Accordingly, there is a very large percentage of spinster girls about whom little is known. They live in their parents’ homes, and there are no databases to search for them or market their marriage. Accordingly, the items of this scale form a definition of a girl’s need to love or be loved and to fulfill her sexual needs. She often ignores these needs and avoids situations that arouse her sexual desire, not to mention her fear of remaining a virgin and never getting married. Finally, the fifth factor was named financial, and it is one of the important issues that affect a girl’s life, especially after she loses her parents and her siblings marry. She feels lonely and that her financial support will not be available as before, especially if she is unemployed and does not have sufficient financial resources. The importance of this factor lies in the Islamic religious education and Arab customs imposed on husbands to spend on their wives. Men are the protectors and maintainers of women based on their financial provision, and it is said that the upper hand is better than the lower hand, meaning that the one who spends is better than the one who spends on him. There is no doubt that this factor is also linked to other aspects—sexual, physical, personal, and familial. The importance of this factor is that if a girl has substantial financial resources and is considered wealthy, her chances of marriage are easier, even in the presence of other limiting personal, aesthetic, educational, or familial factors. In other words, a girl is married for her money, beauty, religion, and her lineage, as the Prophet, may God bless him and grant him peace, said: “ So, marry the one with religion and your hands will be profitable .” This highlights the importance of looking for a religious girl who applies God’s laws regardless of other aspects. This factor indicates a girl's fear of becoming a burden on her siblings or parents, anxious thoughts about her financial circumstances and how she will meet her basic needs, feelings of anxiety due to not working or losing a job, and sometimes the need for a life partner to help her manage her financial affairs. The items of this scale have achieved reliable loading, as is the case for all items of the scale in all five factors. The results of the second sample, which aimed to verify the validity of the CFA, confirmed that this model is fundamentally appropriate for answering within its five factors. It can be corrected based on the total score, i.e., the sum of the five factor scores, which range from 0 to 104, or alternatively, it can be answered within each factor alone. On the other hand, the results revealed a statistically significant relationship between each of the BDI-ArV, BAI-ArV, WB, and ArS-MH scales and the total score of the SAS. The relationship was appropriate and highly valuable, which explains the reliability of this scale and the possibility of using it as a diagnostic and therapeutic tool for cases of spinsterhood anxiety among Arab girls who have reached the age of 30 years or older. The results revealed that there was a statistically significant relationship between each of the total scores of the SAS and its five factors, which is a new confirmation of the scale’s connection with each other and that it measures, in its entirety, the general content and the approved definition of the SAS. ‏ Regarding the reliability of the scale, the results of the test‒retest coefficient and split‒half reliability, as well as McDonald’s omega and Person’s test coefficient, showed that this scale was stable and consistent over a fixed period of time, which confirms again the reliability of this scale and the possibility of using it as a diagnostic and therapeutic tool with good psychometric properties alongside other related scales (Abdel-Khalek, 2011 ; Al-Issa et al., 2000 ; Beck et al., 1996 ; Tennant et al., 2007 ). ‏ Finally, to verify the predictive ability of the SAS for BDI-ArV, BAI-ArV, WB, and ArS-MH while neutralizing the effects of both age and income, the results of the predictive ability were increasingly interpreted as we entered the dependent variables in each step. In the first step, when the depression variable was entered, the prediction rate was 6%. When the anxiety variable was added, the prediction ability increased to 31%, indicating that anxiety had a more prominent role in prediction compared to depression. This can be explained by the similarity between BAI-ArV and SAS. When the WB variable was added, the rate increased to 52%. In the last step, when the ArS-MH variable was added, the prediction ability increased to 79%. This means that the SAS predicts ArS-MH more than the other variables do, as the prediction rate was 27%, followed by anxiety, with a prediction rate of 25%, and finally WB, with a prediction rate of 21%. This clearly indicates the strong relationship between the SAS and mental health, which confirms again that the anxiety of spinsterhood, with its religious, cultural, and social aspects, is significantly related to mental health factors and that reducing this anxiety can contribute to overall well-being and improved mental health. ‏ The interpretation of the results of this study takes into account several limitations, the most important being the difficulty of obtaining a study sample of single girls. Since the study tools were sent to account holders with many followers, to control this limitation, the tools were distributed across different accounts. Among the other limitations is that the sexual factor was addressed with great caution due to cultural restrictions in the Arab context, where it is considered taboo and inappropriate to discuss. However, this limitation was managed by deriving scientific items that do not violate public decency. Finally, another limitation is the difficulty of reaching all Arab nationalities, as it was impossible to access extremely large accounts with many followers. Conclusion This is the first study in the world to develop an SAS, which could be a diagnostic and therapeutic tool and a starting point for further research in the Arab environment. Therefore, an appendix containing the Arabic version of the scale has been added (see Appendix 1). It has very significant practical aspects in the field of family and marriage counseling, especially if we take into account that the rate of spinsterhood is very high in Arab countries and almost constitutes one of the most important dilemmas involving social, religious, and health factors, becoming a burden both on the family and on the girl herself. Accordingly, this scale has appropriate psychometric properties to identify the thoughts and feelings related to diagnosing spinsterhood anxiety. It will help psychological specialists in the fields of family and marriage by increasing the efficiency of diagnosis and treatment, facilitating case follow-up, and guiding the search for appropriate solutions aimed at therapeutic solutions that align with the familial, personal, physical, sexual, and financial factors of this scale. Among the most prominent recommendations is to conduct similar studies that consider spinsterhood anxiety in light of variables such as country, age, economic and social level, income, and others. It is also recommended to reverify the psychometric properties of this scale. Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate. This research was approved by the Ethical Committee of Mutah University, which was performed in accordance with the current and seventh edition of the Declaration of Helsinki. Written consent was obtained from all participants after they were informed about the study. Declaration of Interest Statement: The author report there are no competing interests to declare. Consent to Participate: All participants consented to the study protocol before study initiation. Funding: The research leading to these results has received funding from Mutah University (grant number 2025/1019). Acknowledgements: I am thankful for the support services at Mutah university, whose staff provided me with the tools to manage stress and maintain focus on my academic goals. Each of these individuals and institutions played a crucial role in my journey, reminding me that the pursuit of knowledge is not a solo expedition but a communal effort. Consent to Publish : I confirm that I understand Middle East Current Psychiatry is an open access journal that levies an article processing charge per articles accepted for publication. By submitting my article I agree to pay this charge in full if my article is accepted for publication. Author Contributions : Conceptualization, B.A., M. 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Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal , 6 (1), 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118 Jad I, Taminian L, Mansour R, Rasheed AJ, Muaqat A, F., Tarabay M (2024) The State of Marriage in the Arab Mashreq: Jordan, Syria, Iraq, Palestine. The Handbook of Marriage in the Arab World, 137 . https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-7620-7_3 Kaiser, H. F. (1960). The application of electronic computers to factor analysis. Educational and Psychological Measurement , 20 , 141–151. https://doi.org/10.1177/001316446002000116 Kajbaf, B., Latifi, Z., Pouretemad, H., & Tavakoli, M. (2008). Psychological Impacts of Unwashed Celibacy Among Girl and Boys. Journal of Family Research . 4 (14), 123–132. SID. https://sid.ir/paper/122375/en Kitayama, S. & Cohen, D. (2007). Handbook of cultural psychology. New York: Guilford. https://www.guilford.com/books/Handbook-of-Cultural-Psychology/Cohen-Kitayama/9781462544172 Koenig, H. G., & Al Zaben, F. (2020). Psychometric validation and translation of religious and spiritual measures. Journal of Religion and Health,60, 3467–3483. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-021-01373-9 Koenig, H. G., & Carey, L. B. (2024). Religion, Spirituality and Health Research: Warning of Contaminated Scales. Journal of Religion and Health , 63 (5), 3729–3743. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-024-02112-6 Kravdal, Ø., Grundy, E., & Keenan, K. (2018). The increasing mortality advantage of the married: The role played by education. Demographic Research , 38 , 471–512. http://www.jstor.org/stable/26457054 Kravdal, Ø., Wörn, J., & Reme, B. A. (2023). Mental health benefits of cohabitation and marriage: A longitudinal analysis of Norwegian register data. Population studies , 77 (1), 91–110. https://doi.org/10.1080/00324728.2022.2063933 Lee, S. (2018). Removing the stigma of divorce: Happiness before and after remarriage, SOEPpapers on Multidisciplinary Panel Data Research, 961, DeutschesInstitutfürWirtschaftsforschung(DIW). https://hdl.handle.net/10419/178204 Mohamed, A. A., Saad, M., & Magdy, M. A. (2019). The construction and validation of a new Hepatitis C Virus social stigma in the workplace scale. Psychology, Community & Health , 8 (1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.5964/pch.v8i1.207 Noorbala, A. A., Faghihzadeh, S., Kamali, K., Bagheri Yazdi, S. A., Hajebi, A., Mousavi, M. T., Akhondzadeh, S., Faghihzadeh, E., & Nouri, B. (2017). Mental Health Survey of the Iranian Adult Population in 2015. Archives of Iranian medicine , 20 (3), 128–134. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28287805/ Ntoimo, L. F. C., & Isiugo-Abanihe, U. (2013). Patriarchy and Singlehood Among Women in Lagos, Nigeria. Journal of Family Issues , 35 (14), 1980–2008. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X13511249 Okoye, K. M., & Ugwu, N. V. (2024). Ethical Dilemmas in Contemporary Igbo Christian Marriages: Navigating Modernity and Cultural Identities. Religions , 15 (9), 1027. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel15091027 Omid, Q., Fatemeh, G., & Elahe, G. (2017). Semantic reconstruction of girl's lived experience of singleness. Women in Development and Politics , 15 (3), 403–426. https://doi.org/10.22059/JWDP.2017.223685.1007116 Osman, M. (2005). Marriage In the Arab World. Population Reference Bureau. https://www.academia.edu/277246/Marriage_In_the_Arab_World Parker, L. (2015). The theory and context of the stigmatisation of widows and divorcees (janda) in Indonesia. Indonesia and the Malay World,44(128), 7–26. https://doi.org/10.1080/13639811.2015.1100863 Rashad, H., Osman, M., & Roudi-Fahimi, F. (2005). Marriage in the Arab World. Population Reference Bureau . Retrieved 19-12-2024: 5: AM. https://www.prb.org/resources/marriage-in-the-arab-world/ Safiri K. & Shahanavaz, S. (2016). Single woman and Identity: single women over 35 years of city Lahijan Using grounded theory. Quarterly Journal of Socio - Cultural Development Studies , 4 (3),9–37. http://journals.sabz.ac.ir/scds/article-1-267-en.html Sahih al-Bukhari, Muhsin, M., & Khan Trans. (1997). Sahih al-Bukhari: The translation of the meaning. Darussalam. (Original work published ca.846C.E.). https://sunnah.com/bukhari Saje, A. (2021). Sklepanje zakonske zveze v tradicionalnem judovstvu: = Contraction of Marriage in Traditional Judaism. Edinost in dialog , 76 (1), 203–217. https://doi:10.34291/Edinost/76/Saje Sassler, S., & Lichter, D. T. (2020). Cohabitation and marriage: Complexity and diversity in union-formation patterns. Journal of Marriage and Family , 82 (1), 35–61. https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12617 Shahrak, S.P., Brand, S. & Taghizadeh, Z. (2021). Living with singleness: needs and concerns of never-married women over 35. BMC Psychology , 129 . https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-021-00635-1 Sharafoddin, S. (2020). A Reflection on the issue of unmarried women in Iran, Journal of Islamic Studies of Social Injuries, 1(2), 1–22. https://magiran.com/p2431001 Shousha, N.., Aldweek, R. ., Sadaoui, M. ., & Mossaad, D.. (2022). The Culture and Gender Differences in Stigma of Spinsterhood: Cross- Culture Study (Egypt, Algeria, Saudi Arabia). Dirasat: Human and Social Sciences , 49 (4), 45–59. https://doi.org/10.35516/hum.v49i4.2032 Spinsterhood - its causes and treatment in the Holy Quran:Contemporary social thematic study. (2021) Review of International GeographicalEducation Online,11(2), pp. 127–135. https://10.33403/rigeo.800445 Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics (6th ed.). Pearson. https://a.co/d/cytSEMu Tennant, R., Hiller, L., Fishwick, R., Platt, S., Joseph, S., Weich, S., Parkinson, J., Secker, J., & Stewart-Brown, S. (2007). The Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale (WEMWBS): development and UK validation. Health and quality of life outcomes , 5 , 63. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7525-5-63 Yacoub, Y. I., Amine, B., Laatiris, A., & Hajjaj-Hassouni, N. (2011). Spinsterhood and its impact on disease features in women with rheumatoid arthritis. Health and quality of life outcomes , 9 , 58. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7525-9-58 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files Appendix1.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7232273","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":498796867,"identity":"02815ba1-dad1-4e6d-b0ce-02aee11c21ee","order_by":0,"name":"Basim Aldahadha","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABCklEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACAyA+wMBgwdggwcAgzcBgA+QzNh4gQosETEsaSEsDQS0MSFoOg7l4tZizH3946EaNhGz/7OaHtwtqztutbT8MtKXGJhqXFsueHIPDOcckjGfcOWZsPePY7eRtZxKBWo6l5TbgctiBHIbDOWwSiQ03EsykedhuJ5sdAGphbDiMW8v55w8O5/yTSJx/I/2bNM+/c8lm5x8S0HIjweBwbptE4oYbOWbSvG0H7MxuELDFcsYboJY+CeONN3KKrXn7khPMbgBtScDjF3P+9Mefc77ZyM67kb7xNs83O3uz8+kPH3yoscGpBQMkglUmEKscBOxJUTwKRsEoGAUjAwAA46Vq18TGGCkAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Mutah University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Basim","middleName":"","lastName":"Aldahadha","suffix":""},{"id":498796868,"identity":"1d063bad-3eda-4d98-837f-38681b924283","order_by":1,"name":"Mohammad Al Dwakat","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Rabdan Academy","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mohammad","middleName":"Al","lastName":"Dwakat","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-07-28 09:38:36","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7232273/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7232273/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":89272653,"identity":"577b263e-4e96-44e2-84da-9673771e1435","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-18 09:06:32","extension":"jpg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":22302,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe prevalence of spinsterhood in some Arab countries.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Picture1.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7232273/v1/a8772e85ad215991b46fd436.jpg"},{"id":89272655,"identity":"b7f30797-574c-47f3-97f0-97fe8c85beb6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-18 09:06:32","extension":"jpg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":460603,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSAS development stages.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Picture2.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7232273/v1/704549219d1b8f924cd14b99.jpg"},{"id":89762882,"identity":"fceffa58-fc24-433a-a18c-d982d282b6a7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-24 13:02:23","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1592595,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7232273/v1/5151728f-7c0b-496a-be1d-812c24deb0ef.pdf"},{"id":89272654,"identity":"b30eb4ab-f727-44e3-99e8-0ad2dd603d42","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-18 09:06:32","extension":"docx","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":22107,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Appendix1.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7232273/v1/66f11ec0dd3566669a658498.docx"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Development and validation of a spinsterhood anxiety scale for diagnosing anxiety among unmarried Arab girls","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAll heavenly religions encourage marriage, as Judaism considers celibacy contrary to religion (Saje, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). The concept of marriage in Christianity is a sacred tradition from God and a spiritual bond in which one man is linked to one woman. This bond is known as the bond of marriage, in which both the woman and the man are equal (Okoye et al., 2024). In Islam, it is an act that individuals perform willingly and voluntarily (Elmali-Karakaya, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). The Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings be upon him) urged marriage, saying, \u0026ldquo;O young men, whoever among you can afford to get married, let him get married, for it is more effective in lowering the gaze and guarding chastity. And whoever cannot afford it, let him fast, for it will be a shield for him\u0026rdquo; (Sahih al-Bukhari et al., 1997).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMarriage in Islam is considered an obligatory Sunnah and a necessity of life. Unmarried girls suffer from negative psychosocial pressures, the most important of which is social stigma (Shousha et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). This results in the reputation of unmarried girls being tarnished, and they are perceived as worthless and as belonging to a specific, socially unacceptable category. Consequently, unmarried girls suffer from labels, stereotypes, and discriminatory treatment compared with married women (Lee, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). This stigma is not limited to unmarried women in Arab countries. In Nigeria, unmarried women are described with negative attributes not only because they are not married but also because of a defect in their personality (Henrich, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Ntoimo \u0026amp; Isiugo-Abanihe, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). Many Asian countries view marriage as an individual's lifetime achievement. Individuals who are not married are socially ostracized and stigmatized as mentally disturbed, especially women (Henrich, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Mohamed et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMarriage has changed in American society over the past decades due to the availability of multiple means of having children, the emergence of a shift in gender roles, the rise of gender equality, and the sharing of roles and responsibilities, sometimes even their exchange (Henrich, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). Americans are reluctant to marry until their thirties, forties, and even fifties as a result of societal development and cultural diversity (Frame, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). On the other hand, the term \"spinsterhood,\" as a worrying social stigma for girls, is not as common in Western cultures as it is in Arab and Islamic countries and is replaced by the term \"celibacy\" (Kitayama \u0026amp; Cohen, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe term \u0026ldquo;spinsterhood\u0026rdquo; is widely used in Arab and Islamic societies. However, late marriage in Western societies may not have the same negative effects as those experienced by girls in Arab and Islamic societies (Kitayama \u0026amp; Cohen, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e; Rashad et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e; Yacoub et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR56\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e). Many studies indicate that the mortality rate for many causes is higher among unmarried people than among married people (Kravdal et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). On the other hand, marriage is associated with a lower mortality rate and helps in leading a healthier life and living for a longer period of time (Franke \u0026amp; Kulu, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e), as well as recovering from many physical and psychological diseases (Brockmann \u0026amp; Klein, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e). The benefits of marriage and its impact on mental and psychological health have been documented over the past half century, while in many countries, the age of marriage has increased alongside rising rates of never marrying. Other forms of marriage have emerged, such as joint, civil, and customary marriage (Kravdal et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Sassler \u0026amp; Lichter, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSpinsterhood is defined as a woman who has not married and is still a virgin in her father\u0026rsquo;s house, waiting for marriage, and who has reached the age of 30 years or above (Rashad et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e; Yacoub et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR56\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e). It is a description given to men and women, but women are more affected by this stigma compared to men because men can search for a wife, take the initiative, and have more freedom compared to women, who wait for a suitable husband to propose (Al-Bahnsawy, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Shousha et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). There are legal definitions of spinsterhood and other social definitions. From a legal perspective, a single person is classified as a person who has never been married, while from a social perspective, a single person is defined as a person who does not have a partner, whether a wife, husband, or any other relationship (Parker, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSpinsterhood is a social term that changes with changes in social conditions and the temporal development of society, with the age of marriage differing from one society to another, and sometimes even within one society, from one region to another (Shousha et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Yacoub et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR56\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e). In a rural society, a girl who is over 25 years old is considered a spinster, and the family begins to worry about her future and how others view her, whereas in cities, the worry begins at the age of 30, and with contemporary developments, it has increased to 33 years (Abdul Bari \u0026amp; Ismail, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). There are two types of spinsterhood: forced spinsterhood, which is imposed by society on women who have exceeded the permissible age for marriage, and voluntary spinsterhood, which is primarily due to the girl\u0026rsquo;s choice as a result of insisting on some conditions and specifications that must be met by the other party (Shousha et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMarriage is a physiological need and is among the needs that Maslow described in his famous pyramid. People differ in their needs, which range from basic needs to higher-level needs for self-actualization. All individuals, whether married or unmarried, have the same needs, but they all have the need for marriage (Shahrak et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Many studies have shown that single women feel lonely, are less attractive, and are dissatisfied with life (Adamczyk, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). They also suffer from functional problems related to respect for social relationships and self-confidence (Byrne \u0026amp; Carr, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e). Spinster women also experience isolation and suffer from a negative social stigma, as society views them unequally compared with married women. From this standpoint, single women may develop more psychological disorders compared to married women, as they suffer from depression, aggression, and obsessive‒compulsive disorder (Safiri \u0026amp; Shahanavaz, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). They also face problems related to a lack of independence and weak communication with friends (Omid et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). In addition, they suffer from emotional psychological experiences represented by deprivation of basic needs and inequality with men (Sharafoddin, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCompared with married people, Sharafoddin's study (2018) revealed that unmarried people suffer from addiction problems and suicidal tendencies. Kajbaf et al.'s study (2008) also revealed that single women and unmarried men aged 32 to 42 years were more prone to depression, social ostracism, and greater anxiety about their financial future and personal independence. In contrast, married people feel satisfied and calm, that they belong to people whom they love and live with, and that they are committed to a more satisfying sexual relationship compared to unmarried people.