Effects of Maturation Stage on Physical Fitness in Youth Male Team Sports Players After Plyometric Training: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Effects of Maturation Stage on Physical Fitness in Youth Male Team Sports Players After Plyometric Training: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Effects of Maturation Stage on Physical Fitness in Youth Male Team Sports Players After Plyometric Training: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis gesheng lin, jiayong chen, ruixiang yan, beiwang deng, jian sun, and 2 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4876519/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 21 Aug, 2025 Read the published version in Sports Medicine-Open → Version 1 posted 5 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background： A comprehensive summary of the effects of plyometric training （PT） on multiple physical fitness indicators in youth athletes at different maturation stages, as well as on a broader range of sports, has not yet been conducted.This study aims to comprehensively summarize the effects of plyometric training on multiple physical fitness indicators of young male team athletes at different stages of maturity. Methods： This systematic review and meta-analysis followed PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Three databases (PubMed, Web of Science, SCOPUS) were searched. Study eligibility was rated using the PICOS method, and methodological quality was assessed with the PEDro scale. A random-effects model calculated the meta-analysis, reporting Hedge's g effect sizes (ES) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Statistical significance was set at p ≤ 0.05. Egger’s test assessed bias, with the trim and fill method applied if necessary. Subgroup analyses and meta-regression calculations of training variables were performed. Result ：A total of 31 studies were included, involving 717 soccer players, 146 basketball players, 54 handball players, and 110 volleyball players. Compared to the control group, PT improved the following metrics across all age groups combined: Countermovement jump (CMJ) height (ES = 0.761), Standing long jump (SLJ) distance (ES = 0.572), ≤10-m linear sprint time (ES = -0.709), >10-m linear sprint time (ES = -0.488), and change-of-direction (COD) time (ES = -0.896).In the 10 to 12.99 years age group (PRE), PT improved CMJ height (ES = 0.73), SLJ distance (ES = 0.441), ≤10-m linear sprint time (ES = -0.431), >10-m linear sprint time (ES = -0.307), and COD time (ES = -0.783). In the 13 to 15.99 years age group (MID), PT improved CMJ height (ES = 0.523), >10-m linear sprint time (ES = -0.37), and COD time (ES = -0.635). In the 16 to 18 years age group (POST), PT improved CMJ height (ES = 1.053), SLJ distance (ES = 1.329), ≤10-m linear sprint time (ES = -1.81), >10-m linear sprint time (ES = -1.18), and COD time (ES = -1.665).There were no significant differences in adaptations for maximal strength in all groups, SLJ distance and ≤10 m linear sprint time in the MID group (all p > 0.05).Meta-regression showed that training variables could not predict the impact of PT on physical fitness. Subgroup analysis showed that when the total number of training sessions was ≥16 (ES = 1.061), there was a significantly greater improvement in CMJ height compared to fewer than 16 training sessions (ES = 0.36) (p = 0.002). Conclusion： Compared to the control group, PT can improve CMJ height, SLJ distance, ≤10-m linear sprint time, >10-m linear sprint time, and COD time in youth male team sports players across all age groups. However, PT does not improve maximal strength. The trend of improvement appears to be best during the late adolescence stage. In contrast, during mid-adolescence, SLJ distance and ≤10-m linear sprint time did not improve, and the improvements in CMJ height and COD time seem to be the least pronounced during this stage. Plyometric exercise Team sports Youth sports Physical fitness maturation Figures Figure 1 1. Background Team sports such as soccer, basketball, handball, and volleyball require athletes to frequently perform high-intensity actions such as jumping, sprinting, and change of direction (COD) during games. These actions demand highly developed physical fitness in youth athletes 1–3 . Explosive power, agility, and strength are crucial for athletes to score during competitions 4,5 . In basketball games, jumping occurs approximately once per minute, and athletes need to perform numerous sprints and high-intensity lateral movements 6,7 . Linear sprints and vertical jumps have been shown to be the most common actions preceding goals in soccer 5 . Furthermore, high levels of jumping, sprinting, and COD abilities have been proven to effectively distinguish elite athletes from non-elite athletes 8,9 . Plyometric training (PT) is widely recognized for its effectiveness in enhancing various physical performance attributes 10 . It typically involves exercises that use the stretch-shortening cycle (SSC), where a rapid concentric action follows an eccentric action 11 . This process leverages the natural elastic components of muscles and tendons, as well as the stretch reflex, to increase the power of subsequent movements 12 . The SSC enhances the neuromuscular and tendon systems' ability to generate maximum force in the shortest time, making PT a bridge between strength and speed 13 . This training method is particularly beneficial for improving jumping ability 14 , sprint speed 14 , COD speed 15 , and maximal strength 16 , all of which are crucial for success in team sports. Additionally, research by Kons et al. 17 suggests that athletes in team sports might adapt better to PT due to the greater specificity of jumping tasks during training and competition. However, the impact of PT may vary depending on the maturation stage of youth athletes, as developmental stages influence their physiological adaptability to training 18 . For adolescents, maturation status may be a crucial factor influencing training response 19 . During the developmental process of adolescents, a series of biological changes occur, such as rapid increases in height, significant gains in lean body mass, and alterations in muscle-tendon structures 20,21 . These factors can affect the improvement of physical fitness following PT 22 . Additionally, when training strategies are combined with the natural developmental processes of physical fitness, it may provide more effective maturation-related training stimuli, thereby significantly enhancing training outcomes 23 . Therefore, considering the maturation status of adolescents is essential when designing their training programs. Existing literature has explored the adaptations of youth soccer players at different age stages following PT. Moran et al. 19 conducted a meta-analysis on the adaptation of youth male soccer players to PT in terms of countermovement jump (CMJ). The results showed that PT had a moderate effect on increasing CMJ height, with greater adaptive responses observed in the 10 to 12.99 years age group (ES = 0.91) and the 16 to 18 years age group (ES = 1.02). Despite undergoing more training, the 13 to 15.99 years age group (ES = 0.47) showed a lower adaptive response to PT. Another systematic review and meta-analysis by Asadi et al. 15 examined the effect of PT on the COD ability in youth male soccer players. The results indicated that PT significantly improved COD ability across all age groups (ES = 0.86), with higher adaptive effects observed in the 13 to 15.99 years age group (ES = 0.95) and the 16 to 18 years age group (ES = 0.99), whereas the 10 to 12.99 years age group showed lower adaptive effects (ES = 0.68). This suggests that PT's effectiveness in improving different physical fitness attributes varies with maturation stages. Although these studies have revealed the adaptations of youth soccer players at different maturation stages to PT, they mainly focus on single physical fitness indicators and a limited range of sports. However, a comprehensive understanding of PT's effects on multiple physical fitness indicators and a broader spectrum of sports in youth athletes is still lacking. Therefore, this study aims to provide a more extensive summary, exploring the overall impact of PT on various physical fitness indicators, such as sprint speed, jumping ability (including vertical and horizontal jumps), COD ability, and maximal strength. Additionally, this study encompasses a wider range of team sports (such as soccer, basketball, handball, and volleyball) to offer a more comprehensive perspective. 2. Methods This review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines for systematic reviews 24 . This study was registered with the International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols (No. 202470059). 2.1 Literature Search: Management and Update An electronic search was conducted in the databases PubMed (4956 results), Web of Science (3686 results), and Scopus (4930 results) without any time restrictions. The search strategy involved using Boolean operators AND and OR with the following keywords: “plyometric”, “ballistic”, “stretch-shortening cycle”, “jump training”, “Youth”, “Young”, “Teen”, “Puberty”, “Maturation”, “Agility”, “direction”, “balance”, “Stability”, “velocity”, “Sprint”, “Jump”, “Explosive”, “Muscle”, “Power”, and “strength”. The results of the systematic literature search from the three databases were combined and duplicates were removed. After the removal of duplicates, two researchers screened the search results based on the inclusion criteria. 2.2 Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria The studies were screened using the PICOS (Participants, Intervention, Comparison, Outcomes, and Study design) method 25 . Table 1 lists the inclusion/exclusion criteria. The additional inclusion criteria were as follows: ( 1 ) experimental trials published in peer-reviewed English-language journals, providing full-text access; ( 2 ) interventions exclusively using plyometric training (PT), excluding studies that combined PT with weight training to avoid the effects of combined training. Table 1 Eligibility criteria Category Inclusion criteria Exclusion criteria Population Group average age is between 10 and 18 years old, consisting of male adolescent team sport athletes, with no restrictions on their fitness level or competitive level Participants who are unable to participate in the plyometric training program due to health issues Intervention Plyometric training lasting ≥ 4 weeks Implement an intervention combining plyometric training and weight training Comparator The study must include an experimental group undergoing plyometric training and a comparable control group. The control group must not engage in any plyometric training A study without a control group Outcome At least 1 measure of physical fitness (e.g., countermovement jump) before and after the training intervention There are no indicators related to physical fitness (e.g., countermovement jump) before and after the training intervention Study design Controlled trials Non-controlled trials 2.3 Data Extraction Microsoft Excel (Microsoft Corp., Redmond, WA, USA) was used to extract the means and standard deviations of the dependent variables before and after the intervention from the included studies. The first author extracted the physical fitness indicators such as jumps (e.g., CMJ), linear sprints (e.g., 10 m, 20 m), COD ability (e.g., Illinois test), and strength (e.g., 1 repetition maximum half-squat) from the included studies as dependent variables. Additionally, subject health status, gender, sample size, sport, years of practice, and intervention descriptions (exercise type, intensity, duration, and frequency) were extracted. The second author checked the accuracy and completeness of the extracted data. Moreover, age groupings previously used by researchers 15,19 (10-12.99 years = pre-peak height velocity [PRE], 13-15.99 years = mid-peak height velocity [MID], 16–18 years = post-peak height velocity [POST]) were used to estimate the possible maturation status of participants in each study. 2.4 Quality Assessment The Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale was used to assess the methodological quality of the included studies 26 . The quality assessment was interpreted using the following 10-point scale: a score of ≤ 3 was considered to indicate poor quality, 4–5 indicated fair quality, and 6–10 indicated high quality. The PEDro scale consists of 11 items designed to evaluate methodological quality. Each satisfied item contributes 1 point to the overall PEDro score (range 0–10 points). Item 1 was not included in the quality rating of the studies as it pertains to external validity. 2.5 Summary Measures, Synthesis of Results, and Publication Bias The pre- and post-training means and standard deviations (SD) for each dependent variable were used to calculate the effect sizes (ES; Hedge's g) for each physical fitness indicator in both the PT and control groups. A random-effects model was employed to account for variability between studies that might affect the PT effects 27,28 . ES values were expressed with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). The calculated ES were interpreted using the following scale: trivial: 0.6–1.2; large: >1.2-2.0; very large: >2.0–4.0; and extremely large: >4.0 29 . Heterogeneity was assessed using the I² statistic, with values of 75% representing low, moderate, and high levels of heterogeneity, respectively 30 . The extended Egger test was used to explore the risk of bias 31 . In cases of bias, the trim and fill method was applied for adjustments 32 . All analyses were conducted using Stata/SE software v.15.1 (StataCorp, College Station, TX). Statistical significance was set at p ≤ 0.05. 2.6 Subgroup Analysis Subgroup analyses were performed using median split techniques to divide moderator variables (frequency, training duration, and total sessions). The median was calculated when at least three studies provided data for the moderator variable. Additionally, to minimize heterogeneity, the median was calculated for specific age groups and outcome indicators. 2.7 Meta-Regression Multivariable random-effects meta-regression was conducted to verify whether any training variables (frequency, training duration, and total sessions) could predict the effects of PT on physical fitness variables. Meta-regression calculations were performed only if there were at least 10 studies for each covariate 33 . 3. Results 3.1 Study Selection The search process identified 13,572 studies (4956 from PubMed, 4930 from Scopus, and 4226 from Web of Science), resulting in a total of 7,885 studies after removing duplicates. Ultimately, 31 studies were included in this meta-analysis 12,34–63 . Figure 1 illustrates the study selection process. Table 2 displays the characteristics of participants in the included studies. Table 2 Characteristics of participants examined in the included studies. Study n a Age b (years) Height b (cm) Weight b (kg) sport Frequency (days/week) Duration (weeks) PRE Asadi et al.(2018) 34 10/10 11.5/11.7 138.3/137.4 31/33.1 Soccer 2 6 Drouzas et al.(2020) 37 23/22 10/10.2 139.2/141.6 36.1/38.5 Soccer 2 10 Jlid et al.(2019) 46 14/14 11.8/11.6 143/142 36.5/34.2 Soccer 2 8 Kurt et al.(2023) 47 11/11/10 12.09 ± 0.89 155.01 ± 9.97 44.59 ± 8.04 Soccer 2 6 McKinlay et al.(2018) 48 13/14 12.6/12.5 157.8/152.1 47.2/41.3 Soccer 3 8 Michailidis et al.(2013) 49 24/21 10.7/10.6 147/145 42.5/41.7 Soccer 2 12 Negra et al.(2020) 51 13/11 12.7/12.7 158.6/152 43.7/39.9 Soccer 2 8 Negra et al.(2020) 50 11/11 12.7/12.8 156.4/153.2 45.9/42.5 Soccer 2 12 Padrón-Cabo et al.(2021) 52 10/10 12.6/12.39 161.2/158 48.9/46.75 Soccer 2 6 Ramirez-Campillo et al.(2020) 58 8/7 12.9/12.6 154/155.9 44.4/45.6 Soccer 2 8 Ramirez-Campillo et al.(2020) 58 8/7 12.1/12.6 159.3/155.9 45.6/45.6 Soccer 2 8 Sammoud et al.(2022) 60 11/11 12.7/12.8 156.4/153.2 45.9/42.6 Soccer 2 12 Vera-Assaoka et al.(2020) 62 16/16 11.2/11.5 143/141 36.8/35.8 Soccer 2 7 Zribi et al.(2014) 63 25/26 12.1/12.2 155.5/154.8 41.1/41.2 Basketball 2 9 MID Asadi et al.(2018) 34 10/10 14/14.2 154.5/150.1 43.5/41.2 Soccer 2 6 Buga et al.(2022) 35 12/12 13.08/13.58 165.75/166.75 58.19/57.71 Basketball 2 8 Buga et al.(2022) 35 12/12 13.17/13.58 163.83/166.75 55.36/57.71 Basketball 2 8 Fathi et al.(2019) 38 20/20 14.6/14.5 178.1/173.9 67.9/63.4 Volleyball 2 16 Fernandes Correia et al.(2020) 39 6/7 15.83/15.43 183/174 70.78/72.94 Basketball 2 6 Hammami et al.(2016) 41 15/13 15.7/15.8 176/176 59/58.2 Soccer 2 8 Hammami et al.(2019) 42 14/12 15.7/15.8 175/168 58.9/58.3 Soccer 2 8 Hernandez-Martinez et al.(2023) 45 14/13 14.5/15 168/162 57.1/59.8 Volleyball 2 8 Meylan et al.(2009) 12 14/11 13.3/13.1 159/163 48.6/47.4 Soccer 2 8 Paes et al.(2022) 53 6/7 15.83/15.43 183/174 70.78/72.94 Volleyball 2 6 Palma-Muñoz et al.(2021) 54 8/7 13.8/14 159.8/159 62.6/61.5 Basketball 2 6 Palma-Muñoz et al.(2021) 54 7/7 14.6/14 161.4/159 61.9/61.5 Basketball 2 6 Pramono et al.(2023) 55 15/15 13–15 157–170 57–67 Volleyball 2 8 Ramirez-Campillo et al.(2018) 56 25/24 13.9/13.7 153/155 46.7/49.1 Soccer 2 7 Ramirez-Campillo et al.(2018) 56 24/24 13.1/13.7 153/155 47.2/49.1 Soccer 2 7 Ramirez-Campillo et al.(2019) 57 19/20 13.2/13.5 154/155 48.6/49.1 Soccer 2 7 Santos et al.(2011) 61 14/10 15/14.5 172.9/173.2 62.6/61.1 Basketball 2 10 Vera-Assaoka et al.(2020) 62 22/22 14.4/14.5 163/162 54.7/55.8 Soccer 2 7 POST Asadi et al.(2018) 34 10/10 16.6/16.2 171.5/176.4 60.6/62.4 Soccer 2 6 Chelly et al.(2014) 36 12/11 17.1/17.2 181/177 80.1/78 Handball 2 6 Fonseca et al.(2022) 40 9/8 17.3/17.3 175.9/174.6 65.4/68.3 Soccer 2 6 Hammami et al.(2020) 43 12/12 16.2/16.4 178/178 59.8/58.9 Soccer 2 10 Hammami et al.(2020) 44 10/10 16.4/16.5 178/179 69.7/70.5 Handball 3 7 Hammami et al.(2020) 44 11/10 16.2/16.5 180/179 70.8/70.5 Handball 3 7 Ramirez-Campillo et al.(2020) 59 12/12 16.9/17.1 172.3/174.9 64.9/66.8 Soccer 2 7 Ramirez-Campillo et al.(2020) 59 14/12 17.1/17.1 172.6/174.9 65.4/66.8 Soccer 2 7 a The sample size of the experimental group/control group (when a study includes two usable experimental groups, the sample size is represented as experimental group/experimental group/control group). b The mean values of the experimental group/control group (mean ± SD representing the combined data of the experimental and control groups). 3.2 Methodological Quality Assessment Using the PEDro checklist, 7 studies were considered to be of moderate quality (4–5 points), and the remaining 24 studies were considered to be of high quality (6–10 points) .(Supplementary Table 1). 3.3. Results of the Meta-Analysis The overall effects of PT on physical fitness are shown in Table 3 . The forest plots are provided in Supplementary Figures S1 -S6. 3.3.1 Jump Performance Meta-analysis results showed that PT had a significant effect on improving the CMJ height of youth overall (combined across all age groups) [ES = 0.761, 95% CI: (0.507, 1.016), P < 0.01]. Significant improvements in CMJ height were observed across different age stages: PRE [ES = 0.73, 95% CI: (0.18, 1.28), P < 0.01]; MID [ES = 0.523, 95% CI: (0.285, 0.761), P < 0.01]; POST [ES = 1.215, 95% CI: (0.636, 1.793), P < 0.01].(Supplementary Fig. S1 ). PT had a significant effect on improving the SLJ distance of youth overall [ES = 0.572, 95% CI: (0.318, 0.826), P < 0.01]. Significant improvements in SLJ distance were observed in PRE and POST: PRE [ES = 0.441, 95% CI: (0.162, 0.721), P < 0.01]; POST [ES = 1.329, 95% CI: (0.519, 2.139), P 0.05].(Supplementary Fig. S2 ). 3.3.2 Linear Sprint Performance Meta-analysis results showed that PT had a significant effect on improving the ≤ 10 m sprint performance of youth overall [ES = -0.709, 95% CI: (-0.998, -0.421), P < 0.01]. Significant improvements in ≤ 10 m sprint performance were observed in both PRE [ES = -0.431, 95% CI: (-0.678, -0.184), P < 0.01] and POST [ES = -1.81, 95% CI: (-2.527, -1.093), P 0.05].(Supplementary Fig. S3 ). PT also had a significant effect on improving the > 10 m sprint performance of youth overall [ES = -0.488, 95% CI: (-0.657, -0.319), P 10 m sprint performance were observed across different age stages: PRE [ES = -0.307, 95% CI: (-0.514, -0.1), P < 0.01]; MID [ES = -0.37, 95% CI: (-0.576, -0.163), P < 0.01]; POST [ES = -1.18, 95% CI: (-1.777, -0.584), P < 0.01].(Supplementary Fig. S4). 3.3.3 Change of Direction Meta-analysis results showed that PT had a significant effect on improving the COD of youth overall [ES = -0.896, 95% CI: (-1.16, -0.631), P < 0.01]. Significant improvements in COD were observed across different age stages: PRE [ES = -0.783, 95% CI: (-1.202, -0.364), P < 0.01]; MID [ES = -0.635, 95% CI: (-0.912, -0.358), P < 0.01]; POST [ES = -1.665, 95% CI: (-2.339, -0.99), P < 0.01].(Supplementary Fig. S5). 3.3.4 Maximal Strength Meta-analysis results showed that PT had no significant effect on improving the maximal strength of youth overall [ES = 0.2, 95% CI: (-0.034, 0.435), P > 0.05]. No significant improvements in maximal strength were observed for youth in PRE [ES = 0.052, 95% CI: (-0.399, 0.502), P > 0.05] and MID [ES = 0.255, 95% CI: (-0.019, 0.53), P > 0.05].