Phytohormone-fungal coordination mediates functional trait adaptation in Pleioblastus amarus under elevational stress

Phytohormone-fungal coordination mediates functional trait adaptation in Pleioblastus amarus under elevational stress | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Phytohormone-fungal coordination mediates functional trait adaptation in Pleioblastus amarus under elevational stress Jing Wu, Youren Mengyou, Michael Opoku Adomako, Ziwu Guo, Quanlai Zhou This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7334125/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 07 Jan, 2026 Read the published version in Plant and Soil → Version 1 posted 6 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background and aims Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) play crucial roles in shaping plant functional traits and adaptation strategies. However, the AMF diversity and plant functional trait relationships in bamboo forest remain unexplored. Given their unique clonal growth pattern, bamboo forest offers an intriguing ecosystem to study mycorrhizal-plant interactions across changing elevations. Methods We conducted a field study in bamboo forest dominated by the species Pleioblastus amarus . We measured the soil fungal community, endogenous hormones, non-structural carbon (NSC) content, shoot density, and shoot biomass, as well as soil physicochemical properties in four bamboo forests with different elevation. Results Although the alpha diversity of did not differ among the four bamboo forests, soil fungal diversity significantly correlated with phytohormones in the rhizome, taxonomically displaying varying correlations with plant traits. While shoot density and shoot biomass showed opposing trends or functional trade-off, endogenous hormones and NSC content showed significant changes among the four bamboo forests. Also, soil pH, SM, and total phosphorus significantly differed among the four bamboo forests. Conclusions The taxon-specific fungal correlation with plant traits suggests that specialized fungal symbionts promote plant hormonal adjustments and evolutionary adaptation strategies in a changing environment. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi Bamboo ecosystems Endogenous hormones Plant − fungal interactions Pleioblastus amarus Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Introduction Mycorrhizal fungi form symbiotic relationship with ~ 80% of terrestrial plants (Brundrett and Tedersoo 2018; Smith and Read 1997; Zobel et al. 2024), substantially providing critical regulatory services, including hormone balance, stress adaptation, and nutrient uptake to their host plants (Wagg et al. 2011; Jiang et al. 2021; Zhang and Feng 2021). Thus, plant-mycorrhizal fungal interactions are fundamental to functioning and productivity of terrestrial ecosystems such as bamboo forest (Chen et al. 2017; Zhang et al. 2023; Wang et al. 2024). Previous studies have shown that the belowground communities, especially fungal communities, vary across ecosystems owing to differences in elevation, soil properties, and plant community composition (Wilson et al. 2009; Wu et al. 2014; Adomako et al. 2025; Barbi et al. 2025). For instance, elevational gradients act as environmental filter due to temperature and soil biogeochemical dynamics (Shigyo et al. 2019; Větrovský et al. 2019), which can significantly alter mycorrhizal community composition and functional relationships with host plants. Despite being a key symbiont in plant-fungal association in many ecosystems and the extensive research coverage in field and controlled studies, knowledge on mycorrhizal fungi diversity and mutual interactions with plants along elevations remain limited in bamboo forest ecosystems. Understanding how such interactions shift across elevations is essential for predicting bamboo forest resilience to climate change in montane regions. Bamboo forest is among the most important and promising forest ecosystems in Asia. As a clonal plant, bamboo possesses an extensive belowground rhizome system that facilitates its growth and population expansion (Luan et al. 2021). By their unique horizontal and vertical growth characteristics, bamboo often alters the environmental conditions, including nutrient levels, light availability, and spatial structure, significantly modulating bamboo shoot density, physiological, and biochemical processes (Guo et al. 2011; Xu et al. 2017; Xiao et al. 2021; Zuo et al. 2024). Especially, the extensive canopy architecture and litter accumulation strongly impact the growth of understory co-occurring plant communities (Luan et al. 2021) and soil properties and belowground microbial communities (Chang and Chiu 2015; Luo et al. 2024). For example, a recent meta-analysis found a marked changes in soil pH, ammonium nitrogen, fungal biomass, and bacterial Shannon diversity in a bamboo invaded ecosystems (Luo et al. 2024). Also, Luan et al. (2021) reported that bamboo litter decomposition reduced microbial carbon, increased soil nitrogen, and fungal communities in bamboo ecosystems. The majority of previous studies on bamboo have primarily focused on the growth and productivity (Van Dam et al. 2018), changes in hormonal and nutrients content, and soil communities (Jiang et al. 2013; Zhan et al. 2022; Mao et al. 2024). However, very few studies have examined bamboo effects on plant functional traits, soil properties, and rhizospheric soil communities, and their relationship along elevational gradients. Plant functional traits, including shoot density, biomass, and physiological markers such as endogenous hormones and non-structural carbohydrates (NSC), are key indicators of growth strategies and environmental adaptation (Yu et al. 2024b). These traits are often mediated by soil microbial communities, particularly AMF, which enhance nutrient uptake and hormonal regulation (He et al. 2017; Adomako et al. 2021). For instance, AMF can modulate gibberellic acid (GA), abscisic acid (ABA), and cytokinin levels, thereby influencing plant growth and stress tolerance (Zhang et al. 2019). However, the mechanisms underlying AMF-driven hormonal adjustments and their effects on bamboo functional traits are not well understood. Furthermore, while soil properties such as pH, moisture, and phosphorus content are known to shape fungal communities (Barbi et al. 2025), their interactions with bamboo functional traits and AMF diversity have not been thoroughly investigated. Given the ecological and economic importance of bamboo forests, understanding these relationships is essential for predicting ecosystem resilience and optimizing management practices under changing environmental conditions. Advancing knowledge on mycorrhizal fungi diversity, plant functional traits, and their relationship in bamboo forest is critical for understanding soil microbial communities’ role in plant growth regulation and adaptation mechanisms under future environmental changes. Thus, we conducted a field study the bamboo forest dominated by the species Pleioblastus amarus . We measured the soil fungal community diversity, endogenous hormones, NSC content, shoot density, and shoot biomass, as well as soil physicochemical parameters across four bamboo forests with contrasting elevation. Specifically, our study aimed to: (1) Determine whether mycorrhizal alpha diversity and relative abundance exhibit significant spatial variation within the bamboo forest ecosystem. (2) Assess variation in bamboo functional traits (shoot density, shoot biomass) and physiological characteristics (endogenous hormones, NSCs). (3) Identify relationships between mycorrhizal fungal diversity, bamboo functional traits, and soil physicochemical parameters. By integrating analyses of soil fungal communities, plant physiology, and edaphic factors, this study advances our understanding of mycorrhizal-plant interactions in bamboo ecosystems, providing insights into their ecological and adaptive significance. Materials and Methods Study species and sampling site Pleioblastus amarus is a bamboo species belonging to the grass family Poaceae, and widely distributed across its native Asia-Pacific region (Guo et al. 2018; 2019). Its perennial, tall, hollow, and has cylindrical erect stem (known as culms) that reaches approximately 20 meters (Zuo et al. 2024). Pleioblastus sp. are characterized by their woody and lignified rhizomatous underground clonal network system that enhance their capacity to colonize and survive in diverse natural environments, including montane regions. Due to their incredibly adaptability and versatility, P. amarus has gain considerable economic and ecological importance and wide range of applications, especially in Asia. It has a rapid growth rate, especially in monoculture stands. On June 2024, we conducted a field sampling study in Linhai, Taizhou city and Xianju County (120°17′-121°56′E, 28°01′-29°20″N) in the southeastern of Zhejiang Province. The region has a subtropical monsoon climate with moderate annual temperatures and abundant sunshine and rainfall. The annual mean temperature is 15–18℃ but can be extremely high in summer with a maximum of 43℃ in July and August. The mean annual precipitation ranges between 980–2000 mm, and a mean annual sunlight availability of 1710–2100 hours. Other co-occurring species that inhabit the understory of P. amarus includes perennial and annual herbs such as Duchesnea indica (Andr.) Focke, Leptochloa panicea (Retz.) Ohwi, Trachelospermum jasminoides (Lindl.) Lem, and Patrinia scabiosifolia Fisch. ex Trevir. In each of the sampling sites, we selected four bamboo forests (namely F1, F2, F3, F4) in both Linhai, Taizhou, and Xianju sampling sites for P. amarus forest along the elevation gradient (Fig. 1 ; Table 1 ). Table 1 Description of sampling site information Number Sampling site Elevation(m) Longitude Latitude F1 Taizhou city 106 121˚23′3.22″E 28˚39′1.37″N F2 Linhai city 375 121˚14′39.08″E 28˚32′6.80″N F3 Xianju county 646 121˚14′52.17″E 28˚32′3.74″N F4 Xianju county 1349 121˚14′20.18″E 28˚31′30.23″N Experimental design In each sampling plot, at least five 1 × 1m quadrats were randomly placed along the diagonal line for field investigation. In each quadrat, we counted the number of shoot of P. amarus and estimated the shoot density by using the number of shoots/m 2 in all quadrat. We randomly selected six shoots, clipped it at ground level, and randomly dig out three belowground rhizomes connected to the shoot. Each fresh shoot washed and weighed. The shoots and three corresponding rhizomes were weighed after washing, and clipped with a sharp razor into small strips and freeze immediately in liquid nitrogen for further hormone analysis. Thirty replicates for shoot and fifteen replicates for rhizome were used in each plot for endogenous hormone content determination. Lastly, six shoots per quadrat were oven-dried at 70℃ for at least 48 hours, and weighed to obtain the biomass and also used for the soluble sugar and starch content determination. The soluble sugar and starch contents were expressed as percentages (%) based on the fresh weight, which thirty replicates were used from each plot. For soil sampling, we took five soil samples (0–10 cm deep) under each quadrat. The five soil samples from each container were thoroughly homogenized to form a composite sample. Then, a sub-sample of 10 mL was preserved at − 80℃ until DNA extraction for soil microbial and physiochemical analysis (Table 2 ). Table 2 Soil parameters in the four bamboo forests with different elevation Soil parameters Along contrasting elevational gradient F P F1 F2 F3 F 4 PH 4.61 ± 0.06 4.96 ± 0.07 4.44 ± 0.08 4.51 ± 0.07 9.369 < 0.001 SM(%) 26.06 ± 1.35 29.00 ± 1.14 31.12 ± 0.66 32.60 ± 0.65 7.126 0.05 TOC(mg/L) 133.13 ± 6.81 113.59 ± 13.02 142.37 ± 13.71 125.18 ± 18.51 0.596 < 0.05 TN(mg/L) 17.68 ± 1.16 27.52 ± 1.81 29.84 ± 6.50 24.54 ± 2.83 3.478 < 0.05 TP(mg/L) 3.54 ± 0.58 6.08 ± 0.40 2.94 ± 0.52 2.57 ± 0.20 13.621 < 0.001 IC(mg/L) 11.04 ± 0.85 14.85 ± 1.06 10.35 ± 1.19 12.57 ± 0.86 3.943 < 0.05 Endogenous hormone determination Endogenous hormones were determined in the laboratory for gibberellic acid (GA), abscisic acid (ABA), indolepropionic (IPA), indoleacetic acid (IAA), and zeatin riboside (ZR) with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (Chen et al. 1998). The specific extraction procedures were as follows: (1) weighed 0.2 g of freeze-dried and ground sample, added 5 mL of extraction solution, shook well, and placed the mixture for 4 h at 4°C according to the instructions of the ELISA kit manufacturer; (2) centrifuged the mixed extraction solution at 3500 rpm/min for 8 min at 4 ◦C and collected the supernatant with a pipette; then added 1 mL of extraction solution to the remaining precipitate, shook and extracted at 4 ◦C again, and collected the supernatant again; (3) passed supernatant through a C-18 solid-phase extraction column, dried the sample obtained after passing through the column, and then diluted it to 5 mL with sample diluent from the ELISA kit, then added the standard substance and placed the mixture for 0.5 h at 37 ◦C; (4) after color development, measured the OD values of the standard substance and each sample at 490 nm with an ELISA spectrophotometer; (5) fitted the standard curve of hormones and calculated the hormone content in each sample using a logit curve based on the measured values. Soluble sugar and starch determination For soluble sugar, the plant samples were ground after drying, weighed 0.1–0.15 g into test tubes, added 5 mL of 80% ethanol, and mixture thoroughly. The sample was then bathed in water at 80°C for 30 minutes. The sample was then poured into a centrifuge tube, which was spun at 2000 RPM for 10 minutes, and the supernatant was collected in a 50 mL colorimetric tube. This extraction step was repeated twice. After the supernatant was mixed, the colorimetric tube was placed in an 85°C water bath to evaporate the ethanol, resulting in approximately 2 mL. The solution was then filled with distilled water to a volume of 50 mL. A 1 mL aliquot of the extraction solution was transferred to a test tube, added 1 mL of distilled water, 0.5 mL of anthrone reagent, and 5 mL of concentrated sulfuric acid. The mixture was shaken well, and the solution was heated in a water bath for 1 minute, followed by cooling to room temperature. The absorbance at 630 nm was measured using a spectrophotometer (752 N Hengping). We obtained the starch after the precipitation after extraction of soluble sugar, and the above method was repeated for the determination of other samples. Microbial sample collection and sequencing Soil DNA was extracted using a PowerSoil™ DNA Isolation Kit (MoBio, Carlsbad, CA, USA) in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. Subsequently, the extracted DNA was sent to Novogene Co., Ltd., Beijing, China, for amplification, library preparation, and sequencing. Additionally, the fungal ITS region rDNA was amplified using primers ITS5-1737F (GGAAGTAAAAGTCGTAACAAGG) and ITS2-2043R (GCTGCGTTCTTCATCGATGC) (Wei et al. 2018). Sequencing was performed on an Illumina NovaSeq 6000 platform, generating 250 bp paired-end reads. Bioinformatic analysis Barcode extraction, paired read assembly, and quality filtering of the raw data were conducted using QIIME software version 1.9.1 (Caporaso et al. 2010). Chimeric sequences were identified and removed using UCHIME (Edgar et al. 2011). Operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were identified at a 97% similarity threshold with UPARSE version 7.1b (Edgar 2013). The taxonomy of each fungal OTU was assigned using the Uclust method with SILVA release 132 ( https://www.arb-silva.de/documentation/release-132 ) and the UNITE database ( http://qiime.org/scripts/assign_taxonomy.html ), respectively. Statistical Analysis We used one-way ANOVA to determine the differences in belowground shoot density, biomass, physiological characteristics (endogenous hormone, soluble sugar, and starch), and soil fungi in the various sample site (F1, F2, F3, F4) along the elevation gradient. We performed Principal Coordinates Analysis (PCoA) and Adonis to test whether species composition of soil microbial communities differed between different plots based on Weighted Unifrac distance. Correlation analysis was used to assess the relationships of shoot