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn contrast, the results of other studies have shown that the rate of psychological disorders among people who have never married is lower than that among married people; these results can be attributed to the absence of marital problems and family responsibilities resulting from marriage (Adamczyk, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Noorbala et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). Notably, there is no published study worldwide entitled the Spinsterhood Anxiety Scale (SAS). Most of the previous studies focused on the spinsterhood rate (Al-Momani, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e), the stigma of spinsterhood (Shousha et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e), attitudes toward spinsterhood (Herouach, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e), celibacy (Budgeon, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e), and the health and psychological harms of spinsterhood (Fekih \u0026amp; Mounis, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eThe Study Problem and Importance\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMarriage in Arab societies has social, religious, and cultural specificity, as marriage and family formation are considered necessary things that an individual must do in his life. It is the way of life and a developmental requirement through which the individual obtains social acceptance and fulfills half of religion. Socialization processes and Arab and Islamic culture support the idea that marriage and family stability are the dreams of every girl, while a woman who has never married has violated traditions, customs, and social roles. For these reasons, and because of the lack of men willing to marry, spinsterhood has become a regional phenomenon in all Arab countries (Al-Bahnsawy, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). The results of a comprehensive survey conducted in the Arab community in a number of countries revealed that spinsterhood ranks second in terms of prevalence after the phenomenon of divorce. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e shows the prevalence of spinsterhood in some Arab countries out of the total number of girls who have reached the age of marriage, i.e., 30 years and above. The percentage of spinsterhood in Jordan reached approximately 42%, while the highest percentage was in Lebanon, at 85%. There are approximately one million single women in Jordan who are over 30 years old (Al-Momani, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). There are 15\u0026nbsp;million girls over 30 years old who have never been married in Egypt (Shousha et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAs a result, Arab women face a very important problem: the stigma of being a spinster due to the late age of marriage. The problem lies in the fact that the male initiates marriage and is the one who has the mechanism to search for a wife he likes, while the woman remains in her father's house waiting for a husband to come and propose to her, which limits the possibility of a girl having the authority to search for a husband. Customs and traditions do not allow a woman to search for a husband as a man does, and this may be one of the reasons for spinsterhood, not to mention many other reasons, the most important of which are the high cost of dowries, the legal, moral, and financial consequences that fall on the husband after marriage, and the life requirements of starting a home that provides all the necessities and furniture. As a result, the older the girl becomes and approaches thirty, the more feelings of anxiety about spinsterhood develop, which necessitates a stand at diagnosing, predicting, and controlling anxiety in the future. This requires the construction of a reliable scientific scale with appropriate psychometric properties.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOn the other hand, there is a problem completely different from the problem of spinsterhood that a number of Arab countries suffer from, which is early marriage of girls, or what is called underage marriage (\u003cem\u003eKaser\u003c/em\u003e). Although early marriage is rejected by most Arab Islamic countries, there are a number of underage girls who married early before reaching the legal age (Osman, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e). The percentage of married girls in Yemen whose ages ranged between 15 and 19 years was approximately 27%, which means 200,000 girls, while the number of girls who married early whose ages ranged between 15 and 19 years in Egypt reached 385,000 girls. Early marriage is generally associated with many problems on the health, social, financial and educational sides for both spouses and their children (Jad et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe importance of this study stems from the need for an Arabic scale that helps diagnose the anxiety of unmarried girls over the age of 30, as this instrument will provide a great opportunity to conduct more diagnostic, therapeutic, and predictive studies. It will also help reduce anxiety and psychological pressures that affect unmarried girls. The importance of this study is evident from the high rate of spinsterhood in Arab countries and the fact that there is a major dilemma among most Jordanian and Arab families, noting that the topic of spinsterhood has received great attention, as most social media sites and forums are full of discussions about the phenomenon due to its family, health, and religious consequences. Notably, there is no Arab or non-Arab research that has contributed to the development of a tool to diagnose spinsterhood anxiety among unmarried girls.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eStudy Objectives\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study aimed to construct an SAS for unmarried girls aged 30 years and above, according to the foundations of the scientific method for constructing health and religion scales (Koenig \u0026amp; Al Zaben, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). This study aims to open the way for conducting more studies in the future to determine the nature of this problem and its symptoms. The four-stage scale was adopted (Aldahadha, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Aldahadha et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Drummond \u0026amp; Carey, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Koenig \u0026amp; Carey, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e) with the aim of avoiding random answers that often tend toward the middle as a choice chosen by many respondents. This research consisted of three basic stages that together constitute seven partial stages (see Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). The first three colors in blue represent the first basic stage, the green color indicates the second basic and partial stage, and the last three partial stages in yellow indicate the third basic stage. The first three stages involved apparent validity, which was represented by presenting the scale items to a list of experts. The second stage was represented by exploratory factor analysis (EFA). Finally, the third stage, which included the other three stages, was represented by CFA, including reliability and validity procedures.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Method","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCognitive Interview\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe initial scale items, which were recruited from the pool of items, were presented to a sample of experts and specialists in the field of measurement and evaluation, as well as religious men, all of whom are academics working in Jordanian universities. They were asked to evaluate the extent to which these items fit the definition of spinsterhood anxiety mentioned above, the extent to which the linguistic formulation is correct and appropriate for the Arab environment, and the degree to which these items measure what they were designed to measure. They were also asked to modify the items as needed, delete or add what is necessary, and write any comments.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWe contacted 27 spinsters over the age of 30, using the available data and our personal knowledge of them, their parents, and their families, to conduct an in-person cognitive interview (Boeije \u0026amp; Willis, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). The interviews were conducted via mobile phone and, in a few cases, via email. The objectives of the interviews were clearly stated, and confidentiality was maintained. As a next step, these questions were posed to another group of psychologists (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;9), religious leaders (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;13), and parents (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;20) of the spinsters. All the cognitive interviews were conducted after obtaining consent to participate. \u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e14 was allocated to each interviewee, which was transferred to their financial accounts using their mobile phone numbers.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eStudy Design\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe SAS was developed in 7 stages (see Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). In the first stage, open-ended questions were asked to a group of spinster girls (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;27) over the age of 30 who had never been married. The questions included the following: What are the thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that a spinster experiences, and how does she view the future? What are the effects that she feels and that affect her? The second phase involved reviewing the research literature, particularly in the Arab context and religious studies, on the effects of spinsterhood, the negatives of late marriage, and the feelings of anxiety experienced by spinsters (Shahrak et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). During this phase, these questions were posed to another group of psychologists, religious figures, and parents of spinsters to gain insights into the ideas and items that could be relied upon to develop the study tool. A total of 38 initial items were created for the SAS based on its operational definition, which is \u0026ldquo;the negative feelings, thoughts, and behaviors in the future and present that afflict spinsters due to their unmarried status, who have never been married before, are still a virgin, and are over 30 years old.\u0026rdquo; The third phase consisted of formulating the scale items from the aforementioned sources and verifying the apparent validity procedures, which consisted of presenting the scale items to a group of arbitrators (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;26) to express their opinions and judgments regarding the degree of representativeness, uniqueness, technical competence, and comprehension of the items.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn the fourth stage, the SAS was evaluated through EFA on an independent sample designated for this analysis. In the fifth stage, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was explored using another independent sample, with a time interval of at least 10 days from the application of the EFA sample. Demographic data were taken from both samples, and all study tools, including the checklist extracted from the EFA, were applied. In the sixth stage, CFA data were used, and internal construct validity was calculated, including Cronbach's omega coefficient and mean interitem correlations, as well as the test‒retest reliability coefficient over a three-week period in a subset of CFA participants. Finally, the seventh stage was dedicated to verifying the validity of the relationship between the SAS and the tools used, including discriminant validity and predictive validity.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eOnline Research Participants\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026rlm;\u003c/b\u003e There were 439 participants in the first phase of the EFA and 371 participants in the second phase of the CFA, all of whom were unmarried girls over 30 years old. The sample was considered to be as diverse and comprehensive as possible for Arab nationalities. The links to these tools were sent through all social media sites. They were asked to complete these tools, stressing that they are confidential and that the identities of the respondents cannot be known or even disclosed to any other party. The demographic variables related to the participants\u0026rsquo; characteristics (e.g., gender and age) were also identified. Male participants, girls under 30 years old, divorced or widowed women, and non-Muslims were excluded.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThere was a two-week period between applying the tools for the purposes of the EFA and the second round, which was the application of the tools to obtain data for the CFA. On the other hand, the following two questions were posed to the study sample: \"If a married man proposed to you and he was characterized by good morals, religiosity, knowledge, and wealth, would you agree to marry him?\" The second question was \"Do you regret a marriage opportunity that you had in the past and did not agree to?\" The purpose of these two questions was to explore the extent to which girls, especially spinsters, desire to become a second or third wife and to identify the marriage opportunities that some girls have lost in the past, which has led to feelings of frustration and the sense of missing the marriage train; see Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e for more information about the demographic characteristics of the study sample. The mean age of the study sample was 33.22 years (SD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;11.62, range 30\u0026ndash;42, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0 missing).