(Supplementary Fig. S6). Table 3 Synthesis of results across included studies regarding the effects of plyometric training on physical fitness in male adolescent team sport athletes. n a ES (95%CI) %Weight p I² Egger’s test (p) Countermovement jump height PRE 10 0.73(0.18 to 1.28) 35.39% 0.009 79.6% 0.882 MID 12 0.523(0.285 to 0.761) 43.06% <0.001 18.4% 0.206 POST 7(8) 1.053(0.459 to 1.648) b 21.54% 0.001 61.4% 0.009 all 29 0.761(0.507 to 1.016) 100% <0.001 65.6% 0.054 Standing long jump distance PRE 8 0.441(0.162 to 0.721) 60.18% 0.002 0% 0.434 MID 3 0.291(-0.19 to 0.772) 21.59% 0.236 0% 0.032 c POST 3 1.329(0.519 to 2.139) 18.23% 0.001 55.9% 0.47 all 14 0.572(0.318 to 0.826) 100% <0.001 22.7% 0.112 ≤ 10-m linear sprint time PRE 9 -0.431(-0.678 to -0.184) 40.22% 0.001 0% 0.457 MID 9 -0.433(-0.869 to -0.002) 38.89% 0.051 62.8% 0.408 POST 6 -1.81(-2.527 to -1.093) 20.89% <0.001 63.9% 0.002 c all 24 -0.709(-0.998 to -0.421) 100% 10-m linear sprint time PRE 14 -0.307(-0.514 to -0.1) 41.52% 0.004 0% 0.972 MID 12 -0.37(-0.576 to -0.163) 39.35% <0.001 0% 0.324 POST 8 -1.18(-1.777 to -0.584) 19.13% <0.001 69.6% <0.001 c all 34 -0.488(-0.657 to -0.319) 100% <0.001 35.5% 0.004 c change-of-direction time PRE 9 -0.783(-1.202 to -0.364) 39.71% <0.001 57.7% 0.12 MID 9 -0.635(-0.912 to -0.358) 41.72% <0.001 19.4% 0.311 POST 5 -1.665(-2.339 to -0.99) 18.57% <0.001 56.4% 0.012 c all 23 -0.896(-1.16 to -0.631) 100% <0.001 58% 0.001 c Maximal strength PRE 3 0.052(-0.399 to 0.502) 27.08% 0.822 0% 0.648 MID 5 0.255(-0.019 to 0.53) 72.92% 0.068 0% 0.34 POST 0 all 8 0.2(-0.034 to 0.435) 100% 0.094 0% 0.034 c a The data are represented as the number of studies providing data (with the number of studies after the trim and fill method shown in parentheses). b Values adjusted using the trim and fill method. c Values adjusted using the trim and fill method remained the same (identical to observed values). 3.4 Results of Subgroup Analysis When the total number of training sessions was ≥16 (ES = 1.061), there was a significantly greater improvement in CMJ height compared to fewer than 16 training sessions (ES = 0.36) (p = 0.002).(Supplementary Table 2). 3.5 Results of the Meta-Regression Meta-regression calculations were performed only for outcome indicators with at least 10 studies per covariate. After excluding outcome indicators with collinearity issues, meta-regression analysis was conducted for CMJ height (combined across all age groups): training duration (p = 0.016), training frequency (p = 0.014), and total sessions (p = 0.017),R²=0.19.(Supplementary Table 3). 4. Discussion 4.1 Jump Performance Meta-analysis results showed that PT had a significant effect on improving CMJ height and SLJ distance in youth overall (combined across all age groups). Significant improvements in CMJ height were observed for PRE, MID, and POST, with POST and MID showing the greatest and least improvements, respectively. Significant improvements in SLJ distance were observed for PRE and POST, with POST showing the greatest improvement trend. No significant improvements were observed for MID in SLJ distance. The effectiveness of PT in enhancing CMJ performance in youth athletes is consistent with previous meta-analyses 19 . The improvements in jump performance after PT may be attributed to various adaptive mechanisms, such as enhanced neural drive to the active muscles, improved SSC utilization, better intermuscular coordination, and changes in muscle structure 10 . Specifically, during different maturation stages, youth in the PRE stage have greater tendon compliance 64,65 . More compliant muscle-tendon units can store and release more elastic energy, enhancing SSC performance 10 . Additionally, PT not only induces favorable neuromuscular adaptations 10 but also promotes adaptations in bone 66 and muscle-tendon units 67,68 . The combined effect of these training adaptations and natural development contributes to improved jump performance. However, the improvements in jump performance during the MID stage are not as ideal as in other stages. This may be due to this period being the fastest growth phase for males 69 , with different growth spurts in trunk and leg lengths 70 . The legs reach peak growth velocity before peak height velocity, while the trunk reaches peak growth velocity afterward 20 , leading to a higher center of gravity 71 . Additionally, rapid weight gain 71 and the inability of neural pathways to quickly adapt to substantial changes in body size 72 complicate the control of the trunk during PT in youth 73 , thereby affecting training benefits. In the POST stage, PT shows the most noticeable improvement in jump performance among the three age groups. By this time, the "adolescent awkwardness" phenomenon diminishes, muscle mass and circulating hormone concentrations increase 74 , and the central nervous system matures, enhancing motor unit recruitment and neuromuscular coordination 75 . Furthermore, with age, muscle activation strategies shift from reactive, protective inhibition to preparatory, performance-enhancing excitation 76 . These factors contribute to maximizing PT benefits in the POST stage. Further subgroup analysis revealed that when the total sessions of PT were ≥16, the improvement in CMJ height across all age groups was significantly greater than with fewer than 16 total sessions (ES = 1.061 vs. ES = 0.36, p < 0.01). This may be because higher training volumes provide athletes with sufficient time and opportunity to adapt and strengthen muscle and neural responses 77 . Continuous training allows athletes to better master and apply PT techniques, resulting in significant improvements in CMJ performance. In practical application, trainers should adjust the intensity and type of PT based on the maturation stage of youth athletes to maximize training effects. Particularly during the MID stage, focusing on coordination training can help athletes navigate this "awkward period" and lay the foundation for improved power performance in later stages. Additionally, appropriately increasing the total sessions of PT can strengthen the muscle and nervous system and enhance adaptation to PT. 4.2 Sprint Performance Meta-analysis results showed that PT had a significant effect on improving both ≤10 m and >10 m sprints in youth overall (combined across all age groups). Significant improvements were observed in ≤10 m sprints for PRE and POST, with POST showing a greater improvement trend, while there was no significant improvement for MID. Significant improvements were observed in >10 m sprints for PRE, MID, and POST, with POST showing the greatest improvement trend and PRE the smallest. Sprint performance is the product of stride rate and stride length 34 , and PT can improve both stride frequency and stride length 78,79 . The enhanced sprint performance following PT is likely due to increased neuromuscular activation of the muscles, including increased discharge frequency of active motor units and changes in their recruitment patterns 80 . Younger adolescents exhibit more inhibitory mechanisms and lower neuromuscular efficiency compared to older adolescents 81 . They activate higher levels of antagonistic muscles immediately after ground contact 82 and have lower stretch reflex responses than adults 65,83 , a phenomenon more pronounced in the PRE stage. Additionally, the premotor cortex cannot accurately maintain postural control and adapt to rapid corrections during SSC movements by controlling the appropriate motor units 84 . As leg and vertical stiffness increase with maturation, eccentric and concentric contact times may decrease 85 . Reduced ground contact time requires a higher rate of force development and more efficient reuse of elastic energy to maintain the center of mass displacement 84 . Although the ability to utilize and generate power develops throughout an athlete’s maturation, the power generation in MID adolescents is still not high enough 84 . These complex interactions likely result in less ideal sprint performance improvements in the MID stage compared to the POST stage. For ≤10 m sprints, the abilities related to horizontal force and postural control are particularly important during the acceleration phase 86 , and the poorer trunk control in MID adolescents 72 may explain the lack of significant improvements in ≤10 m sprint performance after PT. Maturation plays a crucial role in energy storage and utilization and in the development of SSC at maximum sprint speed 85 . With age, increases in testosterone, growth hormone, and IGF-1 contribute to the accumulation of lean mass and the relative reduction of body fat. By age 18, most males have attained 90% of their final total skeletal mass 87 . This increase in strength is associated with faster sprint performance in adolescents 88 . Additionally, sprint performance naturally develops due to increased muscle size, limb length, changes in tendon tissue, enhanced neural and motor development, and better movement quality and coordination 89 . 4.3 Change of Direction Meta-analysis results showed that PT had a significant effect on improving COD in youth overall (combined across all age groups). Significant improvements in COD were observed for PRE, MID, and POST, with POST showing the greatest improvement trend and MID the least. Unlike previous meta-analyses 15 , PT showed a lower improvement trend for COD in MID compared to other stages. The potential mechanisms underlying COD improvements after PT are likely related to neuromuscular adaptations, such as enhanced motor unit recruitment and discharge frequency 22,90 . Specifically, improvements in COD require rapid force development, eccentric strength of the thigh muscles, and quick transitions of the leg extensors from eccentric to concentric muscle actions, which PT seems to enhance 91,92 . In different maturation stages, improvements in COD performance during the PRE stage may be primarily due to factors such as increased motor unit activation, faster contraction velocity, enhanced pre-activation, and greater reliance on short-latency stretch reflexes, leading to more feedforward SSC function 22 . Although strength development is slower in the PRE stage 75 , better motor unit recruitment or neural adaptations following PT can improve COD performance 22 . Effective translation of PT into COD performance might require a certain level of motor coordination, as PT can be technically challenging for younger athletes 93 . Additionally, Young et al. 94 suggested that agility tasks might be more influenced by motor control factors than muscle strength or power. In the MID stage, the weaker trend in COD improvements compared to other stages might be due to rapid lengthening of the trunk and limbs, sudden weight gain, and changes in the center of gravity 70,71 , all of which can lead to a decline in coordination related to physical development 95 , thereby interfering with training adaptations 93 . Specific sensorimotor mechanisms may also degrade during rapid adolescent growth, such as neuromuscular control, postural stability, and inter-limb/segmental coordination 72 . In the POST stage, athletes typically exhibit greater strength due to increased muscle mass, elevated testosterone levels, and enhanced motor control 96–98 . Higher strength levels are closely linked to faster sprint performance in adolescents 88 , and high sprint speeds over short distances are closely related to COD 99 . Additionally, PT can enhance the eccentric strength of the thigh muscles, which is crucial for deceleration during impulsive movements 91 . This enhanced eccentric strength facilitates rapid transitions of the leg extensors from eccentric to concentric muscle actions, promoting changes in direction 15 . PT can also positively impact COD performance by reducing ground reaction time through increased muscle power output and movement efficiency 100 . The combined effects of these training adaptations and natural development contribute to the improvement in COD performance during the POST stage. 4.4 Maximal Strength Meta-analysis results showed no significant improvement in maximal strength following PT. This is inconsistent with previous meta-analyses 101 , which might be attributed to the absence of studies on the post-peak height velocity (PHV) stage in this research, as accelerated strength gains occur during the post-PHV stage 74 . Muscle hypertrophy can enhance muscle strength 102 . Older adolescents may exhibit greater muscle plasticity after PT, including increases in muscle size, a shift from type I to type II muscle fibers, changes in muscle pennation angle, enhanced muscle contraction capabilities, improved motor unit recruitment, and increased neural drive to the active muscles 10 . In contrast, younger male adolescents have lower hormone levels, which are less conducive to muscle mass increase 103 . It is noteworthy that the meta-analysis by Oliver et al. indicated that combined plyometric and strength training is about three times more effective in improving lower limb maximal strength compared to PT alone, highlighting the impact of training specificity 104 . Integrating this combined training approach into the development of high-level, well-trained youth athletes appears to be more desirable. 5. Conclusion Compared to the control group, PT can improve CMJ, SLJ, ≤10 m sprint, >10 m sprint, and change of direction in youth male team sports players overall (combined across all age groups), but it does not improve maximal strength. Specifically, the improvement trends are best during the POST stage. However, during the MID stage, there are no improvements in SLJ and ≤10 m sprints, and the improvement trends for CMJ and change of direction are the lowest. This suggests that the MID stage is less ideal for adaptations in various physical fitness attributes. These results highlight the importance of considering the physiological development stages of youth male team sports players when implementing PT to develop personalized and effective training programs. Future research should focus on how to further enhance adaptations to PT during different maturation stages, particularly during the MID stage. Abbreviations CI Confidence interval ES Effect size I 2 Impact of statistical heterogeneity PICOS Participants, intervention, comparators, outcomes, and study design PEDro Physiotherapy Evidence DatabasePEDro Physiotherapy Evidence Database PRISMA Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta‐Analyses Declarations Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate Not applicable. Consent for Publication Not applicable. Availability of Data and Materials All data generated or analyzed during this study are presented in the form of tables, figures, and/or electronic supplementary materials in the article. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Funding 1.Guangdong Provincial Philosophy and Social Sciences Regularization Project 2022 (GD22CTY09): Research on the Coordinated Development Path of International Competitiveness in Sports in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area. 2.National Social Science Fund of China (General Project), "Research on the Reproduction of Traditional Chinese Martial Arts Culture in the New Era"(20BTY103). Author Contributions All authors participated in the completion of the article together. Acknowledgements Not applicable. References Ortega-Becerra, M., Belloso-Vergara, A. & Pareja-Blanco, F. Physical and Physiological Demands During Handball Matches in Male Adolescent Players. Journal of Human Kinetics 72 , 253–263 (2020). Lidor, R. & Ziv, G. Physical characteristics and physiological attributes of adolescent volleyball players—A Review. Pediatric exercise science 22 , 114–134 (2010). Murr, D., Raabe, J. & Höner, O. The prognostic value of physiological and physical characteristics in youth soccer: A systematic review. European Journal of Sport Science 18 , 62–74 (2018). Stojanović, E. et al. The Activity Demands and Physiological Responses Encountered During Basketball Match-Play: A Systematic Review. Sports Med 48 , 111–135 (2018). Faude, O., Koch, T. & Meyer, T. Straight sprinting is the most frequent action in goal situations in professional football. Journal of Sports Sciences 30 , 625–631 (2012). Abdelkrim, N. B., Fazaa, S. E. & Ati, J. E. Time–motion analysis and physiological data of elite under-19-year-old basketball players during competition. British Journal of Sports Medicine 41 , 69–75 (2007). Scanlan, A., Dascombe, B. & Reaburn, P. A comparison of the activity demands of elite and sub-elite Australian men’s basketball competition. Journal of Sports Sciences 29 , 1153–1160 (2011). Torres-Unda, J. et al. Anthropometric, physiological and maturational characteristics in selected elite and non-elite male adolescent basketball players. Journal of Sports Sciences 31 , 196–203 (2013). Ostojic, S. M. Elite and Nonelite Soccer Players: Preseasonal Physical and Physiological Characteristics. Research in Sports Medicine 12 , 143–150 (2004). Markovic, G. & Mikulic, P. Neuro-Musculoskeletal and Performance Adaptations to Lower-Extremity Plyometric Training: Sports Medicine 40 , 859–895 (2010). Stretch-shortening cycle: a powerful model to study normal and fatigued muscle. Journal of Biomechanics 33 , 1197–1206 (2000). Meylan, C. & Malatesta, D. EFFECTS OF IN-SEASON PLYOMETRIC TRAINING WITHIN SOCCER PRACTICE ON EXPLOSIVE ACTIONS OF YOUNG PLAYERS. JOURNAL OF STRENGTH AND CONDITIONING RESEARCH 23 , 2605–2613 (2009). Chmielewski, T. L., Myer, G. D., Kauffman, D. & Tillman, S. M. Plyometric Exercise in the Rehabilitation of Athletes: Physiological Responses and Clinical Application. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 36 , 308–319 (2006). Ramirez-Campillo, R. et al. Effects of Plyometric Jump Training on Jump and Sprint Performance in Young Male Soccer Players: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Sports Med 50 , 2125–2143 (2020). Asadi, A., Arazi, H., Ramirez-Campillo, R., Moran, J. & Izquierdo, M. Influence of maturation stage on agility performance gains after plyometric training: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research 31 , 2609–2617 (2017). Sanchez-Sanchez, J., Rodriguez-Fernandez, A., Granacher, U., Afonso, J. & Ramirez-Campillo, R. Plyometric Jump Training Effects on Maximal Strength in Soccer Players: A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis of Randomized-Controlled Studies. Sports Med - Open 10 , 52 (2024). Kons, R. L. et al. Effects of Plyometric Training on Physical Performance: An Umbrella Review. Sports Med - Open 9 , 4 (2023). Snow, S. LONG-TERM ATHLETE DEVELOPMENT: TRAINABILITY IN CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENCE. Moran, J. J. et al. Age-related variation in male youth athletes’ countermovement jump after plyometric training: A meta-analysis of controlled trials. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 31 , 552–565 (2017). Malina, R. M., Bouchard, C. & Bar-Or, O. Growth, Maturation, and Physical Activity . (Human Kinetics, 2004). Tumkur Anil Kumar, N., Oliver, J. L., Lloyd, R. S., Pedley, J. S. & Radnor, J. M. The Influence of Growth, Maturation and Resistance Training on Muscle-Tendon and Neuromuscular Adaptations: A Narrative Review. Sports 9 , 59 (2021). Radnor, J. M. et al. The Influence of Growth and Maturation on Stretch-Shortening Cycle Function in Youth. Sports Med 48 , 57–71 (2018). Lloyd, R. S., Radnor, J. M., De Ste Croix, M. B. A., Cronin, J. B. & Oliver, J. L. Changes in Sprint and Jump Performances After Traditional, Plyometric, and Combined Resistance Training in Male Youth Pre- and Post-Peak Height Velocity. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research 30 , 1239 (2016). Page, M. J. et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. bmj 372 , (2021). Liberati, A. The PRISMA Statement for Reporting Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses of Studies That Evaluate Health Care Interventions: Explanation and Elaboration. Ann Intern Med 151 , W (2009). Maher, C. G., Sherrington, C., Herbert, R. D., Moseley, A. M. & Elkins, M. Reliability of the PEDro scale for rating quality of randomized controlled trials. Physical therapy 83 , 713–721 (2003). Deeks, J. J., Higgins, J. P., Altman, D. G., & on behalf of the Cochrane Statistical Methods Group. Analysing data and undertaking meta‐analyses. in Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions (eds. Higgins, J. P. T. et al.) 241–284 (Wiley, 2019). doi:10.1002/9781119536604.ch10. Kontopantelis, E., Springate, D. A. & Reeves, D. A re-analysis of the Cochrane Library data: the dangers of unobserved heterogeneity in meta-analyses. PloS one 8 , e69930 (2013). Hopkins, W., Marshall, S., Batterham, A. & Hanin, J. Progressive statistics for studies in sports medicine and exercise science. Medicine+ Science in Sports+ Exercise 41 , 3 (2009). Higgins, J. P. T. & Thompson, S. G. Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta‐analysis. Statistics in Medicine 21 , 1539–1558 (2002). Egger, M., Smith, G. D., Schneider, M. & Minder, C. Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. bmj 315 , 629–634 (1997). Duval, S. & Tweedie, R. Trim and fill: a simple funnel-plot–based method of testing and adjusting for publication bias in meta-analysis. Biometrics 56 , 455–463 (2000). Jpt, H. Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions. http://www. cochrane-handbook. org (2008). Asadi, A., Ramirez-Campillo, R., Arazi, H. & Sáez de Villarreal, E. The effects of maturation on jumping ability and sprint adaptations to plyometric training in youth soccer players. J Sports Sci 36 , 2405–2411 (2018). Buga, S. & Gencer, Y. The Effect of Plyometric Training Performed on Different Surfaces on Some Performance Parameters. PROGRESS IN NUTRITION 24 , (2022). Chelly, M. S., Hermassi, S., Aouadi, R. & Shephard, R. J. Effects of 8-week in-season plyometric training on upper and lower limb performance of elite adolescent handball players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 28 , 1401–1410 (2014). Drouzas, V., Katsikas, C., Zafeiridis, A., Jamurtas, A. Z. & Bogdanis, G. C. Unilateral Plyometric Training is Superior to Volume-Matched Bilateral Training for Improving Strength, Speed and Power of Lower Limbs in Preadolescent Soccer Athletes. Journal of Human Kinetics 74 , 161–176 (2020). Fathi, A. et al. EFFECT OF A 16-WEEK COMBINED STRENGTH AND PLYOMETRIC TRAINING PROGRAM FOLLOWED BY A DETRAINING PERIOD ON ATHLETIC PERFORMANCE IN PUBERTAL VOLLEYBALL PLAYERS. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 33 , 2117–2127 (2019). Fernandes Correia, G. A. et al. The effect of plyometric training on vertical jump performance in young basketball athletes. Journal of Physical Education (Maringa) 31 , (2020). Fonseca, R. T. et al. Analysis of vertical jump, rating of perceived exertion, delayed-onset muscle soreness, and muscular peak power in young male Brazilian football players submitted to plyometric and semi-squat training with weights. Retos 613–621 (2022). Hammami, M., Negra, Y., Aouadi, R., Shephard, R. J. & Chelly, M. S. Effects of an In-season Plyometric Training Program on Repeated Change of Direction and Sprint Performance in the Junior Soccer Player. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 30 , 3312–3320 (2016). Hammami, M., Gaamouri, N., Shephard, R. J. & Chelly, M. S. EFFECTS OF CONTRAST STRENGTH VS. PLYOMETRIC TRAINING ON LOWER-LIMB EXPLOSIVE PERFORMANCE, ABILITY TO CHANGE DIRECTION AND NEUROMUSCULAR ADAPTATION IN SOCCER PLAYERS. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 33 , 2094–2103 (2019). Hammami, M. et al. Effects of unloaded vs. Ankle-loaded plyometric training on the physical fitness of U-17 male soccer players. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17 , 1–18 (2020). Hammami, M. et al. The effect of a sand surface on physical performance responses of junior male handball players to plyometric training. BMC SPORTS SCIENCE MEDICINE AND REHABILITATION 12 , (2020). Hernandez-Martinez, J. et al. Effects of different plyometric training frequencies on physical performance in youth male volleyball players: a randomized trial. FRONTIERS IN PHYSIOLOGY 14 , (2023). Jlid, M. C. et al. Multidirectional Plyometric Training: Very Efficient Way to Improve Vertical Jump Performance, Change of Direction Performance and Dynamic Postural Control in Young Soccer Players. Front Physiol 10 , 1462 (2019). Kurt, C. et al. Effectiveness of Vertical versus Horizontal Plyometric Training on Stretch-Shortening Cycle Performance Enhancement in Adolescent Soccer Players. HEALTHCARE 11 , (2023). McKinlay, B. J. et al. Effects of plyometric and resistance training on muscle strength, explosiveness, and neuromuscular function in young adolescent soccer players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 32 , 3039–3050 (2018). Michailidis, Y. et al. Plyometrics trainability in preadolescent soccer athletes. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 27 , 38–49 (2013). Negra, Y. et al. Effectiveness and time-course adaptation of resistance training vs. plyometric training in prepubertal soccer players. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 9 , 620–627 (2020). Negra, Y. et al. Short-Term Plyometric Jump Training Improves Repeated-Sprint Ability in Prepuberal Male Soccer Players. JOURNAL OF STRENGTH AND CONDITIONING RESEARCH 34 , 3241–3249 (2020). Padrón-Cabo, A., Lorenzo-Martínez, M., Pérez-Ferreirós, A., Costa, P. & Rey, E. Effects of Plyometric Training with Agility Ladder on Physical Fitness in Youth Soccer Players. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SPORTS MEDICINE 42 , 896–904 (2021). Paes, P. P. et al. Effect of plyometric training on sprint and change of direction speed in young basketball athletes. Journal of Physical Education and Sport 22 , 305–310 (2022). Palma-Muñoz, I. et al. Effects of Progressed and Nonprogressed Volume-Based Overload Plyometric Training on Components of Physical Fitness and Body Composition Variables in Youth Male Basketball Players. J Strength Cond Res 35 , 1642–1649 (2021). Pramono, H., Rahayu, T. & Yudhistira, D. THE EFFECT OF PLYOMETRICS EXERCISE THROUGH AGILITY LADDER DRILL ON IMPROVING PHYSICAL ABILITIES OF 13–15-YEAR-OLD VOLLEYBALL PLAYERS. Physical Education Theory and Methodology 23 , 199–206 (2023). Ramirez-Campillo, R. et al. Optimal Reactive Strength Index: Is It an Accurate Variable to Optimize Plyometric Training Effects on Measures of Physical Fitness in Young Soccer Players? J Strength Cond Res 32 , 885–893 (2018). Ramirez-Campillo, R. et al. Effects of Plyometric Training on Physical Performance of Young Male Soccer Players: Potential Effects of Different Drop Jump Heights. PEDIATRIC EXERCISE SCIENCE 31 , 306–313 (2019). Ramirez-Campillo, R. et al. Effects of Combined Surfaces vs. Single-Surface Plyometric Training on Soccer Players’ Physical Fitness. JOURNAL OF STRENGTH AND CONDITIONING RESEARCH 34 , 2644–2653 (2020). Ramirez-Campillo, R. et al. Sequencing Effects of Plyometric Training Applied Before or After Regular Soccer Training on Measures of Physical Fitness in Young Players. JOURNAL OF STRENGTH AND CONDITIONING RESEARCH 34 , 1959–1966 (2020). Sammoud, S. et al. Effects of plyometric jump training versus power training using free weights on measures of physical fitness in youth male soccer players. JOURNAL OF SPORTS SCIENCES 40 , 130–137 (2022). Santos, E. J. A. M. & Janeira, M. A. A. S. The effects of plyometric training followed by detraining and reduced training periods on explosive strength in adolescent male basketball players. Journal of strength and conditioning research 25 , 441–52 (2011). Vera-Assaoka, T. et al. Effects of Maturation on Physical Fitness Adaptations to Plyometric Drop Jump Training in Male Youth Soccer Players. JOURNAL OF STRENGTH AND CONDITIONING RESEARCH 34 , 2760–2768 (2020). Zribi, A. et al. Short-term lower-body plyometric training improves whole body BMC, bone metabolic markers, and physical fitness in early pubertal male basketball players. Pediatr Exerc Sci 26 , 22–32 (2014). Kubo, K., Kanehisa, H., Kawakami, Y. & Fukanaga, T. Growth Changes in the Elastic Properties of Human Tendon Structures. Int J Sports Med 22 , 138–143 (2001). Grosset, J.-F., Mora, I., Lambertz, D. & Pérot, C. Changes in stretch reflexes and muscle stiffness with age in prepubescent children. Journal of Applied Physiology 102 , 2352–2360 (2007). Kato, T. et al. Effect of low-repetition jump training on bone mineral density in young women. Journal of Applied Physiology 100 , 839–843 (2006). Kubo, K. et al. Effects of plyometric and weight training on muscle-tendon complex and jump performance. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 39 , 1801–1810 (2007). Grosset, J.-F., Piscione, J., Lambertz, D. & Pérot, C. Paired changes in electromechanical delay and musculo-tendinous stiffness after endurance or plyometric training. Eur J Appl Physiol 105 , 131–139 (2009). Dimeglio, A. Growth in pediatric orthopaedics. Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics 21 , 549–555 (2001). Beunen, G. P. et al. Adolescent Growth and Motor Performance: A Longitudinal Study of Belgian Boys. (Human Kinetics Publishers, 1988). Plyometrics . Quatman-Yates, C. C., Quatman, C. E., Meszaros, A. J., Paterno, M. V. & Hewett, T. E. A systematic review of sensorimotor function during adolescence: a developmental stage of increased motor awkwardness? British journal of sports medicine 46 , 649–655 (2012). Philippaerts, R. M. et al. The relationship between peak height velocity and physical performance in youth soccer players. Journal of Sports Sciences 24 , 221–230 (2006). Viru, A. et al. Critical Periods in the Development of Performance Capacity During Childhood and Adolescence. European Journal of Physical Education 4 , 75–119 (1999). Martin, R. J. et al. Longitudinal changes of maximal short-term peak power in girls and boys during growth. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 36 , 498–503 (2004). Lloyd, R. S., Meyers, R. W. & Oliver, J. L. The Natural Development and Trainability of Plyometric Ability During Childhood. Strength & Conditioning Journal 33 , 23 (2011). Slimani, M., Chamari, K., Miarka, B., Del Vecchio, F. B. & Chéour, F. Effects of Plyometric Training on Physical Fitness in Team Sport Athletes: A Systematic Review. Journal of Human Kinetics 53 , 231–247 (2016). Bishop, D., Girard, O. & Mendez-Villanueva, A. Repeated-Sprint Ability – Part II: Recommendations for Training. Sports Medicine 41 , 741–756 (2011). Lockie, R. G., Murphy, A. J., Callaghan, S. J. & Jeffriess, M. D. Effects of sprint and plyometrics training on field sport acceleration technique. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research 28 , 1790–1801 (2014). Ramírez-Campillo, R. et al. Effect of progressive volume-based overload during plyometric training on explosive and endurance performance in young soccer players. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research 29 , 1884–1893 (2015). Lambertz, D., Mora, I., Grosset, J.-F. & Pérot, C. Evaluation of musculotendinous stiffness in prepubertal children and adults, taking into account muscle activity. Journal of Applied Physiology 95 , 64–72 (2003). Croce, R. V., Russell, P. J., Swartz, E. E. & Decoster, L. C. Knee muscular response strategies differ by developmental level but not gender during jump landing. Electromyography and clinical neurophysiology 44 , 339–348 (2004). Oliver, J. L. & Smith, P. M. Neural control of leg stiffness during hopping in boys and men. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology 20 , 973–979 (2010). Lloyd, R. S., Oliver, J. L., Hughes, M. G. & Williams, C. A. The effects of 4-weeks of plyometric training on reactive strength index and leg stiffness in male youths. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research 26 , 2812–2819 (2012). Rumpf, M. C., Cronin, J. B., Oliver, J. L. & Hughes, M. G. Vertical and leg stiffness and stretch-shortening cycle changes across maturation during maximal sprint running. Human movement science 32 , 668–676 (2013). Morin, J.-B. et al. Mechanical determinants of 100-m sprint running performance. Eur J Appl Physiol 112 , 3921–3930 (2012). Rogol, A. D., Roemmich, J. N. & Clark, P. A. Growth at puberty. J Adolesc Health 31 , 192–200 (2002). Comfort, P., Stewart, A., Bloom, L. & Clarkson, B. Relationships between strength, sprint, and jump performance in well-trained youth soccer players. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research 28 , 173–177 (2014). Oliver, J. L. & Rumpf, M. C. Speed development in youths. in Strength and conditioning for young athletes 102–115 (Routledge, 2013). Aagaard, P., Simonsen, E. B., Andersen, J. L., Magnusson, P. & Dyhre-Poulsen, P. Increased rate of force development and neural drive of human skeletal muscle following resistance training. Journal of Applied Physiology 93 , 1318–1326 (2002). Sheppard, J. M. & Young, W. B. Agility literature review: Classifications, training and testing. Journal of Sports Sciences 24 , 919–932 (2006). Miller, M. G., Herniman, J. J., Ricard, M. D., Cheatham, C. C. & Michael, T. J. The effects of a 6-week plyometric training program on agility. Journal of sports science & medicine 5 , 459 (2006). Dellal, A. & Wong, D. P. Repeated sprint and change-of-direction abilities in soccer players: effects of age group. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research 27 , 2504–2508 (2013). Young, W. B., James, R. & Montgomery, I. Is muscle power related to running speed with changes of direction? Journal of sports medicine and physical fitness 42 , 282–288 (2002). Rommers, N. et al. Age and maturity related differences in motor coordination among male elite youth soccer players. Journal of Sports Sciences 37 , 196–203 (2019). Seger, J. Y. & Thorstensson, A. Muscle strength and electromyogram in boys and girls followed through puberty. Eur J Appl Physiol 81 , 54–61 (2000). Round, J. M., Jones, D. A., Honour, J. W. & Nevill, A. M. Hormonal factors in the development of differences in strength between boys and girls during adolescence: a longitudinal study. Annals of Human Biology 26 , 49–62 (1999). Dorfberger, S., Adi-Japha, E. & Karni, A. Sex differences in motor performance and motor learning in children and adolescents: an increasing male advantage in motor learning and consolidation phase gains. Behavioural brain research 198 , 165–171 (2009). Pereira, L. A. et al. Relationship between change of direction, speed, and power in male and female national olympic team handball athletes. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research 32 , 2987–2994 (2018). Young, W., Mc Lean, B. & Ardagna, J. Relationship between strength qualities and sprinting performance. Journal of sports medicine and physical fitness 35 , 13–19 (1995). Ramirez-Campillo, R. et al. Plyometric-Jump Training Effects on Physical Fitness and Sport-Specific Performance According to Maturity: A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis. Sports Med - Open 9 , 23 (2023). Zatsiorsky, V. M., Kraemer, W. J. & Fry, A. C. Science and Practice of Strength Training . (Human Kinetics, 2020). Faigenbaum, A. D. et al. Youth Resistance Training: Updated Position Statement Paper From the National Strength and Conditioning Association. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research 23 , S60 (2009). Oliver, J. L., Ramachandran, A. K., Singh, U., Ramirez-Campillo, R. & Lloyd, R. S. The Effects of Strength, Plyometric and Combined Training on Strength, Power and Speed Characteristics in High-Level, Highly Trained Male Youth Soccer Players: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Med 54 , 623–643 (2024). Supplementary Files SupplementaryFileFigures.docx SupplementaryFileTables.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 21 Aug, 2025 Read the published version in Sports Medicine-Open → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Major Revision 23 Mar, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 16 Sep, 2024 Reviewers invited by journal 04 Sep, 2024 Editor assigned by journal 12 Aug, 2024 First submitted to journal 09 Aug, 2024 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4876519","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":349569182,"identity":"dbb0e556-963e-478f-8d01-baaec5b721aa","order_by":0,"name":"gesheng lin","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA00lEQVRIie2PMQ6CMBhGa0hg+SNriUSvUHYSrkIXmEwYGRhKMO2g7hzD0ZWQ4FJ3RogXwM3Bwe4ai5tD39ShL//3EDIY/hDbKathIhhcpyyHOC/0yhJaHtRZ6HuHtiKD7PTKGqdsBVMSkj7l3rizZgyDhgU1aQHJhueU2cgV+1jXwlRLCwtR8p6efYTl9TTvigWNUqSNCN5qFExVi1LUg2eUW7OVBEApaJ6i9qhhIWBoKhzLDrQtGyFuw/TEUXQR4/2RF2tXHL8rb8Bv3w0Gg8HwkRdDdk4X9yfMfQAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6907-2737","institution":"Digital physical training laboratory, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"gesheng","middleName":"","lastName":"lin","suffix":""},{"id":349569183,"identity":"1d2df66e-ea9d-488a-b667-ca56a2448cf3","order_by":1,"name":"jiayong chen","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Digital physical training laboratory, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"jiayong","middleName":"","lastName":"chen","suffix":""},{"id":349569184,"identity":"2e1a650d-2b07-42ca-a969-558a55a77577","order_by":2,"name":"ruixiang yan","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Digital physical training laboratory, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"ruixiang","middleName":"","lastName":"yan","suffix":""},{"id":349569185,"identity":"df325dc4-d3ac-4274-b40b-738334934a76","order_by":3,"name":"beiwang deng","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Digital physical training laboratory, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"beiwang","middleName":"","lastName":"deng","suffix":""},{"id":349569186,"identity":"0e3f0c95-dfb2-4783-81c6-89eb8e1c329f","order_by":4,"name":"jian sun","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Sports Training Institute, Guangzhou Sport University. Guangzhou, China;Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Human Sports Performance Science, China","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"jian","middleName":"","lastName":"sun","suffix":""},{"id":349569187,"identity":"3c54b617-0c50-42f9-b0f8-fab4775842f4","order_by":5,"name":"bo guan","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"School of Wushu,Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China;Lingnan Traditional Sports Culture Inheritance and Development Research Center, China","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"bo","middleName":"","lastName":"guan","suffix":""},{"id":349569188,"identity":"97093e6c-c5ea-42fc-b950-ef4a2ce507e2","order_by":6,"name":"wenfeng song","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Sports Training Institute, Guangzhou Sport University. Guangzhou, China","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"wenfeng","middleName":"","lastName":"song","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-08-07 18:09:55","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4876519/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4876519/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-025-00907-9","type":"published","date":"2025-08-21T16:29:15+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":66054545,"identity":"2cbeb4d3-4726-478c-b6a6-bec76ec954d0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-10-07 09:01:29","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":130074,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eStudy inclusion and exclusion selection process\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4876519/v1/71ce1d9fa1f929d3de3cc329.png"},{"id":89847235,"identity":"555255ec-b01d-44a5-8b86-7153af422ea7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-25 16:42:24","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1686937,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4876519/v1/d3db239c-da6c-4e47-9d94-f15b9e51c9b3.pdf"},{"id":66055621,"identity":"56fd67a6-2f6a-4078-ab5f-30f46f6120e3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-10-07 09:09:29","extension":"docx","order_by":4,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":109277,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"SupplementaryFileFigures.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4876519/v1/f73c55681849c952affa343d.docx"},{"id":66055622,"identity":"fa16be1c-6152-4ec1-8b61-7cae4b325745","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-10-07 09:09:29","extension":"docx","order_by":5,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":114311,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"SupplementaryFileTables.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4876519/v1/d79a48524b56130b5f7505b6.docx"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"Effects of Maturation Stage on Physical Fitness in Youth Male Team Sports Players After Plyometric Training: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Background","content":"\u003cp\u003eTeam sports such as soccer, basketball, handball, and volleyball require athletes to frequently perform high-intensity actions such as jumping, sprinting, and change of direction (COD) during games. These actions demand highly developed physical fitness in youth athletes\u003csup\u003e1\u0026ndash;3\u003c/sup\u003e. Explosive power, agility, and strength are crucial for athletes to score during competitions\u003csup\u003e4,5\u003c/sup\u003e. In basketball games, jumping occurs approximately once per minute, and athletes need to perform numerous sprints and high-intensity lateral movements\u003csup\u003e6,7\u003c/sup\u003e. Linear sprints and vertical jumps have been shown to be the most common actions preceding goals in soccer\u003csup\u003e5\u003c/sup\u003e. Furthermore, high levels of jumping, sprinting, and COD abilities have been proven to effectively distinguish elite athletes from non-elite athletes\u003csup\u003e8,9\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlyometric training (PT) is widely recognized for its effectiveness in enhancing various physical performance attributes\u003csup\u003e10\u003c/sup\u003e. It typically involves exercises that use the stretch-shortening cycle (SSC), where a rapid concentric action follows an eccentric action\u003csup\u003e11\u003c/sup\u003e. This process leverages the natural elastic components of muscles and tendons, as well as the stretch reflex, to increase the power of subsequent movements\u003csup\u003e12\u003c/sup\u003e. The SSC enhances the neuromuscular and tendon systems' ability to generate maximum force in the shortest time, making PT a bridge between strength and speed\u003csup\u003e13\u003c/sup\u003e. This training method is particularly beneficial for improving jumping ability\u003csup\u003e14\u003c/sup\u003e, sprint speed\u003csup\u003e14\u003c/sup\u003e, COD speed\u003csup\u003e15\u003c/sup\u003e, and maximal strength\u003csup\u003e16\u003c/sup\u003e, all of which are crucial for success in team sports. Additionally, research by Kons et al.