A facile strategy to reinforce styrene-butadiene rubber with modulus domain

A facile strategy to reinforce styrene-butadiene rubber with modulus domain | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article A facile strategy to reinforce styrene-butadiene rubber with modulus domain Lijun Ran, Xiaoping Wang This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4334279/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 10 Dec, 2024 Read the published version in Polymer Bulletin → Version 1 posted 7 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The incorporation of fillers into the elastomer matrix is universally acknowledged as an effective strategy for fabricating superior-performance rubber materials, which depends on filler dispersion and interfacial interaction. In this work, styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) with high modulus domains were prepared via the in situ reaction of epoxy resin (E51) and 4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane (DDM) and a satisfactory mechanical properties reinforcement effect. The crosslinked network was confirmed by high-temperature infrared spectroscopy, vulcanization properties and activation energy. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) demonstrated that the dispersed phase formed by the in situ reaction of E51 with DDM was uniformly dispersed in the matrix. Furthermore, with the loading of E51 from 5 phr to 15 phr, Atomic force microscopy (AFM) further confirmed that the size of the dispersed phase increased from 400 nm ~ 1 µm to 750 nm ~ 2 µm, and that the dispersed phase formed a high-modulus “domain” with low adhesion in the matrix, and the modulus increased from 90.1 MPa to 279.3 MPa, whereas the modulus of the SBR matrix was maintained at 11 ~ 15 MPa, and there was an interfacial layer with a thickness of 304 nm ~ 470 nm between the domain and the SBR matrix. At E51 loading of 15 phr, the 300% modulus, strength and fracture toughness of the specimen was significantly increased to 3.58 MPa, 6.34 MPa and 17.41 MJ/m 3 , respectively, which were 2.50, 3.30 and 3.03 times higher than those of SBR. The approach suggested in this research introduces an innovative method for reinforcing unfilled rubbers. Styrene-butadiene rubber Modulus domain Epoxy resin in situ reaction Mechanical enhancement Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 10 Dec, 2024 Read the published version in Polymer Bulletin → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 02 Aug, 2024 Reviews received at journal 02 Aug, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 31 Jul, 2024 Reviewers invited by journal 30 Jul, 2024 Editor assigned by journal 29 Apr, 2024 Submission checks completed at journal 28 Apr, 2024 First submitted to journal 27 Apr, 2024 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4334279","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":296602441,"identity":"101ff213-da3a-4cb8-ba31-7ca7939c3ad8","order_by":0,"name":"Lijun Ran","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"South China University of Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Lijun","middleName":"","lastName":"Ran","suffix":""},{"id":296602442,"identity":"ff6d90c7-e0cf-41a4-a9d8-f731af8b6223","order_by":1,"name":"Xiaoping Wang","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAz0lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYPACGyjNRryWNCBmJk3LYRK0GBw/e/g1747z9vwz8g8wfCg7zMA/u4GAljN5aZYzz9xOnHEjmYFxxrnDDBJ3DuDXYnYgx8zgY9vtBAOJZAZm3rbDDAYSCQS0nH9jZpDYds4erOUvUVpu5Bg/+Nh2gHEDSAsjMVrsb7wxY5x5JjlxxpnHBgd7zqXzSNwgoEWyP8f4M+8OO3v+9sSHD36UWcvxzyCgBQjYJBgbIKwDQMxDUD0QMH+AaRkFo2AUjIJRgBUAAFmoQ9Iooyl/AAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"South China University of Technology","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Xiaoping","middleName":"","lastName":"Wang","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-04-27 13:38:15","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4334279/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4334279/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-024-05610-5","type":"published","date":"2024-12-10T15:58:02+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":71552532,"identity":"4a33cf2f-f858-4a6a-a4e0-72b2f4e83e3c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-12-16 16:07:11","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1186054,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"CompleteManuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4334279/v1_covered_014e113a-9af7-4a0f-9d7a-f78342112b3c.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"A facile strategy to reinforce styrene-butadiene rubber with modulus domain","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"polymer-bulletin","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"pobu","sideBox":"Learn more about [Polymer Bulletin](http://link.springer.com/journal/289)","snPcode":"289","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/289/3","title":"Polymer Bulletin","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Styrene-butadiene rubber, Modulus domain, Epoxy resin, in situ reaction, Mechanical enhancement","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4334279/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4334279/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe incorporation of fillers into the elastomer matrix is universally acknowledged as an effective strategy for fabricating superior-performance rubber materials, which depends on filler dispersion and interfacial interaction. In this work, styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) with high modulus domains were prepared via the \u003cem\u003ein situ\u003c/em\u003e reaction of epoxy resin (E51) and 4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane (DDM) and a satisfactory mechanical properties reinforcement effect. The crosslinked network was confirmed by high-temperature infrared spectroscopy, vulcanization properties and activation energy. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) demonstrated that the dispersed phase formed by the \u003cem\u003ein situ\u003c/em\u003e reaction of E51 with DDM was uniformly dispersed in the matrix. Furthermore, with the loading of E51 from 5 phr to 15 phr, Atomic force microscopy (AFM) further confirmed that the size of the dispersed phase increased from 400 nm\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;1 \u0026micro;m to 750 nm\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;2 \u0026micro;m, and that the dispersed phase formed a high-modulus \u0026ldquo;domain\u0026rdquo; with low adhesion in the matrix, and the modulus increased from 90.1 MPa to 279.3 MPa, whereas the modulus of the SBR matrix was maintained at 11\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;15 MPa, and there was an interfacial layer with a thickness of 304 nm\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;470 nm between the domain and the SBR matrix. At E51 loading of 15 phr, the 300% modulus, strength and fracture toughness of the specimen was significantly increased to 3.58 MPa, 6.34 MPa and 17.41 MJ/m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e, respectively, which were 2.50, 3.30 and 3.03 times higher than those of SBR. 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