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eParticipant characteristics (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;810).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"2\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eN (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNationality\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eJordanians\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e326 (40.25%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEgyptians\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e195 (24.07%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSyrians\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e126 (15.55%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIraqis\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e108 (13.33%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOthers\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e55 (6.80%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30\u0026ndash;37\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e362 (44.69%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e38\u0026ndash;45\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e275 (33.95%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOver 46\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e173 (21.36%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQualification\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDiploma and below\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e187 (23.09%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBachelor\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e354 (43.70%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMaster and doctorate\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e269 (33.21%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFamily salary (monthly)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBelow 500JD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e409 (50.49%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e500-800JD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e311(38.40%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOver 800JD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e90 (11.11%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVocational\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWork in a public sector\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e162 (20.00%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWork in a private/personal sector\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e389 (48.02%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDo not work\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e259 (31.98%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIf a married man with excellent qualities loves you, would you agree to marry him?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e393 (48.55%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e355 (43.86%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNot sure\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e62 (7.59%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDo you recall dismissing a marriage opportunity that was offered to you in the past because you did not agree to it?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e389 (48.02%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e234 (28.89%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNot sure\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e187 (23.09%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eInstruments\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBeck Depression Inventory Arabic Version (BDI-ArV)\u003c/em\u003e (Beck et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1996\u003c/span\u003e)): This scale is a version of a checklist that is widely used in the Arab academic community. It was subsequently translated into Arabic (Aldahadha, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). It consists of 21 items scored on a scale from 0 to 3, with 0 indicating no symptoms and 3 indicating very severe symptoms. Therefore, the highest score for this scale ranges from 0 to 63. This scale, in its Arabic version, achieved appropriate psychometric properties when applied to a sample of students at the University of Jordan. This scale distinguished between depressed and nondepressed students. Reliability values ​​were also appropriate. A test-retest test was performed, and the result was 0.87 for a sample of male and female students at the University of Jordan (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;635), while the Cronbach's alpha for the total score was 0.90.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBeck Anxiety Inventory Arabic Version (BAI-ArV)\u003c/em\u003e (Al-Issa et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e)): This scale aims to assess anxiety levels in adults. It is an exact replica of the Beck and Steer (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1990\u003c/span\u003e) scale. It is a self-report scale that has been standardized for the Arab context and has been widely used in Arab research. It is answered on a four-point scale ranging from 0 to 3, with 3 indicating a high degree of anxiety symptoms and 0 indicating a very low degree of anxiety symptoms. Therefore, the range of responses to this scale ranges from 0 to 63, with a higher score indicating a greater degree of anxiety. 36 is considered the cutoff point between the most anxious and the least anxious. This scale has excellent psychometric properties, and the Cronbach's alpha for the total score was 0.92.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eWell-being (WB)\u003c/em\u003e (Tennant et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e)): This scale consists of 14 items, which together form a single-item scale. It is answered on a five-point scale ranging from 0 to 4, with 0 indicating never and 4 indicating daily. Scores on this scale range from 0 to 56, with the highest score indicating the greatest value and 0 indicating the lowest value. The higher the score is, the greater the number of indicators with a higher level of WB. Note that all items on this scale are in the positive direction, and a score of 30 is considered a cutoff point between those who enjoy WB and those who suffer from a lack of WB indicators. Examples of items on the scale include \"I feel I have extra energy\"; \"I deal with problems efficiently and powerfully\"; \"I always think clearly and positively\"; and \"I feel satisfied with myself.\" This scale has demonstrated appropriate psychometric properties and has been used in numerous international studies. It has been translated into several languages, including Arabic. Cronbach's alpha was calculated for the total score and was 0.87 (Aldahadha, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eArab Scale of Mental Health (\u003c/em\u003eArS-MH) (Abdel-Khalek, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e): This scale is one of the best and most widely used scales in the Arab world. It was developed to suit a wide age range, particularly adolescents and adults. To obtain its psychometric properties, it was administered to a sample of 3,619 individuals aged 15 to 71 years. EFA and CFA were conducted, and six factors were derived, including satisfaction, self-confidence, optimism, enjoyment, meaning in life, and stability. The scale demonstrated a high degree of reliability and stability, ranging from 94 to 96%. The stability value after 10 days of application ranged from 84 to 94%. The results revealed a very high correlation between the scale and several other scales, such as life satisfaction, hope, optimism, and self-actualization (Aldahadha, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eProcedures\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eData were collected between January 2025 and February 2025. The participants were targeted according to the conditions indicated in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, which illustrates the stages of the characteristics of the study sample individuals. They were directed to fill out the scales through a survey sent to them via a Qualtrics link. This link was sent through various social media sites. It was also sent to followers who have social fame in Egypt, Syria, Iraq, and Lebanon. An amount of \u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e500 was paid to accounts with more than 200,000 followers. The study tools were published over several periods, and each time, they were charged the same amount. These tools initially contained all the demographic variables indicated in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, noting that the target group is spinster girls. It was also emphasized that the procedures of this research are for scientific purposes and that the identities of the respondents will not be revealed.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe respondent does not necessarily have to mention any information that indicates her identity, name, or any other personal details, in compliance with the ethics of scientific research and to maintain the confidentiality and privacy of the participants. Finally, the procedures of this research have been approved by the educational institution in which the authors work.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe scale\u0026rsquo;s 31 items were sent to the judges, and they were told to evaluate these items in terms of linguistic integrity, their relation to the approved definition of spinsterhood anxiety, and the extent to which these items are appropriate for Islamic and Arabic teachings. The judges were given a week to evaluate this tool according to a four-point scale ranging from 0 (very slightly) to 3 (very strongly). Thus, sufficient information was obtained for the judges\u0026rsquo; opinions on the representativeness and uniqueness of all the items. Finally, the judges agreed to adopt 29 items and delete two items that did not meet the minimum standard of 1.5.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThree samples were selected for this study. The first sample was for EFA, the second sample was for CFA, and the final sample was for convergent validity and reliability. There was a time difference of at least two weeks between each sample.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe sources of sample recruitment were different and diverse each time (Aldahadha, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e;Cappelleri et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Koenig \u0026amp; Al Zaben, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Koenig \u0026amp; Carey, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). Approval for conducting this research was obtained from the Deanship of Scientific Research through grant number 2025/1019, in accordance with the ethics of scientific research as outlined by the American Psychological Association and the Declaration of Helsinki 1970 (American Education Research Association, American Psychological Association, and the National Council on Measurement in Education, 2014).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026rlm; In a subsequent step, the Arabic version of the scale was translated into English and presented to a group of arbitrators who were fluent in both Arabic and English (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;9) to ensure the correctness of the language and translation. Minor modifications were made by advancing or delaying some words or by replacing some words with others. To ensure the reverse translation, the arbitrators themselves were asked to evaluate the degree of similarity in the content and language of the scale items to verify the degree of conformity between the original English version and the English version translated from the Arabic version. The conformity was complete, and there were no comments or modifications. Notably, the scale takes between 15 and 20 minutes to complete, including basic demographic information, while completing all the study tools takes between 50 and 60 minutes.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eA series of analyses were conducted, the first of which was to extract the means and standard deviations of the representativeness and uniqueness. A value of 1.5 was adopted as a minimum for accepting the items, which was agreed upon by the arbitrators and experts. SPSS 26 and AMOS 23 were used to verify the validity and reliability of the SAS, represented by the factorial structure of the SAS items. To test the factorial structure of the SAS, a random sample was used, and EFA was conducted with the aim of reaching the most saturated items and deleting the less saturated items. In a subsequent step, CFA was conducted on another independent sample. The results were analyzed through SPSS version 26, which revealed that 0% of the data were missing because the link did not accept sending any missing or incomplete information.