density, biomass, physiological characteristics (endogenous hormone, soluble sugar and starch) with the alpha diversity index, and relative abundances of phyla and genera of fungi. Residuals of all variables were checked for homoscedasticity and normality. All statistical analysis and Tukey’s test was performed using SPSS 20.0 (IBM, Inc., Armonk, NY, USA), calculated alpha diversity using the QIIME software (Version 1.9.1), and created all graphs using Origin 8.5. Results Shoot biomass and density Shoot biomass and density significantly changed among four plots with different elevation ( P < 0.05 , Table 3 ). Thus, shoot density (20.16 ± 4.12) initially peaked at F1 plot, but decreased markedly at F2 with a slightly increased at plot F3. However, there was no significant difference between the change in shoot density in both plots F3 and F4 (Fig. 2 ). Contrary to the peak pattern of shoot density in plot F1, the shoot biomass (34.29 ± 5.78) significantly peaked at plot F4 ( P < 0.001 , Fig. 2 ) however, such an observation reversed at F3 before peaking again at F2 (Fig. 2 ). Table 3 Summary of ANOVA analysis testing the effects of elevation on endogenous hormone, NSC content, shoot biomass and shoot density Variable df F P Biomass 3,96 17.407 < 0.001 Number 3,14 4.989 0.015 Soluble sugar 3,104 0.960 0.415 Starch potato 3,104 7.424 < 0.001 Rh iaa 3,104 7.376 < 0.001 Rh zr 3,104 80.721 < 0.001 Rh aba 3,104 10.568 < 0.001 Rh ipa 3,104 24.508 < 0.001 Rh ga 1 + 3 3,104 30.248 < 0.001 Rh ga 4 + 7 3,104 23.590 < 0.001 Sh iaa 3,50 11.277 < 0.001 Sh zr 3,50 5.552 0.002 Sh aba 3,50 16.503 < 0.001 Sh ipa 3,50 17.932 < 0.001 Sh ga 1 + 3 3,50 5.288 0.003 Sh ga 4 + 7 3,50 2.848 0.047 Endogenous hormones and non-structural carbon (NSC) Results of rhizome and shoot content determination for six endogenous hormones (IAA, ZR, ABA, IPA, GA 1 + 3, and GA 4 + 7 ) indicated that the mass fraction of the six hormones differed significantly among four bamboo forests with contrasting elevation (Fig. 3 ). Specifically, IAA, ZR, ABA and IPA contents in rhizomes significantly increased and then decreased at the higher elevational plot, and peaked at the F2 plot ( P < 0.001 , Fig. 3 a-d; Table 3 ). For GA 1 + 3 and GA 4 + 7 , the hormone contents in the rhizome decreased at the higher elevational plot ( P < 0.001 , Fig. 3 e-f; Table 3 ). Similarly, the IAA, ZR, ABA, IPA and GA 1 + 3 , hormones in the shoots significantly increased but decreased at the higher elevational plot ( P < 0.05 , Fig. 3 g-i). While the IAA, ZR, and ABA hormones peaked at F2 plot, the contents of IPA and GA 1 + 3 peaked at F3 plot. For GA 4 + 7 , hormones in shoot decreased at the higher elevational plot ( P < 0.05 , Fig. 3 g-i). While soluble sugar content showed no significant difference among four plots (Fig. 4 a; Table 3 ), starch content significantly changed among four plots with different elevation, which peaked at plot F4 (Fig. 4 b; Table 3 ). Alpha diversity and relative abundance of soil fungi community Results indicate that elevation had no significant effect on the alpha diversity (OTUs, Shannon, Simpson, Chao1, Dominance and Pielou indices) of soil fungal communities (Fig. 5 ; Table 4 ). Regarding soil fungal taxa, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, and Zoopagomycota were the three most abundant phyla (Fig. 6 a). Among the 10 most abundant fungal genera, the relative abundance of Onygenales and Penicillium increased significantly with increasing elevation (Fig. 6 b). Results of the Adonis test showed that species composition of soil fungal communities differed between the F1-F4 plots ( P < 0.001 , Table 5 ). Table S1 The Correlation analysis of plant traits with soil fungal diversity Variable Rh iaa Rh zr Rh aba Rh ipa Rh ga 1 + 3 Rh ga 4 + 7 Sh iaa Sh zr Sh aba Sh ipa Sh ga 1 + 3 Sh ga 4 + 7 Biomass Soluble sugar Starch potato Shoot density 1 Chao1 0.598 0.717 0.894 0.638 0.931 0.776 0.907 0.362 0.551 0.587 0.369 0.743 0.608 0.144 0.451 0.278 Dominance 0.504 0.992 0.597 0.469 0.22 0.277 0.642 0.099 0.555 0.124 0.454 0.485 0.716 0.397 0.645 0.892 Goods_coverage 0.571 0.999 0.746 0.846 0.776 0.801 0.893 0.602 0.542 0.771 0.462 0.919 0.503 0.251 0.493 0.440 OTUs 0.593 0.683 0.92 0.623 0.911 0.796 0.905 0.348 0.496 0.588 0.339 0.726 0.587 0.123 0.469 0.227 Pielou_e 0.508 0.934 0.642 0.608 0.416 0.363 0.685 0.16 0.969 0.218 0.379 0.613 0.746 0.204 0.814 0.520 Shannon 0.505 0.865 0.697 0.592 0.543 0.437 0.73 0.175 0.875 0.267 0.339 0.627 0.695 0.151 0.728 0.404 Simpson 0.504 0.992 0.597 0.469 0.22 0.277 0.642 0.099 0.555 0.124 0.454 0.485 0.716 0.397 0.645 0.892 2 Chao1 0.626 0.089 0.861 0.992 0.609 0.560 0.167 0.108 0.253 0.368 0.297 0.188 0.294 0.687 0.619 0.722 Dominance 0.654 0.696 0.923 0.071 0.138 0.362 0.002 0.024 0.983 0.250 0.381 0.213 0.292 0.528 0.328 0.463 Goods_coverage 0.706 0.017 0.826 0.568 0.971 0.390 0.274 0.071 0.117 0.208 0.132 0.243 0.125 0.283 0.155 0.682 OTUs 0.578 0.124 0.836 0.925 0.624 0.577 0.173 0.144 0.286 0.459 0.346 0.181 0.321 0.748 0.721 0.722 Pielou_e 0.796 0.737 0.631 0.222 0.137 0.381 0.056 0.120 0.701 0.590 0.856 0.166 0.527 0.858 0.582 0.892 Shannon 0.740 0.555 0.724 0.308 0.186 0.550 0.062 0.111 0.590 0.550 0.965 0.152 0.457 0.833 0.700 0.971 Simpson 0.654 0.696 0.923 0.071 0.138 0.362 0.002 0.024 0.983 0.250 0.381 0.213 0.292 0.528 0.328 0.463 3 Chao1 0.778 0.847 0.858 0.892 0.960 0.924 0.997 0.990 0.997 0.963 0.981 0.996 0.667 0.915 0.312 0.968 Dominance 0.357 0.578 0.565 0.719 0.575 0.706 0.521 0.512 0.613 0.492 0.616 0.538 0.698 0.932 0.482 0.582 Goods_coverage 0.463 0.921 0.747 0.999 0.727 0.892 0.624 0.715 0.690 0.719 0.632 0.613 0.345 0.866 0.475 0.798 OTUs 0.851 0.809 0.765 0.884 0.896 0.907 0.905 0.922 0.906 0.894 0.878 0.907 0.688 0.846 0.324 0.926 Pielou_e 0.220 0.248 0.671 0.272 0.305 0.284 0.635 0.255 0.911 0.261 0.813 0.455 0.371 0.658 0.979 0.231 Shannon 0.342 0.423 0.836 0.422 0.448 0.422 0.763 0.408 0.987 0.422 0.908 0.599 0.394 0.767 0.740 0.376 Simpson 0.357 0.578 0.565 0.719 0.575 0.706 0.521 0.512 0.613 0.492 0.616 0.538 0.698 0.932 0.482 0.582 4 Chao1 0.941 0.034 0.005 0.002 0.972 0.075 0.001 0.077 0.587 0.845 0.002 0.004 0.331 0.033 0.147 0.141 Dominance 0.767 0.048 0.001 0.071 0.965 0.001 0.337 0.410 0.511 0.393 0.088 0.003 0.336 0.001 0.377 0.760 Goods_coverage 0.558 0.270 0.035 0.027 0.956 0.198 0.002 0.081 0.192 0.887 0.025 0.022 0.541 0.105 0.154 0.073 OTUs 0.960 0.024 0.003 0.002 0.962 0.046 0.001 0.090 0.726 0.765 0.002 0.003 0.331 0.022 0.176 0.180 Pielou_e 0.917 0.043 0.005 0.135 0.902 0.001 0.588 0.710 0.191 0.226 0.173 0.011 0.464 0.002 0.495 0.810 Shannon 0.928 0.027 0.002 0.073 0.919 0.001 0.377 0.565 0.256 0.253 0.096 0.005 0.422 0.002 0.703 0.974 Simpson 0.767 0.048 0.001 0.071 0.965 0.001 0.337 0.410 0.511 0.393 0.088 0.003 0.336 0.001 0.377 0.760 Table 4 Effect of elevation on the alpha diversity (OTUs, Shannon, Simpson, Chao1, Dominance and Pielou indices) of soil fungi community Variable df F P Chao1 3,50 2.120 0.109 Dominance 3,50 0.631 0.598 Goods coverage 3,50 1.492 0.228 OTUs 3,50 2.436 0.076 Pieloue 3,50 0.371 0.774 Shannon 3,50 0.511 0.677 Simpson 3,50 0.631 0.598 Table 5 Adonis test for differences in community composition of fungi between different plots based on Bray-Curtis distance df F R 2 P F1 vs. F2 1(28) 4.79544 0.14622(0.85378) < 0.001 F1 vs. F3 1(22) 2.58658 0.1052(0.8948) < 0.001 F1 vs. F4 1(28) 2.98365 0.0963(0.9037) < 0.001 F2 vs. F3 1(22) 4.3549 0.16524(0.83476) < 0.001 F2 vs. F4 1(28) 6.94599 0.19876(0.80124) < 0.001 F3 vs. F4 1(22) 2.7228 0.11013(0.88987) < 0.001 Correlation among soil fungi, shoot density, shoot biomass, physiological characteristics Both shoot biomass and shoot density negatively correlated with all the phytohormones (IAA, ZR, ABA, IPA, GA 1 + 3, and GA 4 + 7 ) measured. While shoot density negatively correlated with ABA hormones in the rhizome and shoot, it positively correlated with GA hormones in rhizome and shoot (Fig. 7 ). Alpha diversity of soil fungi community positively correlated with shoot biomass and ABA contents in the rhizome, but negatively correlated with shoot density ( P < 0.05 , Fig. 8 a). Compared with endogenous hormones of rhizomes, alpha diversity of soil fungi community had no significant correlations with endogenous hormone of shoot (Table S1). Regarding soil fungal taxa, Ascomycota negatively correlated with endogenous hormones, meanwhile Basidiomycota positively correlated with the endogenous hormones and shoot biomass. Also, we found positive correlation between the fungal taxa Zoopagomycota with endogenous hormone and soluble sugar. While Mucoromycota negatively correlated with endogenous hormone, it positively correlated with starch. Moreover, Aphelidiomycota, Blastocladiomycota, and Chytridiomycota showed significant negative correlation with shoot density, it positively correlated with endogenous hormone ( P < 0.05 , Fig. 8 b). Discussion Variation in shoot density and biomass among four bamboo forests with different elevation Expectedly, results indicated that shoot biomass increased at higher elevation, shoot density significantly decreased. These results suggest that shoot density and shoot biomass exhibited a trade-off relationship and environmental filtering effects, representing a coping mechanism or adaptation strategies of bamboo populations against elevation-induced environmental stressors. The results aligned with some previous studies on how elevation shapes plant community structure and adaptation strategies under contrasting gradients (Halbritter et al. 2018; Liu et al. 2020; Pfennigwerth et al. 2017). It is widely known that plants adjust their morphological, physiological, and functional characteristics along elevational gradients by, for example, shifting resources allocation, decreasing leave surface area, and developing extensive belowground structures (Liu et al. 2020). Such changes enable plants to survive common elevational-induced stressors such as nutrient limitation, low moisture content, and a decreased photosynthetic efficiency and carbon assimilation capacity (Sundqvist et al. 2013; Guo et al. 2018). In the present study, bamboo allocated more resources into shoot growth instead of shoot production to cope with the limited total nitrogen and carbon. Given the limited resource availability along increasing elevation and the high energy demand for developing the thick and woody stem (called culms), bamboo tend to allocate more energy to shoot growth rather than increasing shoot production (Liu et al. 2020; Yu et al. 2024a). Notably, bamboo often prefer decreasing their clonal (vegetative) growth and limit ramet density to increasing shoot growth, offering strong competitive advantage via extensive canopy formation that limits light availability for co-occurring understory communities (Liu et al. 2024). Results indicate that bamboo adopt functional trade-offs as a coping mechanisms and competitive strategies when growing under harsh environmental conditions (Akram et al. 2022; Liu et al. 2024). Thus, results consistently align with the pattern observed in the functional traits of 77 woody bamboo species in a recent study (Liu et al. 2024), revealing an evolutionary strategy in bamboo and related species (Edwards et al. 2010; Strömberg, 2011). Variation in endogenous hormones, NSC content, and soil fungal community Results reveal significant variation in all measured endogenous hormones in the bamboo rhizomes and shoots, exhibiting a consistent pattern in previous studies (Fahad and Bano 2012; Rahman et al. 2020). Although ABA contents were higher followed by IAA in both rhizome and shoots, contents decreased at the higher elevational plot in rhizomes than in shoots. Increased accumulation of ABA and IAA play crucial role in bamboo responses to elevational-induced stress, including low temperature and dryness (Rahman et al. 2020; Sun et al. 2025; Zandalinas et al. 2022). Plants, especially those in mountainous and arid environments, overcome elevational stress by producing endogenous hormones (e.g., ABA and IAA), serving as regulatory and coping mechanisms to ensure growth and survival (Hirayama and Shinozaki, 2007; Santner et al. 2009; Sun et al. 2025). For instance, ABA modulate stomatal closure to avoid excessive transpiration and optimizes root growth and architecture for soil water, which is adaptation in arid environment (Rahman et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2014). Additionally, IAA promotes nutrient acquisition in nutrient-poor soils and limits plant growth under stress to conserve limited growth resources, especially along elevational gradients (Zheng et al. 2016; Zhu et al. 2014). Indeed, exceptional accumulation of ABA and IAA in bamboo shoots and rhizomes indicate their disproportionate roles in bamboo growth, water conservation, and elevational stress adaptation. For example, increased production of IAA and ABA in woody bamboo, Cephalostachyum pingbianense was found to mediate clonal growth all-year round (Mao et al. 2024). As a clonal plant, bamboo underground rhizomes form a closed and interconnected network architecture, facilitating transport and parental sharing of nutrients, water, and signals within the clone (Bai et al. 2002; Fan et al. 2024). Although results of soluble sugars showed no appreciable variations, starch content showed significant variation in shoots and rhizomes, suggesting that non-storage carbohydrates (NSC) are vital for growth, fitness, and structural defense in bamboo (Chen et al. 2025). For instance, NSC has been suggested to maintain tree survival at low temperatures at high altitudes (Clark et al. 2024). While starch content represents the inactive carbon component stored in plants, while sugar is the active form of carbon, directly playing pivotal roles in metabolic processes such as photosynthesis, biogeochemical cyclings, and plant-fungal relationship (Martinez-Vilalta et al. 2016; MacNeill et al. 2017). Also, under conditions of sugar limitation in plants, starch can be metabolized or converted into sugar or sugar to starch to support growth and energy demand under stressful conditions (Scofield et al. 2009; Cao et al. 2018). Surprisingly, the soil fungal diversity showed no significant difference among the four bamboo forests with different elevation in the present study, which is in contrast with most previous findings that showed positive and negative effects (Li et al. 2018; Rasmussen et al. 2022; Shigyo et al. 2019), although neutral effects have also been documented (Barbi et al. 2025). As such, the majority of previous studies have proposed soil physical properties, especially temperature and soil pH (Dumbrell et al. 2010; Shigyo and Hirao 2021; Tedersoo et al. 2014; Zhao et al. 2020) as the driving mechanism for these differential responses of mycorrhizal diversity to elevational gradients. However, the present results failed to support this explanation because both soil moisture and soil pH differed significantly along elevational gradient, but did not influence mycorrhizal diversity. It is worth noting that previous studies suggest plant species identity or vegetation type underlie the variation in mycorrhizal diversity along elevation (Rasmussen et al. 2022; Saitta et al. 2018; Zhang et al. 2025). Similarly, a recent study found that soil fungal communities varied with bamboo varieties (Guo et al. 2023), while moso bamboo invasion greatly decreased root-associated soil bacterial and fungal communities (Li et al. 2022). Thus, a lack of variation in mycorrhizal fungal diversity along elevation in bamboo forests may be attributed to the bamboo species identity and its capacity to modulate the soil community composition through strong allelopathic effects from its root exudates and litter leachates (Guo et al. 2023; Wang et al. 2024), potentially restructuring the soil fungal characteristics. One caveat is that this assumption requires experimental verification as we did not analyze allelochemicals in the present study. Relationship between plant traits, physiology, and soil fungal community Plant functional traits are key determinant of soil functioning via influencing the soil microbial community (Adomako et al. 2022; Delgado-Baquerizo et al. 2018; Liu et al. 2020), especially the soil fungal communities due to their direct interaction with plant roots (Faucon et al. 2017). As such, plants responses to environmental