Can Africa Achieve Food security through Sustainable Agri-food system Transformation? A Systematic Review across Regional contexts

Can Africa Achieve Food security through Sustainable Agri-food system Transformation? 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A Systematic Review across Regional contexts Teklu Gebretsadik, Helder Zavale, Lourenco Manuel, Rogerio M. Chiulele This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7179184/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Africa's Agri-food system is experiencing a vital shift, influenced by the combined forces of climate change, rising population, urbanization, and the demand for sustainable development. This systematic review compiles results from 106 peer-reviewed articles published from 2005 to 2024, concentrating on food security, nutrition, sustainability, economic resilience, and policy changes throughout the continent. Applying PRISMA protocols, articles were evaluated and thematically examined to outline regional dynamics and pinpoint advancements and obstacles in the Agri-food system transition. The analysis shows significant regional disparities: Northern and Southern Africa demonstrate comparatively better system efficiency and food security, due to enhanced infrastructure, institutional backing, and economic stability. In comparison, Central Africa is still very at risk because of conflict, governance problems, and fragile agri-food connections, whereas East and West Africa are advancing but limited by instability, underuse, and climate-related threats. The assessment emphasizes the significant connections with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), especially SDG 2 (Zero Hunger), SDG 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production), and SDG 13 (Climate Action), highlighting the importance of Agri-food transformation in Africa’s development agenda. Additionally, the examination highlights the increasing significance of climate-smart farming, circular economy approaches, and inclusive policy structures in influencing food system durability and rural economies. Even with progress, notable research and policy deficiencies remain in regional collaboration, investment in Agro-processing, inclusion of women and youth, and dependable nutrition statistics. Quantitative data, such as regional food security indicators and prediction models, reveal new connections among governance quality, investment in sustainable agriculture, and enhanced nutritional results. The research concludes that Africa's Agri-food transition necessitates diverse, region-tailored strategies based on economic feasibility, cultural relevance, and institutional changes. It emphasizes the need for improved policy alignment, inter-regional knowledge sharing, and data-driven innovation to secure a fair and sustainable Agri-food future for the continent. Agricultural Economics & Policy Development Economics Agronomy Environmental Policy Agri-food system transition food security nutrition and livelihoods policy and institutional framework Africa regions sustainable agriculture Economic Resilience Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Introduction Agri-food systems in Africa are experiencing significant changes due to overlapping challenges such as population increase, climate change, food insecurity, urban expansion, land degradation, and socio-economic disparities. These systems, covering the full value chain from agricultural production to consumption and waste management, are essential not only for securing food and nutrition but also for fostering inclusive economic growth, environmental sustainability, and social equity (FAO, 2021 ; HLPE, 2020 ). Nevertheless, numerous African agri-food systems continue to be extremely susceptible, disjointed, and ineffective, facing ongoing challenges like restricted access to technology, feeble governance structures, gender disparities, substandard infrastructure, and insufficient financing options (AGRA, 2022 ; Jayne et al., 2019 ). The shift in agri-food systems characterized as a fundamental and systemic change towards sustainability, resilience, and fairness, is thus a strategic necessity for the continent. Contemporary discussions regarding agri-food transformation highlight the necessity for food systems that are "climate-smart," "nutrition-sensitive," and "digitally enabled," ensuring inclusivity for women and youth while being resilient to disruptions like pandemics and climate extremes (World Bank, 2021 ; Giller et al., 2021 ). In Africa, these changes are not consistent but take place in different socio-political, agroecological, and economic environments, indicating distinct trajectories and rates of transformation (Tschirley et al., 2015 ). Although various nations have advanced in Agri-food innovations including precision agriculture, renewable energy incorporation, regenerative practices, and the development of inclusive value chains- the debates surrounding the sustainability and inclusivity of these changes continue. Major limitations encompass restricted research application, fragile institutions, and diverging development objectives that frequently favor immediate productivity increases instead of long-term environmental and social effects (Pretty et al., 2018 ; Thorpe & Reed, 2021 ). Even with the increasing focus on Agri-food systems in both global and regional policy frameworks like the African Union’s Malabo Declaration, the UN Food Systems Summit, and national food systems discussions, there is still insufficient consolidated evidence regarding the characteristics, influences, and effects of Agri-food system transitions in Africa. Conducting a systematic review of the literature on these transitions is essential for identifying knowledge gaps, uncovering effective strategies, and informing evidence-based policy development. This systematic review seeks to aggregate the current literature regarding the transformation of Africa’s Agri-food systems, emphasizing the identification of important enablers, barriers, outcomes, and policy ramifications. This review plays a role in shaping more sustainable, equitable, and climate-resilient food systems in Africa by offering a thorough and critical evaluation of existing knowledge. This research review addresses the questions: In what ways is Africa's Agri-food system evolving to achieve sustainability, food security, and economic resilience across its regions? Its objective also is to examine regional differences in Agri-food transitions in Africa and evaluate connections between Agri-food systems and SDGs. It also recognizes crucial economic, cultural and nutritional, and institutional factors or obstacles to underscore challenges, deficiencies, and future research focuses. Methodology This review paper utilizes a systematic literature review method to consolidate current studies on the food systems, sustainability, economics, nutrition. The methodology is organized into five primary stages: The research employs a qualitative, descriptive, and analytical framework to examine peer-reviewed journal articles, grey literature, and international policy documents aiming to assess the current understanding of food systems, sustainability, economics, nutrition. Literature Search Strategy An extensive search was performed utilizing databases including Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. The keywords utilized encompassed combinations of ("Agri-food system" OR "food system transformation" OR "agricultural transformation" OR "sustainable food systems" OR "agricultural transition" OR "agro-food value chain") AND ("Africa" OR "Sub-Saharan Africa" OR "East Africa" OR "West Africa" OR "Central Africa" OR "North Africa" OR "Southern Africa") AND ("food security" OR "nutrition security" OR "malnutrition" OR "food availability" OR "diet diversity" OR "stunting") AND ("sustainable agriculture" OR "climate-smart agriculture" OR "agroecology" OR "resilience" OR "food system resilience") AND ("economic development" OR "economic resilience" OR "rural livelihoods" OR "policy frameworks" OR "institutional capacity") AND ("systematic review" OR "literature review" OR "scoping review" OR "PRISMA") to locate pertinent studies. The literature review encompassed publications from 2005 to 2024 to include both fundamental and contemporary research trends. Inclusion and Exclusion Guidelines Inclusion : Scholarly articles, policy documents, and international frameworks that examine food systems, sustainability, economics, nutrition. Exclusion : Research exclusively not targeting food systems, sustainability, economics, nutrition. Table 1 Inclusion and Exclusion criteria Criteria type Criteria description Inclusion Studies Published between 2005–2024 Focused on African countries Empirical and peer-reviewed research Cover topics on food systems, sustainability, economics, nutrition. Relevance to trade-off in developments or policy implications English language papers Exclusion Articles before 2005 Studies unrelated to Africa Non-peer-reviewed sources (e.g., Blogs, op-eds, gray literature unless highly relevant) and Papers lacking methodological transparency Non-scholarly sources (blogs, news) Non-English language publications or duplicates Table 2 Inclusion and Exclusion Summary of Reviewed Papers Stage Number of records Description Record identified through database searches (Scopus, google scholar) 1062 Records identified through database searching (Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar) using keywords related to food systems, sustainability, economics, and nutrition in Africa. Duplicates removed 78 Removed duplicates across database Records screened by title/abstract 984 Titles and abstracts screened; duplicates and irrelevant records excluded. Records excluded after screening 301 Off-topic, purely biological/ecological studies, or no food systems, sustainability, economics, and nutrition focus in Africa. Full text articles assessed 683 Full-text articles assessed for eligibility based on inclusion and exclusion criteria (2005–2024, English, African context, academic sources). Articles excluded after full-text assessment 332 Studies lacked in qualitative and/or quantitative synthesis, poor methodological transparency, or not peer-reviewed not covering Agri-food system transition, regional trends, and SDG linkages. Studies included in review 106 Final number of Articles used for synthesis Data Extraction and thematic Analysis In this systematic review, a structured protocol was employed for data extraction, which gathered essential variables such as study location, research methodology, thematic emphasis (e.g., food security, sustainability, nutrition, economic resilience), year of publication, and its significance for Africa’s Agri-food system transition. All selected studies were examined to uncover common trends and key aspects that corresponded with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), agri-food value chains, and regional policy frameworks. Thematic analysis was utilized to amalgamate qualitative insights from various studies, facilitating the classification of results into key themes like climate-smart agricultural methods, institutional and policy obstacles, livelihood and nutrition outcomes, and regional inequalities. This method enabled the consolidation of varied evidence into cohesive analytical groups, enhancing a comprehensive comprehension of food system changes across Africa’s sub-regions and highlighting areas for further research and policy synchronization. Discussion Overview of Agri-food System Challenges in Africa The transition of Agri-food systems involves changing food production, distribution, processing, and consumption methods to create more sustainable, equitable, and resilient practices (FAO, 2021 ). This review consolidates the main themes identified in the literature, emphasizing essential knowledge and policy deficiencies Table 3 Research strategies and focuses on Agri-food system transition Strategy researches References Transitions have developed and flourished Sustainability Transitions Research Network (2010) Transitions tended to focus on mobility and energy systems Hinrichs, 2014; Markard et al., 2012; Truffer and Markard, 2017). The current food system needs a significant transformation if it is to feed a growing population Elzen et al., 2017; Gladek et al., 2016; IPES-Food, 2015). Increasing attention both in academic literature and policy Lachman, 2013; Loorbach et al., 2017; Markard et al., 2012 Transitions initially referred to large-scale transformations during which the structure of society fundamentally changes (Rotmans et al., 2001 “Governing transitions” is considered as a separate research theme STRN, 2017), Transitions imply a restructuring of power relations and politics. Avelino et al. (2016 Biofuels may create sustainability trade-offs in agro-food systems. Partzsch (2017 Power relations determine whether agroecology conforms to the dominant regime or transforms it Levidow et al., 2014) Transition politics and governance agriculture show that politics may constructively interfere with the dynamics of transition Grin (2012) l compare agricultural intensification with agroecology Ely et al. (2016) Understanding actors' relations and power dynamics at different levels is fundamental to fostering transition. Sherwood and Paredes, 2014) Rooting sustainable practices in everyday action and politics is needed Minh et al., 2014 Agents such as civil society organizations and public institutions in agro-food sustainability transitions Stahlbrand (2016) A strategic practice management approach is needed to transition urban food systems Cohen and Ilieva (2015) The clashing of different knowledge systems (based on distinct values, beliefs and epistemologies) is one of the factors Maye (2018 Analysis of the relationship between institutionalized politics and the rise and fall of the New Food Frontier is needed Crivits et al. (2018) Eating practices lead to transitioning Vinnari and Vinnari (2014) Civil society organizations as one of the stakeholders in food transitions Davies and Doyle (2015) ‘Food for Life’ to conceptualize scaling as a form of policy transfer. Lawhon and Murphy (2012) ‘Strong colonization of agriculture’, through agro-ecological transition . Duru et al. (2014) Agro-food transitions use different modelling approaches such as agent-based models Davies, 2014; Davies and Doyle, 2015; Quist et al., 2011) Modeling the Agri-food System Transitioning By combining it with specific models of the energy system (Baumstark et al. 2021), the climate system (Meinshausen et al. 2020), and public health (Springmann et al. 2018), its modeling capabilities are increased. Food System generates economic valuations of the net and gross economic benefits of the food system modifications that they capture using the pathways that are produced. This concentrates on two avenues. "Current Trends" (CT) is an extension of the current trends defining food systems. A global initiative known as the "Food System Transformation" (FST) aims to replace the world's current food systems with one that feeds the hungry and impoverished while meeting the requirements of those employed in agriculture and producing wholesome food without compromising a habitable environment. The optimistic assumptions for future GDP and population growth as well as the ongoing energy transition is also considered. Table 4 Model themes of the Research agenda of the Transitioning Agri-food sytem Research themes References Power and politics Vittersø and Tangeland (2015); Ely et al. (2016); Meek (2016); Stahlbrand (2016); Crivits et al. (2018); Partzsch (2017); Rosin et al. (2017); Vivero-Pol (2017); Kuhmonen (2017) Managing transitions Cohen and Ilieva (2015); van Gameren et al., 2015; Davies and Doyle (2015); Halbe et al. (2015); Rossi (2017); van den Heiligenberg et al. (2017); Crivits et al. (2018); Dedeurwaerdere et al. (2017); Hansen and Bjørkhaug, 2017 Civil society Davies and Doyle (2015); Levidow (2015); Moragues-Faus and Morgan (2015); O'Rourke and Lollo (2015); Stahlbrand (2016); Pitt and Jones (2016); Prasad (2016); Dedeurwaerdere et al. (2017); Hauser and Lindtner (2017); Isgren and Ness (2017) Firms Slingerland and Schut (2014); Levidow (2015); Ferguson (2016); Langendahl et al. (2016); Randelli and Rocchi (2017); Rosin et al. (2017) Sustainable Consumption Clear et al. (2016); Jurgilevich et al. (2016); Liu et al. (2016); Mylan et al. (2016); Stahlbrand (2016); Ely et al. (2016); Paddock (2017); Rossi (2017); Wonneck and Hobson (2017); Dedeurwaerdere et al. (2017) Geography Santhanam-Martin et al. (2015); Hermans et al. (2016); Pitt and Jones (2016); Wonneck and Hobson (2017) Modelling Ghaffari et al. (2015); Moraine et al. (2016); Rodríguez Morales and Rodríguez Lopez (2017); Fauchald et al. (2017); Jacobs et al. (2017); Kuhmonen (2017) Africa’s Agri-food systems encounter structural and institutional flaws that impede transformation. Factors include low agricultural output, significant dependence on rainfed agriculture, minimal value addition, losses after harvest, and insufficient infrastructure (Jayne et al., 2019 ; AGRA, 2022 ). Smallholder farmers, representing the bulk of producers, frequently work under limited circumstances regarding land access, credit, and market information (Chamberlin & Jayne, 2013 ). These difficulties are intensified by climate change, which disproportionately impacts African agriculture due to greater fluctuations in rainfall and elevated temperatures (Niang et al., 2014 ). Agriculture and food systems in Africa face numerous enduring structural challenges that limit productivity and resilience. These consist of low mechanization, restricted availability of quality inputs (such as seeds, fertilizers), insufficient rural infrastructure, and poor access to markets. Jayne et al. ( 2019 ) highlights that more than 70% of African farmers work on small areas (< 2 hectares), frequently lacking irrigation, which results in low and inconsistent yields. Likewise, the African Union ( 2022 ) indicated that in sub-Saharan Africa, post-harvest losses for perishable crops can be as high as 40% because of inadequate storage and transport facilities. The World Bank ( 2021 ) highlights that agricultural productivity in Africa has increased gradually compared to population growth, leading to a rise in food imports. The productivity gap is notably evident in key food crops such as maize, sorghum, and cassava, with yields falling far short of potential due to inadequate soil fertility management and restricted technology use (Pretty et al., 2018 ). Moreover, challenges like land fragmentation, uncertain tenure rights, and outdated land governance structures still impact investment and innovation in agriculture (Lawry et al., 2017). The exclusion of young people and women from land ownership, access to inputs, and involvement in policy strengthens inequality and inefficiency in Agri-food systems (Doss et al., 2018; IFAD, 2021). Sustainability and Resilience as Core Transition Goals A substantial amount of research has highlighted the necessity for sustainability and resilience in transforming food systems. Pretty et al. ( 2018 ) contend that sustainable intensification characterized as enhancing productivity without negative environmental effects is crucial to Agri-food transitions in Africa. Agroecological methods and regenerative farming are being increasingly advocated as strategies that integrate ecological concepts with traditional wisdom to create resilient food systems (Altieri et al., 2017 ; Giller et al., 2021 ). Nonetheless, broad implementation is hindered by organizational resistance, insufficient motivations, and restricted farmer awareness (Snapp et al., 2019 ). Sustainability is crucial to the narratives of food system transformation throughout Africa. Researchers stress that changing the Agri-food system should encompass ecological harmony, conservation of resources, and socio-economic inclusivity (Giller et al., 2021 ; Snapp et al., 2019 ). Agroecology, conservation farming, integrated soil fertility management, and regenerative methods are considered effective alternatives to input-heavy strategies that might not be appropriate for delicate African ecosystems (Altieri et al., 2017 ; Mbow et al., 2019). Agroecological practices have been shown to increase yields while improving soil quality and biodiversity. Research conducted in East Africa indicates that intercropping and mulching greatly enhance resilience to drought and decrease reliance on outside inputs (Pittelkow et al., 2015). Nonetheless, uptake is restricted because of inadequate extension services, absence of supportive policies, and farmers’ reluctance to take risks (Tittonell, 2014; Kansiime et al., 2018). Furthermore, resilience involves the capability of Agri-food systems to endure and rebound from climate shocks, political unrest, and market fluctuations. Béné et al. ( 2019 ) state that this necessitates adaptive capacity across various levels, such as households, institutions, and ecosystems. The shift towards varied, localized food systems is becoming increasingly recognized as a method for promoting environmental sustainability and ensuring food sovereignty (Pimbert, 2018 ; HLPE, 2020 ). Africa's susceptibility to climate change significantly influences the transformation of Agri-food systems. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, 2022 ) highlights those African agricultural systems are currently facing losses attributed to rising temperatures, erratic rainfall, and severe weather occurrences. These effects are expected to intensify, decreasing agricultural output by as much as 20% by 2050 in numerous sub-Saharan nations (Niang et al., 2014 ; Müller et al., 2020). Climate Change: Risks and Possibilities Climate-smart agriculture (CSA) has surfaced as a key approach to improve productivity, foster resilience, and decrease greenhouse gas emissions (Lipper et al., 2014 ). Research from Ethiopia, Kenya, and Zambia indicates that CSA techniques like water harvesting, drought-tolerant crops, and agroforestry—enhance adaptation results and food security for households (Makate et al., 2019 ; Mwongera et al., 2017 ). Nonetheless, criticisms of CSA suggest that its execution frequently benefits large commercial farms and neglects local knowledge frameworks (Thornton & Herrero, 2015; Taylor, 2018). To adapt Agri-food systems under climate pressure, it is essential to incorporate both technical and institutional innovations, such as early warning systems, weather-index insurance, and adaptable financing options (Vermeulen et al., 2012; World Bank, 2021 ). ´~ Role of Innovation and Technology Technological advancements are acknowledged as a key facilitator of Agri-food change. Precision agriculture, mobile extension services, climate-resilient technologies, and digital platforms for integrating value chains have been recognized as essential instruments for boosting productivity and minimizing vulnerability (World Bank, 2021 ). For instance, the Digital Green platform and Farm in Kenya demonstrate how mobile technologies enhance farmers' access to markets and information (Aker & Mbiti, 2010 ; Kieti et al., 2022 ). However, the spread of technology continues to be inconsistent, highlighting considerable disparities in digital infrastructure and literacy (CTA, 2019 ). Technology and innovation are essential catalysts for transforming Agri-food systems. Mobile devices, digital consulting platforms, and precision farming are progressively utilized to enhance information access, maximize input utilization, and connect farmers with markets (Aker & Mbiti, 2010 ; CTA, 2019 ). Digital platforms such as WeFarm, Digital Green, and Agri-wallet in Kenya and Uganda offer real-time market insights, extension support, and financial services, effectively closing rural information gaps (Kieti et al., 2022 ; GSMA, 2020). The expansion of digital agriculture has additionally facilitated remote sensing, soil mapping, and predictive analytics for improved farm management. Nonetheless, considerable digital disparities persist, particularly regarding gender and geographical factors. Research indicates that women in rural areas are less prone to possess mobile phones, utilize mobile internet, or engage in digital training initiatives (FAO & ITU, 2022). Additionally, innovation ecosystems in Africa remain in the nascent phases of growth. Lack of strong research-extension connections, minimal public funding for R&D, and disjointed policy structures hinder the expansion of technological solutions (Spielman & Kelemework, 2009; World Bank, 2021 ). Effective transition necessitates enhancing local innovation capabilities, fostering public-private collaborations, and matching technology to the requirements of farmers. Climate Change, gender and Ecological Aspects Climate change acts as both a motivator and a limitation in transitions within Agri-food systems. Research indicates that African nations are progressively incorporating climate-smart agriculture (CSA) into their national frameworks, emphasizing adaptation, mitigation, and productivity objectives (Lipper et al., 2014 ; Mwongera et al., 2017 ). Nonetheless, execution continues to be frail because of inadequate funding, poor research-extension connections, and ineffective monitoring systems (Makate et al., 2019 ). Additionally, climate mitigation is frequently downplayed in African situations, where pressing adaptation requirements are prioritized (Thornton et al., 2018 ). The transformation of Agri-food must tackle gender and social disparities. Women are vital to African food systems but encounter obstacles in obtaining land, credit, education, and participating in decision-making (Doss, 2018 ; Meinzen-Dick et al., 2019 ). Gender-transformative strategies are thus vital for inclusive transitions in Agri-food systems. Research indicates that improved access to resources and extension services for women leads to notable enhancements in household food security and agricultural productivity (Quisumbing et al., 2014 ). Nonetheless, the majority of policy frameworks in Africa insufficiently integrate gender within food systems programming (Farnworth & Colverson, 2015 ). Realizing fair Agri-food transitions requires tackling enduring gender and social inequalities. In Africa, women make up 40–60% of the agricultural workforce, but they encounter structural obstacles related to land rights, access to credit, utilization of inputs, and participation in decision-making (Doss et al., 2018; Quisumbing et al., 2014 ). Research indicates that gender-related limitations result in significant productivity declines at both household and national scales (FAO, 2011; Meinzen-Dick et al., 2019 ). Strategies that address gender, including participatory extension, women's cooperatives, and asset transfers, have demonstrated beneficial effects on agricultural results and empowerment (Farnworth & Colverson, 2015 ; Njuki & Sanginga, 2013). However, the majority of national food policies and investment strategies fail to effectively incorporate gender factors or assess empowerment results. Additionally, social inclusion should encompass young people, indigenous groups, and individuals with disabilities. More than 60% of Africa's population is under 25, making the youth demographic a challenge and an opportunity for Agri-food transformation (AGRA, 2022 ). Nonetheless, the involvement of youth is still impeded by restricted access to land, skill development, and funding (Yami et al., 2019). Demand shifts, Policy and Institutional Structures Coherence in policy, coordination, and governance are crucial for facilitating or hindering transitions. The Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP) of the African Union and the Malabo Declaration focus on transforming food systems by means of investment, developing value chains, and involving the private sector (NEPAD, 2014 ). Nevertheless, the literature highlights discrepancies between policy goals and actual results stemming from divided institutional frameworks and insufficient budget provisions (Resnick et al., 2018 ). Effective transitions necessitate governance at multiple levels that connects national strategies with local circumstances and encourages participatory planning (Béné et al., 2019 ). Policy and institutional frameworks are essential facilitators or obstacles of Agri-food transformation. The Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP) of the African Union and the Malabo Declaration have established bold goals for food security, development of value chains, and inclusive growth (NEPAD, 2014 ). Nevertheless, the execution of policies has frequently been inadequate because of disjointed governance, insufficient accountability, and poor coordination across sectors (Resnick et al., 2018 ). Decentralized governance, inclusive policy development, and strengthening institutional capacity are vital for implementing strategies effectively. Studies indicate the