\u003csup\u003e17\u003c/sup\u003esuggests that athletes in team sports might adapt better to PT due to the greater specificity of jumping tasks during training and competition. However, the impact of PT may vary depending on the maturation stage of youth athletes, as developmental stages influence their physiological adaptability to training\u003csup\u003e18\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor adolescents, maturation status may be a crucial factor influencing training response\u003csup\u003e19\u003c/sup\u003e. During the developmental process of adolescents, a series of biological changes occur, such as rapid increases in height, significant gains in lean body mass, and alterations in muscle-tendon structures\u003csup\u003e20,21\u003c/sup\u003e. These factors can affect the improvement of physical fitness following PT\u003csup\u003e22\u003c/sup\u003e. Additionally, when training strategies are combined with the natural developmental processes of physical fitness, it may provide more effective maturation-related training stimuli, thereby significantly enhancing training outcomes\u003csup\u003e23\u003c/sup\u003e. Therefore, considering the maturation status of adolescents is essential when designing their training programs.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExisting literature has explored the adaptations of youth soccer players at different age stages following PT. Moran et al.\u003csup\u003e19\u003c/sup\u003econducted a meta-analysis on the adaptation of youth male soccer players to PT in terms of countermovement jump (CMJ). The results showed that PT had a moderate effect on increasing CMJ height, with greater adaptive responses observed in the 10 to 12.99 years age group (ES\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.91) and the 16 to 18 years age group (ES\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.02). Despite undergoing more training, the 13 to 15.99 years age group (ES\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.47) showed a lower adaptive response to PT. Another systematic review and meta-analysis by Asadi et al.\u003csup\u003e15\u003c/sup\u003eexamined the effect of PT on the COD ability in youth male soccer players. The results indicated that PT significantly improved COD ability across all age groups (ES\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.86), with higher adaptive effects observed in the 13 to 15.99 years age group (ES\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.95) and the 16 to 18 years age group (ES\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.99), whereas the 10 to 12.99 years age group showed lower adaptive effects (ES\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.68). This suggests that PT's effectiveness in improving different physical fitness attributes varies with maturation stages.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlthough these studies have revealed the adaptations of youth soccer players at different maturation stages to PT, they mainly focus on single physical fitness indicators and a limited range of sports. However, a comprehensive understanding of PT's effects on multiple physical fitness indicators and a broader spectrum of sports in youth athletes is still lacking. Therefore, this study aims to provide a more extensive summary, exploring the overall impact of PT on various physical fitness indicators, such as sprint speed, jumping ability (including vertical and horizontal jumps), COD ability, and maximal strength. Additionally, this study encompasses a wider range of team sports (such as soccer, basketball, handball, and volleyball) to offer a more comprehensive perspective.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines for systematic reviews\u003csup\u003e24\u003c/sup\u003e. This study was registered with the International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols (No. 202470059).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1 Literature Search: Management and Update\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAn electronic search was conducted in the databases PubMed (4956 results), Web of Science (3686 results), and Scopus (4930 results) without any time restrictions. The search strategy involved using Boolean operators AND and OR with the following keywords: \u0026ldquo;plyometric\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;ballistic\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;stretch-shortening cycle\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;jump training\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;Youth\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;Young\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;Teen\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;Puberty\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;Maturation\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;Agility\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;direction\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;balance\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;Stability\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;velocity\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;Sprint\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;Jump\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;Explosive\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;Muscle\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;Power\u0026rdquo;, and \u0026ldquo;strength\u0026rdquo;. The results of the systematic literature search from the three databases were combined and duplicates were removed. After the removal of duplicates, two researchers screened the search results based on the inclusion criteria.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2 Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe studies were screened using the PICOS (Participants, Intervention, Comparison, Outcomes, and Study design) method\u003csup\u003e25\u003c/sup\u003e. Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e lists the inclusion/exclusion criteria. The additional inclusion criteria were as follows: (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e) experimental trials published in peer-reviewed English-language journals, providing full-text access; (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e) interventions exclusively using plyometric training (PT), excluding studies that combined PT with weight training to avoid the effects of combined training.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEligibility criteria\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCategory\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInclusion criteria\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExclusion criteria\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePopulation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup average age is between 10 and 18 years old, consisting of male adolescent team sport athletes, with no restrictions on their fitness level or competitive level\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParticipants who are unable to participate in the plyometric training program due to health issues\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntervention\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlyometric training lasting\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;4 weeks\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eImplement an intervention combining plyometric training and weight training\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComparator\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study must include an experimental group undergoing plyometric training and a comparable control group. The control group must not engage in any plyometric training\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA study without a control group\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOutcome\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAt least 1 measure of physical fitness (e.g., countermovement jump) before and after the training intervention\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThere are no indicators related to physical fitness (e.g., countermovement jump) before and after the training intervention\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudy design\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eControlled trials\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNon-controlled trials\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.3 Data Extraction\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eMicrosoft Excel (Microsoft Corp., Redmond, WA, USA) was used to extract the means and standard deviations of the dependent variables before and after the intervention from the included studies. The first author extracted the physical fitness indicators such as jumps (e.g., CMJ), linear sprints (e.g., 10 m, 20 m), COD ability (e.g., Illinois test), and strength (e.g., 1 repetition maximum half-squat) from the included studies as dependent variables. Additionally, subject health status, gender, sample size, sport, years of practice, and intervention descriptions (exercise type, intensity, duration, and frequency) were extracted. The second author checked the accuracy and completeness of the extracted data. Moreover, age groupings previously used by researchers\u003csup\u003e15,19\u003c/sup\u003e(10-12.99 years\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;pre-peak height velocity [PRE], 13-15.99 years\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;mid-peak height velocity [MID], 16\u0026ndash;18 years\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;post-peak height velocity [POST]) were used to estimate the possible maturation status of participants in each study.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.4 Quality Assessment\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale was used to assess the methodological quality of the included studies\u003csup\u003e26\u003c/sup\u003e. The quality assessment was interpreted using the following 10-point scale: a score of \u0026le;\u0026thinsp;3 was considered to indicate poor quality, 4\u0026ndash;5 indicated fair quality, and 6\u0026ndash;10 indicated high quality. The PEDro scale consists of 11 items designed to evaluate methodological quality. Each satisfied item contributes 1 point to the overall PEDro score (range 0\u0026ndash;10 points). Item 1 was not included in the quality rating of the studies as it pertains to external validity.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.5 Summary Measures, Synthesis of Results, and Publication Bias\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe pre- and post-training means and standard deviations (SD) for each dependent variable were used to calculate the effect sizes (ES; Hedge's g) for each physical fitness indicator in both the PT and control groups. A random-effects model was employed to account for variability between studies that might affect the PT effects\u003csup\u003e27,28\u003c/sup\u003e. ES values were expressed with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). The calculated ES were interpreted using the following scale: trivial: \u0026lt;0.2; small: 0.2\u0026ndash;0.6; moderate: \u0026gt;0.6\u0026ndash;1.2; large: \u0026gt;1.2-2.0; very large: \u0026gt;2.0\u0026ndash;4.0; and extremely large: \u0026gt;4.0\u003csup\u003e29\u003c/sup\u003e. Heterogeneity was assessed using the I\u0026sup2; statistic, with values of \u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;25%, 25%-75%, and \u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;75% representing low, moderate, and high levels of heterogeneity, respectively\u003csup\u003e30\u003c/sup\u003e. The extended Egger test was used to explore the risk of bias\u003csup\u003e31\u003c/sup\u003e. In cases of bias, the trim and fill method was applied for adjustments\u003csup\u003e32\u003c/sup\u003e. All analyses were conducted using Stata/SE software v.15.1 (StataCorp, College Station, TX). Statistical significance was set at p\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.05.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.6 Subgroup Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eSubgroup analyses were performed using median split techniques to divide moderator variables (frequency, training duration, and total sessions). The median was calculated when at least three studies provided data for the moderator variable. Additionally, to minimize heterogeneity, the median was calculated for specific age groups and outcome indicators.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.7 Meta-Regression\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eMultivariable random-effects meta-regression was conducted to verify whether any training variables (frequency, training duration, and total sessions) could predict the effects of PT on physical fitness variables. Meta-regression calculations were performed only if there were at least 10 studies for each covariate\u003csup\u003e33\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.1 Study Selection\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe search process identified 13,572 studies (4956 from PubMed, 4930 from Scopus, and 4226 from Web of Science), resulting in a total of 7,885 studies after removing duplicates. Ultimately, 31 studies were included in this meta-analysis\u003csup\u003e12,34\u0026ndash;63\u003c/sup\u003e. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e illustrates the study selection process. Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e displays the characteristics of participants in the included studies.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCharacteristics of participants examined in the included studies.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudy\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(years)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeight\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(cm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeight\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(kg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003esport\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency (days/week)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDuration (weeks)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePRE\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAsadi et al.(2018)\u003csup\u003e34\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10/10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5/11.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e138.3/137.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31/33.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSoccer\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDrouzas et al.(2020)\u003csup\u003e37\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23/22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10/10.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e139.2/141.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.1/38.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSoccer\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJlid et al.(2019)\u003csup\u003e46\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14/14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.8/11.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e143/142\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.5/34.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSoccer\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKurt et al.(2023)\u003csup\u003e47\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11/11/10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.09\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e155.01\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.59\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSoccer\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMcKinlay et al.(2018)\u003csup\u003e48\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13/14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6/12.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e157.8/152.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47.2/41.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSoccer\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMichailidis et al.(2013)\u003csup\u003e49\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24/21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.7/10.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e147/145\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.5/41.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSoccer\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNegra et al.(2020)\u003csup\u003e51\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13/11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7/12.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e158.6/152\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.7/39.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSoccer\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNegra et al.(2020)\u003csup\u003e50\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11/11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7/12.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e156.4/153.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.9/42.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSoccer\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePadr\u0026oacute;n-Cabo et al.(2021)\u003csup\u003e52\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10/10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6/12.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e161.2/158\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.9/46.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSoccer\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRamirez-Campillo et al.(2020)\u003csup\u003e58\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8/7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.9/12.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e154/155.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.4/45.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSoccer\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRamirez-Campillo et al.(2020)\u003csup\u003e58\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8/7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1/12.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e159.3/155.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.6/45.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSoccer\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSammoud et al.(2022)\u003csup\u003e60\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11/11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7/12.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e156.4/153.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.9/42.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSoccer\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVera-Assaoka et al.(2020)\u003csup\u003e62\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16/16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2/11.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e143/141\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.8/35.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSoccer\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZribi et al.(2014)\u003csup\u003e63\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25/26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1/12.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e155.5/154.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.1/41.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBasketball\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMID\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAsadi et al.(2018)\u003csup\u003e34\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10/10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14/14.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e154.5/150.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.5/41.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSoccer\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBuga et al.(2022)\u003csup\u003e35\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12/12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.08/13.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e165.75/166.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58.19/57.71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBasketball\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBuga et al.(2022)\u003csup\u003e35\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12/12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.17/13.