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn a previous step, an appropriate value of 0.6 or above was adopted for the EFA based on the Kaiser‒Meyer‒Olkin (KMO) sampling measure and a significant \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e value (\u003cem\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;.05\u003c/em\u003e) in Bartlett\u0026rsquo;s test of sphericity (Tabachnick \u0026amp; Fidell, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). Kaiser\u0026rsquo;s criterion retains factors with eigenvalues ​​greater than one (Kaiser, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1960\u003c/span\u003e). The factors were rotated using oblique rotation (Promax method), and the factors were expected to be correlated. Item retention was psychometrically conducted using the pattern matrix factor loadings and the correlation matrix; the criteria for item removal included factor loadings below 0.40, collinearity above 0.8, cross-loading on more than one factor, and items that loaded onto theoretically dissimilar items (Hair et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). Model fit was assessed using the root mean square error of approximation criteria (RMSEA), with values close to 0.06 or lower; the comparative fit index (CFI) and the Tucker‒Lewis index (TLI), with values approximately 0.95 or above; and the standardized root mean square residual (SRMR), with values close to 0.08 or below (Hu \u0026amp; Bentler, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1999\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe following analysis was conducted on a sample (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;279) to confirm internal consistency. McDonald\u0026rsquo;s omega and Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s alpha coefficients with values of 0.7 or higher represent good internal consistency. To test convergent validity, Pearson correlations were computed between the total score of the spinsterhood scale, the subscale means, and other instruments. Finally, a hierarchical regression analysis was conducted.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eFace validity\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAll the arbitrators, who hold doctorates in measurement and evaluation (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;7), Islamic Sharia sciences (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;9), and psychology (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;10), agreed that all the items (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;31) are linguistically, technically, and contentwise suitable for the SAS. In a subsequent step, they were asked to verify the representativeness and uniqueness of the initial items of the SAS. The means and standard deviations were extracted. The results of Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e show that all 31 items had an average above the standard of 1.5 and that there were only two items that did not meet the required standard, which were deleted from the list: \u0026ldquo;I suffer from deformities in my body that prevent me from getting married\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;Raising children bothers me, which makes me worried about getting married.\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe results of the correlations between the items were statistically significant (\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e (31)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;90, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001), and the average response to the question was also high, i.e., 2.64, which is an acceptable value. Accordingly, these 29 items were adopted as items for the SAS. Therefore, we can continue to check the psychometric properties of the scale through EFA and CFA.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRepresentativeness and uniqueness of the SAS means of experts.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003en\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eItems\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnique\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRepresentative\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI worry a lot that I won't complete my life with a partner.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.77\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.93\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI fear that I will spend my life alone without a family.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.54\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.63\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI fear that I won't get married and have children.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.65\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.84\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI need to love or be loved.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.74\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.75\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI want to be a mother to children.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.09\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI worry a lot that my future will be uncertain.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI fear failing in marriage in the future.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.60\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.77\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI am afraid that I will get married and become an unsuccessful mother to my children.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.88\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.63\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI have recurring insecure thoughts because I am not married.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.31\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI fear that I will be a financial burden on my parents and siblings.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,69\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.54\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI feel hopeless and anxious.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.94\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.56\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI feel guilty because I didn't take advantage of previous marriage opportunities.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.53\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.31\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI worry that I am not meeting my sexual needs.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.69\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI often ignore my sexual needs.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.95\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI am very bothered by the label of \"spinster\" in society.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI think a lot about my future self and how I will be.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.98\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.71\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI am very concerned about my future physical and mental health.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.69\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.78\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI am very disturbed by thinking about financial matters and how I will meet my basic needs.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.57\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.97\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI am anxious because I am unemployed.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.64\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI am very anxious because my money will go to someone other than my children after my death.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.52\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.36\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI need a life partner to help me manage my financial affairs.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.36\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLoneliness and not having a life partner are disturbing to me.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.44\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.99\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI am afraid of aging and not having children to care for me.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.29\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.53\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI am afraid of becoming disabled or suffering from a physical illness and being unable to care for myself.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.95\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,80\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI view spinsters as more susceptible to physical illness.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.71\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.86\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI am concerned that I am single and that married women are healthier.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.90\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI am afraid of developing breast cancer due to spinsterhood.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.76\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.97\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI often avoid situations that arouse my sexual urges.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.69\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e29.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI am afraid of remaining a virgin and never getting married.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eExploratory factor analysis results\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe KMO value was 0.92, and the Bartlett test (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001) showed that the result was fit and suitable for continuing the factor analysis. The results of the basic factor analysis indicated the extraction of five factors with eigenvalues ​​greater than one after extraction and before rotation, as supported by parallel analysis. The five-analysis solution explained 72.30% of the variance (Factor 1: 40.76%, Factor 2: 13.28%, Factor 3: 9.07%, Factor 4: 5.97%, and Factor 5: 3.22%). An EFA (principal axis factoring) test was conducted to confirm the presence of five factors, provide further interpretation (promax rotation), and confirm the results. The fixed five factors explained 67.84% of the variance (Factor 1: 41.40%, Factor 2: 10.17%, Factor 3: 7.61%, Factor 4: 5.35%, and Factor 5: 3.31%) (see factor loading in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTwo items that did not achieve the minimum load of 0.40 were deleted: \"I am very anxious because my money will go to someone other than my children after my death.\" and \"I view spinsters as more susceptible to physical illness.\" One item cross-loaded on more than one factor: \"Loneliness and not having a life partner are disturbing to me.\u0026rdquo; The results revealed that 26 items were distributed over five factors. The first was named the family factor and consists of six items. It refers to the fear of living alone, not having children, and losing family life, along with the disturbing aspects that follow as a result.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe second factor, which was named the personal factor and consists of six items, refers to the low self-esteem of spinster girls, their lack of self-confidence, the resulting ambiguity in the future, their lack of a sense of security and despair, and the fact that their future may be vague and unknown. The third factor, which consists of five items, was named the physical factor and refers to feelings of anxiety related to physical and psychological health in the future and the resulting problems of aging, disability, or unexpected diseases. The fourth factor was named the sexual factor and consists of five items. It refers to the need for love, the satisfaction of sexual desires, marital relations, and anxiety about not meeting these innate needs.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFinally, the fifth factor consists of four items and is named the financial factor. It refers to the feelings of anxiety experienced by spinsters due to financial pressures, which may arise from unemployment, the absence of a partner, or potential difficulties in managing their financial affairs in the future.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEFA for five factors.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003en\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eItems\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFamily\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePersonal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePhysical\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSexual\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFinancial\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI worry a lot that I won't complete my life with a partner.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.763\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI fear that I will spend my life alone without a family.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.468\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI fear that I won't get married and have children.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.724\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI want to be a mother to children.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.611\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI fear failing in marriage in the future.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.781\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI am afraid that I will get married and become an unsuccessful mother to my children.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.584\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI worry a lot that my future will be uncertain.