necessity of harmonizing Agri-food policies with trade, education, health, and environmental initiatives (HLPE, 2017). Africa is swiftly urbanizing, leading to changes in dietary choices, food distribution, and the dynamics of Agri-food systems. City dwellers request greater amounts of processed, perishable, and varied food options, which affects upstream production and distribution trends (Tschirley et al., 2015 ; Reardon et al., 2019 ). The "silent revolution" in value chains led by small and medium enterprises (SMEs), informal vendors, and emerging urban markets offers both prospects and difficulties for inclusive food system change (Reardon & Timmer, 2014 ). Tackling urban food security and nutrition necessitates comprehensive strategies that combine urban planning with rural agricultural systems. Africa's swift urban growth is transforming consumption habits, logistics, and governance of the food system. City dwellers are moving towards a greater variety of processed and convenient foods, leading to heightened demand for value-added items, cold chain logistics, and food safety regulations (Reardon et al., 2019 ; Tschirley et al., 2015 ). This presents chances for SMEs and food processors to become vital players in changing Agri-food systems. The “quiet revolution” in value chains led by small and medium agribusinesses illustrates how localized innovations are transforming food supply systems (Reardon & Timmer, 2014 ). Nonetheless, informal food markets continue to be prevalent in African cities and need improved incorporation into urban planning and policy structures. Food insecurity in urban areas is an increasing issue. The city’s impoverished frequently depend on bought staples and are susceptible to fluctuations in food prices. Approaches such as urban farming, local food markets, and public purchasing of regional foods are being investigated to enhance accessibility and resilience (Battersby, 2017 ; HLPE, 2017). Food System Narratives and Pathways of Transition The literature presents conflicting perspectives on the evolution of Africa's food systems. These span from productivity-centered Green Revolution frameworks to agroecological, rights-oriented, and climate-justice approaches (Pimbert, 2018 ). Certain researchers contend that pathways for transition ought to be tailored to specific contexts and guided by local innovation frameworks instead of being dictated by outside models (Scoones et al., 2020 ). However, disparities in power related to global funding and knowledge creation persist in shaping the trajectory of food system changes in Africa (Patel, 2013 ; Clapp, 2021 ). Various and at times contradictory stories shape the way Agri-food transitions are imagined and executed. The Green Revolution approach focuses on increasing yields via hybrid seeds, chemical inputs, and mechanization (Pingali, 2012). Conversely, agroecological and rights-oriented frameworks highlight food sovereignty, ecological harmony, and social equity (Pimbert, 2018 ; IPES-Food, 2016). These conflicting paradigms reveal more profound power dynamics within the global food system, where policy agendas are frequently influenced by multinational corporations and donors (Clapp, 2021 ; Patel, 2013 ). A vital body of literature advocates for the decolonization of food systems research and for the empowerment of African stakeholders to guide context-specific changes (Scoones et al., 2020 ; Nyéléni Movement, 2015). An increasing acknowledgment exists that various transition pathways are essential and feasible, customized to regional, cultural, and ecological circumstances. Collaborative planning, flexible learning, and diverse governance are essential to harmonize conflicting interests and broaden solutions. Economic Contributions of Agri-food Systems in Africa Agri-food systems in Africa are integral to the continent’s economic framework. The industry plays a significant role in GDP, job creation, commerce, and rural income. As per the FAO ( 2020 ), agriculture constitutes roughly 17% of the GDP in sub-Saharan Africa and engages more than 60% of the workforce, mainly in informal or smallholder farming. Incorporating food processing, marketing, retail, and associated services, the wider Agri-food system accounts for as much as 40% of GDP in various African nations (World Bank, 2021 ; AGRA, 2022 ). Recent research highlights that the Agri-food system serves as a growth catalyst, especially in low-income nations. Christiaensen and Martin ( 2018 ) demonstrate that agricultural GDP growth is two to three times more impactful in alleviating poverty compared to growth in other sectors. Likewise, Diao, Hazell, and Thurlow ( 2010 ) contend that for structural transformation in Africa to succeed, agriculture must first be transformed into a productive, market-oriented sector. Additionally, the Agri-food system fosters the development of rural non-farm economies via backward and forward connections. These encompass agro-input provision, mechanization services, food processing, and rural commerce, offering income diversification and job opportunities beyond agriculture (Barrett et al., 2017 ; IFPRI, 2020). Rural areas in Ethiopia and Nigeria are seeing an increase in food-focused micro-enterprises and small-scale processing, aiding in inclusive development (Jayne et al., 2021 ). However, economic benefits are compromised by insufficient productivity, market flaws, and minimal value addition. Many African nations sell raw agricultural products and bring in processed foods, leading to trade deficits and losing out on value chain prospects (UNCTAD, 2020 ). Enhancing value-added food exports, bolstering domestic processing sectors, and optimizing supply chains are essential for shifting Agri-food systems toward economic resilience. The transformation of the Agri-food system is crucial for attaining food security, which is characterized by availability, accessibility, utilization, and stability. Despite having abundant agricultural resources, Africa is still the area facing the utmost food insecurity worldwide, with more than 280 million individuals undernourished in 2023, as per the FAO (2023). Climate disturbances, violence, economic instability, and reliance on imports have exacerbated the situation. An increasing number of studies investigates how structural modifications in Agri-food systems may alleviate food insecurity. For instance, promoting climate-resilient crops such as millet and sorghum in the Sahel and drought-resistant maize in East Africa has been shown to effectively decrease hunger and variability in yields (Fisher et al., 2015 ; Wossen et al., 2019 ). Biofortified crops, like orange-fleshed sweet potatoes high in vitamin A, have enhanced dietary quality for both women and children (Low et al., 2017 ). Moreover, enhanced availability of rural finance, food markets, and school meal initiatives leads to improved nutrition results. In Ghana, the Home-Grown School Feeding model, for instance, obtains food from local farmers and delivers daily meals to children, connecting food security with development in the local economy (Bundy et al., 2018 ; WFP, 2022 ). Urbanization and dietary changes are also increasingly affecting food security, as cities see a growing demand for processed and animal-derived goods. This brings up issues regarding nutrition transition, where a growing consumption of processed and unhealthy foods occurs alongside ongoing undernutrition a situation referred to as the triple burden of malnutrition (FAO, 2021 ; Popkin et al., 2020 ). A sustainable transition must consequently tackle both food accessibility and nutritional quality. Approaches that integrate agriculture-nutrition connections, nutrition-sensitive value chains, and inclusive market systems are being encouraged to enhance results (Herforth & Ballard, 2016 ; Haddad et al., 2016). Ultimately, the COVID-19 pandemic and the Ukraine-Russia conflict have exposed weaknesses in international supply chains and reliance on imports. Nations such as Egypt, heavily reliant on wheat imports, experienced significant price volatility, highlighting the need for regional food self-sufficiency and reserve stocks (Laborde et al., 2022 ). Related Research in Africa: Transitioning Food Systems and Livelihoods The alteration of Agri-food systems in Africa is increasingly acknowledged as an essential route for attaining sustainable development, enhancing livelihoods, and guaranteeing enduring food security. Throughout the continent, numerous studies and projects have examined how changes in food production, distribution, and consumption trends are affecting the economic and social welfare of rural and urban communities. In Sub-Saharan Africa, the shift in Agri-food systems is closely linked to rural livelihoods that rely significantly on agriculture for income, jobs, and food. Conventional food systems marked by small-scale agriculture, minimal external input reliance, and informal marketplaces are being transformed by climate change, land demands, demographic shifts, and globalization (FAO, 2021 ; Giller et al., 2021 ). An increasing amount of research indicates that sustainable transformations, including agroecological intensification, integrated soil fertility management, and regenerative agriculture, can significantly enhance smallholder resilience. Pretty et al. ( 2018 ) recorded more than 280 agroecological projects in 57 nations, revealing average yield boosts of 79%, coupled with improved food security and ecosystem benefits. In Ethiopia, the application of Farmer Field Schools and Integrated Soil Fertility Management methods resulted in more than a 50% rise in maize yields and decreased land degradation (Teklewold et al., 2017 ). Social differentiation, nevertheless, significantly influences outcomes. Research conducted by Kristjanson et al. ( 2017 ) and Beuchelt and Badstue (2013) emphasizes that access to resources (land, labor, finance) and gender norms greatly impact who gains from Agri-food transitions. In Malawi and Tanzania, female farmers exhibited reduced adoption rates of conservation agriculture because of restricted access to extension services and decision-making authority (Peterman et al., 2014). Moreover, the connection between agricultural transformation and rural non-farm economies is becoming increasingly clear. Rural livelihoods are expanding beyond agricultural production into areas such as value addition, agri-tourism, and remittance sectors (Diao et al., 2019). In Ghana, engagement in the Agri-food value chain by cocoa farmers considerably enhanced household income variety and resilience to external shocks (Adu-Baffour et al., 2021 ). In rural Africa, people's livelihoods mainly depend on agriculture, but traditional food systems are facing growing challenges because of land degradation, climate changes, and falling productivity. Research by Pretty et al. ( 2011 ) and Snapp et al. ( 2019 ) emphasizes that moving towards more sustainable agricultural practices like agroecology, conservation agriculture, and integrated soil fertility management can enhance household income, lessen vulnerability, and strengthen climate resilience. In Malawi, the implementation of agroecological practices increased crop yields and lowered input expenses, directly boosting the incomes of rural households (Snapp et al., 2019 ). In the same way, Jayne et al. ( 2019 ) argues that enhancing rural livelihoods is more closely linked to access to effective Agri-food markets, processing services, and income-generating activities outside of farming. They highlight that smallholder farmers involved in contract farming or collective marketing via cooperatives have a higher likelihood of gaining from changes in food systems. However, these transitions are not consistently fair. Thorpe and Reed ( 2022 ) warn that the transformation of commercial Agri-food could overlook women, youth, and marginalized communities unless inclusive policies are put in place. In Kenya's vegetable export industry, women frequently find themselves in low-wage informal jobs, facing restricted access to land and decision-making positions (Chan, 2010 ). Urbanization is speeding up changes in food systems by altering dietary preferences and food environments. The urban population in Africa is expected to grow from 548 million in 2020 to more than 1.4 billion by 2050 (UN-Habitat, 2020 ). This has resulted in a rise in the need for convenience foods, processed goods, and animal-sourced items, generating new dynamics in food supply, logistics, and retail (Tschirley et al., 2015 ; Reardon et al., 2021 ). Casual food economies such as street food sales, open-air markets, and home-based processing continue to be the primary means of food access in urban areas. According to Battersby and Watson ( 2019 ), informal food systems in cities such as Accra, Nairobi, and Johannesburg play a crucial role in ensuring urban food security for the urban poor, even though they are mostly overlooked in urban policy planning. Besides, research in Nairobi and Addis Ababa indicates that low-income city residents obtain as much as 90% of their food from informal markets, highlighting the necessity for equitable food governance (Crush et al., 2020 ; Tegegne et al., 2022). However, these systems are at risk of food safety issues, inadequate infrastructure, and supply interruptions caused by climate change. Kimenye et al. ( 2021 ) discovered that COVID-19 highlighted the vulnerability of urban food systems, since lockdowns interfered with transportation and logistics. The urban population in Africa is expected to double by 2050, leading to major shifts in food demand and consumption patterns (FAO, 2021 ). Urbanization is driving a “dietary shift” marked by higher consumption of processed foods, fats, and sugars, supplanting traditional staples and resulting in both undernutrition and obesity (Popkin et al., 2020 ; Battersby & Watson, 2019 ). This affects both well-being and economic stability. On one side, the rising demand for convenience foods and informal food sales presents possibilities for young people and women to participate in food selling, small-scale processing, and logistics (Tschirley et al., 2015 ). Conversely, it also brings up issues related to food safety, limited dietary diversity, and the decline of traditional food cultures. In reaction, multiple initiatives are encouraging urban and peri-urban farming, community food supply chains, and nutrition education. The RUAF Foundation and FAO’s City Region Food Systems initiative has aided cities such as Lusaka and Nairobi in developing resilient and inclusive food systems that safeguard consumer health and support producer livelihoods (FAO & RUAF, 2021). Employment of Youth and Diversification of Livelihoods The young population offers both a challenge and a chance. More than 60% of Africa's inhabitants are under 25 years old, with around 10 million young people entering the workforce each year (Filmer & Fox, 2014 ). However, young people frequently view agriculture as outdated or lacking profitability, which discourages them from engaging in conventional farming industries. However, new advancements are altering this story. Digital platforms like Twiga Foods (Kenya), FarmCrowdy (Nigeria), and eSoko (Ghana) provide young people with chances in input supply, logistics, fintech, and agri-consulting (Aker & Ghosh, 2016 ; Adeyanju et al., 2022 ). Research by Muyanga and Jayne ( 2019 ) indicates that younger individuals are more inclined than older groups to embrace technologies like mobile-based extension services, enhanced seeds, and mechanization if enabling ecosystems exist. In terms of gender, the African Agri-food transition must tackle entrenched inequalities in land ownership, decision-making, and financial access. Meinzen-Dick et al. ( 2019 ) demonstrate that female farmers yield 20–30% lower outputs than male counterparts, not because of inefficiency, but due to inequitable access to productive resources. The Gender-Inclusive Agri-food System Transformation (GIAST) framework promotes actions that extend past inclusion to actual change—ensuring that women’s involvement, perspective, and contributions are recognized throughout the food system (Behrman et al., 2021 ). A major challenge confronting African Agri-food systems is the youth demographic surge. Given that more than 60% of Africa's population is below 25, the Agri-food sector is anticipated to take in a significant portion of new labor market participants (Filmer & Fox, 2014 ). However, young people frequently view agriculture as unappealing and unviable owing to difficulties in accessing land, financial limitations, and inadequate infrastructure. Recent efforts like the ENABLE Youth Program (backed by AfDB and IITA) seek to generate agribusiness prospects for young people by providing support for incubators, training, and initial funding (IITA, 2020 ). Assessments show that agribusinesses led by youth can enhance earnings and promote innovation, but need supportive environments and ecosystems (Salami et al., 2017 ). Diversifying livelihoods beyond agriculture such as through food-related ICT advancements, digital platforms, and e-commerce provides an alternative route. In Kenya and Nigeria, mobile platforms such as Twiga Foods and FarmCrowdy have connected farmers to urban markets and credit options, boosting earnings and minimizing post-harvest losses (Aker & Ghosh, 2016 ). Food Security Measurement Indicators and focus by Region in Africa Africa’s Agri-food transformation must conform to long-term sustainability, climate adaptability, fairness, and inclusive economic development. The literature identifies the following future directions: Strong local and territorial markets are essential for resilience in food systems, linking smallholders to consumers while improving food security and fostering community cohesion. Studies by De Schutter ( 2017 ) and Biénabe et al. ( 2021 ) indicate that short supply chains, farmer cooperatives, and local branding may decrease reliance on global markets while boosting local economic multipliers. Programs for local procurement, like Home-Grown School Feeding (HGSF) in Ethiopia, Ghana, and Nigeria, have shown effectiveness in boosting local food production while enhancing children's nutrition (WFP, 2021 ; Gelli et al., 2019 ). North and Southern Africa show relatively high combined scores in food security, reflecting their more developed infrastructure, increased economic stability, and robust institutional frameworks that enhance agricultural productivity and food system resilience. Nations in these areas, including South Africa, Namibia, Egypt, and Morocco, gain from improved market access, efficient supply chains, and stronger policy and governance frameworks that enhance food availability and accessibility. In contrast, Central Africa continues to be the most vulnerable area, suffering from ongoing armed conflict, poor governance, insufficient infrastructure, and fragile agricultural systems. These difficulties greatly impede the region's capacity to efficiently produce, distribute, and utilize food, resulting in persistent food insecurity. At the same time, East and West Africa are making strides in agricultural advancement and food availability; however, they still encounter considerable challenges, especially regarding food stability and usage. Factors like climate change, political unrest, and inadequate access to health and sanitation services undermine the reliability of food supply and nutritional effects of food consumption in these areas. Ultimately, the differences across African regions highlight the necessity for targeted policy measures and investments aimed at creating more inclusive, resilient, and sustainable agri-food systems Table 5 Food Security Measurement Indicators Region Food Availability Food access Food utilization Food stability composite score North Africa 0.78 0.75 0.76 0.72 0.75 East Africa 0.60 0.55 0.58 0.50 0.56 West Africa 0.58 0.52 0.54 0.48 0.53 Central Africa 0.45 0.40 0.42 0.35 0.41 Southern Africa 0.70 0.65 0.67 0.60 0.66 Scale : 0 = worst, 1 = best Composite Score = Mean of the four pillar scores Table 6 The food security index in African regions Indicators Mean STd. Dev Min Max Food security index 44.6 9.83 30.4 57.3 Agricultural efficiency ( $ 000) 2.22 0.61 1.4 3.0 Malnutrition prevalence (%) 24.1 7.17 15.3 34.2 Climate resilience score 50.4 9.40 35.0 60.0 Agricultural GDP contribution (%) 23.3 6.55 14.9 30.1 The food security index in African regions shows considerable differences in system effectiveness and resilience. The average index score is 44.6 (± 9.83), with regions showing significant variation from 30.4 to 57.3, suggesting that certain areas possess moderately secure food systems, while others are quite vulnerable. Agricultural efficiency, expressed in thousands of dollars for each input unit, has an average of $ 2.22k, though it varies significantly ( $ 1.4k– $ 3.0k), indicating that productivity is inconsistent and frequently hindered by resource or infrastructural constraints. The prevalence of malnutrition continues to be a significant issue, with a continental average of 24.1% (± 7.17), reaching a high of 34.2%, highlighting ongoing nutritional shortcomings, especially in low-income and conflict-affected areas. The climate resilience score, averaging 50.4 (out of 100), indicates a moderate ability to adapt to climate risks, while regional variations (35.0–60.0) reveal diverse investment amounts and environmental weaknesses. Finally, the agricultural sector's average GDP contribution of 23.3% underscores its vital economic importance, especially in rural areas, while also revealing structural discrepancies when analyzed regionally. Collectively, these indicators highlight the pressing requirement for tailored strategies in each region to strengthen food systems, boost efficiency, and foster resilience. The comparative visuals of essential agri-food system indicators among African regions show notable regional differences that emphasize both advancements and ongoing obstacles. North Africa features the top Food Security Index, indicating improved food access, enhanced affordability, and superior food quality. This area exhibits significant agricultural effectiveness, similar to Southern Africa, where increased value added per agricultural worker indicates more mechanized and value-focused farming methods. In comparison, Central and West Africa face the greatest malnutrition rates, exceeding 27%. These numbers indicate significant nutritional shortcomings, intensified by structural and institutional constraints. Indicators of climate resilience indicate that North and East Africa have relatively stronger adaptive and institutional abilities to address climate-related challenges, which positions them more advantageously regarding long-term sustainability. Collectively, these visual patterns highlight the critical requirement for localized approaches designed to tackle distinct issues and harness regional advantages. Improving nutrition, agricultural output, and resilience is vital for successfully shifting Africa’s Agri-food systems toward sustainability and fairness. Synthesis based on common indicators found in Agri-food systems literature across African regions. Table 7 Food security index Data Food security index Agricultural efficiency Malnutrition prevalence Count 5.000000 5.000000 5.000000 Mean 44.620000 2.220000 24.100000 STD 9.834989 0.605805 7.171123 Min 30.400000 1.400000 15.300000 25% 41.700000 1.900000 20.400000 50% 45.200000 2.300000 23.100000 75% 48.500000 2.500000 27.500000 Max 57.300000 3.000000 34.200000 Table 8 C limate resilience score Data Climate resilience-score Agri-GDP contribution Count 5.000000 5.000000 Mean 50.400000 23.280000 STD 9.396808 6.553778 Min 35.000000 14.900000 25% 50.000000 18.200000 50% 52.000000 24.700000 75% 55.000000 28.500000 Max 60.000000 30.100000 Correlation Analysis insights The analysis of correlations between key agri-food system indicators in African regions uncovers significant relationships that support prior research findings. A robust negative correlation between food security and malnutrition (r = -0.94) suggests that areas with greater food security have notably lower malnutrition rates, consistent with the global and regional patterns noted by FAO (2023) and IFPRI ( 2022 ). Likewise, agricultural productivity, assessed as value added for each agricultural worker, exhibits a robust positive correlation with food security (r = 0.88), indicating that more effective agricultural systems lead to improved food results, in line with the findings of Jayne et al. ( 2019 ) and Diao & McMillan (2018). Additionally, climate resilience shows a negative correlation with malnutrition (r = -0.76), indicating that areas with higher adaptive capacity typically report lower levels of malnutrition. This highlights the significance of enhancing climate resilience as a means to better nutritional results. Notably, a positive relationship is observed between agriculture's contribution to GDP and malnutrition (r = 0.77), suggesting that areas where agriculture represents a significant portion of GDP frequently experience elevated malnutrition levels. This paradox could indicate foundational structural issues, like low productivity and fragile value chains in agriculture, as noted by Barrett (2021). Establishing Strong Local and regional Food Networks Upcoming shifts should strengthen local food independence, reduce reliance on external sources, and provide resilience against global disruptions. This encompasses funding for climate-resilient agriculture, reforming seed systems, enhancing local storage, and improving transportation infrastructure (FAO, 2023; De Schutter, 2017 ). Local food systems that are resilient are more capable of enduring price fluctuations, pandemics, and interruptions in supply chains. The African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) serves as a key tool for transforming regional food systems. If executed properly, it might boost intra-African trade by more than 50% through lower tariffs and aligned standards (UNECA, 2020 ). A study conducted by Abebe et al. ( 2021 ) in Eastern Africa indicates that regional cereal corridors may lower food price fluctuations and promote investments in agribusiness. By 2050, climate change is anticipated to lower agricultural productivity in Africa by as much as 30%, especially in rainfed systems (IPCC, 2022 ). Climate-smart agriculture (CSA) which combines productivity, adaptation, and mitigation needs to be expanded via farmer incentives, blended finance, and climate-risk insurance (Lipper et al., 2014 ; Partey et al., 2020). The African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) offers a distinct chance to establish regional food pathways and trade centers. Lowering tariffs and enhancing cross-border infrastructure can assist African farmers in reaching regional markets, facilitating value addition and price consistency (UNECA, 2020 ). The increase in non-communicable diseases (NCDs) linked to ultra-processed food intake necessitates enhanced public health integration. FAO ( 2021 ) and the Global Panel on Agriculture and Food Systems for Nutrition (2020) advocate for fiscal measures (such as sugar taxes), front-of-package labeling, and funding in fruit and vegetable value chains to promote a "nutrition-sensitive" shift. Strategies for transition should enable women and youth by tackling land ownership, financial access, training opportunities, and digital participation. Approaches that are youth-centered and gender-transformative will guarantee fair participation and benefit distribution (Meinzen-Dick et al., 2019 ; OECD, 2022 ). The emphasis going forward must transition from merely ensuring food availability to achieving nutritional adequacy and a diversity of diets. Policies that connect agriculture with health, education, and social protection like school feeding initiatives, maternal nutrition programs, and local sourcing can promote systemic transformation (Ruel et al., 2018 ). Digital agriculture offers significant potential for enhancing market access, forecasting weather, optimizing input usage, and providing financial services. Expanding mobile advisory systems, precision agriculture, and blockchain for traceability can upgrade food systems throughout Africa (FAO & ITU, 2022; Klerkx et al., 2019 ). Digital innovation will persist in transforming food system governance, particularly with AI, satellite imaging, blockchain, and IoT-driven agriculture. For instance, Precision Agriculture for Development (PAD) has provided personalized guidance through SMS to more than 3 million farmers in East Africa, leading to yield improvements of 12–22% (Fabregas et al., 2019 ). However, disparities in rural connectivity, gender access, and digital literacy continue to be significant obstacles (World Bank, 2021 ). Regional Perspectives on Agri-food System Transition in Africa East Africa East Africa has experienced major changes in Agri-food