cues are jointly shaped by both plant functional traits and associated microbial communities (Ma et al. 2024). However, it remains unclear how bamboo functional traits relate with soil fungi communities along elevational gradients in bamboo forest. Our results showed a strong correlation between phytohormones (e.g., GA, ABA, and IAA) and bamboo shoots in bamboo forest, consistently aligning with previous studies on plant hormonal regulatory traits (Bhandawat et al. 2017; Yu et al. 2024b; Zheng et al. 2016). Previous studies found that shoot burst in subtropical bamboo was regulated by the IAA and GA signaling pathways (Bhandawat et al. 2017), while shoot sprouting in Indocalamus decorus highly correlated with ZR and IAA or ABA (Gao et al. 2018). Apart from regulating stomatal closure and plant adaptation to arid environment, ABA play vital roles during bud dormancy induction and release (Zheng et al. 2016), meanwhile IAA hormones involvement in the activity of rhizome buds in Phyllostachys praecox have been documented (Huang et al. 2002). Overall, these findings provide empirical evidence of the role of endogenous hormones in the development of bamboo buds and shoots, especially under elevational induced harsh conditions. Our study demonstrated that AMF significantly correlated with six of the examined hormones in both the rhizome and shoot, except for GA 4 + 7 . While alpha diversity of soil fungal communities positively correlated shoot biomass, ABA, and GA 4 + 7 content in rhizome, it negatively related with shoot density. Thus, these results are consistent with previous studies on the relatedness of alpha diversity and plant functional traits along elevational gradients (Chun and Lee 2017; Merino-Martín et al. 2023; Yakimov et al. 2020). For instance, Merino-Martin et al. (2022) found that the fungal α-diversity was closely related to plant identity and belowground plant traits. Thus, the observation in previous studies and our findings are reasonable considering the close association of AMF and plant hormonal regulation of rhizome or root traits. Furthermore, previous studies showed that AMF symbiosis altered plant phytohormonal levels, with ABA content significantly increasing in roots after mycorrhizal formation (Ma et al. 2022; Wang et al. 2024). Also, inoculated with AMF significantly decreased the concentration of IAA than IAA concentrations of uninoculated plants in controlled treatments (Meixner et al. 2005), suggesting that plant endogenous hormones and the soil fungal communities may jointly shape bamboo responses to elevational-induced stressors in bamboo ecosystems. Regarding fungal taxa, Ascomycota was the most common and abundant phyla in bamboo soils, possessing more than 50% relative abundance in each sampling plots. Notably Ascomycota phylum contains a wide diversity of fungal taxa, ranging from pathogens to mutualists, collectively and ecological functioning as a unit (Fuke et al. 2021; Zhao et al. 2024). This suggests that Ascomycota may negatively impacts phytohormones, possibly explaining the inhibitory effects on endogenous hormone production, which may be partly caused by the emergence and pathogen accumulation in bamboo forest (Nett et al. 2022; Shao et al. 2024). The second most common phylum of soil fungi observed in the bamboo forest was Basidiomycota. The phyla Basidiomycota has the capacity to increase endogenous hormone levels by breaking down organic matter and root secretions (Lakshmipathi et al. 2019), aligning with our study findings that its abundance promotes endogenous hormone production. Together, Ascomycota and Basidiomycota are saprotrops that uses organic matter, carbon sources, and plant root residue as primary energy sources (Clemmensen et al. 2013), buffering the resilience of bamboo forest against elevational induced pressures in montane regions. Conclusions Results of this study indicated that bamboo adopts functional trade-offs and environmental filtering effects as coping mechanisms when growing under harsh environmental conditions by decreasing shoot density but rather increase shoot biomass, especially along elevational gradients. Significant accumulation and changes in endogenous hormones, e.g., ABA and IAA, and non-structural carbon (NSC) with increasing elevation provide empirical evidence of their disproportionate roles in bamboo growth, water conservation, and elevational stress adaptation. Soil fungal diversity showed no significant variation along elevation gradients, had greater abundance of the phyla Ascomycota and Basidiomycota (i.e., saprotrops), and exhibited significant positive relationships with phytohormones and bamboo traits, overall suggesting that plant endogenous hormones and specific fungal communities but not their diversity may jointly shape bamboo responses to elevational-induced stressors in bamboo ecosystems. Declarations The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. 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Agric For Meteorol 284: 107894. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2019.107894 Zhan H, He W, Li M, Yu L, Li J, Wang C, Wang S (2022) The Dynamics of Non-Structural Carbohydrates in Different Types of Bamboo in Response to Their Phenological Variations: Implications for Managing Bamboo Plantations. Forests 13: 1218. https://doi.org/10.3390/f13081218 Zhang Q, Wang S, Xie Q, Xia Q, Lu L, Wang M (2023) Control of arbuscule development by a transcriptional negative feedback loop in Medicago. Nat Commun 14: 5743. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-41493-2 Zhang T, Feng G (2021) Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi alleviate the negative effects of increases in phosphorus (P) resource diversity on plant community structure by improving P resource utilization. Plant Soil 461: 295-307. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-020-04825-5 Zhao ZY, Mu TC, Keyhani NO, Pu HL, Lin YS, Lv ZY, Xiong JM, Chen XH, Zhan XY, Lv HJ, Jibola-Shittu MY, Jia PS, Wu JL, Huang SS, Qiu JZ, Guan XY (2024) Diversity and New Species of Ascomycota from Bamboo in China. J Fungi 10: 454. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10070454 Zheng Z, Guo Y, Novák O, Chen W, Ljung K, Noel JP, Chory J (2016) Local auxin metabolism regulates environment-induced hypocotyl elongation. Nat Plants 2: 16025. https://doi.org/10.1038/NPLANTS.2016.25 Zhu WZ, Wang SG, Yu DZ, Jiang Y, Li MH (2014) Elevational patterns of endogenous hormones and their relation to resprouting ability of Quercus aquifolioides plants on the eastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau. Trees 28: 359-372. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00468-013-0954-1 Zuo K, Fan L, Guo Z, Zhang L, Duan Y, Zhang J (2024) High nutrient utilization and resorption efficiency promote bamboo expansion and invasion. J Environ Manage 362: 121370. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.121370 Zuo KY, Fan LL, Guo ZW, Zhang JR, Duan YY, Zhang L, Chen SL, Lin H, Hu R (2024) Aboveground Biomass Component Plasticity and Allocation Variations of Bamboo (Pleioblastus amarus) of Different Regions. Forests 15: 43. https://doi.org/10.3390/f15010043 Zobel M, Koorem K, Moora M, Semchenko M, Davison J (2024) Symbiont plasticity as a driver of plant success. New Phytol 241: 2340-2352. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.19566 Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 07 Jan, 2026 Read the published version in Plant and Soil → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Major revisions 28 Sep, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 04 Sep, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 12 Aug, 2025 Editor invited by journal 11 Aug, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 11 Aug, 2025 First submitted to journal 09 Aug, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7334125","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":499508500,"identity":"dd1ad44e-2993-47c9-b21b-eee4c1944176","order_by":0,"name":"Jing Wu","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA4ElEQVRIie3QPQrCMBTA8SeBp0NqNoko9AoRBxUErxJxVXByclCETh6g4hUcPEIkUBc/VsFFcBY7SQcHq3VPRsH8l2R4P/IB4HL9YJifbZN0oQBEqTixIIxGkmcEu5vF3IKUw77g2ZbWdQEtiFBS1L2gWG2wVayBgs9KykSU7HkB0lZ4W+thE2qLpTSQzUTpQUrEab/WIQUpziaic9NZRnYXTdGClANCyIcc52BHGEUkz8P7FBTpJ3PzW9C/P3LhKOqIo77GcdL2WcVAvkUA/DPJrcbfjdMrKutpl8vl+rNeWDhG1lcs4ZwAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8139-0025","institution":"Taizhou University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jing","middleName":"","lastName":"Wu","suffix":""},{"id":499508501,"identity":"201ad67e-7153-4895-bfa2-a8fa9171866b","order_by":1,"name":"Youren Mengyou","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Youren","middleName":"","lastName":"Mengyou","suffix":""},{"id":499508502,"identity":"3da05f8d-5c7f-42a3-b57b-6911738f295d","order_by":2,"name":"Michael Opoku Adomako","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Michael","middleName":"Opoku","lastName":"Adomako","suffix":""},{"id":499508503,"identity":"409a7de1-75cd-40a4-9bac-0974cd47c75f","order_by":3,"name":"Ziwu Guo","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ziwu","middleName":"","lastName":"Guo","suffix":""},{"id":499508504,"identity":"8eb67433-36a0-4d50-950c-5f28822295e7","order_by":4,"name":"Quanlai Zhou","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Quanlai","middleName":"","lastName":"Zhou","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-08-09 13:20:24","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7334125/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7334125/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-025-08229-1","type":"published","date":"2026-01-07T15:58:07+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":89492509,"identity":"d9de4c49-bdec-400e-817a-79893fe07be7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-20 14:10:23","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1877034,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePictures of the sampling sites along the increasing elevation.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7334125/v1/d1da8fe6b0281e33500de0bf.png"},{"id":89492508,"identity":"213965b2-c448-41ea-91b7-4cb2ca41bcfa","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-20 14:10:23","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":180389,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe changes of shoot biomass and shoot density of \u003cem\u003eP. amarus\u003c/em\u003e along the increasing elevation. Different lowercase letters indicate a significant difference at the 0.05 level. Bars represent error bars.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7334125/v1/cf6b0e77e3e145946b7ee3df.png"},{"id":89494156,"identity":"d1e6ada9-6d9b-4a8b-964d-687862022488","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-20 14:34:24","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":421531,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eChanges of endogenous hormone contents of \u003cem\u003eP. amarus\u003c/em\u003e in rhizome and shoot along the increasing elevation. IAA, indoleacetic acid; ZR, zeatin riboside; ABA, abscisic acid; IPA, indolepropionic acid; GA, gibberellins acid.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7334125/v1/f2ba94c236d9aaf63aa70646.png"},{"id":89492511,"identity":"ad6cb2fe-99cc-49db-b87c-ae2b55dd75a3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-20 14:10:24","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":158308,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe changes of soluble sugar content and starch content contents of \u003cem\u003eP. amarus\u003c/em\u003e in shoot along the increasing elevation.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7334125/v1/76a5797b15bbdb3b6b951101.png"},{"id":89492518,"identity":"fc21476c-9a97-451b-a97c-7b2b359f64a1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-20 14:10:24","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":172053,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe change of Chao1, Dominance, OTUs, Shannon, Simpson and Pielou indices of soil fungal communities (a–f) along the increasing elevation.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7334125/v1/3c1a4833d6a19e46c4a7ca45.png"},{"id":89492863,"identity":"63488e12-e033-4f0c-830a-ecbfc6dc7fe6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-20 14:18:24","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":953276,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe change of Chao1, Dominance, OTUs, Shannon, Simpson and Pielou indices of soil fungal communities (a–f) along the increasing elevatiFigure 6 Relative abundance of the 10 most abundant phyla of soil fungi and the 20 most abundant genera of soil fungi under the communities along the increasing elevation.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7334125/v1/21f8a09fe9e42cc9dc5cd6b6.png"},{"id":89493864,"identity":"dbf5bc27-5075-4f40-a6a6-660121e6760c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-20 14:26:24","extension":"jpg","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":154328,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eCorrelation among endogenous hormone, NSC, shoot biomass and shoot density. SN, shoot density (no. Per m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e); BM, shoot biomass (g); ST, starch content (%); SS, soluble sugar content (%); RH, rhizome and SH, shoot. * p \u0026lt; 0.05; ** p \u0026lt; 0.01.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"7.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7334125/v1/9e45297e2e40de9a6ce793ec.jpg"},{"id":89492514,"identity":"ef73242d-af72-4f7a-adc2-1a32ca1ce2c2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-20 14:10:24","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":324176,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eRelationships between diversity of soil fungi community and plant functional traits. SN, shoot density (no. Per m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e); BM, shoot biomass (g); ST, starch content (%); SS, soluble sugar content (%); RH, rhizome and SH, shoot. * p \u0026lt; 0.05; ** p \u0026lt; 0.01.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7334125/v1/561de84c9b0078720f79c760.png"},{"id":100069550,"identity":"ebc6a5e5-aed8-448d-93c0-a45e841f0210","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-12 16:14:53","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":5690612,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7334125/v1/93aa1b15-0423-4126-b1da-dc4755dc048e.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003ePhytohormone-fungal coordination mediates functional trait adaptation in \u003cem\u003ePleioblastus amarus\u003c/em\u003e under elevational stress\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eMycorrhizal fungi form symbiotic relationship with ~\u0026thinsp;80% of terrestrial plants (Brundrett and Tedersoo 2018; Smith and Read 1997; Zobel et al. 2024), substantially providing critical regulatory services, including hormone balance, stress adaptation, and nutrient uptake to their host plants (Wagg et al. 2011; Jiang et al. 2021; Zhang and Feng 2021). Thus, plant-mycorrhizal fungal interactions are fundamental to functioning and productivity of terrestrial ecosystems such as bamboo forest (Chen et al. 2017; Zhang et al. 2023; Wang et al. 2024). Previous studies have shown that the belowground communities, especially fungal communities, vary across ecosystems owing to differences in elevation, soil properties, and plant community composition (Wilson et al. 2009; Wu et al. 2014; Adomako et al. 2025; Barbi et al. 2025). For instance, elevational gradients act as environmental filter due to temperature and soil biogeochemical dynamics (Shigyo et al. 2019; Větrovsk\u0026yacute; et al. 2019), which can significantly alter mycorrhizal community composition and functional relationships with host plants. Despite being a key symbiont in plant-fungal association in many ecosystems and the extensive research coverage in field and controlled studies, knowledge on mycorrhizal fungi diversity and mutual interactions with plants along elevations remain limited in bamboo forest ecosystems. Understanding how such interactions shift across elevations is essential for predicting bamboo forest resilience to climate change in montane regions.