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.605\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI have recurring insecure thoughts because I am not married.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.668\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI feel hopeless and anxious\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.750\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI feel guilty because I didn't take advantage of previous marriage opportunities.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.589\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI am very bothered by the label of \"spinster\" in society.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.730\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI think a lot about my future self and how I will be.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.837\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI am very concerned about my future physical and mental health.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.443\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI am afraid of aging and not having children to care for me.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.742\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI am afraid of becoming disabled or suffering from a physical illness and being unable to care for myself.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.635\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI am concerned that I am single and that married women are healthier.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.601\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI am afraid of developing breast cancer due to spinsterhood.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.591\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI need to love or be loved.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.489\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI worry that I am not meeting my sexual needs.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.817\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI often ignore my sexual needs.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.643\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI often avoid situations that arouse my sexual urges.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.622\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI am afraid of remaining a virgin and never getting married.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.609\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI fear that I will be a financial burden on my parents and siblings.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.621\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI am very disturbed by thinking about financial matters and how I will meet my basic needs.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.559\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI am anxious because I am unemployed.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.605\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI need a life partner to help me manage my financial affairs.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.452\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConformity Factor Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe one-factor model and the five-factor model were used to verify the validity of the factors. The results showed that the one-factor option was weak and did not fit the data or the scale items (CFI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.761, TLI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.753, RMSEA\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.143, SRMR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.096) compared with the five-factor model, which showed a good fit, as shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e (CFI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.922, TLI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.929, RMSEA\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.82, SRMR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.056). The correlations revealed that there was a relationship between the items of the second factor, between the second and sixth items, and between the third and fifth items. With respect to the fourth factor, there was a relationship between the first and fifth items.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFit of the single- and five-factor models in the CFA.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eModel\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eχ2 (\u003cem\u003edf\u003c/em\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCFI\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTLI\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRMSEA\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSRMR\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSingle factor\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e958.804 (423)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.761\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.753\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.143\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.096\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFive factors\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e852.084 (356)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.922\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.929\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.082\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.056\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eχ\u003c/em\u003e2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u003cem\u003eChi square\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eTLI\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Tucker\u0026ndash;Lew index, \u003cem\u003eRMSEA\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Root mean square error of approximation, \u003cem\u003eCFA\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Confirmatory factor analysis, CFI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Comparative fit index, SRMR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Standardized root mean square residual.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConvergent validity\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe results of the Pearson test revealed statistically significant correlations between the SAS and its five factors with all the scales used in this study. These scales included BDI-ArV, BAI-ArV, WB, and ArS-MH, with values ​​ranging between 0.46 and 0.84 for each of the total scores of the scale and its five factors. All values ​​were significant at \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01 (see Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eConvergent validity of the SAS and its factors with the BDI-ArV, BAI-Ar, WB, and ArS-MH scales.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFamily\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePersonal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePhysical\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSexual\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFinancial\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSAS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBDI-ArV\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.597\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.570\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.651\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.687\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.537\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.841\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBAI-ArV\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.704\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.601\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.479\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.577\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.670\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.708\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWB\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.536\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.763\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.590\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.484\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.706\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.630\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eArS-MH\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.660\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.710\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.730\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.459\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.552\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.672\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBDI-ArV\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Arabic Version of Beck Depression Inventory, BAI-ArV\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Arabic Version of Beck Anxiety Inventory, WB\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Well-Being, ArS-MH\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Arab Scale of Mental Health.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eReliability\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo verify reliability, Cronbach's alpha coefficient was extracted to determine the stability of the SAS. The split‒half reliability equation and the test‒retest coefficient were used for the total SAS score and its five factors. The results revealed that the SAS had a reliability ranging between 0.79 and 0.87 for the total SAS score and its five factors. Notably, these values ​​were statistically significant at \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01, indicating the stability of the scale over different periods of time. On the other hand, the McDonald's omega coefficient equation was used, and the results revealed that its values ​​were 0.90 for the total SAS score, while the values ​​ranged between 0.80 and 0.91 for the five factors. The test‒retest reliability coefficient was 0.87 for the total score. Finally, Pearson\u0026rsquo;s test was used to determine the relationships between the SAS and its five factors, and the results revealed significant correlations, ranging from 0.53 to 0.74 (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01) (see Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCorrelations between the total SAS score and related factors.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSAS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFamily\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePersonal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePhysical\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSexual\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSAS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFamily\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.537\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePersonal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.670\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.740\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePhysical\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.706\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.573\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.611\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSexual\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.552\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.682\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.700\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.685\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFinancial\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.497\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.508\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.571\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.609\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.534\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003ePredictive power of the SAS\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo verify the predictive ability of the SAS for each of the BDI-ArV, BAI-ArV, WB, and ArS-MH scales, a hierarchical regression analysis was conducted, with the SAS variable considered an independent variable and the previous measures considered dependent variables. The results of the regression analysis show that in the first step, the variables of age and income were entered with the aim of neutralizing them and controlling their effects, and it was found that they explained 2% of the predictive ability of the SAS. In the second step, BDI-ArV was added alone, and it explained 6% of the predictive ability of the SAS. In the third step, BAI-ArV was entered, and as a result, the predictive ability of the SAS increased to 31%. In the fourth step, the WB variable was added, and the percentage of the predictive ability of the SAS increased to 52%. Finally, in the fifth step, the ArS-MH variable was added, and the predictive ability of the SAS also increased to 79%. All these predictions were statistically significant at \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01, except for the variables of gender and income. Thus, there is a strong relationship between the SAS and each of the related dependent variables, i.e., BDI-ArV, BAI-ArV, WB, and ArS-MH (see Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab7\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 7\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHierarchical regression analysis with the SAS, age, income, and study instruments (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;284).