systems driven by population increase, urban development, and policy changes focused on enhancing productivity and resilience. Nations like Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, and Tanzania are actively advocating for climate-smart agriculture, expanding irrigation, and leveraging digital technologies to enhance food security and increase farmers' income (World Bank, 2020 ; FAO, 2023). In Ethiopia, the Productive Safety Net Program (PSNP) and Agricultural Growth Program (AGP) have improved productivity and resilience for smallholder farmers (Berhane et al., 2014 ). Agroecological efforts and land rehabilitation projects, especially in the Oromia and Tigray regions, have enhanced food security and ecosystem services (Gebreselassie et al., 2021 ). The implementation of integrated soil fertility management and conservation agriculture has produced favorable outcomes, yet gender disparities in access to extension services remain (Teklewold et al., 2017 ). Kenya has witnessed a surge in agri-entrepreneurship facilitated by digital platforms like M-Farm and Twiga Foods, connecting farmers to markets and providing real-time price data (Aker & Ghosh, 2016 ; Reardon et al., 2021 ). The Big Four Agenda of the government highlights food security as a crucial component, intending to improve yields of staple crops, dairy production, and nutritional value (Republic of Kenya, 2018 ). Research indicates that in Uganda and Tanzania, there is an increasing demand from the middle class for processed and nutritious foods, leading to shifts in Agri-food supply chains (Tschirley et al., 2015 ). Nevertheless, obstacles remain such as inadequate cold chain facilities, weak rural-urban connections, and a lack of interest in agriculture among youth (Muyanga & Jayne, 2019 ). Challenges : Countries in East Africa, including Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, and Tanzania, are experiencing severe climate-related challenges like unpredictable rainfall, extended drought periods, and soil degradation. These climate shocks disrupt reliable agricultural output, particularly impacting smallholder farmers (Gebrechorkos et al., 2019 ). Infrastructure shortcomings especially in rural roadways, irrigation networks, and storage units hinder market access and decrease post-harvest effectiveness (FAO, 2020 ). Moreover, insufficient access to credit and extension services restricts technology uptake among small farmers. Opportunities : The implementation of climate-smart agriculture (CSA), such as drought-resistant crops, integrated soil fertility management, and agroforestry, can assist in reducing climate-related risks (Kogo et al., 2021 ). Funding for rural infrastructure (irrigation, roads, electrification) and digital farming platforms to connect producers with markets. Creative financial solutions such as micro-insurance, mobile loans, and blended finance to assist smallholders in expanding climate-resilient methods (Ngoma et al., 2021 ). West Africa The Agri-food system in West Africa is experiencing swift changes due to urban demand, informal market forces, and collaborations between public and private sectors. Nations such as Nigeria, Ghana, Côte d’Ivoire, and Senegal are witnessing changes in staple food choices, a rising demand for poultry and dairy products, and an uptick in agribusiness investments (Allen et al., 2021; Reardon et al., 2019 ). In Nigeria, the Agricultural Transformation Agenda and the Anchor Borrowers’ Programme have focused on small-scale farmers with enhanced inputs, financing, and collective services. However, access to funding, losses after harvest, and regional instability continue to be obstacles (Olomola, 2015 ; Otekunrin et al., 2021 ). Urban centers such as Lagos have fueled the rise of “micro-distribution” food hubs, particularly in vegetables, rice, and animal-based protein. Ghana has become a center for Agri-food innovation, with young people increasingly engaging in ICT-driven agricultural services and vertical farming (Adu-Baffour et al., 2021 ). The Planting for Food and Jobs (PFJ) program increased maize and rice yields, but detractors contend that sustainability and the inclusion of female farmers are still lacking (MOFA, 2020 ). In Senegal, investments in irrigation, regional trade, and export competitiveness have led to the growth of groundnut and horticultural value chains (World Bank, 2021 ). Simultaneously, studies from Burkina Faso and Mali indicate that community-driven land management and agroecological practices can enhance resilience in the face of escalating climate pressures (Gliessman, 2016; Koutou et al., 2022 ). Challenges : Nations such as Nigeria, Ghana, Burkina Faso, and Senegal face challenges including socio-political instability, insecurity in land tenure, and unemployment among youth. Access to land frequently favors one gender and is unregulated, which hinders sustainable investment in soil wellness and irrigation (Yaro, 2013 ). Agricultural efficiency stays low because of reliance on rainfed methods, inadequate seed systems, and minimal mechanization (Arouna et al., 2020 ). Opportunities : Reforms in land tenure aimed at fostering inclusive access, especially for youth and women (Meinzen-Dick et al., 2017 ). Collaborations between public and private sectors in seed systems and mechanization to boost productivity and minimize labor intensity. Agribusiness models that involve youth and vocational training to foster Agri-food entrepreneurship (Adekunle et al., 2015 ). Central Africa Agri-food systems in Central Africa encounter unique challenges such as political instability, inadequate infrastructure, and minimal mechanization levels. Nonetheless, affluent agroecological regions like the Congo Basin present unexploited opportunities for food generation, biodiversity preservation, and forest-related livelihoods (Ngouhouo-Poufoun et al., 2020 ). Recent research in Cameroon and the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) emphasizes the importance of agroforestry, community-supported agriculture, and reforms in land tenure for developing food systems (Tchatchou et al., 2018 ). For instance, cassava and plantain are essential to rural diets, yet productivity is limited by pests, obsolete technologies, and inadequate market access (Gondwe et al., 2021 ). Rwanda, while geographically located in East Africa, possesses certain traits typical of Central Africa. The Crop Intensification Program (CIP) and land consolidation initiatives have enhanced yields and decreased hunger, yet monoculture strategies have sparked worries regarding biodiversity and dietary variety (Bizoza & de Graaff, 2012 ). Recent research indicates that communities reliant on forests encounter dilemmas between conservation and increasing agricultural land. The REDD + initiative in Central Africa needs to be coordinated with sustainable food production to prevent jeopardizing rural livelihoods (Cerutti et al., 2017 ). Challenges : In nations like the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Cameroon, and Chad, ongoing conflict and weak institutions obstruct agricultural investment and market integration. Trade-offs between forest and agriculture raise issues regarding sustainability. Additionally, restricted regional integration and elevated transportation expenses hinder the progression of value chains (World Bank, 2022 ). Opportunities : Initiatives for peace-building and management of natural resources at the community level to enhance stability and food security (AfDB, 2021 ). Mechanisms for regional integration (e.g., ECCAS strategies) to align standards and reduce trade obstacles. Agroecological zoning to sustainably harmonize biodiversity preservation and agricultural growth. Northern Africa Countries in North Africa like Egypt, Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia possess relatively advanced Agri-food industries but are encountering increasing water shortages, climate risks, and reliance on food imports (FAO, 2021 ). The area is marked by vigorous horticulture, export-focused value chains, and significant use of processed wheat items. In Egypt, the transitions in Agri-food are influenced by the irrigation systems of the Nile Delta, the use of machinery, and extensive land reclamation efforts. Nonetheless, dependence on food imports (particularly cereals) and susceptibility to price fluctuations, as demonstrated during the Russia-Ukraine conflict, threaten food sovereignty (Breisinger et al., 2022 ). Initiatives like the Decent Life Program and digital land registration are steadily enhancing the integration of smallholders (World Bank, 2023 ). Morocco has enacted the Green Morocco Plan (Plan Maroc Vert), modernizing agriculture by investing in high-value crops, irrigation, and enhancing value addition. A subsequent phase, "Generation Green 2020–2030," seeks to empower young people and improve employment in rural areas (Benabderrazik et al., 2021). Climate forecasts for North Africa indicate a 10–30% reduction in rainfall and heightened heat stress by 2050, making it essential to quickly adopt climate-resilient crops, water-efficient technologies, and regional trading (IPCC, 2022 ; MedECC, 2020 ). Challenges : Nations in North Africa, including Egypt, Morocco, Tunisia, and Algeria, experience significant water shortages because of dry climates and excessive groundwater depletion. Fast urban growth diminishes cultivable land, and the area's food systems depend significantly on cereal imports, rendering them susceptible to global price fluctuations (FAO, 2022 ). Opportunities : Efficient irrigation methods that save water (such as drip irrigation and the reuse of treated wastewater) are crucial (FAO, 2022 ). Support for native crops (e.g., barley, legumes, olive trees) that thrive in dry environments. Planning urban food systems, such as rooftop farming and peri-urban agriculture, can help alleviate the impacts of urban sprawl. Southern Africa Southern Africa is extremely at risk from climate-related shocks, particularly droughts and floods. Agri-food systems in this region are influenced by a combination of commercial agriculture, smallholder farms, and social safety nets. Nations such as South Africa, Zambia, Malawi, and Zimbabwe confront the simultaneous challenges of undernutrition, obesity, and a lack of micronutrients (Drimie & Ruysenaar, 2010 ; Faber et al., 2022 ). In South Africa, the dualistic farming systems—commercial and subsistence result in disparities in land access, market opportunities, and productivity levels. However, the growth of community-supported agriculture (CSA) and organic food networks is bolstering the resilience of local food systems (Hebinck & van Averbeke, 2013 ). Advancements like hydroponics and food hubs are enhancing urban food security, particularly in Cape Town and Johannesburg. Zambia and Malawi have funded fertilizer subsidy initiatives that increased maize production but frequently overlooked agroecological options and dietary variety (Mason et al., 2017 ). Research conducted in Zimbabwe emphasizes the significance of combining traditional knowledge with diverse cropping strategies to enhance long-term resilience in food systems (Scoones et al., 2021 ). In Mozambique, transitions in Agri-food systems are hindered by climate-related disasters and shortcomings in infrastructure. Nonetheless, projects funded by donors like ProSAVANA (Procava, Sustenta) and Feed the Future are striving to enhance staple food production and boost nutrition (USAID, 2022 ). Challenges : Southern Africa (e.g., South Africa, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Malawi) faces significant risks from severe climate events such as cyclones and droughts (e.g., Cyclone Idai, 2019). Structural disparities and disjointed agricultural policies frequently marginalize smallholders, particularly women and Indigenous groups, from conventional value chains (Chikozho et al., 2022 ). opportunities Regional climate resilience strategies (e.g., via SADC) to tackle common vulnerabilities. Enhanced agricultural groups and cooperatives to boost inclusivity and market bargaining strength. Aligning policies and decentralizing to incorporate local solutions into national frameworks (Fanzo et al., 2021 ). Cross-Regional Priorities and Future Focus : Boosting intra-African Agri-food commerce via the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) can increase food supply and generate job prospects. Aligning standards, enhancing border infrastructure, and investing in transboundary value chains are essential measures (UNECA, 2020 ). Table 9 Regional prevalence ratio Region Countries Avg. Agri-food efficiency (USD 000 per worker) Malnutrition prevalence (%of population) Key lessons North Africa Algeria, Egypt, Morocco, Tunisia 3.0 15.3 Higher mechanization and irrigation; better access to trade and infrastructure East Africa Kenya, Ethiopia, Uganda, Tanzania, Rwanda 2.3 23.1 Mixed system; food insecurity still high in rural areas, rising urban food demand West Africa Nigeria, Ghana, Senegal, Mali, Ivory Cost 2.1 27.5 Rainfed agriculture dominates, prone to shocks, dependence on imports growing Central Africa Cameroon, DRC, Chad, Congo, Gabon 1.4 34.2 Lowest productivity, conflict and poor infrastructure compound food insecurity Southern South Africa, Zimbabwe, Zambia, Namibia, Botswana 2.5 20.4 Commercial farms coexist with subsistence, access to input market varies Table 10 Regional Agri-food efficiency Region Agri-Food efficiently USD 000 per worker Malnutrition prevalence % of population affected North Africa High (3.0) Low (15.3%) East Africa Moderator (2.3) High (23.1) West Africa Low (2.1) Very high (27.5) Central Africa Very low (1.4) Extreme (34.2%) Southern Africa Moderate (2.5) Medium (20.4%) In North Africa, farming systems are predominantly mechanized and bolstered by irrigation, commerce, and logistics, leading to the lowest hunger rates on the continent. East Africa is witnessing swiftly changing agri-food systems; nonetheless, undernutrition continues to be a major issue, especially in rural communities. In West Africa, significant structural inefficiencies and a substantial reliance on food imports increase the risk of food insecurity. Central Africa encounters significant challenges, as persistent conflict, poor infrastructure, and minimal investment result in widespread malnutrition. Southern Africa utilizes a dual agricultural system that includes both commercial and subsistence farming, and although it thrives more than the continental average, inequalities persist. Table 11 Regional highlights Region Key strength Key challenges East Africa Strong GDP share (28.5%), food security rising Malnutrition (23.1) remains high despite gains West Africa High Agri-GDP (30.1%), improving efficiency Malnutrition (27.5%) and resilience gaps persist Central Africa Lowest food security (30.4%), high malnutrition (34.2%) Weak efficiency and resilience (1.4, 35) North Africa Highest food security (57.3), lowest malnutrition Lowest agri-GDP share (149%) and regional disparities Southern Africa Balanced scores, relatively strong resilience (52) Nutrition still an issue (20.4%) The examination reveals numerous key observations for changing Africa's agri-food systems. The agricultural GDP share by itself does not ensure food security, highlighting the need to focus on efficiency, technological advancement, and diversification rather than just output. This move toward methods that boost productivity is essential for lasting sustainability. Furthermore, malnutrition continues to be a pervasive issue in various areas, irrespective of the economic role of agriculture, highlighting the critical requirement for nutrition-sensitive agricultural approaches, as recommended by Herforth et al. (2020). Lastly, the beneficial connection between climate resilience and food security, as well as its adverse relation to malnutrition, highlights the essential importance of climate-smart policies. Strategic investments in climate-resilient agri-food systems are crucial to safeguarding food and nutrition security, especially given the rising climate risks (World Bank, 2022 ). Ultimately, structural obstacles like inadequate infrastructure, ineffective governance, and persistent conflict persist in obstructing progress in areas such as Central Africa, where both efficiency and resilience are still lacking. Tackling these systemic challenges is vital for fostering inclusive and robust agri-food transformations throughout the continent Digital Agriculture and Innovation Networks : Utilizing digital resources (such as mobile applications, satellite images, and artificial intelligence) for advisory services, market connections, and risk management is transformative for resilient and inclusive transitions (World Bank, 2021 ). Transforming Agri-food systems equitably requires the inclusion of youth and gender-sensitive policies to realize demographic benefits. Customized assistance for households led by women and young agripreneurs is vital (Quisumbing et al., 2020 ). Food systems in transition must focus on nutrition-sensitive agriculture to address stunting, micronutrient shortages, and obesity. Encouraging local, varied diets can aid both health and environmental objectives (HLPE, 2020 ). Although there is increasing interest and policy support, significant research gaps still impede the effective transformation of Agri-food systems in Africa: Insufficient comparative studies among different African regions. Inadequate incorporation of systems thinking and interdisciplinary analysis. Limited Disaggregated and Context-Specific Data and many empirical studies provide insights at the continent or country level but overlook micro-level differences like gender, youth, agro-ecological regions, and socio-cultural contexts. Variations within countries, like Kenya's dry lowlands compared to its highland areas, are seldom represented in datasets (FAO, 2020 ). Demand for greater localized and gender/youth-specific data to customize interventions. Tesfaye et al. ( 2021 ) highlight that overlooking intra-country differences results in ineffective targeting of climate-smart agriculture initiatives in Ethiopia and Kenya. Insufficiently Investigated Value Chain Evolution and Agro-industrial Connections. Although extensive research exists on production-related challenges, fewer studies address value chain integration, agro-processing, and market innovation. This weakens our comprehension of how Africa’s Agri-food systems can advance beyond mere subsistence production (Reardon et al., 2019 ). Limited cohesive research on midstream value chains (processing, logistics, retail) and their potential for transformation. Reardon and Timmer ( 2014 ) observed that Africa's "hidden middle" remains insufficiently studied, even though it is vital for creating jobs and connecting urban and rural areas. Insufficient Long-term and Impact Assessment Research. Long-term assessments of Agri-food interventions are limited, particularly concerning sustainable impacts on food security, resilience, and equity. The time aspect of transitions in Agri-food systems is not well comprehended. Lack of long-term evaluations of significant policy and donor initiatives. Jayne et al. ( 2018 ) advocate for longitudinal household panel studies to assess processes of structural transformation. There is a lack of empirical research regarding the extent and fairness consequences of digital tools (AI, mobile advisory, blockchain) in reshaping Africa's food systems. Additional research required on the adoption trends and socio-economic impacts of digital agriculture. The World Bank ( 2021 ) reports that although digital solutions are available, their uptake among smallholders varies significantly and is inadequately assessed. SDG linkages for Africa´s Agri-food transition The transformation of Africa's Agri-food systems is closely connected to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), especially SDG 1 (No Poverty), SDG 2 (Zero Hunger), SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-being), SDG 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production), and SDG 13 (Climate Action). Attaining food and nutrition security via sustainable farming practices is a fundamental aspect of SDG 2, and it continues to be a significant issue for numerous African countries. The FAO (2023) reports that more than 282 million individuals in Africa experienced undernourishment in 2022, underscoring the need for urgent transformation of food systems. Transitions to sustainable Agri-food systems also contribute to SDG 1 by creating rural jobs and increasing incomes for smallholder farmers, who are the foundation of Africa's agricultural industry. Furthermore, enhanced nutrition via varied diets, biofortified crops, and decreased dependence on staple grains supports SDG 3, since nutrition is crucial for lowering maternal and child mortality and improving overall health (Global Nutrition Report, 2022). Moreover, the Agri-food transition in Africa plays a crucial role in achieving SDG 13, since climate-smart agricultural methods assist in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and enhancing resilience to climate impacts. Advancing agroecology, regenerative agriculture, and sustainable management of water and soil enhances environmental well-being and boosts adaptation abilities (CGIAR, 2022). In the same way, moving towards more circular and effective food systems supports SDG 12, promoting sustainable production practices that reduce food loss and waste. Initiatives in enhancing the value chain, sourcing locally, and implementing digital agriculture technologies contribute to advancements in SDG 8 (Decent Work and Economic Growth) and SDG 9 (Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure). The 2022 report from UNECA emphasizes that to fully realize the SDG-aligned potential of Africa’s Agri-food transformation, challenges like youth unemployment, gender inequalities, and institutional fragmentation need to be tackled. Therefore, incorporating SDG frameworks into national Agri-food policies is crucial for sustainability and also for inclusive and equitable growth across the continent. Table 12 SDG and Agri-food system SDG Goal Linkage with Agri-food system Transition SDG 1 : No poverty Increased agricultural efficiency and market access can raise rural incomes SDG 2: Zero hunger Core focus-transition boosts food production, nutrition, and accessibility SDG 3: Good health Reducing malnutrition and unsafe food handling practices SDG 5: Gender equality Empowering women in food system increases household nutrition SDG 8: decent work & economic growth Agriculture remains a key employment sector; modernization creates job value SDG 12: Responsible consumption and production Promotes sustainable land use and food value chains SDG 13: Climate action Transitioning requires climate smart practices to mitigate and adapt to climate shocks SDG 17: partnerships for the goals Collaboration across nations and sectors is essential for system change Economic Factors in the Transition of Agri-food Systems in Africa The Contribution of Agriculture to GDP, Jobs, and Trade Agriculture accounts for around 17% of Africa’s GDP and provides jobs for more than 60% of the workforce, primarily in rural regions (AfDB, 2021 ). However, the industry continues to be marked by low productivity, significant post-harvest losses (as high as 30%), and reliance on rainfed agricultural methods. In Ethiopia and Nigeria, agriculture accounts for more than 30% of GDP, but productivity stays below worldwide averages because of restricted mechanization and resources (FAO, 2020 ). b) Connections Between Agri-food Systems, Poverty Alleviation, and Industrial Development There is growing acknowledgment that changing Agri-food systems can promote inclusive economic growth, particularly through backward and forward connections in value chains (Timmer, 2009 ). Agro-processing, for instance, presents significant opportunities for employment generation, particularly for women and young people. Christiaensen et al. ( 2011 ) find that GDP growth originating in agriculture is twice as effective in reducing poverty as growth in other sectors. Issues of Informality and Weak Financial Integration The majority of farming operations exist within the informal economy, facing restricted access to credit, insurance, and formal market opportunities. This limits investments in land enhancement, irrigation, and technology. According to Demirgüç-Kunt et al. ( 2018 ), under 20% of farmers in sub-Saharan Africa can access formal credit, which impacts their productivity and innovation. d) Imbalance in Trade and Dependence on Imports Although there is plenty of fertile land, Africa remains a net importer of food, allocating more than $ 50 billion each year on imports, especially for cereals and vegetable oils (UNCTAD, 2020 ). This subjects nations to fluctuations in global prices and diminishes the competitiveness of local agriculture. Egypt and Nigeria rank as leading wheat and rice importers, but investments in local value chains are still insufficient (Badiane & Makombe, 2014 ). Cultural and Organizational Aspects Conventional farming methods and local wisdom, including crop rotation, agroforestry, and seed preservation techniques, are vital to numerous communities yet frequently neglected in official agricultural strategies. Similarly, regional food preferences influence demand and selection of foods. Sorghum, millet, teff, and fonio continue to hold cultural significance and demonstrate greater climate resilience compared to introduced crops, but attract less policy focus (Adesina, 2020 ). Women constitute the foundation of agriculture in Africa, representing almost 50% of the agricultural workforce (Quisumbing et al., 2020 ). However, structural disparities in access to land, finance, and decision-making diminish their productivity and involvement in high-value chains. Meinzen-Dick et al. ( 2017 ) shows that women who possess secure land rights are more inclined to adopt sustainable methods and enhance soil fertility. Agri-food policies in African nations frequently lack coherence and consistency, featuring overlapping responsibilities among various ministries (such as agriculture, environment, trade). This leads to inefficiencies in implementation and overlooked synergies. In Malawi and Zambia, contradictory fertilizer subsidy programs and conservation policies often undermine each other (Chinsinga & Poulton, 2014 ). African research institutions frequently lack funding and are often isolated from the policymaking process. Consequently, reforms based on evidence are seldom integrated into national development strategies or projects funded by donors. Enhancing national agricultural research systems (NARS) and promoting policy-research discussions is essential for a successful food system transformation (AGRA, 2021). This underscores the significance of systematic reviews in gathering and evaluating varied evidence to inform policies, research, and strategies for implementing sustainable food system transitions in Africa. Global perspectives on Africa´s Agri-food system change: Emphasis and takeaways No nation can realize a transformation of its food system without incorporating climate objectives, nutritional results, and pathways for inclusive development” (von Braun et al., 2021). In areas such as Latin America and Southeast Asia, food systems have experienced significant changes that integrate agricultural advancement with nutrition-focused policies, school meal initiatives, and micronutrient enrichment programs. Brazil's “Zero Hunger” initiative integrates food cultivation, food accessibility, and school meal programs tied to regional farming. The initiative has resulted in significant decreases in hunger and poverty (Rocha, 2009 ). Merging public procurement with local agricultural practices, particularly by focusing on school meal programs and community health initiatives, can improve nutrition and invigorate rural economies. In South Asia, climate-smart approaches like conservation agriculture, irrigation management, and climate forecasting are being expanded via collaborations between the public and private sectors along with international funding sources (Aggarwal et al., 2018 ). In Europe, the EU Farm to Fork Strategy advocates for precision agriculture and agroecology. In Vietnam and Bangladesh, CSA methods have enhanced yield consistency, lowered methane emissions in rice cultivation, and boosted climate resilience via integrated pest control (Wassmann et al., 2020 ). In Australia, drought-resistant seed types and supply chain tracking technologies have created a food system that is both adaptable to climate and responsive to market demands. Insights for Africa : Expanding CSA necessitates a combination of access to technology, extension services, and financial support systems, especially index-based insurance and climate financing. Worldwide trends emphasize the importance of digital