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e163.83/166.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.36/57.71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBasketball\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFathi et al.(2019)\u003csup\u003e38\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20/20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6/14.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e178.1/173.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67.9/63.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVolleyball\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFernandes Correia et al.(2020)\u003csup\u003e39\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6/7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.83/15.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e183/174\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70.78/72.94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBasketball\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHammami et al.(2016)\u003csup\u003e41\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15/13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.7/15.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e176/176\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59/58.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSoccer\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHammami et al.(2019)\u003csup\u003e42\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14/12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.7/15.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e175/168\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58.9/58.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSoccer\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHernandez-Martinez et al.(2023)\u003csup\u003e45\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14/13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5/15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e168/162\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.1/59.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVolleyball\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeylan et al.(2009)\u003csup\u003e12\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14/11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3/13.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e159/163\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.6/47.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSoccer\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePaes et al.(2022)\u003csup\u003e53\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6/7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.83/15.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e183/174\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70.78/72.94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVolleyball\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePalma-Mu\u0026ntilde;oz et al.(2021)\u003csup\u003e54\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8/7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.8/14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e159.8/159\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62.6/61.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBasketball\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePalma-Mu\u0026ntilde;oz et al.(2021)\u003csup\u003e54\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7/7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6/14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e161.4/159\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.9/61.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBasketball\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePramono et al.(2023)\u003csup\u003e55\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15/15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u0026ndash;15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e157\u0026ndash;170\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57\u0026ndash;67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVolleyball\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRamirez-Campillo et al.(2018)\u003csup\u003e56\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25/24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.9/13.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e153/155\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.7/49.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSoccer\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRamirez-Campillo et al.(2018)\u003csup\u003e56\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24/24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1/13.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e153/155\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47.2/49.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSoccer\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRamirez-Campillo et al.(2019)\u003csup\u003e57\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19/20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2/13.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e154/155\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.6/49.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSoccer\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSantos et al.(2011)\u003csup\u003e61\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14/10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15/14.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e172.9/173.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62.6/61.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBasketball\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVera-Assaoka et al.(2020)\u003csup\u003e62\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22/22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4/14.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e163/162\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.7/55.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSoccer\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePOST\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAsadi et al.(2018)\u003csup\u003e34\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10/10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6/16.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e171.5/176.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.6/62.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSoccer\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChelly et al.(2014)\u003csup\u003e36\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12/11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1/17.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e181/177\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80.1/78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHandball\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFonseca et al.(2022)\u003csup\u003e40\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9/8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3/17.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e175.9/174.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65.4/68.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSoccer\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHammami et al.(2020)\u003csup\u003e43\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12/12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2/16.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e178/178\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.8/58.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSoccer\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHammami et al.(2020)\u003csup\u003e44\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10/10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4/16.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e178/179\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e69.7/70.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHandball\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHammami et al.(2020)\u003csup\u003e44\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11/10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2/16.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e180/179\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70.8/70.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHandball\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRamirez-Campillo et al.(2020)\u003csup\u003e59\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12/12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.9/17.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e172.3/174.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64.9/66.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSoccer\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRamirez-Campillo et al.(2020)\u003csup\u003e59\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14/12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1/17.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e172.6/174.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65.4/66.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSoccer\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e The sample size of the experimental group/control group (when a study includes two usable experimental groups, the sample size is represented as experimental group/experimental group/control group).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e The mean values of the experimental group/control group (mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD representing the combined data of the experimental and control groups).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.2 Methodological Quality Assessment\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eUsing the PEDro checklist, 7 studies were considered to be of moderate quality (4\u0026ndash;5 points), and the remaining 24 studies were considered to be of high quality (6\u0026ndash;10 points) .(Supplementary Table\u0026nbsp;1).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.3. Results of the Meta-Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe overall effects of PT on physical fitness are shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e. The forest plots are provided in Supplementary Figures \u003cspan refid=\"MOESM1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003eS1\u003c/span\u003e-S6.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.3.1 Jump Performance\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeta-analysis results showed that PT had a significant effect on improving the CMJ height of youth overall (combined across all age groups) [ES\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.761, 95% CI: (0.507, 1.016), P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01]. Significant improvements in CMJ height were observed across different age stages: PRE [ES\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.73, 95% CI: (0.18, 1.28), P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01]; MID [ES\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.523, 95% CI: (0.285, 0.761), P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01]; POST [ES\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.215, 95% CI: (0.636, 1.793), P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01].(Supplementary Fig. \u003cspan refid=\"MOESM1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003eS1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePT had a significant effect on improving the SLJ distance of youth overall [ES\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.572, 95% CI: (0.318, 0.826), P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01]. Significant improvements in SLJ distance were observed in PRE and POST: PRE [ES\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.441, 95% CI: (0.162, 0.721), P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01]; POST [ES\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.329, 95% CI: (0.519, 2.139), P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01]. There was no significant improvement in SLJ distance for youth in MID [ES\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.291, 95% CI: (-0.19, 0.772), P\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05].(Supplementary Fig. \u003cspan refid=\"MOESM2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003eS2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.3.2 Linear Sprint Performance\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeta-analysis results showed that PT had a significant effect on improving the \u0026le;\u0026thinsp;10 m sprint performance of youth overall [ES = -0.709, 95% CI: (-0.998, -0.421), P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01]. Significant improvements in \u0026le;\u0026thinsp;10 m sprint performance were observed in both PRE [ES = -0.431, 95% CI: (-0.678, -0.184), P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01] and POST [ES = -1.81, 95% CI: (-2.527, -1.093), P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01]. There was no significant improvement in \u0026le;\u0026thinsp;10 m sprint performance for youth in MID [ES = -0.433, 95% CI: (-0.869, -0.002), P\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05].(Supplementary Fig. \u003cspan refid=\"MOESM3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003eS3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePT also had a significant effect on improving the \u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;10 m sprint performance of youth overall [ES = -0.488, 95% CI: (-0.657, -0.319), P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01]. Significant improvements in \u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;10 m sprint performance were observed across different age stages: PRE [ES = -0.307, 95% CI: (-0.514, -0.1), P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01]; MID [ES = -0.37, 95% CI: (-0.576, -0.163), P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01]; POST [ES = -1.18, 95% CI: (-1.777, -0.584), P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01].(Supplementary Fig. S4).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.3.3 Change of Direction\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeta-analysis results showed that PT had a significant effect on improving the COD of youth overall [ES = -0.896, 95% CI: (-1.16, -0.631), P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01]. Significant improvements in COD were observed across different age stages: PRE [ES = -0.783, 95% CI: (-1.202, -0.364), P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01]; MID [ES = -0.635, 95% CI: (-0.912, -0.358), P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01]; POST [ES = -1.665, 95% CI: (-2.339, -0.99), P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01].(Supplementary Fig. S5).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.3.4 Maximal Strength\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeta-analysis results showed that PT had no significant effect on improving the maximal strength of youth overall [ES\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.2, 95% CI: (-0.034, 0.435), P\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05]. No significant improvements in maximal strength were observed for youth in PRE [ES\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.052, 95% CI: (-0.399, 0.502), P\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05] and MID [ES\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.255, 95% CI: (-0.019, 0.53), P\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05].(Supplementary Fig. S6).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSynthesis of results across included studies regarding the effects of plyometric training on physical fitness in male adolescent team sport athletes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eES (95%CI)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e%Weight\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI\u0026sup2;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEgger\u0026rsquo;s test (p)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCountermovement jump height\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePRE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.73(0.18 to 1.28)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.39%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.009\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79.6%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.882\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMID\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.523(0.285 to 0.761)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.06%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.4%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.206\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePOST\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7(8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.053(0.459 to 1.648)\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.54%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.4%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.009\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eall\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.761(0.507 to 1.016)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65.6%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.054\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eStanding long jump distance\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePRE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.441(0.162 to 0.721)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.18%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.434\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMID\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.291(-0.19 to 0.772)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.59%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.236\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.032\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePOST\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.329(0.519 to 2.139)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.23%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.9%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eall\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.572(0.318 to 0.826)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.7%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.112\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;10-m linear sprint time\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePRE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.431(-0.678 to -0.184)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.22%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.457\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMID\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.433(-0.869 to -0.002)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.89%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.051\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62.8%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.408\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePOST\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.81(-2.527 to -1.093)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.89%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63.9%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eall\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.709(-0.998 to -0.421)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65.7%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026gt;10-m linear sprint time\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePRE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.307(-0.514 to -0.