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eModels\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eΔR\u0026sup2;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eR\u0026sup2;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eβ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003et\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStep one: Age * Income\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-3.78\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStep two: BDI-ArV\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.21*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.38\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.69\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStep three: BDI-ArV * BAI-ArV\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e159.08*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.31\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.09\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStep four: BDI-ArV * BAI-ArV * WB\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e224.13*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.52\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.58\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.31\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStep five: BDI-ArV * BAI-ArV * WB * ArS-MH\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e259.54*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.27\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.79\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.84\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.47\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eΔR\u0026sup2;= Difference between the models, BDI-ArV\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Arabic Version of Beck Depression Inventory, BAI-ArV\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Arabic Version of Beck Anxiety Inventory, WB\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Well-Being, ArS-MH\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Arab Scale of Mental Health, * p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe aim of this study is to construct a scale with valid and reliable psychometric properties to diagnose the symptoms of spinsterhood anxiety among Muslim girls in the Arab world who are 30 years and older. It is a new scale that has never been developed before anywhere in the world, to the best of the researchers\u0026rsquo; knowledge. This scale was developed according to several stages. The first was through verifying the validity of the content.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn the beginning, a number of spinster girls discovered the thoughts and feelings that afflicted them and caused their apprehension and fear of the future due to the late age of marriage. In conjunction with this stage, the theoretical literature and articles were reviewed to learn about the suffering of spinster girls and the harms that befall them because of this problem. Accordingly, 38 items were collected to measure spinsterhood anxiety. These items were later presented to a group of arbitrators and were shortened to 31 items.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAs part of the content validity stage, representativeness and uniqueness were verified, and two items were deleted; thus, the number of items in the scale was 29. In the second stage, EFA was conducted on a separate sample, and the results revealed that there were 5 factors for constructing the SAS with 26 items. These factors were confirmed in a separate sample through CFA procedures, using two models\u0026mdash;the single-factor model and the multifactor model\u0026mdash;to compare and verify the presence of the five factors.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe results of the CFA confirmed the validity of the scale model with five factors. Accordingly, it is possible to correct the scale according to the total score so that the scale scores, all of which are negative, range from 0 to 104, with a higher number indicating a higher degree of ASA. This scale also has flexibility, as it can be corrected according to its five different factors.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eNotably, regarding the study sample members\u0026rsquo; response to the question, \u0026ldquo;If a suitor with good specifications and capabilities proposes to you, would you agree to marry him if he was married to another woman?\u0026rdquo;, the most common answer was yes, which constituted 48.52%, while 43.83% of the girls answered no.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThose who answered \u0026ldquo;not sure\u0026rdquo; had the lowest percentage, at 7.56%. This indicates several interpretations, namely that the spinster girl gives up certain conditions and accepts marriage as a second or third wife, because the anxiety of spinsterhood is largely linked to negative social stigma as well as family, financial, physical, and sexual problems. She accepts a reality in which she may forgo some benefits of being a first wife in exchange for forming a family, getting married, becoming a mother, and having children in the future. This idea may constitute an obstacle for many girls and societies, due to the negative social outlook, financial circumstances affecting the family, and the husband\u0026rsquo;s inability to have multiple wives.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThere are major conflicts that the spinster Arab woman experiences. On the one hand, she has anxiety in the future about remaining a spinster or marrying and becoming a second wife, knowing that the financial circumstances also do not allow the husband to have multiple wives and that there are many family, economic, and social consequences that prevent this from happening (Aldahadha, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAs for the second question related to past lost marriage opportunities that the respondent did not accept, the largest percentage of respondents answered yes (48.02%), indicating that real marriage opportunities existed. This may be contrary to some of the teachings of the Islamic religion, as the Prophet said: \u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003eIf someone comes to you whose religion and character you are satisfied with, then marry him\u003c/em\u003e.\u0026rdquo; However, girls may gamble in the hope that a groom with better specifications will come, and in return, they become older and begin to lose opportunities.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTherefore, one of the reasons for spinsterhood is the high expectations and harsh conditions that young girls impose on husbands, expecting them to meet specifications that perhaps only a few possess (e.g., finance, education, beauty, etc.). At the same time, she may lack some specifications, which causes a gap in marital compatibility, distortion of expectations, and dissatisfaction with reality. This, in fact, calls for intensified marriage programs and awareness efforts, helping girls to understand their true qualities without exaggeration and magnification, to avoid the anxiety of spinsterhood.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026rlm; Due to the lack of studies similar to this research, the results of this study is compared with the theoretical literature, reports of spinster girls and their parents, and teachings of the Islamic religion (Quran, 30:21; Quran, 16:80) that urge marriage. Accordingly, the results of this study are largely consistent with the Islamic religion, which urges young people to marry and considers marriage half of the religion. According to reports of spinster girls and the theoretical literature written on this topic, spinsterhood has negative health effects on both the body and mind (Brockmann \u0026amp; Klein, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e), in addition to social effects related to personal identity and the negative social stigma attached to spinster girls (Lee, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Shousha et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe first factor was named family and referred to the feelings and thoughts of anxiety that control the spinster girl due to her loss of forming a family, not having a life partner, not having children, and perhaps failing to marry in the future or not being able to raise children. This factor consists of six items, all of which achieved an acceptable loading rate for the purpose of this research. In fact, the items of this factor focus on the axis of the importance of the family because the girl in the Arab environment is accustomed to living within the family context and is not able to live alone for cultural, social, and religious reasons. This is contrary to Arab customs and traditions, which constitutes a burden for her, especially when her siblings marry, her parents pass away, and she is left to live alone and in isolation.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eArab culture requires the girl to live with one of her brothers or to find one of her relatives to live with, and this will not be comfortable for her and will cause her more suffering and anxiety in the future. Therefore, this factor has great importance in this scale because the religious and cultural context in most Arab and Islamic countries preserves girls and protects them from living alone.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026rlm; The second factor was named personal and stemmed from the girl\u0026rsquo;s repeated doubts about her personal situation, lack of self-confidence in the future, and lack of security due to not getting married. It also included feelings of despair and anxiety that overwhelm her because of missed marriage opportunities that she had previously but did not seize. There are several assumptions that confirm the importance of this factor and explain the reasons for its inclusion in this scale. The most important is that marriage for the girl is a basic goal in life, and not getting married indicates many personal shortcomings. These include feelings of low self-confidence, beliefs that she is not beautiful, and distress over the fact that her colleagues have married while she remains single, all of which deeply affect her personal well-being.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMarriage in Arab and Islamic countries is the pinnacle of achievement for both fathers and daughters alike. When fathers boast, they always say that they have married off their daughters and protected them. There are many Arab proverbs that indicate the importance of a girl\u0026rsquo;s marriage and that she lives under the protection of her husband and has children: \u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003eThe shadow of a man is better than the shadow of a wall\u003c/em\u003e,\u0026rdquo; \u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003eA girl has nothing but her husband\u0026rsquo;s house\u003c/em\u003e,\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003eMarry your daughter and do not leave her as your daughter\u003c/em\u003e.\u0026rdquo; It is a sacred demand for all Muslim families and is also linked to the religious and cultural aspects, and there is great competition. There is a difference between girls who are willing to marry and those who are chosen first. Therefore, marriage is a basic requirement and has a great impact on personal aspects and girls\u0026rsquo; self-confidence and life in general.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe third factor was named physical and consists of five items that together form feelings of anxiety and concern about the psychological and physical health conditions. These include fears of not having children in the future to take care of them, worries about physical disabilities or chronic diseases, and the fear of developing breast cancer. This fear is linked to the belief that breastfeeding contributes to reducing the rates of breast cancer and that celibacy may prevent the girl from being a wet nurse.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThese items achieved a reliable loading rate of more than 0.4. There is no doubt that marriage is linked to having children, and Arab customs, traditions, and Islamic teachings have long imposed on most families the expectation that children always take care of their parents. It is a great shame for parents to live in nursing homes in their old age, as this contradicts cultural and social traditions and is forbidden in the Islamic religion. Caring for parents is both a right and a duty for children, which constitutes a concern and anxiety for girls about remaining unmarried and becoming spinsters.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe fourth factor, which is called sexual, is one of the most important factors, but for cultural, religious, and social reasons, this factor is repressed and not expressed clearly and frankly. There are limitations imposed by the teachings of the Islamic religion, culture, and customs on practicing sex, and it is forbidden except in a legal marriage. It has very dire consequences if a girl has sex before marriage. Although sex is a basic need, it remains unsatisfied. There is repression of sexual feelings and needs, and customs and traditions do not allow a girl to ask for a husband or for her parents to look for a husband for her. The matter is up to men only.