technologies in transforming agriculture. In the Netherlands, advanced farming technologies (such as satellite observation and AI for agricultural choices) have allowed the nation to emerge as a top agricultural exporter despite its restricted land availability (van der Voort et al., 2020 ). In India, initiatives such as eNAM and AgriStack have enhanced connections between farmers and markets, increased price transparency, and provided access to crop advice. In Kenya, digital lending platforms like M-Shwari and iCow provide farmers with real-time data and micro-loans, enhancing productivity and access to markets (Kiarie et al., 2020 ). Nations like Thailand, Vietnam, and Morocco have focused on developing value chains, establishing agro-industrial zones, and enhancing export competitiveness. The value chains of rice and fisheries in Thailand are very competitive because of vertical integration, the organization of smallholders, and government assistance for export marketing (Pingali et al., 2020 ). Morocco’s “Green Morocco Plan” focused on agro-processing hubs and integrating small farmers, resulting in notable export increases and rural job creation. Insights for Africa : Improving Agri-food value chains through market infrastructure, agribusiness financing, and export logistics can strengthen resilience and competitiveness. Rwanda, Colombia, and India have adopted institutional innovations to synchronize policies, finance, and stakeholders in food systems. In Rwanda, the implementation of agricultural and nutrition programs at the local level was enhanced by decentralization and performance contracts (Imihigo) (Ansoms, 2010 ). In India, the integration of initiatives from the Ministry of Women and Child Development and Ministry of Agriculture enhanced nutrition results and minimized program overlap. Insights for Africa : Comprehensive governmental strategies, collaborative planning across sectors, and policy coordination units are essential for unified Agri-food transformation. Worldwide, Agri-food transitions are progressively emphasizing the involvement of women and youth, acknowledging their significance in innovation and access to markets. The Youth Agripreneurs Project in Ethiopia, backed by AGRA, showcases how incubators and training can assist youth in innovating within food systems. The Women's Empowerment in Agriculture Index (WEAI) has been utilized in Nepal to monitor and enhance gender-sensitive initiatives. Insights for Africa: Strengthening women and youth via land rights, financial support, technology access, and skills development is essential for holistic transformation. Understanding and Consequences These worldwide case studies demonstrate that effective Agri-food transformations necessitate a systems perspective that incorporates technological, institutional, economic, social, and environmental aspects. An important realization is that agriculture alone cannot address nutrition and food security- it requires multisectoral collaboration, policies based on evidence, and involvement from the community. For Africa, applying these lessons entails: Incorporating nutritional objectives into agriculture and food policy. Expanding climate-resilient agriculture through technological and financial support. Funding digital advancements, rural development, and agricultural entrepreneurship. Creating inclusive organizations and tackling systemic disparities. "No universal model exists, yet there is a common necessity to tailor food system strategies, based on science, equity, and sustainability" (HLPE, 2020 ). The worldwide shift in Agri-food systems addresses increasing worries about climate change, malnutrition, land degradation, food insecurity, and economic inequality. Although the global conversation offers frameworks and innovation models, regional adjustments in Africa showcase varied experiences and developing practices. The transformation of Agri-food systems on the continent is influenced by global policy frameworks (e.g., SDGs, UN Food Systems Summit 2021, FAO’s Strategic Framework 2022–2031) and molded by local conditions such as climate zones, institutional capacity, resource accessibility, and sociocultural values. "Transformations in Africa's food systems should be based on local realities, utilizing global insights while adapting to regional agroecologies, markets, and livelihoods" (AGRA, 2022 ). East Africa : Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, and Uganda are pioneers in East Africa's Agri-food transformation by employing market-focused agriculture, digital solutions, and climate-resilient practices. Kenya’s digital agriculture ecosystem has utilized platforms such as M-Farm, iCow, and Tulaa to deliver market prices, input procurement, and weather predictions for small-scale farmers (Kiarie et al., 2020 ). Ethiopia’s Productive Safety Net Program (PSNP) connects food and cash transfers with public works and agricultural assistance, enhancing food security and livelihood stability (Hoddinott et al., 2012). Rwanda implemented performance contracts (Imihigo) to synchronize food production objectives with accountability at the district level, enhancing local agricultural output and nutrition (Ansoms, 2010 ). However, climate hazards (particularly drought in the Horn of Africa), market disintegration, and land stress present difficulties. Therefore, Expand index-based insurance, incorporate youth agripreneurship in digital agriculture, and enhance regional trade (EAC policy frameworks). West Africa : Nigeria, Ghana, Senegal, Burkina Faso, and Mali have made advancements in agriculture that is sensitive to nutrition, coordination of regional policies, and organization of farmers. Nigeria’s Agricultural Transformation Agenda (ATA) connected agribusiness development with staple crop processing areas, generating off-farm jobs and improving food accessibility (Akinwumi Adesina, 2013). The ECOWAS Regional Agricultural Policy (ECOWAP) supports national investment strategies that are in harmony with objectives for food security and climate change adaptation (ECOWAS, 2017). The “Planting for Food and Jobs” (PFJ) program in Ghana has enhanced access to inputs, boosted productivity, and created jobs, yet postharvest losses still persist at high levels (Benin et al., 2018). Chronic malnutrition, gender disparities, and limited resilience to climate change continue to be significant issues in Sahelian regions. Therefore, enhance the integration of nutrition and agriculture, increase irrigation, bolster regional agro-processing, and encourage cooperatives led by women. Central Africa : Nations such as Cameroon, DRC, Chad, and CAR encounter simultaneous challenges of environmental degradation and food insecurity caused by conflict. In the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Agri-food policies are progressively synchronized with conservation objectives, considering the area's ecological significance for climate stability (FAO, 2022 ). Even with plentiful rainfall and rich soil, weak institutions have hindered the growth of value chains and market integration. In Cameroon and Gabon, agroforestry and cassava value chains have been encouraged to safeguard forests while improving livelihoods (Tchatchou et al., 2015). Therefore, encourage conflict-aware initiatives, enhance infrastructure and transportation, and back agroecological intensification via farmer-driven innovation. North Africa : Nations like Egypt, Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia experience significant water stress, land salinization, and reliance on imported food, but possess fairly developed Agri-food systems. Morocco’s Green Plan and Generation Green (2020–2030) aim to enhance Agri-food value chains and increase youth employment via agribusiness (World Bank, 2021 ). Egypt’s agricultural framework is transitioning towards controlled-environment agriculture (CEA), desert cultivation, and subsidy reforms to lessen reliance on wheat imports (FAO, 2020 ). Tunisia has explored organic farming and fair-trade production methods, providing valuable export goods such as olives and dates. Challenges encompass water shortages due to climate change, joblessness among youth, and lack of access to food in urban areas. Therefore, improve water-efficient technologies, vary staple crop imports, and develop urban food resilience strategies. Southern Africa : South Africa, Zambia, Malawi, Zimbabwe, and Mozambique are facing climate crises, ongoing malnutrition, and tensions related to land reform. The conservation farming and Maize Input Subsidy Programs in Zambia have increased yield resilience but show varied effects on soil health and crop diversification (Mason et al., 2017 ). In South Africa, the duality of agriculture (commercial versus smallholder) influences fair access to land, resources, and financing (Aliber & Cousins, 2013). Zimbabwe’s rapid land reform interrupted Agri-food systems, but the recent emphasis on irrigation, access to inputs, and contract farming indicates signs of recovery (Scoones et al., 2022). Therefore, integrate land tenure reforms, enhance regional value chains (SADC), and bolster nutrition-sensitive social safety nets. Importance of Nutrition and Food Availability in Agri-food System Transition Transforming Agri-food systems in Africa entails not only boosting food production but also enhancing the quality, variety, and sustainability of food sources, while tackling both nutritional quality and food security. Despite notable transformations in agricultural systems due to the rise of urban markets and the advancement of farming methods, nutrition-related issues continue to be widespread throughout the continent. The Global Hunger Index (GHI) (2020) indicates that sub-Saharan Africa continues to be the area with the highest undernourishment rates, with nearly 25% of its population still facing undernourishment, alongside ongoing issues of stunting and micronutrient deficiencies. Malnutrition in Africa stems not just from insufficient food consumption but also indicates the poor quality of the food available. Research shows that low-income families rely predominantly on cereal-rich diets, with minimal consumption of fruits, vegetables, and animal products, resulting in deficiencies of micronutrients such as vitamin A, iron, and zinc (Akinyele et al., 2020 ). significant factor contributing to nutritional insecurity in Africa is the limited variety of food eaten. Many African diets depend on a limited variety of staple crops, including maize, rice, and cassava, which offer energy but are deficient in vital micronutrients. Although these crops serve as the foundation of food security, they fail to fulfill the nutritional requirements of populations, especially children and women of reproductive age who are more susceptible to micronutrient deficiencies (Low et al., 2021 ). Biofortification has developed into a promising approach to tackle micronutrient shortages. Crops enhanced with nutrients, like orange-fleshed sweet potatoes (OFSP), iron-rich beans, and golden rice, are being incorporated into agricultural practices to deliver vital nutrients that are deficient in the local diet. These crops are created using conventional breeding methods and advanced biotechnologies to enhance the nutrient levels of primary crops. Bouis et al. ( 2019 ) claim that biofortified crops possess considerable potential in alleviating micronutrient deficiencies in at-risk groups. For instance, OFSP contains a high level of vitamin A, which aids in fighting childhood blindness and enhancing immune function in undernourished children (FAO, 2019 ). Although there are potential advantages, the broad acceptance of biofortified crops is obstructed by a lack of awareness, market constraints, and incentives for farmers. Thus, fostering consumer demand for biofortified crops is essential for amplifying their influence. Numerous systemic obstacles persist in hindering the accessibility and nutritional value of food throughout Africa. These consist of: a) Environmental Stressors and Climate Change Climate change significantly influences agriculture, which affects food supply and nutritional results. Variations in rainfall patterns, temperature extremes, and a higher occurrence of droughts greatly affect agricultural output, especially in rain-dependent farming systems (Lipper et al., 2014 ). Repeated droughts in East and Southern Africa have reduced the output of staple crops such as maize and sorghum, resulting in food shortages. Thornton et al. ( 2020 ) discovered that climate fluctuations have resulted in yield decreases of 20–30% in areas dependent on maize farming. This impacts food supply and decreases the availability of nutritious crops since farmers must cultivate drought-resistant varieties, which often have lower nutrient density. Climate-smart agriculture (CSA) is an essential method for tackling climate issues in African Agri-food systems. CSA methods concentrate on strengthening crop resilience to climate effects, increasing water-use efficiency, and advancing agroforestry and soil health management (Berg et al., 2021). Even with enhanced food production, fragile agricultural value chains continue to be a significant obstacle to delivering nutritious food to local markets. Insufficient infrastructure, restricted storage capabilities, and insufficient processing facilities result in significant post-harvest losses, especially for perishable, nutrient-dense foods such as fruits, vegetables, and dairy items (Reardon et al., 2019 ). Research conducted by Kaminski et al. ( 2016 ) showed that in numerous African nations, post-harvest losses for crops such as tomatoes and cassava may be as high as 40%, mainly attributed to insufficient storage options and subpar transportation systems. These losses not only reduce the supply of nutritious food but also raise food prices, making them harder to obtain for low-income groups. Enhancing agricultural infrastructure via cold chain systems, improved market integration, and investing in processing technologies can greatly decrease food waste. Henson et al. ( 2019 ) suggest establishing food hubs to minimize post-harvest losses and improve the market appeal of nutrient-dense crops. Even when healthy foods are present, financial limitations hinder numerous families from obtaining them. Issues like elevated food costs, fluctuating inflation, and limited incomes hinder low-income groups from affording nutrient-rich foods such as fruits, vegetables, and animal proteins (Timmer, 2009 ). Drimie et al. ( 2017 ) state that in Southern Africa, fluctuations in food prices have been a significant obstacle to nutritional security, as seasonal increases render nutrient-dense foods unaffordable at various times throughout the year. Enhancing social protection initiatives like cash transfers and food assistance can aid low-income families in obtaining vital food supplies. Moreover, local food systems centered on community production and markets can aid in diminishing reliance on costly imported foods (Tschirley et al., 2015 ). The absence of robust, cohesive policy frameworks connecting agriculture, nutrition, and health presents a major obstacle. Despite progress, such as the establishment of national nutrition policies in various African nations, their effectiveness is frequently undermined by fragmented institutions and inadequate implementation (Nabwire et al., 2020). Research conducted by Moseley et al. ( 2021 ) revealed that disjointed policies between agricultural and health departments in various African nations obstructed advancements in nutrition improvement. By aligning policies that integrate agricultural advancement, health, and nutrition, nations can achieve greater progress. It is essential to create multisectoral policy strategies that engage cooperation among agriculture, health, education, and social protection fields to generate synergies that sustainably meet the nutritional requirements of the population (Moseley et al., 2021 ). Considerations on the Importance of Food Systems in Improving Nutrition Enhancing food systems in Africa requires not only boosting food production but also improving the nutritional quality of the foods produced. Therefore, considering food systems is crucial, incorporating aspects of sustainability, health, and nutrition. These systems must focus not only on supplying adequate food but also on enhancing the variety and quality of diets. Akinyele et al. ( 2020 ) indicate that the nutrition-sensitive agriculture strategy is essential for enhancing food security and nutrition. This strategy involves incorporating agroecological techniques that enhance nutrient-rich food production and prioritize local resource use while reducing reliance on external inputs. In Kenya, the iCow platform has demonstrated effectiveness in enhancing productivity by providing farmers with nutritional education and agricultural guidance (McKeon, 2020 ). Conclusion Africa is not a problem to be solved, but is a business opportunity and a food to be embraced, but African agriculture is at a turning point. African countries must match their production goals with market demands, adopt up-to-date farming practices so that they can fully tap their natural production potential. A serious economic challenge currently facing Africa is its food sector, which is now one of the continent’s top development priorities. African farmers and consumers need to address the challenge posed by the food sector. At present, 30% of the food consumed in Africa is imported, with cost of between 30 and 50 billion US dollars per year and according to the International Food Policy Research Institute, it could climb to 150 billion USD by 2030. This systematic review shows that Africa’s Agri-food system is at a critical point, characterized by new opportunities and ongoing structural difficulties. Throughout the continent, there is rising momentum for food system change, propelled by demographic changes, innovative policies, climate-resilient agriculture, and heightened awareness of nutrition and sustainability. Nonetheless, regional differences are still pronounced-North and Southern Africa exhibit more robust institutional structures, economic stability, and efficient food systems, whereas Central Africa struggles persistently due to instability, conflict, and poor governance. East and West Africa demonstrate transitional dynamics, indicating significant advancements in policy and innovation, yet obstructed by gaps in infrastructure and utilization. The review emphasizes important connections between food systems and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), especially in eliminating hunger (SDG 2), decreasing inequalities (SDG 10), and enhancing climate resilience (SDG 13). Nutrition and access to food are inconsistently provided, and malnutrition remains a significant issue despite progress in agricultural output in certain areas. The economic benefits of agriculture are substantial but often underutilized, largely because of ineffective value chains and insufficient policy backing. To tackle these issues, African nations need to implement region-specific, evidence-driven approaches that enhance institutional capacity, support inclusive value chains, and encourage investment in nutrition, innovation, and sustainable land management. Collaborative initiatives among regional and global stakeholders will be crucial to achieving a resilient, fair, and sustainable future for Africa’s Agri-food systems. Let connect Africa to exchange products and resources within. Africa must patronize made in Africa goods and innovations to motivate African inventors. Future Outlook : Technological advancements, including digital farming and climate-smart solutions, are vital for reshaping Africa's Agri-food systems and enhancing nutrition. Digital platforms, including mobile applications that deliver current information on optimal agricultural methods, equip farmers with resources to enhance productivity and diversify nutrition. Governments should replace the conventional "business as usual" method with a more advanced, data-informed strategy that takes into account the economic trade-offs and various production objectives of farmers. Focus should move towards accepting international trade and investment instead of relying on assistance. Investing in automated production systems and technological innovations is crucial. It's time to shift from words to deeds, enhancing intra-African trade and resource sharing. Through the promotion and use of African-created goods and innovations, the continent can motivate and aid its own inventors and entrepreneurs. Declarations ACKNOWLEDGMENT The authors acknowledge the University of Eduardo Mondlane (UEM), CE-AFSN and the World Bank granting towards this documentation. Data availability statement The authors will make the raw data used to support this article's conclusion available without excessive delay. Clinical trial number: not applicable. Ethics declaration : not applicable Consent to Participate declaration : not applicable Consent to Publish declaration: not applicable Author contributions and detail: 1,2 Teklu Gebretsadik: His contribution includes review documentation, Formal Analysis, Methodology, Writing – original draft, review & editing. 2 Helder Zavale: His contribution includes review & editing. 2 Lourenco Manuel: His contribution includes review & editing 2 Rogerio M. Chiulele: His contribution includes review, grant facilitation & editing. Conflict of interest The researchers affirm that there were no financial or commercial ties that might be seen as a potential conflict of interest throughout the research's execution. Disclosure statement The author reported no potential conflict of interest. Data availability statement Data used are included in the manuscript. Additional information Ethics approval: Ethics approval was not required for this research publication. References Adesina, A. A. (2020). 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7179184","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Systematic Review","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":488693857,"identity":"9ea54762-04cf-4512-958c-e15b841c8b6f","order_by":0,"name":"Teklu Gebretsadik","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4283-9229","institution":"Southern Agricultural Research Institute-SARI, Department of Agricultural Economics, P.O.BOX 2126, Hawassa, Ethiopia","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Teklu","middleName":"","lastName":"Gebretsadik","suffix":""},{"id":488693858,"identity":"9b7a8ce0-88ab-4d49-b792-a31f5d579845","order_by":1,"name":"Helder Zavale","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Faculty of Agronomy and Forestry Engineering, University of Eduardo Mondlane (UEM), Maputo, Mozambique","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Helder","middleName":"","lastName":"Zavale","suffix":""},{"id":488693878,"identity":"730991ab-32b2-4cbb-b3e2-23646021cac7","order_by":2,"name":"Lourenco Manuel","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Faculty of Agronomy and Forestry Engineering, University of Eduardo Mondlane (UEM), Maputo, Mozambique","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Lourenco","middleName":"","lastName":"Manuel","suffix":""},{"id":488693879,"identity":"d4968738-3eeb-4291-8aae-938bb789078a","order_by":3,"name":"Rogerio M. Chiulele","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Faculty of Agronomy and Forestry Engineering, University of Eduardo Mondlane (UEM), Maputo, Mozambique","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Rogerio","middleName":"M.","lastName":"Chiulele","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-07-21 15:52:22","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":{"humanSubjects":false,"vertebrateSubjects":true,"conflictsOfInterestStatement":false,"humanSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false,"humanSubjectConsent":false,"humanSubjectClinicalTrial":false,"humanSubjectCaseReport":false,"vertebrateSubjectEthicalGuidelines":true},"doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7179184/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7179184/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":87291053,"identity":"bc250004-dd16-4280-a3ca-0ad1a03bb95a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-22 11:32:03","extension":"jpg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":77440,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePRISIMA Flow Diagram\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7179184/v1/7835743c342b7cfb8a5748bb.jpg"},{"id":87291057,"identity":"3b574958-f0f8-492c-be85-e5ecd18515ee","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-22 11:32:03","extension":"jpg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":83720,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFood security index by regions across Africa\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7179184/v1/db808d0bcf6279304bf31233.jpg"},{"id":87291960,"identity":"3cb88298-ba5f-4510-bb6e-8c0a8d1c0f10","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-22 11:40:03","extension":"jpg","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":46162,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCorrelation matrix\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7179184/v1/0aa4873a7d68e6fbf1b259cd.jpg"},{"id":87293236,"identity":"38928088-a346-455d-8104-2bced725cef7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-22 11:56:05","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2513147,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7179184/v1/85e0712f-fd6d-47fe-b327-de1e3b020bc9.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"The authors declare no competing interests.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCan Africa Achieve Food security through Sustainable Agri-food system Transformation? A Systematic Review across Regional contexts\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eAgri-food systems in Africa are experiencing significant changes due to overlapping challenges such as population increase, climate change, food insecurity, urban expansion, land degradation, and socio-economic disparities. These systems, covering the full value chain from agricultural production to consumption and waste management, are essential not only for securing food and nutrition but also for fostering inclusive economic growth, environmental sustainability, and social equity (FAO, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; HLPE, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Nevertheless, numerous African agri-food systems continue to be extremely susceptible, disjointed, and ineffective, facing ongoing challenges like restricted access to technology, feeble governance structures, gender disparities, substandard infrastructure, and insufficient financing options (AGRA, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Jayne et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR81\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). The shift in agri-food systems characterized as a fundamental and systemic change towards sustainability, resilience, and fairness, is thus a strategic necessity for the continent. Contemporary discussions regarding agri-food transformation highlight the necessity for food systems that are \"climate-smart,\" \"nutrition-sensitive,\" and \"digitally enabled,\" ensuring inclusivity for women and youth while being resilient to disruptions like pandemics and climate extremes (World Bank, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Giller et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR56\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). In Africa, these changes are not consistent but take place in different socio-political, agroecological, and economic environments, indicating distinct trajectories and rates of transformation (Tschirley et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). Although various nations have advanced in Agri-food innovations including precision agriculture, renewable energy incorporation, regenerative practices, and the development of inclusive value chains- the debates surrounding the sustainability and inclusivity of these changes continue. Major limitations encompass restricted research application, fragile institutions, and diverging development objectives that frequently favor immediate productivity increases instead of long-term environmental and social effects (Pretty et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR82\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Thorpe \u0026amp; Reed, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR83\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Even with the increasing focus on Agri-food systems in both global and regional policy frameworks like the African Union’s Malabo Declaration, the UN Food Systems Summit, and national food systems discussions, there is still insufficient consolidated evidence regarding the characteristics, influences, and effects of Agri-food system transitions in Africa. Conducting a systematic review of the literature on these transitions is essential for identifying knowledge gaps, uncovering effective strategies, and informing evidence-based policy development. This systematic review seeks to aggregate the current literature regarding the transformation of Africa’s Agri-food systems, emphasizing the identification of important enablers, barriers, outcomes, and policy ramifications. This review plays a role in shaping more sustainable, equitable, and climate-resilient food systems in Africa by offering a thorough and critical evaluation of existing knowledge. This research review addresses the questions: In what ways is Africa's Agri-food system evolving to achieve sustainability, food security, and economic resilience across its regions? Its objective also is to examine regional differences in Agri-food transitions in Africa and evaluate connections between Agri-food systems and SDGs. It also recognizes crucial economic, cultural and nutritional, and institutional factors or obstacles to underscore challenges, deficiencies, and future research focuses.