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBamboo forest is among the most important and promising forest ecosystems in Asia. As a clonal plant, bamboo possesses an extensive belowground rhizome system that facilitates its growth and population expansion (Luan et al. 2021). By their unique horizontal and vertical growth characteristics, bamboo often alters the environmental conditions, including nutrient levels, light availability, and spatial structure, significantly modulating bamboo shoot density, physiological, and biochemical processes (Guo et al. 2011; Xu et al. 2017; Xiao et al. 2021; Zuo et al. 2024). Especially, the extensive canopy architecture and litter accumulation strongly impact the growth of understory co-occurring plant communities (Luan et al. 2021) and soil properties and belowground microbial communities (Chang and Chiu 2015; Luo et al. 2024). For example, a recent meta-analysis found a marked changes in soil pH, ammonium nitrogen, fungal biomass, and bacterial Shannon diversity in a bamboo invaded ecosystems (Luo et al. 2024). Also, Luan et al. (2021) reported that bamboo litter decomposition reduced microbial carbon, increased soil nitrogen, and fungal communities in bamboo ecosystems. The majority of previous studies on bamboo have primarily focused on the growth and productivity (Van Dam et al. 2018), changes in hormonal and nutrients content, and soil communities (Jiang et al. 2013; Zhan et al. 2022; Mao et al. 2024). However, very few studies have examined bamboo effects on plant functional traits, soil properties, and rhizospheric soil communities, and their relationship along elevational gradients.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePlant functional traits, including shoot density, biomass, and physiological markers such as endogenous hormones and non-structural carbohydrates (NSC), are key indicators of growth strategies and environmental adaptation (Yu et al. 2024b). These traits are often mediated by soil microbial communities, particularly AMF, which enhance nutrient uptake and hormonal regulation (He et al. 2017; Adomako et al. 2021). For instance, AMF can modulate gibberellic acid (GA), abscisic acid (ABA), and cytokinin levels, thereby influencing plant growth and stress tolerance (Zhang et al. 2019). However, the mechanisms underlying AMF-driven hormonal adjustments and their effects on bamboo functional traits are not well understood. Furthermore, while soil properties such as pH, moisture, and phosphorus content are known to shape fungal communities (Barbi et al. 2025), their interactions with bamboo functional traits and AMF diversity have not been thoroughly investigated. Given the ecological and economic importance of bamboo forests, understanding these relationships is essential for predicting ecosystem resilience and optimizing management practices under changing environmental conditions.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAdvancing knowledge on mycorrhizal fungi diversity, plant functional traits, and their relationship in bamboo forest is critical for understanding soil microbial communities\u0026rsquo; role in plant growth regulation and adaptation mechanisms under future environmental changes. Thus, we conducted a field study the bamboo forest dominated by the species \u003cem\u003ePleioblastus amarus\u003c/em\u003e. We measured the soil fungal community diversity, endogenous hormones, NSC content, shoot density, and shoot biomass, as well as soil physicochemical parameters across four bamboo forests with contrasting elevation. Specifically, our study aimed to: (1) Determine whether mycorrhizal alpha diversity and relative abundance exhibit significant spatial variation within the bamboo forest ecosystem. (2) Assess variation in bamboo functional traits (shoot density, shoot biomass) and physiological characteristics (endogenous hormones, NSCs). (3) Identify relationships between mycorrhizal fungal diversity, bamboo functional traits, and soil physicochemical parameters. By integrating analyses of soil fungal communities, plant physiology, and edaphic factors, this study advances our understanding of mycorrhizal-plant interactions in bamboo ecosystems, providing insights into their ecological and adaptive significance.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eStudy species and sampling site\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePleioblastus amarus\u003c/em\u003e is a bamboo species belonging to the grass family Poaceae, and widely distributed across its native Asia-Pacific region (Guo et al. 2018; 2019). Its perennial, tall, hollow, and has cylindrical erect stem (known as culms) that reaches approximately 20 meters (Zuo et al. 2024). Pleioblastus sp. are characterized by their woody and lignified rhizomatous underground clonal network system that enhance their capacity to colonize and survive in diverse natural environments, including montane regions. Due to their incredibly adaptability and versatility, P. amarus has gain considerable economic and ecological importance and wide range of applications, especially in Asia. It has a rapid growth rate, especially in monoculture stands.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOn June 2024, we conducted a field sampling study in Linhai, Taizhou city and Xianju County (120\u0026deg;17\u0026prime;-121\u0026deg;56\u0026prime;E, 28\u0026deg;01\u0026prime;-29\u0026deg;20\u0026Prime;N) in the southeastern of Zhejiang Province. The region has a subtropical monsoon climate with moderate annual temperatures and abundant sunshine and rainfall. The annual mean temperature is 15\u0026ndash;18℃ but can be extremely high in summer with a maximum of 43℃ in July and August. The mean annual precipitation ranges between 980\u0026ndash;2000 mm, and a mean annual sunlight availability of 1710\u0026ndash;2100 hours. Other co-occurring species that inhabit the understory of \u003cem\u003eP. amarus\u003c/em\u003e includes perennial and annual herbs such as \u003cem\u003eDuchesnea indica\u003c/em\u003e (Andr.) Focke, \u003cem\u003eLeptochloa panicea\u003c/em\u003e (Retz.) Ohwi, \u003cem\u003eTrachelospermum jasminoides\u003c/em\u003e (Lindl.) Lem, and \u003cem\u003ePatrinia scabiosifolia\u003c/em\u003e Fisch. ex Trevir. In each of the sampling sites, we selected four bamboo forests (namely F1, F2, F3, F4) in both Linhai, Taizhou, and Xianju sampling sites for \u003cem\u003eP. amarus\u003c/em\u003e forest along the elevation gradient (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e; Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDescription of sampling site information\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNumber\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSampling site\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eElevation(m)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLongitude\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLatitude\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eF1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTaizhou city\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e106\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e121˚23\u0026prime;3.22\u0026Prime;E\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28˚39\u0026prime;1.37\u0026Prime;N\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eF2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLinhai city\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e375\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e121˚14\u0026prime;39.08\u0026Prime;E\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28˚32\u0026prime;6.80\u0026Prime;N\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eF3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eXianju county\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e646\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e121˚14\u0026prime;52.17\u0026Prime;E\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28˚32\u0026prime;3.74\u0026Prime;N\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eF4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eXianju county\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1349\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e121˚14\u0026prime;20.18\u0026Prime;E\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28˚31\u0026prime;30.23\u0026Prime;N\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eExperimental design\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn each sampling plot, at least five 1 \u0026times; 1m quadrats were randomly placed along the diagonal line for field investigation. In each quadrat, we counted the number of shoot \u003cem\u003eof P. amarus\u003c/em\u003e and estimated the shoot density by using the number of shoots/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e in all quadrat. We randomly selected six shoots, clipped it at ground level, and randomly dig out three belowground rhizomes connected to the shoot. Each fresh shoot washed and weighed. The shoots and three corresponding rhizomes were weighed after washing, and clipped with a sharp razor into small strips and freeze immediately in liquid nitrogen for further hormone analysis. Thirty replicates for shoot and fifteen replicates for rhizome were used in each plot for endogenous hormone content determination. Lastly, six shoots per quadrat were oven-dried at 70℃ for at least 48 hours, and weighed to obtain the biomass and also used for the soluble sugar and starch content determination. The soluble sugar and starch contents were expressed as percentages (%) based on the fresh weight, which thirty replicates were used from each plot. For soil sampling, we took five soil samples (0\u0026ndash;10 cm deep) under each quadrat. The five soil samples from each container were thoroughly homogenized to form a composite sample. Then, a sub-sample of 10 mL was preserved at \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;80℃ until DNA extraction for soil microbial and physiochemical analysis (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSoil parameters in the four bamboo forests with different elevation\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSoil\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eparameters\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAlong contrasting elevational gradient\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eF1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eF2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eF3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eF 4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePH\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.61\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.06\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.96\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.07\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.44\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.08\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.51\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.07\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.369\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSM(%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26.06\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.35\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e29.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31.12\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.66\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32.60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.65\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.126\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTC(mg/L)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e124.64\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13.68\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e147.23\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;14.70\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e135.53\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;19.28\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e125.28\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.62\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.683\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTOC(mg/L)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e133.13\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.81\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e113.59\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e142.37\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13.71\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e125.18\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;18.51\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.596\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTN(mg/L)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.68\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27.52\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.81\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e29.84\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.54\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.83\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.478\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTP(mg/L)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.54\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.58\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.08\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.40\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.94\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.52\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.57\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.621\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIC(mg/L)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.04\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.85\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.85\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.06\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.35\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.57\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.86\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.943\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eEndogenous hormone determination\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEndogenous hormones were determined in the laboratory for gibberellic acid (GA), abscisic acid (ABA), indolepropionic (IPA), indoleacetic acid (IAA), and zeatin riboside (ZR) with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (Chen et al. 1998). The specific extraction procedures were as follows: (1) weighed 0.2 g of freeze-dried and ground sample, added 5 mL of extraction solution, shook well, and placed the mixture for 4 h at 4\u0026deg;C according to the instructions of the ELISA kit manufacturer; (2) centrifuged the mixed extraction solution at 3500 rpm/min for 8 min at 4 ◦C and collected the supernatant with a pipette; then added 1 mL of extraction solution to the remaining precipitate, shook and extracted at 4 ◦C again, and collected the supernatant again; (3) passed supernatant through a C-18 solid-phase extraction column, dried the sample obtained after passing through the column, and then diluted it to 5 mL with sample diluent from the ELISA kit, then added the standard substance and placed the mixture for 0.5 h at 37 ◦C; (4) after color development, measured the OD values of the standard substance and each sample at 490 nm with an ELISA spectrophotometer; (5) fitted the standard curve of hormones and calculated the hormone content in each sample using a logit curve based on the measured values.