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTherefore, the girl is caught between a rock and a hard place, as she lacks the freedom to practice sex before marriage and does not have the authority to ask for a husband, unlike men. Accordingly, there is a very large percentage of spinster girls about whom little is known. They live in their parents\u0026rsquo; homes, and there are no databases to search for them or market their marriage. Accordingly, the items of this scale form a definition of a girl\u0026rsquo;s need to love or be loved and to fulfill her sexual needs. She often ignores these needs and avoids situations that arouse her sexual desire, not to mention her fear of remaining a virgin and never getting married.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFinally, the fifth factor was named financial, and it is one of the important issues that affect a girl\u0026rsquo;s life, especially after she loses her parents and her siblings marry. She feels lonely and that her financial support will not be available as before, especially if she is unemployed and does not have sufficient financial resources. The importance of this factor lies in the Islamic religious education and Arab customs imposed on husbands to spend on their wives. Men are the protectors and maintainers of women based on their financial provision, and it is said that the upper hand is better than the lower hand, meaning that the one who spends is better than the one who spends on him.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThere is no doubt that this factor is also linked to other aspects\u0026mdash;sexual, physical, personal, and familial. The importance of this factor is that if a girl has substantial financial resources and is considered wealthy, her chances of marriage are easier, even in the presence of other limiting personal, aesthetic, educational, or familial factors. In other words, a girl is married for her money, beauty, religion, and her lineage, as the Prophet, may God bless him and grant him peace, said: \u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003eSo, marry the one with religion and your hands will be profitable\u003c/em\u003e.\u0026rdquo; This highlights the importance of looking for a religious girl who applies God\u0026rsquo;s laws regardless of other aspects.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis factor indicates a girl's fear of becoming a burden on her siblings or parents, anxious thoughts about her financial circumstances and how she will meet her basic needs, feelings of anxiety due to not working or losing a job, and sometimes the need for a life partner to help her manage her financial affairs.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe items of this scale have achieved reliable loading, as is the case for all items of the scale in all five factors. The results of the second sample, which aimed to verify the validity of the CFA, confirmed that this model is fundamentally appropriate for answering within its five factors. It can be corrected based on the total score, i.e., the sum of the five factor scores, which range from 0 to 104, or alternatively, it can be answered within each factor alone. On the other hand, the results revealed a statistically significant relationship between each of the BDI-ArV, BAI-ArV, WB, and ArS-MH scales and the total score of the SAS.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe relationship was appropriate and highly valuable, which explains the reliability of this scale and the possibility of using it as a diagnostic and therapeutic tool for cases of spinsterhood anxiety among Arab girls who have reached the age of 30 years or older. The results revealed that there was a statistically significant relationship between each of the total scores of the SAS and its five factors, which is a new confirmation of the scale\u0026rsquo;s connection with each other and that it measures, in its entirety, the general content and the approved definition of the SAS.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026rlm; Regarding the reliability of the scale, the results of the test‒retest coefficient and split‒half reliability, as well as McDonald\u0026rsquo;s omega and Person\u0026rsquo;s test coefficient, showed that this scale was stable and consistent over a fixed period of time, which confirms again the reliability of this scale and the possibility of using it as a diagnostic and therapeutic tool with good psychometric properties alongside other related scales (Abdel-Khalek, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e; Al-Issa et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e; Beck et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1996\u003c/span\u003e; Tennant et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026rlm; Finally, to verify the predictive ability of the SAS for BDI-ArV, BAI-ArV, WB, and ArS-MH while neutralizing the effects of both age and income, the results of the predictive ability were increasingly interpreted as we entered the dependent variables in each step. In the first step, when the depression variable was entered, the prediction rate was 6%. When the anxiety variable was added, the prediction ability increased to 31%, indicating that anxiety had a more prominent role in prediction compared to depression. This can be explained by the similarity between BAI-ArV and SAS. When the WB variable was added, the rate increased to 52%.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn the last step, when the ArS-MH variable was added, the prediction ability increased to 79%. This means that the SAS predicts ArS-MH more than the other variables do, as the prediction rate was 27%, followed by anxiety, with a prediction rate of 25%, and finally WB, with a prediction rate of 21%. This clearly indicates the strong relationship between the SAS and mental health, which confirms again that the anxiety of spinsterhood, with its religious, cultural, and social aspects, is significantly related to mental health factors and that reducing this anxiety can contribute to overall well-being and improved mental health.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026rlm; The interpretation of the results of this study takes into account several limitations, the most important being the difficulty of obtaining a study sample of single girls. Since the study tools were sent to account holders with many followers, to control this limitation, the tools were distributed across different accounts. Among the other limitations is that the sexual factor was addressed with great caution due to cultural restrictions in the Arab context, where it is considered taboo and inappropriate to discuss. However, this limitation was managed by deriving scientific items that do not violate public decency. Finally, another limitation is the difficulty of reaching all Arab nationalities, as it was impossible to access extremely large accounts with many followers.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis is the first study in the world to develop an SAS, which could be a diagnostic and therapeutic tool and a starting point for further research in the Arab environment. Therefore, an appendix containing the Arabic version of the scale has been added (see Appendix 1). It has very significant practical aspects in the field of family and marriage counseling, especially if we take into account that the rate of spinsterhood is very high in Arab countries and almost constitutes one of the most important dilemmas involving social, religious, and health factors, becoming a burden both on the family and on the girl herself. Accordingly, this scale has appropriate psychometric properties to identify the thoughts and feelings related to diagnosing spinsterhood anxiety. It will help psychological specialists in the fields of family and marriage by increasing the efficiency of diagnosis and treatment, facilitating case follow-up, and guiding the search for appropriate solutions aimed at therapeutic solutions that align with the familial, personal, physical, sexual, and financial factors of this scale. Among the most prominent recommendations is to conduct similar studies that consider spinsterhood anxiety in light of variables such as country, age, economic and social level, income, and others. It is also recommended to reverify the psychometric properties of this scale.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate. This research was approved by the Ethical Committee of Mutah University, which was performed\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ein accordance with the current and seventh edition of the Declaration of\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHelsinki. Written consent was obtained from all participants after they were informed about the study.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDeclaration of Interest Statement:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe author report there are no competing interests to declare.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent to Participate:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eAll participants consented to the study protocol before study initiation.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe research leading to these results has received funding from Mutah University (grant number 2025/1019).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eI am thankful for the support services at Mutah university, whose staff provided me with the tools to manage stress and maintain focus on my academic goals. Each of these individuals and institutions played a crucial role in my journey, reminding me that the pursuit of knowledge is not a solo expedition but a communal effort.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent to Publish\u003c/strong\u003e: I confirm that I understand Middle East Current Psychiatry is an open access journal that levies an article processing charge per articles accepted for publication. By submitting my article I agree to pay this charge in full if my article is accepted for publication.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor Contributions\u003c/strong\u003e: Conceptualization, B.A., M. A. and B.A.; methodology, M. A.; software, M. A.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003evalidation, B.A., M. A. and B.A.; formal analysis, M. A. and B.A.; investigation, B.A.; resources, B.A.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003edata curation, M. A.; writing—original draft preparation, M. A.; writing—review and editing, B.A.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003evisualization, B.A.; supervision, M. A.; project administration, B.A. and M. A.; funding acquisition, M. A.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDue to the table on page 28, it is an appendix that is a version of the Arabic language of the scale, which already exists in the text of the research.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAbdel-Khalek, A. M. (2011). 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Spinsterhood and its impact on disease features in women with rheumatoid arthritis. \u003cem\u003eHealth and quality of life outcomes\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e9\u003c/em\u003e, 58. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7525-9-58\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1186/1477-7525-9-58\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Spinsterhood, Anxiety, Validity, Factorial analysis, Reliability","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7232273/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7232273/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis study aimed to develop a tool to diagnose spinsterhood anxiety among Muslim girls. A group of experts (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;26) evaluated these items to verify content validity. The items were shortened to 29 items. Two separate samples were subsequently selected: the first was used for exploratory factor analysis (EFA), while the second was used for confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The results revealed that 26 items explained five factors, representing 72.30% of the total variance. These factors were named family, personal, physical, sexual, and financial. The results also showed that the CFA provided positive confirmation of convergent validity and reliability, with significant evidence to support these statistics for the relationships between the Spinsterhood Anxiety Scale (SAS and the Beck Depression Inventory Arabic Version (BDI-ArV), Beck Anxiety Inventory Arabic Version (BAI-ArV), Well-Being (WB), and Arab Scale of Mental Health (ArS-MH) scales. Cronbach's alpha values for the five factors ranged between 0.88 and 0.75, while the total score was 0.91. The correlations between the SAS and the five factors were also significant. The scale predicted 79% of all BDI-ArV, BAI-ArV, WB, and ArS-MH. The study concluded that the SAS has suitable psychometric properties for diagnosis.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Development and validation of a spinsterhood anxiety scale for diagnosing anxiety among unmarried Arab girls","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-08-18 09:06:27","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7232273/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"3015681d-a081-4e83-9d02-5e03f4cbbb35","owner":[],"postedDate":"August 18th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-09-02T17:53:14+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-08-18 09:06:27","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7232273","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7232273","identity":"rs-7232273","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}