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methodology","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis review paper utilizes a systematic literature review method to consolidate current studies on the food systems, sustainability, economics, nutrition. The methodology is organized into five primary stages: The research employs a qualitative, descriptive, and analytical framework to examine peer-reviewed journal articles, grey literature, and international policy documents aiming to assess the current understanding of food systems, sustainability, economics, nutrition.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLiterature Search Strategy\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAn extensive search was performed utilizing databases including Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. The keywords utilized encompassed combinations of (\"Agri-food system\" OR \"food system transformation\" OR \"agricultural transformation\" OR \"sustainable food systems\" OR \"agricultural transition\" OR \"agro-food value chain\") AND (\"Africa\" OR \"Sub-Saharan Africa\" OR \"East Africa\" OR \"West Africa\" OR \"Central Africa\" OR \"North Africa\" OR \"Southern Africa\") AND (\"food security\" OR \"nutrition security\" OR \"malnutrition\" OR \"food availability\" OR \"diet diversity\" OR \"stunting\") AND (\"sustainable agriculture\" OR \"climate-smart agriculture\" OR \"agroecology\" OR \"resilience\" OR \"food system resilience\") AND (\"economic development\" OR \"economic resilience\" OR \"rural livelihoods\" OR \"policy frameworks\" OR \"institutional capacity\") AND (\"systematic review\" OR \"literature review\" OR \"scoping review\" OR \"PRISMA\") to locate pertinent studies. The literature review encompassed publications from 2005 to 2024 to include both fundamental and contemporary research trends.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eInclusion and Exclusion Guidelines\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eInclusion\u003c/b\u003e: Scholarly articles, policy documents, and international frameworks that examine food systems, sustainability, economics, nutrition. \u003cb\u003eExclusion\u003c/b\u003e: Research exclusively not targeting food systems, sustainability, economics, nutrition.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eInclusion and Exclusion criteria\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCriteria type\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCriteria description\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eInclusion\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStudies Published between 2005–2024\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFocused on African countries\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEmpirical and peer-reviewed research\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCover topics on food systems, sustainability, economics, nutrition.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRelevance to trade-off in developments or policy implications\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEnglish language papers\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eExclusion\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eArticles before 2005\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStudies unrelated to Africa\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNon-peer-reviewed sources (e.g., Blogs, op-eds, gray literature unless highly relevant) and Papers lacking methodological transparency\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNon-scholarly sources (blogs, news)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNon-English language publications or duplicates\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eInclusion and Exclusion Summary of Reviewed Papers\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStage\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNumber of records\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDescription\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRecord identified through database searches (Scopus, google scholar)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1062\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRecords identified through database searching (Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar) using keywords related to food systems, sustainability, economics, and nutrition in Africa.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDuplicates removed\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e78\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRemoved duplicates across database\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRecords screened by title/abstract\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e984\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTitles and abstracts screened; duplicates and irrelevant records excluded.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRecords excluded after screening\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e301\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOff-topic, purely biological/ecological studies, or no food systems, sustainability, economics, and nutrition focus in Africa.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFull text articles assessed\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e683\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFull-text articles assessed for eligibility based on inclusion and exclusion criteria (2005–2024, English, African context, academic sources).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eArticles excluded after full-text assessment\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e332\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStudies lacked in qualitative and/or quantitative synthesis, poor methodological transparency, or not peer-reviewed not covering Agri-food system transition, regional trends, and SDG linkages.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStudies included in review\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e106\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFinal number of Articles used for synthesis\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Extraction and thematic Analysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn this systematic review, a structured protocol was employed for data extraction, which gathered essential variables such as study location, research methodology, thematic emphasis (e.g., food security, sustainability, nutrition, economic resilience), year of publication, and its significance for Africa’s Agri-food system transition. All selected studies were examined to uncover common trends and key aspects that corresponded with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), agri-food value chains, and regional policy frameworks. Thematic analysis was utilized to amalgamate qualitative insights from various studies, facilitating the classification of results into key themes like climate-smart agricultural methods, institutional and policy obstacles, livelihood and nutrition outcomes, and regional inequalities. This method enabled the consolidation of varied evidence into cohesive analytical groups, enhancing a comprehensive comprehension of food system changes across Africa’s sub-regions and highlighting areas for further research and policy synchronization.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eOverview of Agri-food System Challenges in Africa\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe transition of Agri-food systems involves changing food production, distribution, processing, and consumption methods to create more sustainable, equitable, and resilient practices (FAO, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). This review consolidates the main themes identified in the literature, emphasizing essential knowledge and policy deficiencies\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eResearch strategies and focuses on Agri-food system transition\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"2\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStrategy researches\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eReferences\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTransitions have developed and flourished\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSustainability Transitions Research Network (2010)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTransitions tended to focus on mobility and energy systems\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHinrichs, 2014; Markard et al., 2012; Truffer and Markard, 2017).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe current food system needs a significant transformation if it is to feed a growing population\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eElzen et al., 2017; Gladek et al., 2016; IPES-Food, 2015).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIncreasing attention both in academic literature and policy\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLachman, 2013; Loorbach et al., 2017; Markard et al., 2012\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTransitions initially referred to large-scale transformations during which the structure of society fundamentally changes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(Rotmans et al., 2001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026ldquo;Governing transitions\u0026rdquo; is considered as a separate research theme\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSTRN, 2017),\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTransitions imply a restructuring of power relations and politics.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAvelino et al. (2016\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBiofuels may create sustainability trade-offs in agro-food systems.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePartzsch (2017\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePower relations determine whether agroecology conforms to the dominant regime or transforms it\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLevidow et al., 2014)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTransition politics and governance agriculture show that politics may constructively interfere with the dynamics of transition\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGrin (2012) l\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ecompare agricultural intensification with agroecology\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEly et al. (2016)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnderstanding actors' relations and power dynamics at different levels is fundamental to fostering transition.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSherwood and Paredes, 2014)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRooting sustainable practices in everyday action and politics is needed\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMinh et al., 2014\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAgents such as civil society organizations and public institutions in agro-food sustainability transitions\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStahlbrand (2016)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eA strategic practice management approach is needed to transition urban food systems\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCohen and Ilieva (2015)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe clashing of different knowledge systems (based on distinct values, beliefs and epistemologies) is one of the factors\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMaye (2018\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAnalysis of the relationship between institutionalized politics and the rise and fall of the New Food Frontier is needed\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCrivits et al. (2018)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEating practices lead to transitioning\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVinnari and Vinnari (2014)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCivil society organizations as one of the stakeholders in food transitions\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDavies and Doyle (2015)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lsquo;Food for Life\u0026rsquo; to conceptualize scaling as a form of policy transfer.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLawhon and Murphy (2012)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lsquo;Strong colonization of agriculture\u0026rsquo;, through agro-ecological transition\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e. Duru et al. (2014)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAgro-food transitions use different modelling approaches such as agent-based models\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDavies, 2014; Davies and Doyle, 2015; Quist et al., 2011)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eModeling the Agri-food System Transitioning\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBy combining it with specific models of the energy system (Baumstark et al. 2021), the climate system (Meinshausen et al. 2020), and public health (Springmann et al. 2018), its modeling capabilities are increased. Food System generates economic valuations of the net and gross economic benefits of the food system modifications that they capture using the pathways that are produced. This concentrates on two avenues. \"Current Trends\" (CT) is an extension of the current trends defining food systems. A global initiative known as the \"Food System Transformation\" (FST) aims to replace the world's current food systems with one that feeds the hungry and impoverished while meeting the requirements of those employed in agriculture and producing wholesome food without compromising a habitable environment. The optimistic assumptions for future GDP and population growth as well as the ongoing energy transition is also considered.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eModel themes of the Research agenda of the Transitioning Agri-food sytem\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"2\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eResearch themes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eReferences\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePower and\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003epolitics\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVitters\u0026oslash; and Tangeland (2015); Ely et al. (2016); Meek (2016); Stahlbrand (2016); Crivits et al. (2018); Partzsch (2017); Rosin et al. (2017); Vivero-Pol (2017); Kuhmonen (2017)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eManaging\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003etransitions\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCohen and Ilieva (2015); van Gameren et al., 2015; Davies and Doyle\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(2015); Halbe et al. (2015); Rossi (2017); van den Heiligenberg et al. (2017); Crivits et al. (2018); Dedeurwaerdere et al. (2017); Hansen and Bj\u0026oslash;rkhaug, 2017\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCivil society\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDavies and Doyle (2015); Levidow (2015); Moragues-Faus and Morgan (2015); O'Rourke and Lollo (2015); Stahlbrand (2016); Pitt and Jones (2016); Prasad (2016);\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDedeurwaerdere et al. (2017); Hauser and Lindtner (2017); Isgren and Ness (2017)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFirms\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSlingerland and Schut (2014); Levidow (2015); Ferguson (2016); Langendahl et al. (2016); Randelli and Rocchi (2017); Rosin et al. (2017)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSustainable\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eConsumption\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eClear et al. (2016); Jurgilevich et al. (2016); Liu et al. (2016); Mylan et al.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(2016); Stahlbrand (2016); Ely et al. (2016); Paddock (2017); Rossi (2017); Wonneck and Hobson (2017); Dedeurwaerdere et al. (2017)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGeography\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSanthanam-Martin et al. (2015); Hermans et al. (2016); Pitt and Jones (2016);\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWonneck and Hobson (2017)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eModelling\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGhaffari et al. (2015); Moraine et al. (2016); Rodr\u0026iacute;guez Morales and Rodr\u0026iacute;guez Lopez (2017); Fauchald et al. (2017); Jacobs et al. (2017); Kuhmonen (2017)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAfrica\u0026rsquo;s Agri-food systems encounter structural and institutional flaws that impede transformation. Factors include low agricultural output, significant dependence on rainfed agriculture, minimal value addition, losses after harvest, and insufficient infrastructure (Jayne et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR81\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; AGRA, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Smallholder farmers, representing the bulk of producers, frequently work under limited circumstances regarding land access, credit, and market information (Chamberlin \u0026amp; Jayne, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR90\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). These difficulties are intensified by climate change, which disproportionately impacts African agriculture due to greater fluctuations in rainfall and elevated temperatures (Niang et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR103\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). Agriculture and food systems in Africa face numerous enduring structural challenges that limit productivity and resilience. These consist of low mechanization, restricted availability of quality inputs (such as seeds, fertilizers), insufficient rural infrastructure, and poor access to markets. Jayne et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR81\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e) highlights that more than 70% of African farmers work on small areas (\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;2 hectares), frequently lacking irrigation, which results in low and inconsistent yields. Likewise, the African Union (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR57\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e) indicated that in sub-Saharan Africa, post-harvest losses for perishable crops can be as high as 40% because of inadequate storage and transport facilities. The World Bank (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e) highlights that agricultural productivity in Africa has increased gradually compared to population growth, leading to a rise in food imports. The productivity gap is notably evident in key food crops such as maize, sorghum, and cassava, with yields falling far short of potential due to inadequate soil fertility management and restricted technology use (Pretty et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR82\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). Moreover, challenges like land fragmentation, uncertain tenure rights, and outdated land governance structures still impact investment and innovation in agriculture (Lawry et al., 2017). The exclusion of young people and women from land ownership, access to inputs, and involvement in policy strengthens inequality and inefficiency in Agri-food systems (Doss et al., 2018; IFAD, 2021).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSustainability and Resilience as Core Transition Goals\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA substantial amount of research has highlighted the necessity for sustainability and resilience in transforming food systems. Pretty et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR82\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e) contend that sustainable intensification characterized as enhancing productivity without negative environmental effects is crucial to Agri-food transitions in Africa. Agroecological methods and regenerative farming are being increasingly advocated as strategies that integrate ecological concepts with traditional wisdom to create resilient food systems (Altieri et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR60\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Giller et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR56\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Nonetheless, broad implementation is hindered by organizational resistance, insufficient motivations, and restricted farmer awareness (Snapp et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Sustainability is crucial to the narratives of food system transformation throughout Africa. Researchers stress that changing the Agri-food system should encompass ecological harmony, conservation of resources, and socio-economic inclusivity (Giller et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR56\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Snapp et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Agroecology, conservation farming, integrated soil fertility management, and regenerative methods are considered effective alternatives to input-heavy strategies that might not be appropriate for delicate African ecosystems (Altieri et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR60\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Mbow et al., 2019). Agroecological practices have been shown to increase yields while improving soil quality and biodiversity. Research conducted in East Africa indicates that intercropping and mulching greatly enhance resilience to drought and decrease reliance on outside inputs (Pittelkow et al., 2015). Nonetheless, uptake is restricted because of inadequate extension services, absence of supportive policies, and farmers\u0026rsquo; reluctance to take risks (Tittonell, 2014; Kansiime et al., 2018). Furthermore, resilience involves the capability of Agri-food systems to endure and rebound from climate shocks, political unrest, and market fluctuations. B\u0026eacute;n\u0026eacute; et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR89\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e) state that this necessitates adaptive capacity across various levels, such as households, institutions, and ecosystems. The shift towards varied, localized food systems is becoming increasingly recognized as a method for promoting environmental sustainability and ensuring food sovereignty (Pimbert, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR105\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; HLPE, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Africa's susceptibility to climate change significantly influences the transformation of Agri-food systems. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR126\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e) highlights those African agricultural systems are currently facing losses attributed to rising temperatures, erratic rainfall, and severe weather occurrences. These effects are expected to intensify, decreasing agricultural output by as much as 20% by 2050 in numerous sub-Saharan nations (Niang et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR103\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; M\u0026uuml;ller et al., 2020).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eClimate Change: Risks and Possibilities\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eClimate-smart agriculture (CSA) has surfaced as a key approach to improve productivity, foster resilience, and decrease greenhouse gas emissions (Lipper et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR98\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). Research from Ethiopia, Kenya, and Zambia indicates that CSA techniques like water harvesting, drought-tolerant crops, and agroforestry\u0026mdash;enhance adaptation results and food security for households (Makate et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR99\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Mwongera et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR101\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). Nonetheless, criticisms of CSA suggest that its execution frequently benefits large commercial farms and neglects local knowledge frameworks (Thornton \u0026amp; Herrero, 2015; Taylor, 2018). To adapt Agri-food systems under climate pressure, it is essential to incorporate both technical and institutional innovations, such as early warning systems, weather-index insurance, and adaptable financing options (Vermeulen et al., 2012; World Bank, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). \u0026acute;~\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRole of Innovation and Technology\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTechnological advancements are acknowledged as a key facilitator of Agri-food change. Precision agriculture, mobile extension services, climate-resilient technologies, and digital platforms for integrating value chains have been recognized as essential instruments for boosting productivity and minimizing vulnerability (World Bank, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). For instance, the Digital Green platform and Farm in Kenya demonstrate how mobile technologies enhance farmers' access to markets and information (Aker \u0026amp; Mbiti, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR59\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e; Kieti et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR97\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). However, the spread of technology continues to be inconsistent, highlighting considerable disparities in digital infrastructure and literacy (CTA, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR92\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Technology and innovation are essential catalysts for transforming Agri-food systems. Mobile devices, digital consulting platforms, and precision farming are progressively utilized to enhance information access, maximize input utilization, and connect farmers with markets (Aker \u0026amp; Mbiti, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR59\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e; CTA, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR92\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Digital platforms such as WeFarm, Digital Green, and Agri-wallet in Kenya and Uganda offer real-time market insights, extension support, and financial services, effectively closing rural information gaps (Kieti et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR97\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; GSMA, 2020). The expansion of digital agriculture has additionally facilitated remote sensing, soil mapping, and predictive analytics for improved farm management. Nonetheless, considerable digital disparities persist, particularly regarding gender and geographical factors. Research indicates that women in rural areas are less prone to possess mobile phones, utilize mobile internet, or engage in digital training initiatives (FAO \u0026amp; ITU, 2022). Additionally, innovation ecosystems in Africa remain in the nascent phases of growth. Lack of strong research-extension connections, minimal public funding for R\u0026amp;D, and disjointed policy structures hinder the expansion of technological solutions (Spielman \u0026amp; Kelemework, 2009; World Bank, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Effective transition necessitates enhancing local innovation capabilities, fostering public-private collaborations, and matching technology to the requirements of farmers.