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eSoluble sugar and starch determination\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor soluble sugar, the plant samples were ground after drying, weighed 0.1\u0026ndash;0.15 g into test tubes, added 5 mL of 80% ethanol, and mixture thoroughly. The sample was then bathed in water at 80\u0026deg;C for 30 minutes. The sample was then poured into a centrifuge tube, which was spun at 2000 RPM for 10 minutes, and the supernatant was collected in a 50 mL colorimetric tube. This extraction step was repeated twice. After the supernatant was mixed, the colorimetric tube was placed in an 85\u0026deg;C water bath to evaporate the ethanol, resulting in approximately 2 mL. The solution was then filled with distilled water to a volume of 50 mL. A 1 mL aliquot of the extraction solution was transferred to a test tube, added 1 mL of distilled water, 0.5 mL of anthrone reagent, and 5 mL of concentrated sulfuric acid. The mixture was shaken well, and the solution was heated in a water bath for 1 minute, followed by cooling to room temperature. The absorbance at 630 nm was measured using a spectrophotometer (752 N Hengping). We obtained the starch after the precipitation after extraction of soluble sugar, and the above method was repeated for the determination of other samples.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eMicrobial sample collection and sequencing\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSoil DNA was extracted using a PowerSoil\u0026trade; DNA Isolation Kit (MoBio, Carlsbad, CA, USA) in accordance with the manufacturer\u0026rsquo;s instructions. Subsequently, the extracted DNA was sent to Novogene Co., Ltd., Beijing, China, for amplification, library preparation, and sequencing. Additionally, the fungal ITS region rDNA was amplified using primers ITS5-1737F (GGAAGTAAAAGTCGTAACAAGG) and ITS2-2043R (GCTGCGTTCTTCATCGATGC) (Wei et al. 2018). Sequencing was performed on an Illumina NovaSeq 6000 platform, generating 250 bp paired-end reads.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eBioinformatic analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eBarcode extraction, paired read assembly, and quality filtering of the raw data were conducted using QIIME software version 1.9.1 (Caporaso et al. 2010). Chimeric sequences were identified and removed using UCHIME (Edgar et al. 2011). Operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were identified at a 97% similarity threshold with UPARSE version 7.1b (Edgar 2013). The taxonomy of each fungal OTU was assigned using the Uclust method with SILVA release 132 (\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://www.arb-silva.de/documentation/release-132\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://www.arb-silva.de/documentation/release-132\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e) and the UNITE database (\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttp://qiime.org/scripts/assign_taxonomy.html\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"http://qiime.org/scripts/assign_taxonomy.html\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e), respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eStatistical Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eWe used one-way ANOVA to determine the differences in belowground shoot density, biomass, physiological characteristics (endogenous hormone, soluble sugar, and starch), and soil fungi in the various sample site (F1, F2, F3, F4) along the elevation gradient. We performed Principal Coordinates Analysis (PCoA) and Adonis to test whether species composition of soil microbial communities differed between different plots based on Weighted Unifrac distance. Correlation analysis was used to assess the relationships of shoot density, biomass, physiological characteristics (endogenous hormone, soluble sugar and starch) with the alpha diversity index, and relative abundances of phyla and genera of fungi. Residuals of all variables were checked for homoscedasticity and normality. All statistical analysis and Tukey\u0026rsquo;s test was performed using SPSS 20.0 (IBM, Inc., Armonk, NY, USA), calculated alpha diversity using the QIIME software (Version 1.9.1), and created all graphs using Origin 8.5.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eShoot biomass and density\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eShoot biomass and density significantly changed among four plots with different elevation (\u003cem\u003eP\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/em\u003e, Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). Thus, shoot density (20.16\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.12) initially peaked at F1 plot, but decreased markedly at F2 with a slightly increased at plot F3. However, there was no significant difference between the change in shoot density in both plots F3 and F4 (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). Contrary to the peak pattern of shoot density in plot F1, the shoot biomass (34.29\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.78) significantly peaked at plot F4 (\u003cem\u003eP\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/em\u003e, Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e) however, such an observation reversed at F3 before peaking again at F2 (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSummary of ANOVA analysis testing the effects of elevation on endogenous hormone, NSC content, shoot biomass and shoot density\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003edf\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBiomass\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3,96\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.407\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNumber\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3,14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.989\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.015\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSoluble sugar\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3,104\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.960\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.415\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStarch potato\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3,104\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.424\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRh iaa\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3,104\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.376\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRh zr\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3,104\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e80.721\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRh aba\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3,104\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.568\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRh ipa\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3,104\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.508\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRh ga\u003csub\u003e1\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3,104\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30.248\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRh ga\u003csub\u003e4\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;7\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3,104\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23.590\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSh iaa\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3,50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.277\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSh zr\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3,50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.552\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.002\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSh aba\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3,50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.503\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSh ipa\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3,50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.932\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSh ga\u003csub\u003e1\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3,50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.288\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.003\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSh ga\u003csub\u003e4\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;7\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3,50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.848\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.047\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eEndogenous hormones and non-structural carbon (NSC)\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eResults of rhizome and shoot content determination for six endogenous hormones (IAA, ZR, ABA, IPA, GA\u003csub\u003e1\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;3,\u003c/sub\u003e and GA\u003csub\u003e4\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;7\u003c/sub\u003e) indicated that the mass fraction of the six hormones differed significantly among four bamboo forests with contrasting elevation (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). Specifically, IAA, ZR, ABA and IPA contents in rhizomes significantly increased and then decreased at the higher elevational plot, and peaked at the F2 plot (\u003cem\u003eP\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/em\u003e, Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003ea-d; Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). For GA\u003csub\u003e1\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sub\u003e and GA\u003csub\u003e4\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;7\u003c/sub\u003e, the hormone contents in the rhizome decreased at the higher elevational plot (\u003cem\u003eP\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/em\u003e, Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003ee-f; Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). Similarly, the IAA, ZR, ABA, IPA and GA\u003csub\u003e1\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sub\u003e, hormones in the shoots significantly increased but decreased at the higher elevational plot (\u003cem\u003eP\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/em\u003e, Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003eg-i). While the IAA, ZR, and ABA hormones peaked at F2 plot, the contents of IPA and GA\u003csub\u003e1\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sub\u003e peaked at F3 plot. For GA\u003csub\u003e4\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;7\u003c/sub\u003e, hormones in shoot decreased at the higher elevational plot (\u003cem\u003eP\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/em\u003e, Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003eg-i). While soluble sugar content showed no significant difference among four plots (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003ea; Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e), starch content significantly changed among four plots with different elevation, which peaked at plot F4 (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003eb; Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAlpha diversity and relative abundance of soil fungi community\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eResults indicate that elevation had no significant effect on the alpha diversity (OTUs, Shannon, Simpson, Chao1, Dominance and Pielou indices) of soil fungal communities (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e; Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). Regarding soil fungal taxa, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, and Zoopagomycota were the three most abundant phyla (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003ea). Among the 10 most abundant fungal genera, the relative abundance of Onygenales and Penicillium increased significantly with increasing elevation (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003eb). Results of the Adonis test showed that species composition of soil fungal communities differed between the F1-F4 plots (\u003cem\u003eP\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/em\u003e, Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable S1\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe Correlation analysis of plant traits with soil fungal diversity\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"18\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c13\" colnum=\"13\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c14\" colnum=\"14\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c15\" colnum=\"15\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c16\" colnum=\"16\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c17\" colnum=\"17\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c18\" colnum=\"18\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRh iaa\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRh zr\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRh aba\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRh ipa\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRh ga\u003csub\u003e1\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRh ga\u003csub\u003e4\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;7\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSh iaa\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSh\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ezr\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSh aba\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSh\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eipa\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSh ga\u003csub\u003e1\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSh ga\u003csub\u003e4\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;7\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBiomass\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSoluble sugar\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStarch potato\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eShoot