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.52%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.004\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.972\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMID\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.37(-0.576 to -0.163)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.35%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.324\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePOST\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.18(-1.777 to -0.584)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.13%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e69.6%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eall\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.488(-0.657 to -0.319)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.5%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.004\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003echange-of-direction time\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePRE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.783(-1.202 to -0.364)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.71%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.7%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMID\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.635(-0.912 to -0.358)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.72%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.4%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.311\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePOST\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.665(-2.339 to -0.99)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.57%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56.4%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.012\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eall\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.896(-1.16 to -0.631)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMaximal strength\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePRE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.052(-0.399 to 0.502)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.08%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.822\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.648\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMID\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.255(-0.019 to 0.53)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e72.92%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.068\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePOST\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eall\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.2(-0.034 to 0.435)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.094\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.034\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e The data are represented as the number of studies providing data (with the number of studies after the trim and fill method shown in parentheses).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e Values adjusted using the trim and fill method.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e Values adjusted using the trim and fill method remained the same (identical to observed values).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.4 Results of Subgroup Analysis\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhen the total number of training sessions was ≥16 (ES = 1.061), there was a significantly greater improvement in CMJ height compared to fewer than 16 training sessions (ES = 0.36) (p = 0.002).(Supplementary Table 2).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.5 Results of the Meta-Regression\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMeta-regression calculations were performed only for outcome indicators with at least 10 studies per covariate. After excluding outcome indicators with collinearity issues, meta-regression analysis was conducted for CMJ height (combined across all age groups): training duration (p = 0.016), training frequency (p = 0.014), and total sessions (p = 0.017),R²=0.19.(Supplementary Table 3).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"4. Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003e4.1 Jump Performance\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMeta-analysis results showed that PT had a significant effect on improving CMJ height and SLJ distance in youth overall (combined across all age groups). Significant improvements in CMJ height were observed for PRE, MID, and POST, with POST and MID showing the greatest and least improvements, respectively. Significant improvements in SLJ distance were observed for PRE and POST, with POST showing the greatest improvement trend. No significant improvements were observed for MID in SLJ distance.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe effectiveness of PT in enhancing CMJ performance in youth athletes is consistent with previous meta-analyses\u003csup\u003e19\u003c/sup\u003e. The improvements in jump performance after PT may be attributed to various adaptive mechanisms, such as enhanced neural drive to the active muscles, improved SSC utilization, better intermuscular coordination, and changes in muscle structure\u003csup\u003e10\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSpecifically, during different maturation stages, youth in the PRE stage have greater tendon compliance\u003csup\u003e64,65\u003c/sup\u003e. More compliant muscle-tendon units can store and release more elastic energy, enhancing SSC performance\u003csup\u003e10\u003c/sup\u003e. Additionally, PT not only induces favorable neuromuscular adaptations\u003csup\u003e10\u003c/sup\u003e but also promotes adaptations in bone\u003csup\u003e66\u003c/sup\u003e and muscle-tendon units\u003csup\u003e67,68\u003c/sup\u003e. The combined effect of these training adaptations and natural development contributes to improved jump performance.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHowever, the improvements in jump performance during the MID stage are not as ideal as in other stages. This may be due to this period being the fastest growth phase for males\u003csup\u003e69\u003c/sup\u003e, with different growth spurts in trunk and leg lengths\u003csup\u003e70\u003c/sup\u003e. The legs reach peak growth velocity before peak height velocity, while the trunk reaches peak growth velocity afterward\u003csup\u003e20\u003c/sup\u003e, leading to a higher center of gravity\u003csup\u003e71\u003c/sup\u003e. Additionally, rapid weight gain\u003csup\u003e71\u003c/sup\u003e and the inability of neural pathways to quickly adapt to substantial changes in body size\u003csup\u003e72\u003c/sup\u003e complicate the control of the trunk during PT in youth\u003csup\u003e73\u003c/sup\u003e, thereby affecting training benefits.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the POST stage, PT shows the most noticeable improvement in jump performance among the three age groups. By this time, the \"adolescent awkwardness\" phenomenon diminishes, muscle mass and circulating hormone concentrations increase\u003csup\u003e74\u003c/sup\u003e, and the central nervous system matures, enhancing motor unit recruitment and neuromuscular coordination\u003csup\u003e75\u003c/sup\u003e. Furthermore, with age, muscle activation strategies shift from reactive, protective inhibition to preparatory, performance-enhancing excitation\u003csup\u003e76\u003c/sup\u003e. These factors contribute to maximizing PT benefits in the POST stage.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFurther subgroup analysis revealed that when the total sessions of PT were ≥16, the improvement in CMJ height across all age groups was significantly greater than with fewer than 16 total sessions (ES = 1.061 vs. ES = 0.36, p \u0026lt; 0.01). This may be because higher training volumes provide athletes with sufficient time and opportunity to adapt and strengthen muscle and neural responses\u003csup\u003e77\u003c/sup\u003e. Continuous training allows athletes to better master and apply PT techniques, resulting in significant improvements in CMJ performance.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn practical application, trainers should adjust the intensity and type of PT based on the maturation stage of youth athletes to maximize training effects. Particularly during the MID stage, focusing on coordination training can help athletes navigate this \"awkward period\" and lay the foundation for improved power performance in later stages. Additionally, appropriately increasing the total sessions of PT can strengthen the muscle and nervous system and enhance adaptation to PT.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.2 Sprint Performance\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMeta-analysis results showed that PT had a significant effect on improving both ≤10 m and \u0026gt;10 m sprints in youth overall (combined across all age groups). Significant improvements were observed in ≤10 m sprints for PRE and POST, with POST showing a greater improvement trend, while there was no significant improvement for MID. Significant improvements were observed in \u0026gt;10 m sprints for PRE, MID, and POST, with POST showing the greatest improvement trend and PRE the smallest.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSprint performance is the product of stride rate and stride length\u003csup\u003e34\u003c/sup\u003e, and PT can improve both stride frequency and stride length\u003csup\u003e78,79\u003c/sup\u003e. The enhanced sprint performance following PT is likely due to increased neuromuscular activation of the muscles, including increased discharge frequency of active motor units and changes in their recruitment patterns\u003csup\u003e80\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYounger adolescents exhibit more inhibitory mechanisms and lower neuromuscular efficiency compared to older adolescents\u003csup\u003e81\u003c/sup\u003e. They activate higher levels of antagonistic muscles immediately after ground contact\u003csup\u003e82\u003c/sup\u003e and have lower stretch reflex responses than adults\u003csup\u003e65,83\u003c/sup\u003e, a phenomenon more pronounced in the PRE stage. Additionally, the premotor cortex cannot accurately maintain postural control and adapt to rapid corrections during SSC movements by controlling the appropriate motor units\u003csup\u003e84\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs leg and vertical stiffness increase with maturation, eccentric and concentric contact times may decrease\u003csup\u003e85\u003c/sup\u003e. Reduced ground contact time requires a higher rate of force development and more efficient reuse of elastic energy to maintain the center of mass displacement\u003csup\u003e84\u003c/sup\u003e. Although the ability to utilize and generate power develops throughout an athlete’s maturation, the power generation in MID adolescents is still not high enough\u003csup\u003e84\u003c/sup\u003e. These complex interactions likely result in less ideal sprint performance improvements in the MID stage compared to the POST stage. For ≤10 m sprints, the abilities related to horizontal force and postural control are particularly important during the acceleration phase\u003csup\u003e86\u003c/sup\u003e, and the poorer trunk control in MID adolescents\u003csup\u003e72\u003c/sup\u003e may explain the lack of significant improvements in ≤10 m sprint performance after PT.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMaturation plays a crucial role in energy storage and utilization and in the development of SSC at maximum sprint speed\u003csup\u003e85\u003c/sup\u003e. With age, increases in testosterone, growth hormone, and IGF-1 contribute to the accumulation of lean mass and the relative reduction of body fat. By age 18, most males have attained 90% of their final total skeletal mass\u003csup\u003e87\u003c/sup\u003e. This increase in strength is associated with faster sprint performance in adolescents\u003csup\u003e88\u003c/sup\u003e. Additionally, sprint performance naturally develops due to increased muscle size, limb length, changes in tendon tissue, enhanced neural and motor development, and better movement quality and coordination\u003csup\u003e89\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.3 Change of Direction\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMeta-analysis results showed that PT had a significant effect on improving COD in youth overall (combined across all age groups). Significant improvements in COD were observed for PRE, MID, and POST, with POST showing the greatest improvement trend and MID the least. Unlike previous meta-analyses\u003csup\u003e15\u003c/sup\u003e, PT showed a lower improvement trend for COD in MID compared to other stages.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe potential mechanisms underlying COD improvements after PT are likely related to neuromuscular adaptations, such as enhanced motor unit recruitment and discharge frequency\u003csup\u003e22,90\u003c/sup\u003e. Specifically, improvements in COD require rapid force development, eccentric strength of the thigh muscles, and quick transitions of the leg extensors from eccentric to concentric muscle actions, which PT seems to enhance\u003csup\u003e91,92\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn different maturation stages, improvements in COD performance during the PRE stage may be primarily due to factors such as increased motor unit activation, faster contraction velocity, enhanced pre-activation, and greater reliance on short-latency stretch reflexes, leading to more feedforward SSC function\u003csup\u003e22\u003c/sup\u003e. Although strength development is slower in the PRE stage\u003csup\u003e75\u003c/sup\u003e, better motor unit recruitment or neural adaptations following PT can improve COD performance\u003csup\u003e22\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEffective translation of PT into COD performance might require a certain level of motor coordination, as PT can be technically challenging for younger athletes\u003csup\u003e93\u003c/sup\u003e. Additionally, Young et al.\u003csup\u003e94\u003c/sup\u003e suggested that agility tasks might be more influenced by motor control factors than muscle strength or power. In the MID stage, the weaker trend in COD improvements compared to other stages might be due to rapid lengthening of the trunk and limbs, sudden weight gain, and changes in the center of gravity\u003csup\u003e70,71\u003c/sup\u003e, all of which can lead to a decline in coordination related to physical development\u003csup\u003e95\u003c/sup\u003e, thereby interfering with training adaptations\u003csup\u003e93\u003c/sup\u003e. Specific sensorimotor mechanisms may also degrade during rapid adolescent growth, such as neuromuscular control, postural stability, and inter-limb/segmental coordination\u003csup\u003e72\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the POST stage, athletes typically exhibit greater strength due to increased muscle mass, elevated testosterone levels, and enhanced motor control\u003csup\u003e96–98\u003c/sup\u003e. Higher strength levels are closely linked to faster sprint performance in adolescents\u003csup\u003e88\u003c/sup\u003e, and high sprint speeds over short distances are closely related to COD\u003csup\u003e99\u003c/sup\u003e. Additionally, PT can enhance the eccentric strength of the thigh muscles, which is crucial for deceleration during impulsive movements\u003csup\u003e91\u003c/sup\u003e. This enhanced eccentric strength facilitates rapid transitions of the leg extensors from eccentric to concentric muscle actions, promoting changes in direction\u003csup\u003e15\u003c/sup\u003e. PT can also positively impact COD performance by reducing ground reaction time through increased muscle power output and movement efficiency\u003csup\u003e100\u003c/sup\u003e. The combined effects of these training adaptations and natural development contribute to the improvement in COD performance during the POST stage.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.4 Maximal Strength\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMeta-analysis results showed no significant improvement in maximal strength following PT. This is inconsistent with previous meta-analyses\u003csup\u003e101\u003c/sup\u003e, which might be attributed to the absence of studies on the post-peak height velocity (PHV) stage in this research, as accelerated strength gains occur during the post-PHV stage\u003csup\u003e74\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMuscle hypertrophy can enhance muscle strength\u003csup\u003e102\u003c/sup\u003e. Older adolescents may exhibit greater muscle plasticity after PT, including increases in muscle size, a shift from type I to type II muscle fibers, changes in muscle pennation angle, enhanced muscle contraction capabilities, improved motor unit recruitment, and increased neural drive to the active muscles\u003csup\u003e10\u003c/sup\u003e. In contrast, younger male adolescents have lower hormone levels, which are less conducive to muscle mass increase\u003csup\u003e103\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt is noteworthy that the meta-analysis by Oliver et al. indicated that combined plyometric and strength training is about three times more effective in improving lower limb maximal strength compared to PT alone, highlighting the impact of training specificity\u003csup\u003e104\u003c/sup\u003e. Integrating this combined training approach into the development of high-level, well-trained youth athletes appears to be more desirable.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":" 5. Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eCompared to the control group, PT can improve CMJ, SLJ, \u0026le;10 m sprint, \u0026gt;10 m sprint, and change of direction in youth male team sports players overall (combined across all age groups), but it does not improve maximal strength. Specifically, the improvement trends are best during the POST stage. However, during the MID stage, there are no improvements in SLJ and \u0026le;10 m sprints, and the improvement trends for CMJ and change of direction are the lowest. This suggests that the MID stage is less ideal for adaptations in various physical fitness attributes. These results highlight the importance of considering the physiological development stages of youth male team sports players when implementing PT to develop personalized and effective training programs. Future research should focus on how to further enhance adaptations to PT during different maturation stages, particularly during the MID stage.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cp\u003eCI \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Confidence interval\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eES \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Effect size\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eI\u003csup\u003e2 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e Impact of statistical heterogeneity\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePICOS \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Participants, intervention, comparators, outcomes, and study design\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePEDro \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Physiotherapy Evidence DatabasePEDro Physiotherapy Evidence Database\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePRISMA \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta‐Analyses\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics Approval and Consent to Participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for Publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of Data and Materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll data generated or analyzed during this study are presented in the form of tables, figures, and/or electronic supplementary materials in the article.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.Guangdong Provincial Philosophy and Social Sciences Regularization Project 2022 (GD22CTY09): Research on the Coordinated Development Path of International Competitiveness in Sports in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.National Social Science Fund of China (General Project), \"Research on the Reproduction of Traditional Chinese Martial Arts Culture in the New Era\"(20BTY103).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor Contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll authors participated in the completion of the article together.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOrtega-Becerra, M., Belloso-Vergara, A. \u0026amp; Pareja-Blanco, F. Physical and Physiological Demands During Handball Matches in Male Adolescent Players. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Human Kinetics\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e72\u003c/strong\u003e, 253\u0026ndash;263 (2020).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLidor, R. \u0026amp; Ziv, G. Physical characteristics and physiological attributes of adolescent volleyball players\u0026mdash;A Review. \u003cem\u003ePediatric exercise science\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e22\u003c/strong\u003e, 114\u0026ndash;134 (2010).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMurr, D., Raabe, J. \u0026amp; H\u0026ouml;ner, O. The prognostic value of physiological and physical characteristics in youth soccer: A systematic review. \u003cem\u003eEuropean Journal of Sport Science\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e18\u003c/strong\u003e, 62\u0026ndash;74 (2018).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eStojanović, E. \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e The Activity Demands and Physiological Responses Encountered During Basketball Match-Play: A Systematic Review. \u003cem\u003eSports Med\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e48\u003c/strong\u003e, 111\u0026ndash;135 (2018).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFaude, O., Koch, T. \u0026amp; Meyer, T. Straight sprinting is the most frequent action in goal situations in professional football. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Sports Sciences\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e30\u003c/strong\u003e, 625\u0026ndash;631 (2012).