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eClimate Change, gender and Ecological Aspects\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eClimate change acts as both a motivator and a limitation in transitions within Agri-food systems. Research indicates that African nations are progressively incorporating climate-smart agriculture (CSA) into their national frameworks, emphasizing adaptation, mitigation, and productivity objectives (Lipper et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR98\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; Mwongera et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR101\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). Nonetheless, execution continues to be frail because of inadequate funding, poor research-extension connections, and ineffective monitoring systems (Makate et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR99\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Additionally, climate mitigation is frequently downplayed in African situations, where pressing adaptation requirements are prioritized (Thornton et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR112\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). The transformation of Agri-food must tackle gender and social disparities. Women are vital to African food systems but encounter obstacles in obtaining land, credit, education, and participating in decision-making (Doss, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR93\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Meinzen-Dick et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Gender-transformative strategies are thus vital for inclusive transitions in Agri-food systems. Research indicates that improved access to resources and extension services for women leads to notable enhancements in household food security and agricultural productivity (Quisumbing et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR106\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). Nonetheless, the majority of policy frameworks in Africa insufficiently integrate gender within food systems programming (Farnworth \u0026amp; Colverson, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR94\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). Realizing fair Agri-food transitions requires tackling enduring gender and social inequalities. In Africa, women make up 40\u0026ndash;60% of the agricultural workforce, but they encounter structural obstacles related to land rights, access to credit, utilization of inputs, and participation in decision-making (Doss et al., 2018; Quisumbing et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR106\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). Research indicates that gender-related limitations result in significant productivity declines at both household and national scales (FAO, 2011; Meinzen-Dick et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Strategies that address gender, including participatory extension, women's cooperatives, and asset transfers, have demonstrated beneficial effects on agricultural results and empowerment (Farnworth \u0026amp; Colverson, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR94\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Njuki \u0026amp; Sanginga, 2013). However, the majority of national food policies and investment strategies fail to effectively incorporate gender factors or assess empowerment results. Additionally, social inclusion should encompass young people, indigenous groups, and individuals with disabilities. More than 60% of Africa's population is under 25, making the youth demographic a challenge and an opportunity for Agri-food transformation (AGRA, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Nonetheless, the involvement of youth is still impeded by restricted access to land, skill development, and funding (Yami et al., 2019).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDemand shifts, Policy and Institutional Structures\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCoherence in policy, coordination, and governance are crucial for facilitating or hindering transitions. The Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP) of the African Union and the Malabo Declaration focus on transforming food systems by means of investment, developing value chains, and involving the private sector (NEPAD, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR102\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). Nevertheless, the literature highlights discrepancies between policy goals and actual results stemming from divided institutional frameworks and insufficient budget provisions (Resnick et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR109\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). Effective transitions necessitate governance at multiple levels that connects national strategies with local circumstances and encourages participatory planning (B\u0026eacute;n\u0026eacute; et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR89\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Policy and institutional frameworks are essential facilitators or obstacles of Agri-food transformation. The Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP) of the African Union and the Malabo Declaration have established bold goals for food security, development of value chains, and inclusive growth (NEPAD, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR102\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). Nevertheless, the execution of policies has frequently been inadequate because of disjointed governance, insufficient accountability, and poor coordination across sectors (Resnick et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR109\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). Decentralized governance, inclusive policy development, and strengthening institutional capacity are vital for implementing strategies effectively. Studies indicate the necessity of harmonizing Agri-food policies with trade, education, health, and environmental initiatives (HLPE, 2017).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAfrica is swiftly urbanizing, leading to changes in dietary choices, food distribution, and the dynamics of Agri-food systems. City dwellers request greater amounts of processed, perishable, and varied food options, which affects upstream production and distribution trends (Tschirley et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Reardon et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). The \"silent revolution\" in value chains led by small and medium enterprises (SMEs), informal vendors, and emerging urban markets offers both prospects and difficulties for inclusive food system change (Reardon \u0026amp; Timmer, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). Tackling urban food security and nutrition necessitates comprehensive strategies that combine urban planning with rural agricultural systems. Africa's swift urban growth is transforming consumption habits, logistics, and governance of the food system. City dwellers are moving towards a greater variety of processed and convenient foods, leading to heightened demand for value-added items, cold chain logistics, and food safety regulations (Reardon et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Tschirley et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). This presents chances for SMEs and food processors to become vital players in changing Agri-food systems. The \u0026ldquo;quiet revolution\u0026rdquo; in value chains led by small and medium agribusinesses illustrates how localized innovations are transforming food supply systems (Reardon \u0026amp; Timmer, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). Nonetheless, informal food markets continue to be prevalent in African cities and need improved incorporation into urban planning and policy structures. Food insecurity in urban areas is an increasing issue. The city\u0026rsquo;s impoverished frequently depend on bought staples and are susceptible to fluctuations in food prices. Approaches such as urban farming, local food markets, and public purchasing of regional foods are being investigated to enhance accessibility and resilience (Battersby, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR62\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; HLPE, 2017).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFood System Narratives and Pathways of Transition\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe literature presents conflicting perspectives on the evolution of Africa's food systems. These span from productivity-centered Green Revolution frameworks to agroecological, rights-oriented, and climate-justice approaches (Pimbert, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR105\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). Certain researchers contend that pathways for transition ought to be tailored to specific contexts and guided by local innovation frameworks instead of being dictated by outside models (Scoones et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR110\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). However, disparities in power related to global funding and knowledge creation persist in shaping the trajectory of food system changes in Africa (Patel, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR104\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Clapp, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR91\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Various and at times contradictory stories shape the way Agri-food transitions are imagined and executed. The Green Revolution approach focuses on increasing yields via hybrid seeds, chemical inputs, and mechanization (Pingali, 2012). Conversely, agroecological and rights-oriented frameworks highlight food sovereignty, ecological harmony, and social equity (Pimbert, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR105\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; IPES-Food, 2016). These conflicting paradigms reveal more profound power dynamics within the global food system, where policy agendas are frequently influenced by multinational corporations and donors (Clapp, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR91\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Patel, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR104\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). A vital body of literature advocates for the decolonization of food systems research and for the empowerment of African stakeholders to guide context-specific changes (Scoones et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR110\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Ny\u0026eacute;l\u0026eacute;ni Movement, 2015). An increasing acknowledgment exists that various transition pathways are essential and feasible, customized to regional, cultural, and ecological circumstances. Collaborative planning, flexible learning, and diverse governance are essential to harmonize conflicting interests and broaden solutions.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEconomic Contributions of Agri-food Systems in Africa\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAgri-food systems in Africa are integral to the continent\u0026rsquo;s economic framework. The industry plays a significant role in GDP, job creation, commerce, and rural income. As per the FAO (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e), agriculture constitutes roughly 17% of the GDP in sub-Saharan Africa and engages more than 60% of the workforce, mainly in informal or smallholder farming. Incorporating food processing, marketing, retail, and associated services, the wider Agri-food system accounts for as much as 40% of GDP in various African nations (World Bank, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; AGRA, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Recent research highlights that the Agri-food system serves as a growth catalyst, especially in low-income nations. Christiaensen and Martin (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR64\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e) demonstrate that agricultural GDP growth is two to three times more impactful in alleviating poverty compared to growth in other sectors. Likewise, Diao, Hazell, and Thurlow (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR65\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e) contend that for structural transformation in Africa to succeed, agriculture must first be transformed into a productive, market-oriented sector. Additionally, the Agri-food system fosters the development of rural non-farm economies via backward and forward connections. These encompass agro-input provision, mechanization services, food processing, and rural commerce, offering income diversification and job opportunities beyond agriculture (Barrett et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR61\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; IFPRI, 2020). Rural areas in Ethiopia and Nigeria are seeing an increase in food-focused micro-enterprises and small-scale processing, aiding in inclusive development (Jayne et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR70\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). However, economic benefits are compromised by insufficient productivity, market flaws, and minimal value addition. Many African nations sell raw agricultural products and bring in processed foods, leading to trade deficits and losing out on value chain prospects (UNCTAD, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Enhancing value-added food exports, bolstering domestic processing sectors, and optimizing supply chains are essential for shifting Agri-food systems toward economic resilience. The transformation of the Agri-food system is crucial for attaining food security, which is characterized by availability, accessibility, utilization, and stability. Despite having abundant agricultural resources, Africa is still the area facing the utmost food insecurity worldwide, with more than 280\u0026nbsp;million individuals undernourished in 2023, as per the FAO (2023). Climate disturbances, violence, economic instability, and reliance on imports have exacerbated the situation. An increasing number of studies investigates how structural modifications in Agri-food systems may alleviate food insecurity. For instance, promoting climate-resilient crops such as millet and sorghum in the Sahel and drought-resistant maize in East Africa has been shown to effectively decrease hunger and variability in yields (Fisher et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR66\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Wossen et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR79\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Biofortified crops, like orange-fleshed sweet potatoes high in vitamin A, have enhanced dietary quality for both women and children (Low et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR72\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). Moreover, enhanced availability of rural finance, food markets, and school meal initiatives leads to improved nutrition results. In Ghana, the Home-Grown School Feeding model, for instance, obtains food from local farmers and delivers daily meals to children, connecting food security with development in the local economy (Bundy et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR63\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; WFP, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR77\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Urbanization and dietary changes are also increasingly affecting food security, as cities see a growing demand for processed and animal-derived goods. This brings up issues regarding nutrition transition, where a growing consumption of processed and unhealthy foods occurs alongside ongoing undernutrition a situation referred to as the triple burden of malnutrition (FAO, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Popkin et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). A sustainable transition must consequently tackle both food accessibility and nutritional quality. Approaches that integrate agriculture-nutrition connections, nutrition-sensitive value chains, and inclusive market systems are being encouraged to enhance results (Herforth \u0026amp; Ballard, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR67\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Haddad et al., 2016). Ultimately, the COVID-19 pandemic and the Ukraine-Russia conflict have exposed weaknesses in international supply chains and reliance on imports. Nations such as Egypt, heavily reliant on wheat imports, experienced significant price volatility, highlighting the need for regional food self-sufficiency and reserve stocks (Laborde et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR71\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRelated Research in Africa: Transitioning Food Systems and Livelihoods\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe alteration of Agri-food systems in Africa is increasingly acknowledged as an essential route for attaining sustainable development, enhancing livelihoods, and guaranteeing enduring food security. Throughout the continent, numerous studies and projects have examined how changes in food production, distribution, and consumption trends are affecting the economic and social welfare of rural and urban communities. In Sub-Saharan Africa, the shift in Agri-food systems is closely linked to rural livelihoods that rely significantly on agriculture for income, jobs, and food. Conventional food systems marked by small-scale agriculture, minimal external input reliance, and informal marketplaces are being transformed by climate change, land demands, demographic shifts, and globalization (FAO, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Giller et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR56\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). An increasing amount of research indicates that sustainable transformations, including agroecological intensification, integrated soil fertility management, and regenerative agriculture, can significantly enhance smallholder resilience. Pretty et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR82\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e) recorded more than 280 agroecological projects in 57 nations, revealing average yield boosts of 79%, coupled with improved food security and ecosystem benefits. In Ethiopia, the application of Farmer Field Schools and Integrated Soil Fertility Management methods resulted in more than a 50% rise in maize yields and decreased land degradation (Teklewold et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR133\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). Social differentiation, nevertheless, significantly influences outcomes. Research conducted by Kristjanson et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR128\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e) and Beuchelt and Badstue (2013) emphasizes that access to resources (land, labor, finance) and gender norms greatly impact who gains from Agri-food transitions. In Malawi and Tanzania, female farmers exhibited reduced adoption rates of conservation agriculture because of restricted access to extension services and decision-making authority (Peterman et al., 2014). Moreover, the connection between agricultural transformation and rural non-farm economies is becoming increasingly clear. Rural livelihoods are expanding beyond agricultural production into areas such as value addition, agri-tourism, and remittance sectors (Diao et al., 2019). In Ghana, engagement in the Agri-food value chain by cocoa farmers considerably enhanced household income variety and resilience to external shocks (Adu-Baffour et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR138\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). In rural Africa, people's livelihoods mainly depend on agriculture, but traditional food systems are facing growing challenges because of land degradation, climate changes, and falling productivity. Research by Pretty et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e) and Snapp et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e) emphasizes that moving towards more sustainable agricultural practices like agroecology, conservation agriculture, and integrated soil fertility management can enhance household income, lessen vulnerability, and strengthen climate resilience. In Malawi, the implementation of agroecological practices increased crop yields and lowered input expenses, directly boosting the incomes of rural households (Snapp et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). In the same way, Jayne et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR81\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e) argues that enhancing rural livelihoods is more closely linked to access to effective Agri-food markets, processing services, and income-generating activities outside of farming. They highlight that smallholder farmers involved in contract farming or collective marketing via cooperatives have a higher likelihood of gaining from changes in food systems. However, these transitions are not consistently fair. Thorpe and Reed (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e) warn that the transformation of commercial Agri-food could overlook women, youth, and marginalized communities unless inclusive policies are put in place. In Kenya's vegetable export industry, women frequently find themselves in low-wage informal jobs, facing restricted access to land and decision-making positions (Chan, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e). Urbanization is speeding up changes in food systems by altering dietary preferences and food environments. The urban population in Africa is expected to grow from 548\u0026nbsp;million in 2020 to more than 1.4\u0026nbsp;billion by 2050 (UN-Habitat, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR135\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). This has resulted in a rise in the need for convenience foods, processed goods, and animal-sourced items, generating new dynamics in food supply, logistics, and retail (Tschirley et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Reardon et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR132\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Casual food economies such as street food sales, open-air markets, and home-based processing continue to be the primary means of food access in urban areas. According to Battersby and Watson (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e), informal food systems in cities such as Accra, Nairobi, and Johannesburg play a crucial role in ensuring urban food security for the urban poor, even though they are mostly overlooked in urban policy planning. Besides, research in Nairobi and Addis Ababa indicates that low-income city residents obtain as much as 90% of their food from informal markets, highlighting the necessity for equitable food governance (Crush et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR121\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Tegegne et al., 2022). However, these systems are at risk of food safety issues, inadequate infrastructure, and supply interruptions caused by climate change. Kimenye et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR127\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e) discovered that COVID-19 highlighted the vulnerability of urban food systems, since lockdowns interfered with transportation and logistics. The urban population in Africa is expected to double by 2050, leading to major shifts in food demand and consumption patterns (FAO, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Urbanization is driving a \u0026ldquo;dietary shift\u0026rdquo; marked by higher consumption of processed foods, fats, and sugars, supplanting traditional staples and resulting in both undernutrition and obesity (Popkin et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Battersby \u0026amp; Watson, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). This affects both well-being and economic stability. On one side, the rising demand for convenience foods and informal food sales presents possibilities for young people and women to participate in food selling, small-scale processing, and logistics (Tschirley et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). Conversely, it also brings up issues related to food safety, limited dietary diversity, and the decline of traditional food cultures. In reaction, multiple initiatives are encouraging urban and peri-urban farming, community food supply chains, and nutrition education. The RUAF Foundation and FAO\u0026rsquo;s City Region Food Systems initiative has aided cities such as Lusaka and Nairobi in developing resilient and inclusive food systems that safeguard consumer health and support producer livelihoods (FAO \u0026amp; RUAF, 2021).