density\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"6\" rowspan=\"7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eChao1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.598\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.717\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.894\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.638\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.931\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.776\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.907\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.362\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.551\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.587\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.369\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.743\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.608\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.144\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.451\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.278\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDominance\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.504\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.992\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.597\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.469\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.277\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.642\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.099\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.555\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.124\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.454\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.485\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.716\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.397\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.645\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.892\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGoods_coverage\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.571\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.999\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.746\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.846\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.776\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.801\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.893\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.602\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.542\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.771\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.462\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.919\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.503\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.251\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.493\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.440\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOTUs\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.593\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.683\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.92\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.623\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.911\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.796\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.905\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.348\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.496\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.588\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.339\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.726\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.587\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.123\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.469\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.227\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePielou_e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.508\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.934\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.642\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.608\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.416\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.363\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.685\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.969\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.218\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.379\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.613\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.746\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.204\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.814\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.520\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eShannon\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.505\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.865\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.697\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.592\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.543\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.437\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.73\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.175\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.875\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.267\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.339\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.627\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.695\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.151\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.728\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.404\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSimpson\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.504\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.992\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.597\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.469\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.277\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.642\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.099\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.555\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.124\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.454\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.485\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.716\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.397\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.645\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.892\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"6\" rowspan=\"7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eChao1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.626\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.089\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.861\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.992\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.609\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.560\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.167\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.108\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.253\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.368\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.297\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.188\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.294\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.687\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.619\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.722\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDominance\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.654\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.696\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.923\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.071\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.138\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.362\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.002\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.024\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.983\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.250\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.381\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.213\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.292\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.528\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.328\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.463\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGoods_coverage\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.706\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.017\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.826\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.568\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.971\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.390\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.274\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.071\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.117\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.208\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.132\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.243\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.125\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.283\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.155\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.682\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOTUs\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.578\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.124\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.836\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.925\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.624\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.577\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.173\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.144\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.286\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.459\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.346\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.181\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.321\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.748\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.721\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.722\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePielou_e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.796\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.737\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.631\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.222\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.137\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.381\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.056\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.120\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.701\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.590\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.856\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.166\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.527\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.858\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.582\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.892\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eShannon\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.740\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.555\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.724\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.308\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.186\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.550\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.062\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.111\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.590\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.550\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.965\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.152\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.457\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.833\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.700\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.971\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSimpson\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.654\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.696\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.923\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.071\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.138\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.362\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.002\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.024\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.983\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.250\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.381\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.213\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.292\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.528\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.328\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.463\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"6\" rowspan=\"7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eChao1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.778\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.847\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.858\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.892\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.960\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.924\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.997\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.990\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.997\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.963\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.981\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.996\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.667\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.915\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.312\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.968\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDominance\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.357\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.578\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.565\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.719\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.575\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.706\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.521\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.512\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.613\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.492\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.616\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.538\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.698\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.932\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.482\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.582\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGoods_coverage\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.463\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.921\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.747\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.999\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.727\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.892\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.624\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.715\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.690\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.719\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.632\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.613\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.345\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.866\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.475\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.798\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOTUs\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.851\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.809\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.765\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.884\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.896\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.907\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.905\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.922\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.906\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.894\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.878\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.907\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.688\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.846\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.324\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.926\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePielou_e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.220\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.248\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.671\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.272\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.305\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.284\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.635\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.255\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.911\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.261\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.813\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.455\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.371\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.658\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.979\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.231\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eShannon\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.342\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.423\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.836\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.422\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.448\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.422\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.763\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.408\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.987\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.422\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.908\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.599\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.394\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.767\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.740\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.376\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSimpson\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.357\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.578\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.565\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.719\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.575\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.706\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.521\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.512\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.613\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.492\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.616\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.538\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.698\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.932\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.482\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.582\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"6\" rowspan=\"7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eChao1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.941\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.034\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.005\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.002\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.972\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.075\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.077\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.587\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.845\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.002\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.004\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.331\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.033\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.147\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.141\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDominance\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.767\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.048\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.071\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.965\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.337\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.410\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.511\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.393\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.088\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.003\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.336\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.377\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.760\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGoods_coverage\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.558\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.270\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.035\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.027\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.956\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.198\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.002\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.081\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.192\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.887\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.025\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.022\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.541\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.105\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.154\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.073\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOTUs\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.960\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.024\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.003\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.002\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.962\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.046\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.090\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.726\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.765\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.002\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.003\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.331\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.022\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.176\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.180\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePielou_e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.917\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.043\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.005\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.135\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.902\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.588\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.710\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.191\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.226\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.173\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.011\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.464\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.002\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.495\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.810\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eShannon\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.928\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.027\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.002\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.073\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.919\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.377\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.565\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.256\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.253\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.096\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.005\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.422\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.002\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.703\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.974\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSimpson\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.767\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.048\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.071\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.965\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.337\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.410\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.511\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.393\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.088\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.003\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.336\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.377\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.760\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEffect of elevation on the alpha diversity (OTUs, Shannon, Simpson, Chao1, Dominance and Pielou indices) of soil fungi community\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003edf\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eChao1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3,50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.120\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.109\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDominance\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3,50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.631\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.598\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGoods coverage\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3,50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.492\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.228\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOTUs\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3,50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.436\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.076\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePieloue\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3,50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.371\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.774\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eShannon\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3,50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.511\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.677\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSimpson\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3,50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.631\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.598\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAdonis test for differences in community composition of fungi between different plots based on Bray-Curtis distance\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003edf\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eF1 vs. F2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1(28)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.79544\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.14622(0.85378)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eF1 vs. F3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1(22)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.58658\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.1052(0.8948)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eF1 vs. F4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1(28)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.98365\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0963(0.9037)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eF2 vs. F3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1(22)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.3549\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.16524(0.83476)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eF2 vs. F4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1(28)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.94599\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.19876(0.80124)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eF3 vs. F4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1(22)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.7228\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.11013(0.88987)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eCorrelation among soil fungi, shoot density, shoot biomass, physiological characteristics\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eBoth shoot biomass and shoot density negatively correlated with all the phytohormones (IAA, ZR, ABA, IPA, GA\u003csub\u003e1\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;3,\u003c/sub\u003e and GA\u003csub\u003e4\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;7\u003c/sub\u003e) measured. While shoot density negatively correlated with ABA hormones in the rhizome and shoot, it positively correlated with GA hormones in rhizome and shoot (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e). Alpha diversity of soil fungi community positively correlated with shoot biomass and ABA contents in the rhizome, but negatively correlated with shoot density (\u003cem\u003eP\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/em\u003e, Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003ea). Compared with endogenous hormones of rhizomes, alpha diversity of soil fungi community had no significant correlations with endogenous hormone of shoot (Table S1). Regarding soil fungal taxa, Ascomycota negatively correlated with endogenous hormones, meanwhile Basidiomycota positively correlated with the endogenous hormones and shoot biomass. Also, we found positive correlation between the fungal taxa Zoopagomycota with endogenous hormone and soluble sugar. While Mucoromycota negatively correlated with endogenous hormone, it positively correlated with starch. Moreover, Aphelidiomycota, Blastocladiomycota, and Chytridiomycota showed significant negative correlation with shoot density, it positively correlated with endogenous hormone (\u003cem\u003eP\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/em\u003e, Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003eb).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eVariation in shoot density and biomass among four bamboo forests with different elevation\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eExpectedly, results indicated that shoot biomass increased at higher elevation, shoot density significantly decreased. These results suggest that shoot density and shoot biomass exhibited a trade-off relationship and environmental filtering effects, representing a coping mechanism or adaptation strategies of bamboo populations against elevation-induced environmental stressors. The results aligned with some previous studies on how elevation shapes plant community structure and adaptation strategies under contrasting gradients (Halbritter et al. 2018; Liu et al. 2020; Pfennigwerth et al. 2017).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIt is widely known that plants adjust their morphological, physiological, and functional characteristics along elevational gradients by, for example, shifting resources allocation, decreasing leave surface area, and developing extensive belowground structures (Liu et al. 2020). Such changes enable plants to survive common elevational-induced stressors such as nutrient limitation, low moisture content, and a decreased photosynthetic efficiency and carbon assimilation capacity (Sundqvist et al. 2013; Guo et al. 2018). In the present study, bamboo allocated more resources into shoot growth instead of shoot production to cope with the limited total nitrogen and carbon. Given the limited resource availability along increasing elevation and the high energy demand for developing the thick and woody stem (called culms), bamboo tend to allocate more energy to shoot growth rather than increasing shoot production (Liu et al. 2020; Yu et al. 2024a). Notably, bamboo often prefer decreasing their clonal (vegetative) growth and limit ramet density to increasing shoot growth, offering strong competitive advantage via extensive canopy formation that limits light availability for co-occurring understory communities (Liu et al. 2024). Results indicate that bamboo adopt functional trade-offs as a coping mechanisms and competitive strategies when growing under harsh environmental conditions (Akram et al. 2022; Liu et al. 2024). Thus, results consistently align with the pattern observed in the functional traits of 77 woody bamboo species in a recent study (Liu et al. 2024), revealing an evolutionary strategy in bamboo and related species (Edwards et al. 2010; Str\u0026ouml;mberg, 2011).