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAbdelkrim, N. B., Fazaa, S. E. \u0026amp; Ati, J. E. Time\u0026ndash;motion analysis and physiological data of elite under-19-year-old basketball players during competition. \u003cem\u003eBritish Journal of Sports Medicine\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e41\u003c/strong\u003e, 69\u0026ndash;75 (2007).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eScanlan, A., Dascombe, B. \u0026amp; Reaburn, P. A comparison of the activity demands of elite and sub-elite Australian men\u0026rsquo;s basketball competition. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Sports Sciences\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e29\u003c/strong\u003e, 1153\u0026ndash;1160 (2011).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTorres-Unda, J. \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e Anthropometric, physiological and maturational characteristics in selected elite and non-elite male adolescent basketball players. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Sports Sciences\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e31\u003c/strong\u003e, 196\u0026ndash;203 (2013).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOstojic, S. M. Elite and Nonelite Soccer Players: Preseasonal Physical and Physiological Characteristics. \u003cem\u003eResearch in Sports Medicine\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e12\u003c/strong\u003e, 143\u0026ndash;150 (2004).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMarkovic, G. \u0026amp; Mikulic, P. Neuro-Musculoskeletal and Performance Adaptations to Lower-Extremity Plyometric Training: \u003cem\u003eSports Medicine\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e40\u003c/strong\u003e, 859\u0026ndash;895 (2010).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eStretch-shortening cycle: a powerful model to study normal and fatigued muscle. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Biomechanics\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e33\u003c/strong\u003e, 1197\u0026ndash;1206 (2000).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMeylan, C. \u0026amp; Malatesta, D. EFFECTS OF IN-SEASON PLYOMETRIC TRAINING WITHIN SOCCER PRACTICE ON EXPLOSIVE ACTIONS OF YOUNG PLAYERS. \u003cem\u003eJOURNAL OF STRENGTH AND CONDITIONING RESEARCH\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e23\u003c/strong\u003e, 2605\u0026ndash;2613 (2009).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eChmielewski, T. L., Myer, G. D., Kauffman, D. \u0026amp; Tillman, S. M. Plyometric Exercise in the Rehabilitation of Athletes: Physiological Responses and Clinical Application. \u003cem\u003eJ Orthop Sports Phys Ther\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e36\u003c/strong\u003e, 308\u0026ndash;319 (2006).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRamirez-Campillo, R. \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e Effects of Plyometric Jump Training on Jump and Sprint Performance in Young Male Soccer Players: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. \u003cem\u003eSports Med\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e50\u003c/strong\u003e, 2125\u0026ndash;2143 (2020).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAsadi, A., Arazi, H., Ramirez-Campillo, R., Moran, J. \u0026amp; Izquierdo, M. Influence of maturation stage on agility performance gains after plyometric training: a systematic review and meta-analysis. \u003cem\u003eThe Journal of Strength \u0026amp; Conditioning Research\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e31\u003c/strong\u003e, 2609\u0026ndash;2617 (2017).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSanchez-Sanchez, J., Rodriguez-Fernandez, A., Granacher, U., Afonso, J. \u0026amp; Ramirez-Campillo, R. Plyometric Jump Training Effects on Maximal Strength in Soccer Players: A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis of Randomized-Controlled Studies. \u003cem\u003eSports Med - Open\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e10\u003c/strong\u003e, 52 (2024).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKons, R. L. \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e Effects of Plyometric Training on Physical Performance: An Umbrella Review. \u003cem\u003eSports Med - Open\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e9\u003c/strong\u003e, 4 (2023).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSnow, S. LONG-TERM ATHLETE DEVELOPMENT: TRAINABILITY IN CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENCE.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMoran, J. J. \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e Age-related variation in male youth athletes\u0026rsquo; countermovement jump after plyometric training: A meta-analysis of controlled trials. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Strength and Conditioning Research\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e31\u003c/strong\u003e, 552\u0026ndash;565 (2017).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMalina, R. M., Bouchard, C. \u0026amp; Bar-Or, O. \u003cem\u003eGrowth, Maturation, and Physical Activity\u003c/em\u003e. (Human Kinetics, 2004).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTumkur Anil Kumar, N., Oliver, J. L., Lloyd, R. S., Pedley, J. S. \u0026amp; Radnor, J. M. The Influence of Growth, Maturation and Resistance Training on Muscle-Tendon and Neuromuscular Adaptations: A Narrative Review. \u003cem\u003eSports\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e9\u003c/strong\u003e, 59 (2021).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRadnor, J. M. \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e The Influence of Growth and Maturation on Stretch-Shortening Cycle Function in Youth. \u003cem\u003eSports Med\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e48\u003c/strong\u003e, 57\u0026ndash;71 (2018).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLloyd, R. S., Radnor, J. M., De Ste Croix, M. B. A., Cronin, J. B. \u0026amp; Oliver, J. L. Changes in Sprint and Jump Performances After Traditional, Plyometric, and Combined Resistance Training in Male Youth Pre- and Post-Peak Height Velocity. \u003cem\u003eThe Journal of Strength \u0026amp; Conditioning Research\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e30\u003c/strong\u003e, 1239 (2016).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePage, M. J. \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. \u003cem\u003ebmj\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e372\u003c/strong\u003e, (2021).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLiberati, A. The PRISMA Statement for Reporting Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses of Studies That Evaluate Health Care Interventions: Explanation and Elaboration. \u003cem\u003eAnn Intern Med\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e151\u003c/strong\u003e, W (2009).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMaher, C. G., Sherrington, C., Herbert, R. D., Moseley, A. M. \u0026amp; Elkins, M. Reliability of the PEDro scale for rating quality of randomized controlled trials. \u003cem\u003ePhysical therapy\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e83\u003c/strong\u003e, 713\u0026ndash;721 (2003).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDeeks, J. J., Higgins, J. P., Altman, D. G., \u0026amp; on behalf of the Cochrane Statistical Methods Group. Analysing data and undertaking meta‐analyses. in \u003cem\u003eCochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions\u003c/em\u003e (eds. Higgins, J. P. T. et al.) 241\u0026ndash;284 (Wiley, 2019). doi:10.1002/9781119536604.ch10.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKontopantelis, E., Springate, D. A. \u0026amp; Reeves, D. A re-analysis of the Cochrane Library data: the dangers of unobserved heterogeneity in meta-analyses. \u003cem\u003ePloS one\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e8\u003c/strong\u003e, e69930 (2013).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHopkins, W., Marshall, S., Batterham, A. \u0026amp; Hanin, J. Progressive statistics for studies in sports medicine and exercise science. \u003cem\u003eMedicine+ Science in Sports+ Exercise\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e41\u003c/strong\u003e, 3 (2009).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHiggins, J. P. T. \u0026amp; Thompson, S. G. Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta‐analysis. \u003cem\u003eStatistics in Medicine\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e21\u003c/strong\u003e, 1539\u0026ndash;1558 (2002).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEgger, M., Smith, G. D., Schneider, M. \u0026amp; Minder, C. Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. \u003cem\u003ebmj\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e315\u003c/strong\u003e, 629\u0026ndash;634 (1997).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDuval, S. \u0026amp; Tweedie, R. Trim and fill: a simple funnel-plot\u0026ndash;based method of testing and adjusting for publication bias in meta-analysis. \u003cem\u003eBiometrics\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e56\u003c/strong\u003e, 455\u0026ndash;463 (2000).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJpt, H. Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions. \u003cem\u003ehttp://www. cochrane-handbook. org\u003c/em\u003e (2008).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAsadi, A., Ramirez-Campillo, R., Arazi, H. \u0026amp; S\u0026aacute;ez de Villarreal, E. The effects of maturation on jumping ability and sprint adaptations to plyometric training in youth soccer players. \u003cem\u003eJ Sports Sci\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e36\u003c/strong\u003e, 2405\u0026ndash;2411 (2018).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBuga, S. \u0026amp; Gencer, Y. The Effect of Plyometric Training Performed on Different Surfaces on Some Performance Parameters. \u003cem\u003ePROGRESS IN NUTRITION\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e24\u003c/strong\u003e, (2022).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eChelly, M. S., Hermassi, S., Aouadi, R. \u0026amp; Shephard, R. J. Effects of 8-week in-season plyometric training on upper and lower limb performance of elite adolescent handball players. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Strength and Conditioning Research\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e28\u003c/strong\u003e, 1401\u0026ndash;1410 (2014).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDrouzas, V., Katsikas, C., Zafeiridis, A., Jamurtas, A. Z. \u0026amp; Bogdanis, G. C. Unilateral Plyometric Training is Superior to Volume-Matched Bilateral Training for Improving Strength, Speed and Power of Lower Limbs in Preadolescent Soccer Athletes. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Human Kinetics\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e74\u003c/strong\u003e, 161\u0026ndash;176 (2020).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFathi, A. \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e EFFECT OF A 16-WEEK COMBINED STRENGTH AND PLYOMETRIC TRAINING PROGRAM FOLLOWED BY A DETRAINING PERIOD ON ATHLETIC PERFORMANCE IN PUBERTAL VOLLEYBALL PLAYERS. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Strength and Conditioning Research\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e33\u003c/strong\u003e, 2117\u0026ndash;2127 (2019).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFernandes Correia, G. A. \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e The effect of plyometric training on vertical jump performance in young basketball athletes. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Physical Education (Maringa)\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e31\u003c/strong\u003e, (2020).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFonseca, R. T. \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e Analysis of vertical jump, rating of perceived exertion, delayed-onset muscle soreness, and muscular peak power in young male Brazilian football players submitted to plyometric and semi-squat training with weights. \u003cem\u003eRetos\u003c/em\u003e 613\u0026ndash;621 (2022).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHammami, M., Negra, Y., Aouadi, R., Shephard, R. J. \u0026amp; Chelly, M. S. Effects of an In-season Plyometric Training Program on Repeated Change of Direction and Sprint Performance in the Junior Soccer Player. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Strength and Conditioning Research\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e30\u003c/strong\u003e, 3312\u0026ndash;3320 (2016).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHammami, M., Gaamouri, N., Shephard, R. J. \u0026amp; Chelly, M. S. EFFECTS OF CONTRAST STRENGTH VS. PLYOMETRIC TRAINING ON LOWER-LIMB EXPLOSIVE PERFORMANCE, ABILITY TO CHANGE DIRECTION AND NEUROMUSCULAR ADAPTATION IN SOCCER PLAYERS. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Strength and Conditioning Research\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e33\u003c/strong\u003e, 2094\u0026ndash;2103 (2019).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHammami, M. \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e Effects of unloaded vs. Ankle-loaded plyometric training on the physical fitness of U-17 male soccer players. \u003cem\u003eInternational Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e17\u003c/strong\u003e, 1\u0026ndash;18 (2020).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHammami, M. \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e The effect of a sand surface on physical performance responses of junior male handball players to plyometric training. \u003cem\u003eBMC SPORTS SCIENCE MEDICINE AND REHABILITATION\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e12\u003c/strong\u003e, (2020).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHernandez-Martinez, J. \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e Effects of different plyometric training frequencies on physical performance in youth male volleyball players: a randomized trial. \u003cem\u003eFRONTIERS IN PHYSIOLOGY\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e14\u003c/strong\u003e, (2023).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJlid, M. C. \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e Multidirectional Plyometric Training: Very Efficient Way to Improve Vertical Jump Performance, Change of Direction Performance and Dynamic Postural Control in Young Soccer Players. \u003cem\u003eFront Physiol\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e10\u003c/strong\u003e, 1462 (2019).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKurt, C. \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e Effectiveness of Vertical versus Horizontal Plyometric Training on Stretch-Shortening Cycle Performance Enhancement in Adolescent Soccer Players. \u003cem\u003eHEALTHCARE\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e11\u003c/strong\u003e, (2023).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMcKinlay, B. J. \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e Effects of plyometric and resistance training on muscle strength, explosiveness, and neuromuscular function in young adolescent soccer players. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Strength and Conditioning Research\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e32\u003c/strong\u003e, 3039\u0026ndash;3050 (2018).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMichailidis, Y. \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e Plyometrics trainability in preadolescent soccer athletes. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Strength and Conditioning Research\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e27\u003c/strong\u003e, 38\u0026ndash;49 (2013).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNegra, Y. \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e Effectiveness and time-course adaptation of resistance training vs. plyometric training in prepubertal soccer players. \u003cem\u003eJOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e9\u003c/strong\u003e, 620\u0026ndash;627 (2020).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNegra, Y. \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e Short-Term Plyometric Jump Training Improves Repeated-Sprint Ability in Prepuberal Male Soccer Players. \u003cem\u003eJOURNAL OF STRENGTH AND CONDITIONING RESEARCH\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e34\u003c/strong\u003e, 3241\u0026ndash;3249 (2020).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePadr\u0026oacute;n-Cabo, A., Lorenzo-Mart\u0026iacute;nez, M., P\u0026eacute;rez-Ferreir\u0026oacute;s, A., Costa, P. \u0026amp; Rey, E. Effects of Plyometric Training with Agility Ladder on Physical Fitness in Youth Soccer Players. \u003cem\u003eINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SPORTS MEDICINE\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e42\u003c/strong\u003e, 896\u0026ndash;904 (2021).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePaes, P. P. \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e Effect of plyometric training on sprint and change of direction speed in young basketball athletes. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Physical Education and Sport\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e22\u003c/strong\u003e, 305\u0026ndash;310 (2022).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePalma-Mu\u0026ntilde;oz, I. \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e Effects of Progressed and Nonprogressed Volume-Based Overload Plyometric Training on Components of Physical Fitness and Body Composition Variables in Youth Male Basketball Players. \u003cem\u003eJ Strength Cond Res\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e35\u003c/strong\u003e, 1642\u0026ndash;1649 (2021).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePramono, H., Rahayu, T. \u0026amp; Yudhistira, D. THE EFFECT OF PLYOMETRICS EXERCISE THROUGH AGILITY LADDER DRILL ON IMPROVING PHYSICAL ABILITIES OF 13\u0026ndash;15-YEAR-OLD VOLLEYBALL PLAYERS. \u003cem\u003ePhysical Education Theory and Methodology\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e23\u003c/strong\u003e, 199\u0026ndash;206 (2023).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRamirez-Campillo, R. \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e Optimal Reactive Strength Index: Is It an Accurate Variable to Optimize Plyometric Training Effects on Measures of Physical Fitness in Young Soccer Players? \u003cem\u003eJ Strength Cond Res\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e32\u003c/strong\u003e, 885\u0026ndash;893 (2018).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRamirez-Campillo, R. \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e Effects of Plyometric Training on Physical Performance of Young Male Soccer Players: Potential Effects of Different Drop Jump Heights. \u003cem\u003ePEDIATRIC EXERCISE SCIENCE\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e31\u003c/strong\u003e, 306\u0026ndash;313 (2019).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRamirez-Campillo, R. \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e Effects of Combined Surfaces vs. Single-Surface Plyometric Training on Soccer Players\u0026rsquo; Physical Fitness. \u003cem\u003eJOURNAL OF STRENGTH AND CONDITIONING RESEARCH\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e34\u003c/strong\u003e, 2644\u0026ndash;2653 (2020).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRamirez-Campillo, R. \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e Sequencing Effects of Plyometric Training Applied Before or After Regular Soccer Training on Measures of Physical Fitness in Young Players. \u003cem\u003eJOURNAL OF STRENGTH AND CONDITIONING RESEARCH\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e34\u003c/strong\u003e, 1959\u0026ndash;1966 (2020).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSammoud, S. \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e Effects of plyometric jump training versus power training using free weights on measures of physical fitness in youth male soccer players. \u003cem\u003eJOURNAL OF SPORTS SCIENCES\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e40\u003c/strong\u003e, 130\u0026ndash;137 (2022).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSantos, E. J. A. M. \u0026amp; Janeira, M. A. A. S. The effects of plyometric training followed by detraining and reduced training periods on explosive strength in adolescent male basketball players. \u003cem\u003eJournal of strength and conditioning research\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e25\u003c/strong\u003e, 441\u0026ndash;52 (2011).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eVera-Assaoka, T. \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e Effects of Maturation on Physical Fitness Adaptations to Plyometric Drop Jump Training in Male Youth Soccer Players. \u003cem\u003eJOURNAL OF STRENGTH AND CONDITIONING RESEARCH\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e34\u003c/strong\u003e, 2760\u0026ndash;2768 (2020).