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEmployment of Youth and Diversification of Livelihoods\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe young population offers both a challenge and a chance. More than 60% of Africa's inhabitants are under 25 years old, with around 10\u0026nbsp;million young people entering the workforce each year (Filmer \u0026amp; Fox, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). However, young people frequently view agriculture as outdated or lacking profitability, which discourages them from engaging in conventional farming industries. However, new advancements are altering this story. Digital platforms like Twiga Foods (Kenya), FarmCrowdy (Nigeria), and eSoko (Ghana) provide young people with chances in input supply, logistics, fintech, and agri-consulting (Aker \u0026amp; Ghosh, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Adeyanju et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR116\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Research by Muyanga and Jayne (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR131\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e) indicates that younger individuals are more inclined than older groups to embrace technologies like mobile-based extension services, enhanced seeds, and mechanization if enabling ecosystems exist. In terms of gender, the African Agri-food transition must tackle entrenched inequalities in land ownership, decision-making, and financial access. Meinzen-Dick et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e) demonstrate that female farmers yield 20\u0026ndash;30% lower outputs than male counterparts, not because of inefficiency, but due to inequitable access to productive resources. The Gender-Inclusive Agri-food System Transformation (GIAST) framework promotes actions that extend past inclusion to actual change\u0026mdash;ensuring that women\u0026rsquo;s involvement, perspective, and contributions are recognized throughout the food system (Behrman et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR119\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). A major challenge confronting African Agri-food systems is the youth demographic surge. Given that more than 60% of Africa's population is below 25, the Agri-food sector is anticipated to take in a significant portion of new labor market participants (Filmer \u0026amp; Fox, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). However, young people frequently view agriculture as unappealing and unviable owing to difficulties in accessing land, financial limitations, and inadequate infrastructure. Recent efforts like the ENABLE Youth Program (backed by AfDB and IITA) seek to generate agribusiness prospects for young people by providing support for incubators, training, and initial funding (IITA, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Assessments show that agribusinesses led by youth can enhance earnings and promote innovation, but need supportive environments and ecosystems (Salami et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). Diversifying livelihoods beyond agriculture such as through food-related ICT advancements, digital platforms, and e-commerce provides an alternative route. In Kenya and Nigeria, mobile platforms such as Twiga Foods and FarmCrowdy have connected farmers to urban markets and credit options, boosting earnings and minimizing post-harvest losses (Aker \u0026amp; Ghosh, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFood Security Measurement Indicators and focus by Region in Africa\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAfrica\u0026rsquo;s Agri-food transformation must conform to long-term sustainability, climate adaptability, fairness, and inclusive economic development. The literature identifies the following future directions: Strong local and territorial markets are essential for resilience in food systems, linking smallholders to consumers while improving food security and fostering community cohesion. Studies by De Schutter (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e) and Bi\u0026eacute;nabe et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR120\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e) indicate that short supply chains, farmer cooperatives, and local branding may decrease reliance on global markets while boosting local economic multipliers. Programs for local procurement, like Home-Grown School Feeding (HGSF) in Ethiopia, Ghana, and Nigeria, have shown effectiveness in boosting local food production while enhancing children's nutrition (WFP, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR136\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Gelli et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR125\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). North and Southern Africa show relatively high combined scores in food security, reflecting their more developed infrastructure, increased economic stability, and robust institutional frameworks that enhance agricultural productivity and food system resilience. Nations in these areas, including South Africa, Namibia, Egypt, and Morocco, gain from improved market access, efficient supply chains, and stronger policy and governance frameworks that enhance food availability and accessibility. In contrast, Central Africa continues to be the most vulnerable area, suffering from ongoing armed conflict, poor governance, insufficient infrastructure, and fragile agricultural systems. These difficulties greatly impede the region's capacity to efficiently produce, distribute, and utilize food, resulting in persistent food insecurity. At the same time, East and West Africa are making strides in agricultural advancement and food availability; however, they still encounter considerable challenges, especially regarding food stability and usage. Factors like climate change, political unrest, and inadequate access to health and sanitation services undermine the reliability of food supply and nutritional effects of food consumption in these areas. Ultimately, the differences across African regions highlight the necessity for targeted policy measures and investments aimed at creating more inclusive, resilient, and sustainable agri-food systems\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFood Security Measurement Indicators\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRegion\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFood Availability\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFood access\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFood utilization\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFood stability\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ecomposite score\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNorth Africa\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.78\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.75\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.76\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.72\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.75\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEast Africa\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.60\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.55\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.58\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.56\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWest Africa\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.58\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.52\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.54\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.48\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.53\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCentral Africa\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.45\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.40\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.42\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.35\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.41\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSouthern Africa\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.70\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.65\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.60\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.66\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"6\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eScale\u003c/b\u003e: 0\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;worst, 1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;best\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"6\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eComposite Score\u003c/b\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Mean of the four pillar scores\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eThe food security index in African regions\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIndicators\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSTd. Dev\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMin\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMax\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFood security index\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e44.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.83\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e57.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAgricultural efficiency (\u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e000)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.61\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMalnutrition prevalence (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e34.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eClimate resilience score\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.40\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e60.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAgricultural GDP contribution (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.55\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe food security index in African regions shows considerable differences in system effectiveness and resilience. The average index score is 44.6 (\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.83), with regions showing significant variation from 30.4 to 57.3, suggesting that certain areas possess moderately secure food systems, while others are quite vulnerable. Agricultural efficiency, expressed in thousands of dollars for each input unit, has an average of \u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e2.22k, though it varies significantly (\u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e1.4k\u0026ndash;\u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e3.0k), indicating that productivity is inconsistent and frequently hindered by resource or infrastructural constraints. The prevalence of malnutrition continues to be a significant issue, with a continental average of 24.1% (\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.17), reaching a high of 34.2%, highlighting ongoing nutritional shortcomings, especially in low-income and conflict-affected areas. The climate resilience score, averaging 50.4 (out of 100), indicates a moderate ability to adapt to climate risks, while regional variations (35.0\u0026ndash;60.0) reveal diverse investment amounts and environmental weaknesses. Finally, the agricultural sector's average GDP contribution of 23.3% underscores its vital economic importance, especially in rural areas, while also revealing structural discrepancies when analyzed regionally. Collectively, these indicators highlight the pressing requirement for tailored strategies in each region to strengthen food systems, boost efficiency, and foster resilience.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe comparative visuals of essential agri-food system indicators among African regions show notable regional differences that emphasize both advancements and ongoing obstacles. North Africa features the top Food Security Index, indicating improved food access, enhanced affordability, and superior food quality. This area exhibits significant agricultural effectiveness, similar to Southern Africa, where increased value added per agricultural worker indicates more mechanized and value-focused farming methods.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn comparison, Central and West Africa face the greatest malnutrition rates, exceeding 27%. These numbers indicate significant nutritional shortcomings, intensified by structural and institutional constraints. Indicators of climate resilience indicate that North and East Africa have relatively stronger adaptive and institutional abilities to address climate-related challenges, which positions them more advantageously regarding long-term sustainability. Collectively, these visual patterns highlight the critical requirement for localized approaches designed to tackle distinct issues and harness regional advantages. Improving nutrition, agricultural output, and resilience is vital for successfully shifting Africa\u0026rsquo;s Agri-food systems toward sustainability and fairness.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSynthesis based on common indicators found in Agri-food systems literature across African regions.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab7\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 7\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFood security index\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eData\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFood security index\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAgricultural efficiency\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMalnutrition prevalence\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCount\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.000000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.000000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.000000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e44.620000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.220000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.100000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSTD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.834989\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.605805\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.171123\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMin\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30.400000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.400000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.300000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e41.700000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.900000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.400000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e45.200000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.300000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23.100000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e75%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e48.500000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.500000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27.500000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMax\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e57.300000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.000000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e34.200000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab8\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 8\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC\u003cb\u003elimate resilience score\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eData\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eClimate resilience-score\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAgri-GDP contribution\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCount\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.000000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.000000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50.400000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23.280000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSTD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.396808\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.553778\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMin\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35.000000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.900000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50.000000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.200000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e52.000000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.700000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e75%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e55.000000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28.500000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMax\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e60.000000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30.100000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCorrelation Analysis insights\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe analysis of correlations between key agri-food system indicators in African regions uncovers significant relationships that support prior research findings. A robust negative correlation between food security and malnutrition (r = -0.94) suggests that areas with greater food security have notably lower malnutrition rates, consistent with the global and regional patterns noted by FAO (2023) and IFPRI (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR190\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Likewise, agricultural productivity, assessed as value added for each agricultural worker, exhibits a robust positive correlation with food security (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.88), indicating that more effective agricultural systems lead to improved food results, in line with the findings of Jayne et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR81\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e) and Diao \u0026amp; McMillan (2018). Additionally, climate resilience shows a negative correlation with malnutrition (r = -0.76), indicating that areas with higher adaptive capacity typically report lower levels of malnutrition. This highlights the significance of enhancing climate resilience as a means to better nutritional results. Notably, a positive relationship is observed between agriculture's contribution to GDP and malnutrition (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.77), suggesting that areas where agriculture represents a significant portion of GDP frequently experience elevated malnutrition levels. This paradox could indicate foundational structural issues, like low productivity and fragile value chains in agriculture, as noted by Barrett (2021).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEstablishing Strong Local and regional Food Networks\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eUpcoming shifts should strengthen local food independence, reduce reliance on external sources, and provide resilience against global disruptions. This encompasses funding for climate-resilient agriculture, reforming seed systems, enhancing local storage, and improving transportation infrastructure (FAO, 2023; De Schutter, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). Local food systems that are resilient are more capable of enduring price fluctuations, pandemics, and interruptions in supply chains. The African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) serves as a key tool for transforming regional food systems. If executed properly, it might boost intra-African trade by more than 50% through lower tariffs and aligned standards (UNECA, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). A study conducted by Abebe et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR115\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e) in Eastern Africa indicates that regional cereal corridors may lower food price fluctuations and promote investments in agribusiness. By 2050, climate change is anticipated to lower agricultural productivity in Africa by as much as 30%, especially in rainfed systems (IPCC, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR126\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Climate-smart agriculture (CSA) which combines productivity, adaptation, and mitigation needs to be expanded via farmer incentives, blended finance, and climate-risk insurance (Lipper et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR98\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; Partey et al., 2020). The African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) offers a distinct chance to establish regional food pathways and trade centers. Lowering tariffs and enhancing cross-border infrastructure can assist African farmers in reaching regional markets, facilitating value addition and price consistency (UNECA, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). The increase in non-communicable diseases (NCDs) linked to ultra-processed food intake necessitates enhanced public health integration. FAO (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e) and the Global Panel on Agriculture and Food Systems for Nutrition (2020) advocate for fiscal measures (such as sugar taxes), front-of-package labeling, and funding in fruit and vegetable value chains to promote a \"nutrition-sensitive\" shift. Strategies for transition should enable women and youth by tackling land ownership, financial access, training opportunities, and digital participation. Approaches that are youth-centered and gender-transformative will guarantee fair participation and benefit distribution (Meinzen-Dick et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; OECD, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). The emphasis going forward must transition from merely ensuring food availability to achieving nutritional adequacy and a diversity of diets. Policies that connect agriculture with health, education, and social protection like school feeding initiatives, maternal nutrition programs, and local sourcing can promote systemic transformation (Ruel et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). Digital agriculture offers significant potential for enhancing market access, forecasting weather, optimizing input usage, and providing financial services. Expanding mobile advisory systems, precision agriculture, and blockchain for traceability can upgrade food systems throughout Africa (FAO \u0026amp; ITU, 2022; Klerkx et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Digital innovation will persist in transforming food system governance, particularly with AI, satellite imaging, blockchain, and IoT-driven agriculture. For instance, Precision Agriculture for Development (PAD) has provided personalized guidance through SMS to more than 3\u0026nbsp;million farmers in East Africa, leading to yield improvements of 12\u0026ndash;22% (Fabregas et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR123\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). However, disparities in rural connectivity, gender access, and digital literacy continue to be significant obstacles (World Bank, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRegional Perspectives on Agri-food System Transition in Africa\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEast Africa\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eEast Africa has experienced major changes in Agri-food systems driven by population increase, urban development, and policy changes focused on enhancing productivity and resilience. Nations like Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, and Tanzania are actively advocating for climate-smart agriculture, expanding irrigation, and leveraging digital technologies to enhance food security and increase farmers' income (World Bank, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR164\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; FAO, 2023). In Ethiopia, the Productive Safety Net Program (PSNP) and Agricultural Growth Program (AGP) have improved productivity and resilience for smallholder farmers (Berhane et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR139\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). Agroecological efforts and land rehabilitation projects, especially in the Oromia and Tigray regions, have enhanced food security and ecosystem services (Gebreselassie et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR145\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). The implementation of integrated soil fertility management and conservation agriculture has produced favorable outcomes, yet gender disparities in access to extension services remain (Teklewold et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR133\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). Kenya has witnessed a surge in agri-entrepreneurship facilitated by digital platforms like M-Farm and Twiga Foods, connecting farmers to markets and providing real-time price data (Aker \u0026amp; Ghosh, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Reardon et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR132\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). The Big Four Agenda of the government highlights food security as a crucial component, intending to improve yields of staple crops, dairy production, and nutritional value (Republic of Kenya, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR158\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). Research indicates that in Uganda and Tanzania, there is an increasing demand from the middle class for processed and nutritious foods, leading to shifts in Agri-food supply chains (Tschirley et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). Nevertheless, obstacles remain such as inadequate cold chain facilities, weak rural-urban connections, and a lack of interest in agriculture among youth (Muyanga \u0026amp; Jayne, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR131\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e).\u003cb\u003eChallenges\u003c/b\u003e: Countries in East Africa, including Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, and Tanzania, are experiencing severe climate-related challenges like unpredictable rainfall, extended drought periods, and soil degradation. These climate shocks disrupt reliable agricultural output, particularly impacting smallholder farmers (Gebrechorkos et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Infrastructure shortcomings especially in rural roadways, irrigation networks, and storage units hinder market access and decrease post-harvest effectiveness (FAO, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Moreover, insufficient access to credit and extension services restricts technology uptake among small farmers. \u003cb\u003eOpportunities\u003c/b\u003e: The implementation of climate-smart agriculture (CSA), such as drought-resistant crops, integrated soil fertility management, and agroforestry, can assist in reducing climate-related risks (Kogo et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Funding for rural infrastructure (irrigation, roads, electrification) and digital farming platforms to connect producers with markets. Creative financial solutions such as micro-insurance, mobile loans, and blended finance to assist smallholders in expanding climate-resilient methods (Ngoma et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWest Africa\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe Agri-food system in West Africa is experiencing swift changes due to urban demand, informal market forces, and collaborations between public and private sectors. Nations such as Nigeria, Ghana, C\u0026ocirc;te d\u0026rsquo;Ivoire, and Senegal are witnessing changes in staple food choices, a rising demand for poultry and dairy products, and an uptick in agribusiness investments (Allen et al., 2021; Reardon et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). In Nigeria, the Agricultural Transformation Agenda and the Anchor Borrowers\u0026rsquo; Programme have focused on small-scale farmers with enhanced inputs, financing, and collective services. However, access to funding, losses after harvest, and regional instability continue to be obstacles (Olomola, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR155\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Otekunrin et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR156\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Urban centers such as Lagos have fueled the rise of \u0026ldquo;micro-distribution\u0026rdquo; food hubs, particularly in vegetables, rice, and animal-based protein. Ghana has become a center for Agri-food innovation, with young people increasingly engaging in ICT-driven agricultural services and vertical farming (Adu-Baffour et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR138\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). The Planting for Food and Jobs (PFJ) program increased maize and rice yields, but detractors contend that sustainability and the inclusion of female farmers are still lacking (MOFA, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR152\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). In Senegal, investments in irrigation, regional trade, and export competitiveness have led to the growth of groundnut and horticultural value chains (World Bank, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Simultaneously, studies from Burkina Faso and Mali indicate that community-driven land management and agroecological practices can enhance resilience in the face of escalating climate pressures (Gliessman, 2016; Koutou et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR149\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChallenges\u003c/b\u003e: Nations such as Nigeria, Ghana, Burkina Faso, and Senegal face challenges including socio-political instability, insecurity in land tenure, and unemployment among youth. Access to land frequently favors one gender and is unregulated, which hinders sustainable investment in soil wellness and irrigation (Yaro, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). Agricultural efficiency stays low because of reliance on rainfed methods, inadequate seed systems, and minimal mechanization (Arouna et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). \u003cb\u003eOpportunities\u003c/b\u003e: Reforms in land tenure aimed at fostering inclusive access, especially for youth and women (Meinzen-Dick et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). Collaborations between public and private sectors in seed systems and mechanization to boost productivity and minimize labor intensity. Agribusiness models that involve youth and vocational training to foster Agri-food entrepreneurship (Adekunle et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCentral Africa\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAgri-food systems in Central Africa encounter unique challenges such as political instability, inadequate infrastructure, and minimal mechanization levels. Nonetheless, affluent agroecological regions like the Congo Basin present unexploited opportunities for food generation, biodiversity preservation, and forest-related livelihoods (Ngouhouo-Poufoun et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR154\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Recent research in Cameroon and the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) emphasizes the importance of agroforestry, community-supported agriculture, and reforms in land tenure for developing food systems (Tchatchou et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR160\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). For instance, cassava and plantain are essential to rural diets, yet productivity is limited by pests, obsolete technologies, and inadequate market access (Gondwe et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR147\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Rwanda, while geographically located in East Africa, possesses certain traits typical of Central Africa. The Crop Intensification Program (CIP) and land consolidation initiatives have enhanced yields and decreased hunger, yet monoculture strategies have sparked worries regarding biodiversity and dietary variety (Bizoza \u0026amp; de Graaff, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR140\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). Recent research indicates that communities reliant on forests encounter dilemmas between conservation and increasing agricultural land. The REDD\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;initiative in Central Africa needs to be coordinated with sustainable food production to prevent jeopardizing rural livelihoods (Cerutti et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR142\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). \u003cb\u003eChallenges\u003c/b\u003e: In nations like the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Cameroon, and Chad, ongoing conflict and weak institutions obstruct agricultural investment and market integration. Trade-offs between forest and agriculture raise issues regarding sustainability. Additionally, restricted regional integration and elevated transportation expenses hinder the progression of value chains (World Bank, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). \u003cb\u003eOpportunities\u003c/b\u003e: Initiatives for peace-building and management of natural resources at the community level to enhance stability and food security (AfDB, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Mechanisms for regional integration (e.g., ECCAS strategies) to align standards and reduce trade obstacles. Agroecological zoning to sustainably harmonize biodiversity preservation and agricultural growth.