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eVariation in endogenous hormones, NSC content, and soil fungal community\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eResults reveal significant variation in all measured endogenous hormones in the bamboo rhizomes and shoots, exhibiting a consistent pattern in previous studies (Fahad and Bano 2012; Rahman et al. 2020). Although ABA contents were higher followed by IAA in both rhizome and shoots, contents decreased at the higher elevational plot in rhizomes than in shoots. Increased accumulation of ABA and IAA play crucial role in bamboo responses to elevational-induced stress, including low temperature and dryness (Rahman et al. 2020; Sun et al. 2025; Zandalinas et al. 2022).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePlants, especially those in mountainous and arid environments, overcome elevational stress by producing endogenous hormones (e.g., ABA and IAA), serving as regulatory and coping mechanisms to ensure growth and survival (Hirayama and Shinozaki, 2007; Santner et al. 2009; Sun et al. 2025). For instance, ABA modulate stomatal closure to avoid excessive transpiration and optimizes root growth and architecture for soil water, which is adaptation in arid environment (Rahman et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2014). Additionally, IAA promotes nutrient acquisition in nutrient-poor soils and limits plant growth under stress to conserve limited growth resources, especially along elevational gradients (Zheng et al. 2016; Zhu et al. 2014). Indeed, exceptional accumulation of ABA and IAA in bamboo shoots and rhizomes indicate their disproportionate roles in bamboo growth, water conservation, and elevational stress adaptation. For example, increased production of IAA and ABA in woody bamboo, Cephalostachyum pingbianense was found to mediate clonal growth all-year round (Mao et al. 2024). As a clonal plant, bamboo underground rhizomes form a closed and interconnected network architecture, facilitating transport and parental sharing of nutrients, water, and signals within the clone (Bai et al. 2002; Fan et al. 2024).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAlthough results of soluble sugars showed no appreciable variations, starch content showed significant variation in shoots and rhizomes, suggesting that non-storage carbohydrates (NSC) are vital for growth, fitness, and structural defense in bamboo (Chen et al. 2025). For instance, NSC has been suggested to maintain tree survival at low temperatures at high altitudes (Clark et al. 2024). While starch content represents the inactive carbon component stored in plants, while sugar is the active form of carbon, directly playing pivotal roles in metabolic processes such as photosynthesis, biogeochemical cyclings, and plant-fungal relationship (Martinez-Vilalta et al. 2016; MacNeill et al. 2017). Also, under conditions of sugar limitation in plants, starch can be metabolized or converted into sugar or sugar to starch to support growth and energy demand under stressful conditions (Scofield et al. 2009; Cao et al. 2018).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSurprisingly, the soil fungal diversity showed no significant difference among the four bamboo forests with different elevation in the present study, which is in contrast with most previous findings that showed positive and negative effects (Li et al. 2018; Rasmussen et al. 2022; Shigyo et al. 2019), although neutral effects have also been documented (Barbi et al. 2025). As such, the majority of previous studies have proposed soil physical properties, especially temperature and soil pH (Dumbrell et al. 2010; Shigyo and Hirao 2021; Tedersoo et al. 2014; Zhao et al. 2020) as the driving mechanism for these differential responses of mycorrhizal diversity to elevational gradients. However, the present results failed to support this explanation because both soil moisture and soil pH differed significantly along elevational gradient, but did not influence mycorrhizal diversity. It is worth noting that previous studies suggest plant species identity or vegetation type underlie the variation in mycorrhizal diversity along elevation (Rasmussen et al. 2022; Saitta et al. 2018; Zhang et al. 2025). Similarly, a recent study found that soil fungal communities varied with bamboo varieties (Guo et al. 2023), while moso bamboo invasion greatly decreased root-associated soil bacterial and fungal communities (Li et al. 2022). Thus, a lack of variation in mycorrhizal fungal diversity along elevation in bamboo forests may be attributed to the bamboo species identity and its capacity to modulate the soil community composition through strong allelopathic effects from its root exudates and litter leachates (Guo et al. 2023; Wang et al. 2024), potentially restructuring the soil fungal characteristics. One caveat is that this assumption requires experimental verification as we did not analyze allelochemicals in the present study.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec18\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eRelationship between plant traits, physiology, and soil fungal community\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003ePlant functional traits are key determinant of soil functioning via influencing the soil microbial community (Adomako et al. 2022; Delgado-Baquerizo et al. 2018; Liu et al. 2020), especially the soil fungal communities due to their direct interaction with plant roots (Faucon et al. 2017). As such, plants responses to environmental cues are jointly shaped by both plant functional traits and associated microbial communities (Ma et al. 2024). However, it remains unclear how bamboo functional traits relate with soil fungi communities along elevational gradients in bamboo forest. Our results showed a strong correlation between phytohormones (e.g., GA, ABA, and IAA) and bamboo shoots in bamboo forest, consistently aligning with previous studies on plant hormonal regulatory traits (Bhandawat et al. 2017; Yu et al. 2024b; Zheng et al. 2016).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrevious studies found that shoot burst in subtropical bamboo was regulated by the IAA and GA signaling pathways (Bhandawat et al. 2017), while shoot sprouting in Indocalamus decorus highly correlated with ZR and IAA or ABA (Gao et al. 2018). Apart from regulating stomatal closure and plant adaptation to arid environment, ABA play vital roles during bud dormancy induction and release (Zheng et al. 2016), meanwhile IAA hormones involvement in the activity of rhizome buds in Phyllostachys praecox have been documented (Huang et al. 2002). Overall, these findings provide empirical evidence of the role of endogenous hormones in the development of bamboo buds and shoots, especially under elevational induced harsh conditions.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOur study demonstrated that AMF significantly correlated with six of the examined hormones in both the rhizome and shoot, except for GA\u003csub\u003e4\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;7\u003c/sub\u003e. While alpha diversity of soil fungal communities positively correlated shoot biomass, ABA, and GA\u003csub\u003e4\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;7\u003c/sub\u003e content in rhizome, it negatively related with shoot density. Thus, these results are consistent with previous studies on the relatedness of alpha diversity and plant functional traits along elevational gradients (Chun and Lee 2017; Merino-Mart\u0026iacute;n et al. 2023; Yakimov et al. 2020). For instance, Merino-Martin et al. (2022) found that the fungal α-diversity was closely related to plant identity and belowground plant traits. Thus, the observation in previous studies and our findings are reasonable considering the close association of AMF and plant hormonal regulation of rhizome or root traits. Furthermore, previous studies showed that AMF symbiosis altered plant phytohormonal levels, with ABA content significantly increasing in roots after mycorrhizal formation (Ma et al. 2022; Wang et al. 2024). Also, inoculated with AMF significantly decreased the concentration of IAA than IAA concentrations of uninoculated plants in controlled treatments (Meixner et al. 2005), suggesting that plant endogenous hormones and the soil fungal communities may jointly shape bamboo responses to elevational-induced stressors in bamboo ecosystems.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRegarding fungal taxa, Ascomycota was the most common and abundant phyla in bamboo soils, possessing more than 50% relative abundance in each sampling plots. Notably Ascomycota phylum contains a wide diversity of fungal taxa, ranging from pathogens to mutualists, collectively and ecological functioning as a unit (Fuke et al. 2021; Zhao et al. 2024). This suggests that Ascomycota may negatively impacts phytohormones, possibly explaining the inhibitory effects on endogenous hormone production, which may be partly caused by the emergence and pathogen accumulation in bamboo forest (Nett et al. 2022; Shao et al. 2024). The second most common phylum of soil fungi observed in the bamboo forest was Basidiomycota. The phyla Basidiomycota has the capacity to increase endogenous hormone levels by breaking down organic matter and root secretions (Lakshmipathi et al. 2019), aligning with our study findings that its abundance promotes endogenous hormone production. Together, Ascomycota and Basidiomycota are saprotrops that uses organic matter, carbon sources, and plant root residue as primary energy sources (Clemmensen et al. 2013), buffering the resilience of bamboo forest against elevational induced pressures in montane regions.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eResults of this study indicated that bamboo adopts functional trade-offs and environmental filtering effects as coping mechanisms when growing under harsh environmental conditions by decreasing shoot density but rather increase shoot biomass, especially along elevational gradients. Significant accumulation and changes in endogenous hormones, e.g., ABA and IAA, and non-structural carbon (NSC) with increasing elevation provide empirical evidence of their disproportionate roles in bamboo growth, water conservation, and elevational stress adaptation. Soil fungal diversity showed no significant variation along elevation gradients, had greater abundance of the phyla Ascomycota and Basidiomycota (i.e., saprotrops), and exhibited significant positive relationships with phytohormones and bamboo traits, overall suggesting that plant endogenous hormones and specific fungal communities but not their diversity may jointly shape bamboo responses to elevational-induced stressors in bamboo ecosystems.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe thank Mengting Zhang, Jiaxuan Zhu and Qiyue Jia for field assistance and processing soil samples. The study was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (42477507, 31770447).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAdomako MO, Wu J, Yu FH (2025) Ecological and evolutionary responses of earthworm holobionts to environmental changes. ISME J 19: wraf044. https://doi.org/10.1093/ismejo/wraf044\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAdomako MO, Xue W, Du DL, Yu FH (2022) Soil microbe-mediated N:P stoichiometric effects on *Solidago canadensis* performance depend on nutrient levels. Microb Ecol 83: 960-970. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-021-01814-8\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAkram MA, Zhang Y, Wang X, Shrestha N, Malik K, Khan I, Deng J (2022) Phylogenetic independence in the variations in leaf functional traits among different plant life forms in an arid environment. 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New Phytol 241: 2340-2352. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.19566\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":true,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"plant-and-soil","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"plso","sideBox":"Learn more about [Plant and Soil](https://www.springer.com/journal/11104)","snPcode":"11104","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/11104/3","title":"Plant and Soil","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, Bamboo ecosystems, Endogenous hormones, Plant − fungal interactions, Pleioblastus amarus","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7334125/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7334125/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBackground and aims\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eArbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) play crucial roles in shaping plant functional traits and adaptation strategies. However, the AMF diversity and plant functional trait relationships in bamboo forest remain unexplored. Given their unique clonal growth pattern, bamboo forest offers an intriguing ecosystem to study mycorrhizal-plant interactions across changing elevations.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethods\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe conducted a field study in bamboo forest dominated by the species \u003cem\u003ePleioblastus amarus\u003c/em\u003e. We measured the soil fungal community, endogenous hormones, non-structural carbon (NSC) content, shoot density, and shoot biomass, as well as soil physicochemical properties in four bamboo forests with different elevation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAlthough the alpha diversity of did not differ among the four bamboo forests, soil fungal diversity significantly correlated with phytohormones in the rhizome, taxonomically displaying varying correlations with plant traits. While shoot density and shoot biomass showed opposing trends or functional trade-off, endogenous hormones and NSC content showed significant changes among the four bamboo forests. Also, soil pH, SM, and total phosphorus significantly differed among the four bamboo forests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe taxon-specific fungal correlation with plant traits suggests that specialized fungal symbionts promote plant hormonal adjustments and evolutionary adaptation strategies in a changing environment.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Phytohormone-fungal coordination mediates functional trait adaptation in Pleioblastus amarus under elevational stress","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-08-20 14:10:19","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7334125/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Major revisions","date":"2025-09-28T14:17:46+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"","date":"2025-09-04T06:29:10+00:00","index":0,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-08-12T16:02:02+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"Plant and Soil","date":"2025-08-11T05:54:58+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-08-11T04:58:14+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Plant and Soil","date":"2025-08-09T09:19:52+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"plant-and-soil","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"plso","sideBox":"Learn more about [Plant and Soil](https://www.springer.com/journal/11104)","snPcode":"11104","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/11104/3","title":"Plant and Soil","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"d794519b-4f80-4cde-bc0b-22d36705bc1d","owner":[],"postedDate":"August 20th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-01-12T16:07:56+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-7334125","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-025-08229-1","journal":{"identity":"plant-and-soil","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Plant and Soil"},"publishedOn":"2026-01-07 15:58:07","publishedOnDateReadable":"January 7th, 2026"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-08-20 14:10:19","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s11104-025-08229-1","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-025-08229-1","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7334125","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7334125","identity":"rs-7334125","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}