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZribi, A. \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e Short-term lower-body plyometric training improves whole body BMC, bone metabolic markers, and physical fitness in early pubertal male basketball players. \u003cem\u003ePediatr Exerc Sci\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e26\u003c/strong\u003e, 22\u0026ndash;32 (2014).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKubo, K., Kanehisa, H., Kawakami, Y. \u0026amp; Fukanaga, T. Growth Changes in the Elastic Properties of Human Tendon Structures. \u003cem\u003eInt J Sports Med\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e22\u003c/strong\u003e, 138\u0026ndash;143 (2001).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGrosset, J.-F., Mora, I., Lambertz, D. \u0026amp; P\u0026eacute;rot, C. Changes in stretch reflexes and muscle stiffness with age in prepubescent children. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Applied Physiology\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e102\u003c/strong\u003e, 2352\u0026ndash;2360 (2007).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKato, T. \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e Effect of low-repetition jump training on bone mineral density in young women. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Applied Physiology\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e100\u003c/strong\u003e, 839\u0026ndash;843 (2006).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKubo, K. \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e Effects of plyometric and weight training on muscle-tendon complex and jump performance. \u003cem\u003eMedicine \u0026amp; Science in Sports \u0026amp; Exercise\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e39\u003c/strong\u003e, 1801\u0026ndash;1810 (2007).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGrosset, J.-F., Piscione, J., Lambertz, D. \u0026amp; P\u0026eacute;rot, C. Paired changes in electromechanical delay and musculo-tendinous stiffness after endurance or plyometric training. \u003cem\u003eEur J Appl Physiol\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e105\u003c/strong\u003e, 131\u0026ndash;139 (2009).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDimeglio, A. Growth in pediatric orthopaedics. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Pediatric Orthopaedics\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e21\u003c/strong\u003e, 549\u0026ndash;555 (2001).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBeunen, G. P. \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003eAdolescent Growth and Motor Performance: A Longitudinal Study of Belgian Boys.\u003c/em\u003e (Human Kinetics Publishers, 1988).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cem\u003ePlyometrics\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eQuatman-Yates, C. C., Quatman, C. E., Meszaros, A. J., Paterno, M. V. \u0026amp; Hewett, T. E. A systematic review of sensorimotor function during adolescence: a developmental stage of increased motor awkwardness? \u003cem\u003eBritish journal of sports medicine\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e46\u003c/strong\u003e, 649\u0026ndash;655 (2012).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePhilippaerts, R. M. \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e The relationship between peak height velocity and physical performance in youth soccer players. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Sports Sciences\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e24\u003c/strong\u003e, 221\u0026ndash;230 (2006).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eViru, A. \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e Critical Periods in the Development of Performance Capacity During Childhood and Adolescence. \u003cem\u003eEuropean Journal of Physical Education\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e4\u003c/strong\u003e, 75\u0026ndash;119 (1999).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMartin, R. J. \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e Longitudinal changes of maximal short-term peak power in girls and boys during growth. \u003cem\u003eMedicine \u0026amp; Science in Sports \u0026amp; Exercise\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e36\u003c/strong\u003e, 498\u0026ndash;503 (2004).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLloyd, R. S., Meyers, R. W. \u0026amp; Oliver, J. L. The Natural Development and Trainability of Plyometric Ability During Childhood. \u003cem\u003eStrength \u0026amp; Conditioning Journal\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e33\u003c/strong\u003e, 23 (2011).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSlimani, M., Chamari, K., Miarka, B., Del Vecchio, F. B. \u0026amp; Ch\u0026eacute;our, F. Effects of Plyometric Training on Physical Fitness in Team Sport Athletes: A Systematic Review. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Human Kinetics\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e53\u003c/strong\u003e, 231\u0026ndash;247 (2016).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBishop, D., Girard, O. \u0026amp; Mendez-Villanueva, A. Repeated-Sprint Ability \u0026ndash; Part II: Recommendations for Training. \u003cem\u003eSports Medicine\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e41\u003c/strong\u003e, 741\u0026ndash;756 (2011).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLockie, R. G., Murphy, A. J., Callaghan, S. J. \u0026amp; Jeffriess, M. D. Effects of sprint and plyometrics training on field sport acceleration technique. \u003cem\u003eThe Journal of Strength \u0026amp; Conditioning Research\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e28\u003c/strong\u003e, 1790\u0026ndash;1801 (2014).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRam\u0026iacute;rez-Campillo, R. \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e Effect of progressive volume-based overload during plyometric training on explosive and endurance performance in young soccer players. \u003cem\u003eThe Journal of Strength \u0026amp; Conditioning Research\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e29\u003c/strong\u003e, 1884\u0026ndash;1893 (2015).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLambertz, D., Mora, I., Grosset, J.-F. \u0026amp; P\u0026eacute;rot, C. Evaluation of musculotendinous stiffness in prepubertal children and adults, taking into account muscle activity. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Applied Physiology\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e95\u003c/strong\u003e, 64\u0026ndash;72 (2003).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCroce, R. V., Russell, P. J., Swartz, E. E. \u0026amp; Decoster, L. C. Knee muscular response strategies differ by developmental level but not gender during jump landing. \u003cem\u003eElectromyography and clinical neurophysiology\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e44\u003c/strong\u003e, 339\u0026ndash;348 (2004).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOliver, J. L. \u0026amp; Smith, P. M. Neural control of leg stiffness during hopping in boys and men. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Electromyography and Kinesiology\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e20\u003c/strong\u003e, 973\u0026ndash;979 (2010).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLloyd, R. S., Oliver, J. L., Hughes, M. G. \u0026amp; Williams, C. A. The effects of 4-weeks of plyometric training on reactive strength index and leg stiffness in male youths. \u003cem\u003eThe Journal of Strength \u0026amp; Conditioning Research\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e26\u003c/strong\u003e, 2812\u0026ndash;2819 (2012).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRumpf, M. C., Cronin, J. B., Oliver, J. L. \u0026amp; Hughes, M. G. Vertical and leg stiffness and stretch-shortening cycle changes across maturation during maximal sprint running. \u003cem\u003eHuman movement science\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e32\u003c/strong\u003e, 668\u0026ndash;676 (2013).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMorin, J.-B. \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e Mechanical determinants of 100-m sprint running performance. \u003cem\u003eEur J Appl Physiol\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e112\u003c/strong\u003e, 3921\u0026ndash;3930 (2012).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRogol, A. D., Roemmich, J. N. \u0026amp; Clark, P. A. Growth at puberty. \u003cem\u003eJ Adolesc Health\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e31\u003c/strong\u003e, 192\u0026ndash;200 (2002).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eComfort, P., Stewart, A., Bloom, L. \u0026amp; Clarkson, B. Relationships between strength, sprint, and jump performance in well-trained youth soccer players. \u003cem\u003eThe Journal of Strength \u0026amp; Conditioning Research\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e28\u003c/strong\u003e, 173\u0026ndash;177 (2014).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOliver, J. L. \u0026amp; Rumpf, M. C. Speed development in youths. in \u003cem\u003eStrength and conditioning for young athletes\u003c/em\u003e 102\u0026ndash;115 (Routledge, 2013).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAagaard, P., Simonsen, E. B., Andersen, J. L., Magnusson, P. \u0026amp; Dyhre-Poulsen, P. Increased rate of force development and neural drive of human skeletal muscle following resistance training. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Applied Physiology\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e93\u003c/strong\u003e, 1318\u0026ndash;1326 (2002).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSheppard, J. M. \u0026amp; Young, W. B. Agility literature review: Classifications, training and testing. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Sports Sciences\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e24\u003c/strong\u003e, 919\u0026ndash;932 (2006).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMiller, M. G., Herniman, J. J., Ricard, M. D., Cheatham, C. C. \u0026amp; Michael, T. J. The effects of a 6-week plyometric training program on agility. \u003cem\u003eJournal of sports science \u0026amp; medicine\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e5\u003c/strong\u003e, 459 (2006).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDellal, A. \u0026amp; Wong, D. P. Repeated sprint and change-of-direction abilities in soccer players: effects of age group. \u003cem\u003eThe Journal of Strength \u0026amp; Conditioning Research\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e27\u003c/strong\u003e, 2504\u0026ndash;2508 (2013).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eYoung, W. B., James, R. \u0026amp; Montgomery, I. Is muscle power related to running speed with changes of direction? \u003cem\u003eJournal of sports medicine and physical fitness\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e42\u003c/strong\u003e, 282\u0026ndash;288 (2002).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRommers, N. \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e Age and maturity related differences in motor coordination among male elite youth soccer players. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Sports Sciences\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e37\u003c/strong\u003e, 196\u0026ndash;203 (2019).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSeger, J. Y. \u0026amp; Thorstensson, A. Muscle strength and electromyogram in boys and girls followed through puberty. \u003cem\u003eEur J Appl Physiol\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e81\u003c/strong\u003e, 54\u0026ndash;61 (2000).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRound, J. M., Jones, D. A., Honour, J. W. \u0026amp; Nevill, A. M. Hormonal factors in the development of differences in strength between boys and girls during adolescence: a longitudinal study. \u003cem\u003eAnnals of Human Biology\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e26\u003c/strong\u003e, 49\u0026ndash;62 (1999).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDorfberger, S., Adi-Japha, E. \u0026amp; Karni, A. Sex differences in motor performance and motor learning in children and adolescents: an increasing male advantage in motor learning and consolidation phase gains. \u003cem\u003eBehavioural brain research\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e198\u003c/strong\u003e, 165\u0026ndash;171 (2009).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePereira, L. A. \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e Relationship between change of direction, speed, and power in male and female national olympic team handball athletes. \u003cem\u003eThe Journal of Strength \u0026amp; Conditioning Research\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e32\u003c/strong\u003e, 2987\u0026ndash;2994 (2018).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eYoung, W., Mc Lean, B. \u0026amp; Ardagna, J. Relationship between strength qualities and sprinting performance. \u003cem\u003eJournal of sports medicine and physical fitness\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e35\u003c/strong\u003e, 13\u0026ndash;19 (1995).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRamirez-Campillo, R. \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e Plyometric-Jump Training Effects on Physical Fitness and Sport-Specific Performance According to Maturity: A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis. \u003cem\u003eSports Med - Open\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e9\u003c/strong\u003e, 23 (2023).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZatsiorsky, V. M., Kraemer, W. J. \u0026amp; Fry, A. C. \u003cem\u003eScience and Practice of Strength Training\u003c/em\u003e. (Human Kinetics, 2020).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFaigenbaum, A. D. \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e Youth Resistance Training: Updated Position Statement Paper From the National Strength and Conditioning Association. \u003cem\u003eThe Journal of Strength \u0026amp; Conditioning Research\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e23\u003c/strong\u003e, S60 (2009).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOliver, J. L., Ramachandran, A. K., Singh, U., Ramirez-Campillo, R. \u0026amp; Lloyd, R. S. The Effects of Strength, Plyometric and Combined Training on Strength, Power and Speed Characteristics in High-Level, Highly Trained Male Youth Soccer Players: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. \u003cem\u003eSports Med\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e54\u003c/strong\u003e, 623\u0026ndash;643 (2024).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":true,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"sports-medicine-open","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"smoa","sideBox":"Learn more about [Sports Medicine-Open](http://sportsmedicine-open.springeropen.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/smoa/default.aspx","title":"Sports Medicine-Open","twitterHandle":"@SpringerOpen","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC/SO AJ","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Plyometric exercise, Team sports, Youth sports, Physical fitness, maturation","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4876519/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4876519/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBackground：\u003c/strong\u003eA comprehensive summary of the effects of plyometric training （PT） on multiple physical fitness indicators in youth athletes at different maturation stages, as well as on a broader range of sports, has not yet been conducted.This study aims to comprehensively summarize the effects of plyometric training on multiple physical fitness indicators of young male team athletes at different stages of maturity.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethods：\u003c/strong\u003eThis systematic review and meta-analysis followed PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Three databases (PubMed, Web of Science, SCOPUS) were searched. Study eligibility was rated using the PICOS method, and methodological quality was assessed with the PEDro scale. A random-effects model calculated the meta-analysis, reporting Hedge's g effect sizes (ES) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Statistical significance was set at p ≤ 0.05. Egger’s test assessed bias, with the trim and fill method applied if necessary. Subgroup analyses and meta-regression calculations of training variables were performed.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResult\u003c/strong\u003e：A total of 31 studies were included, involving 717 soccer players, 146 basketball players, 54 handball players, and 110 volleyball players. Compared to the control group, PT improved the following metrics across all age groups combined: Countermovement jump (CMJ) height (ES = 0.761), Standing long jump (SLJ) distance (ES = 0.572), ≤10-m linear sprint time (ES = -0.709), \u0026gt;10-m linear sprint time (ES = -0.488), and change-of-direction (COD) time (ES = -0.896).In the 10 to 12.99 years age group (PRE), PT improved CMJ height (ES = 0.73), SLJ distance (ES = 0.441), ≤10-m linear sprint time (ES = -0.431), \u0026gt;10-m linear sprint time (ES = -0.307), and COD time (ES = -0.783). In the 13 to 15.99 years age group (MID), PT improved CMJ height (ES = 0.523), \u0026gt;10-m linear sprint time (ES = -0.37), and COD time (ES = -0.635). In the 16 to 18 years age group (POST), PT improved CMJ height (ES = 1.053), SLJ distance (ES = 1.329), ≤10-m linear sprint time (ES = -1.81), \u0026gt;10-m linear sprint time (ES = -1.18), and COD time (ES = -1.665).There were no significant differences in adaptations for maximal strength in all groups, SLJ distance and ≤10 m linear sprint time in the MID group (all p \u0026gt; 0.05).Meta-regression showed that training variables could not predict the impact of PT on physical fitness. Subgroup analysis showed that when the total number of training sessions was ≥16 (ES = 1.061), there was a significantly greater improvement in CMJ height compared to fewer than 16 training sessions (ES = 0.36) (p = 0.002).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusion：\u003c/strong\u003eCompared to the control group, PT can improve CMJ height, SLJ distance, ≤10-m linear sprint time, \u0026gt;10-m linear sprint time, and COD time in youth male team sports players across all age groups. However, PT does not improve maximal strength. The trend of improvement appears to be best during the late adolescence stage. In contrast, during mid-adolescence, SLJ distance and ≤10-m linear sprint time did not improve, and the improvements in CMJ height and COD time seem to be the least pronounced during this stage.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Effects of Maturation Stage on Physical Fitness in Youth Male Team Sports Players After Plyometric Training: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-10-07 09:01:23","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4876519/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Major Revision","date":"2025-03-23T08:02:20+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"","date":"2024-09-16T20:24:31+00:00","index":0,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2024-09-04T14:44:46+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2024-08-12T09:14:30+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Sports Medicine-Open","date":"2024-08-09T22:32:51+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"sports-medicine-open","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"smoa","sideBox":"Learn more about [Sports Medicine-Open](http://sportsmedicine-open.springeropen.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/smoa/default.aspx","title":"Sports Medicine-Open","twitterHandle":"@SpringerOpen","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC/SO AJ","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"0ff2b9d6-c140-449b-b6d9-00dcbecc39fb","owner":[],"postedDate":"October 7th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-08-25T16:33:47+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-4876519","link":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-025-00907-9","journal":{"identity":"sports-medicine-open","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Sports Medicine-Open"},"publishedOn":"2025-08-21 16:29:15","publishedOnDateReadable":"August 21st, 2025"},"versionCreatedAt":"2024-10-07 09:01:23","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1186/s40798-025-00907-9","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-025-00907-9","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4876519","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4876519","identity":"rs-4876519","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}