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNorthern Africa\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCountries in North Africa like Egypt, Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia possess relatively advanced Agri-food industries but are encountering increasing water shortages, climate risks, and reliance on food imports (FAO, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). The area is marked by vigorous horticulture, export-focused value chains, and significant use of processed wheat items. In Egypt, the transitions in Agri-food are influenced by the irrigation systems of the Nile Delta, the use of machinery, and extensive land reclamation efforts. Nonetheless, dependence on food imports (particularly cereals) and susceptibility to price fluctuations, as demonstrated during the Russia-Ukraine conflict, threaten food sovereignty (Breisinger et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR141\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Initiatives like the Decent Life Program and digital land registration are steadily enhancing the integration of smallholders (World Bank, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR166\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Morocco has enacted the Green Morocco Plan (Plan Maroc Vert), modernizing agriculture by investing in high-value crops, irrigation, and enhancing value addition. A subsequent phase, \"Generation Green 2020\u0026ndash;2030,\" seeks to empower young people and improve employment in rural areas (Benabderrazik et al., 2021). Climate forecasts for North Africa indicate a 10\u0026ndash;30% reduction in rainfall and heightened heat stress by 2050, making it essential to quickly adopt climate-resilient crops, water-efficient technologies, and regional trading (IPCC, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR126\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; MedECC, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR151\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). \u003cb\u003eChallenges\u003c/b\u003e: Nations in North Africa, including Egypt, Morocco, Tunisia, and Algeria, experience significant water shortages because of dry climates and excessive groundwater depletion. Fast urban growth diminishes cultivable land, and the area's food systems depend significantly on cereal imports, rendering them susceptible to global price fluctuations (FAO, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). \u003cb\u003eOpportunities\u003c/b\u003e: Efficient irrigation methods that save water (such as drip irrigation and the reuse of treated wastewater) are crucial (FAO, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Support for native crops (e.g., barley, legumes, olive trees) that thrive in dry environments. Planning urban food systems, such as rooftop farming and peri-urban agriculture, can help alleviate the impacts of urban sprawl.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSouthern Africa\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSouthern Africa is extremely at risk from climate-related shocks, particularly droughts and floods. Agri-food systems in this region are influenced by a combination of commercial agriculture, smallholder farms, and social safety nets. Nations such as South Africa, Zambia, Malawi, and Zimbabwe confront the simultaneous challenges of undernutrition, obesity, and a lack of micronutrients (Drimie \u0026amp; Ruysenaar, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR143\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e; Faber et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR144\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). In South Africa, the dualistic farming systems\u0026mdash;commercial and subsistence result in disparities in land access, market opportunities, and productivity levels. However, the growth of community-supported agriculture (CSA) and organic food networks is bolstering the resilience of local food systems (Hebinck \u0026amp; van Averbeke, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR148\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). Advancements like hydroponics and food hubs are enhancing urban food security, particularly in Cape Town and Johannesburg. Zambia and Malawi have funded fertilizer subsidy initiatives that increased maize production but frequently overlooked agroecological options and dietary variety (Mason et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR150\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). Research conducted in Zimbabwe emphasizes the significance of combining traditional knowledge with diverse cropping strategies to enhance long-term resilience in food systems (Scoones et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR159\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). In Mozambique, transitions in Agri-food systems are hindered by climate-related disasters and shortcomings in infrastructure. Nonetheless, projects funded by donors like ProSAVANA (Procava, Sustenta) and Feed the Future are striving to enhance staple food production and boost nutrition (USAID, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR163\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). \u003cb\u003eChallenges\u003c/b\u003e: Southern Africa (e.g., South Africa, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Malawi) faces significant risks from severe climate events such as cyclones and droughts (e.g., Cyclone Idai, 2019). Structural disparities and disjointed agricultural policies frequently marginalize smallholders, particularly women and Indigenous groups, from conventional value chains (Chikozho et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eopportunities\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cp\u003eRegional climate resilience strategies (e.g., via SADC) to tackle common vulnerabilities. Enhanced agricultural groups and cooperatives to boost inclusivity and market bargaining strength. Aligning policies and decentralizing to incorporate local solutions into national frameworks (Fanzo et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCross-Regional Priorities and Future Focus\u003c/b\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBoosting intra-African Agri-food commerce via the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) can increase food supply and generate job prospects. Aligning standards, enhancing border infrastructure, and investing in transboundary value chains are essential measures (UNECA, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab9\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 9\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRegional prevalence ratio\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRegion\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCountries\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAvg. Agri-food efficiency (USD 000 per worker)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMalnutrition prevalence (%of population)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eKey lessons\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNorth Africa\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAlgeria, Egypt, Morocco, Tunisia\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHigher mechanization and irrigation; better access to trade and infrastructure\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEast Africa\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eKenya, Ethiopia, Uganda, Tanzania, Rwanda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMixed system; food insecurity still high in rural areas, rising urban food demand\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWest Africa\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNigeria, Ghana, Senegal, Mali, Ivory Cost\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRainfed agriculture dominates, prone to shocks, dependence on imports growing\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCentral Africa\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCameroon, DRC, Chad, Congo, Gabon\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e34.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLowest productivity, conflict and poor infrastructure compound food insecurity\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSouthern\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSouth Africa, Zimbabwe, Zambia, Namibia, Botswana\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCommercial farms coexist with subsistence, access to input market varies\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab10\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 10\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRegional Agri-food efficiency\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRegion\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAgri-Food efficiently USD 000 per worker\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMalnutrition prevalence % of population affected\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNorth Africa\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHigh (3.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLow (15.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEast Africa\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eModerator (2.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHigh (23.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWest Africa\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLow (2.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVery high (27.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCentral Africa\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVery low (1.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eExtreme (34.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSouthern Africa\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eModerate (2.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMedium (20.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn North Africa, farming systems are predominantly mechanized and bolstered by irrigation, commerce, and logistics, leading to the lowest hunger rates on the continent. East Africa is witnessing swiftly changing agri-food systems; nonetheless, undernutrition continues to be a major issue, especially in rural communities. In West Africa, significant structural inefficiencies and a substantial reliance on food imports increase the risk of food insecurity. Central Africa encounters significant challenges, as persistent conflict, poor infrastructure, and minimal investment result in widespread malnutrition. Southern Africa utilizes a dual agricultural system that includes both commercial and subsistence farming, and although it thrives more than the continental average, inequalities persist.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab11\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 11\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRegional highlights\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRegion\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eKey strength\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eKey challenges\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEast Africa\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStrong GDP share (28.5%), food security rising\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMalnutrition (23.1) remains high despite gains\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWest Africa\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHigh Agri-GDP (30.1%), improving efficiency\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMalnutrition (27.5%) and resilience gaps persist\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCentral Africa\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLowest food security (30.4%), high malnutrition (34.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWeak efficiency and resilience (1.4, 35)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNorth Africa\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHighest food security (57.3), lowest malnutrition\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLowest agri-GDP share (149%) and regional disparities\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSouthern Africa\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBalanced scores, relatively strong resilience (52)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNutrition still an issue (20.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe examination reveals numerous key observations for changing Africa's agri-food systems. The agricultural GDP share by itself does not ensure food security, highlighting the need to focus on efficiency, technological advancement, and diversification rather than just output. This move toward methods that boost productivity is essential for lasting sustainability. Furthermore, malnutrition continues to be a pervasive issue in various areas, irrespective of the economic role of agriculture, highlighting the critical requirement for nutrition-sensitive agricultural approaches, as recommended by Herforth et al. (2020). Lastly, the beneficial connection between climate resilience and food security, as well as its adverse relation to malnutrition, highlights the essential importance of climate-smart policies. Strategic investments in climate-resilient agri-food systems are crucial to safeguarding food and nutrition security, especially given the rising climate risks (World Bank, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Ultimately, structural obstacles like inadequate infrastructure, ineffective governance, and persistent conflict persist in obstructing progress in areas such as Central Africa, where both efficiency and resilience are still lacking. Tackling these systemic challenges is vital for fostering inclusive and robust agri-food transformations throughout the continent\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDigital Agriculture and Innovation Networks\u003c/b\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eUtilizing digital resources (such as mobile applications, satellite images, and artificial intelligence) for advisory services, market connections, and risk management is transformative for resilient and inclusive transitions (World Bank, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Transforming Agri-food systems equitably requires the inclusion of youth and gender-sensitive policies to realize demographic benefits. Customized assistance for households led by women and young agripreneurs is vital (Quisumbing et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Food systems in transition must focus on nutrition-sensitive agriculture to address stunting, micronutrient shortages, and obesity. Encouraging local, varied diets can aid both health and environmental objectives (HLPE, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Although there is increasing interest and policy support, significant research gaps still impede the effective transformation of Agri-food systems in Africa: Insufficient comparative studies among different African regions. Inadequate incorporation of systems thinking and interdisciplinary analysis. Limited Disaggregated and Context-Specific Data and many empirical studies provide insights at the continent or country level but overlook micro-level differences like gender, youth, agro-ecological regions, and socio-cultural contexts. Variations within countries, like Kenya's dry lowlands compared to its highland areas, are seldom represented in datasets (FAO, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Demand for greater localized and gender/youth-specific data to customize interventions. Tesfaye et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e) highlight that overlooking intra-country differences results in ineffective targeting of climate-smart agriculture initiatives in Ethiopia and Kenya. Insufficiently Investigated Value Chain Evolution and Agro-industrial Connections. Although extensive research exists on production-related challenges, fewer studies address value chain integration, agro-processing, and market innovation. This weakens our comprehension of how Africa\u0026rsquo;s Agri-food systems can advance beyond mere subsistence production (Reardon et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Limited cohesive research on midstream value chains (processing, logistics, retail) and their potential for transformation. Reardon and Timmer (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e) observed that Africa's \"hidden middle\" remains insufficiently studied, even though it is vital for creating jobs and connecting urban and rural areas. Insufficient Long-term and Impact Assessment Research. Long-term assessments of Agri-food interventions are limited, particularly concerning sustainable impacts on food security, resilience, and equity. The time aspect of transitions in Agri-food systems is not well comprehended. Lack of long-term evaluations of significant policy and donor initiatives. Jayne et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e) advocate for longitudinal household panel studies to assess processes of structural transformation. There is a lack of empirical research regarding the extent and fairness consequences of digital tools (AI, mobile advisory, blockchain) in reshaping Africa's food systems. Additional research required on the adoption trends and socio-economic impacts of digital agriculture. The World Bank (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e) reports that although digital solutions are available, their uptake among smallholders varies significantly and is inadequately assessed.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSDG linkages for Africa\u0026acute;s Agri-food transition\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe transformation of Africa's Agri-food systems is closely connected to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), especially SDG 1 (No Poverty), SDG 2 (Zero Hunger), SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-being), SDG 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production), and SDG 13 (Climate Action). Attaining food and nutrition security via sustainable farming practices is a fundamental aspect of SDG 2, and it continues to be a significant issue for numerous African countries. The FAO (2023) reports that more than 282\u0026nbsp;million individuals in Africa experienced undernourishment in 2022, underscoring the need for urgent transformation of food systems. Transitions to sustainable Agri-food systems also contribute to SDG 1 by creating rural jobs and increasing incomes for smallholder farmers, who are the foundation of Africa's agricultural industry. Furthermore, enhanced nutrition via varied diets, biofortified crops, and decreased dependence on staple grains supports SDG 3, since nutrition is crucial for lowering maternal and child mortality and improving overall health (Global Nutrition Report, 2022). Moreover, the Agri-food transition in Africa plays a crucial role in achieving SDG 13, since climate-smart agricultural methods assist in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and enhancing resilience to climate impacts. Advancing agroecology, regenerative agriculture, and sustainable management of water and soil enhances environmental well-being and boosts adaptation abilities (CGIAR, 2022). In the same way, moving towards more circular and effective food systems supports SDG 12, promoting sustainable production practices that reduce food loss and waste. Initiatives in enhancing the value chain, sourcing locally, and implementing digital agriculture technologies contribute to advancements in SDG 8 (Decent Work and Economic Growth) and SDG 9 (Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure). The 2022 report from UNECA emphasizes that to fully realize the SDG-aligned potential of Africa\u0026rsquo;s Agri-food transformation, challenges like youth unemployment, gender inequalities, and institutional fragmentation need to be tackled. Therefore, incorporating SDG frameworks into national Agri-food policies is crucial for sustainability and also for inclusive and equitable growth across the continent.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab12\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 12\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSDG and Agri-food system\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"2\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSDG Goal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLinkage with Agri-food system Transition\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSDG 1 : No poverty\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIncreased agricultural efficiency and market access can raise rural incomes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSDG 2: Zero hunger\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCore focus-transition boosts food production, nutrition, and accessibility\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSDG 3: Good health\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eReducing malnutrition and unsafe food handling practices\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSDG 5: Gender equality\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEmpowering women in food system increases household nutrition\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSDG 8: decent work \u0026amp; economic growth\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAgriculture remains a key employment sector; modernization creates job value\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSDG 12: Responsible consumption and production\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePromotes sustainable land use and food value chains\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSDG 13: Climate action\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTransitioning requires climate smart practices to mitigate and adapt to climate shocks\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSDG 17: partnerships for the goals\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCollaboration across nations and sectors is essential for system change\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEconomic Factors in the Transition of Agri-food Systems in Africa\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe Contribution of Agriculture to GDP, Jobs, and Trade Agriculture accounts for around 17% of Africa\u0026rsquo;s GDP and provides jobs for more than 60% of the workforce, primarily in rural regions (AfDB, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). However, the industry continues to be marked by low productivity, significant post-harvest losses (as high as 30%), and reliance on rainfed agricultural methods. In Ethiopia and Nigeria, agriculture accounts for more than 30% of GDP, but productivity stays below worldwide averages because of restricted mechanization and resources (FAO, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). b) Connections Between Agri-food Systems, Poverty Alleviation, and Industrial Development There is growing acknowledgment that changing Agri-food systems can promote inclusive economic growth, particularly through backward and forward connections in value chains (Timmer, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e). Agro-processing, for instance, presents significant opportunities for employment generation, particularly for women and young people. Christiaensen et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e) find that GDP growth originating in agriculture is twice as effective in reducing poverty as growth in other sectors. Issues of Informality and Weak Financial Integration The majority of farming operations exist within the informal economy, facing restricted access to credit, insurance, and formal market opportunities. This limits investments in land enhancement, irrigation, and technology. According to Demirg\u0026uuml;\u0026ccedil;-Kunt et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e), under 20% of farmers in sub-Saharan Africa can access formal credit, which impacts their productivity and innovation. d) Imbalance in Trade and Dependence on Imports Although there is plenty of fertile land, Africa remains a net importer of food, allocating more than \u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e50\u0026nbsp;billion each year on imports, especially for cereals and vegetable oils (UNCTAD, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). This subjects nations to fluctuations in global prices and diminishes the competitiveness of local agriculture. Egypt and Nigeria rank as leading wheat and rice importers, but investments in local value chains are still insufficient (Badiane \u0026amp; Makombe, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCultural and Organizational Aspects\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eConventional farming methods and local wisdom, including crop rotation, agroforestry, and seed preservation techniques, are vital to numerous communities yet frequently neglected in official agricultural strategies. Similarly, regional food preferences influence demand and selection of foods. Sorghum, millet, teff, and fonio continue to hold cultural significance and demonstrate greater climate resilience compared to introduced crops, but attract less policy focus (Adesina, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Women constitute the foundation of agriculture in Africa, representing almost 50% of the agricultural workforce (Quisumbing et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). However, structural disparities in access to land, finance, and decision-making diminish their productivity and involvement in high-value chains. Meinzen-Dick et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e) shows that women who possess secure land rights are more inclined to adopt sustainable methods and enhance soil fertility. Agri-food policies in African nations frequently lack coherence and consistency, featuring overlapping responsibilities among various ministries (such as agriculture, environment, trade). This leads to inefficiencies in implementation and overlooked synergies. In Malawi and Zambia, contradictory fertilizer subsidy programs and conservation policies often undermine each other (Chinsinga \u0026amp; Poulton, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). African research institutions frequently lack funding and are often isolated from the policymaking process. Consequently, reforms based on evidence are seldom integrated into national development strategies or projects funded by donors. Enhancing national agricultural research systems (NARS) and promoting policy-research discussions is essential for a successful food system transformation (AGRA, 2021). This underscores the significance of systematic reviews in gathering and evaluating varied evidence to inform policies, research, and strategies for implementing sustainable food system transitions in Africa.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGlobal perspectives on Africa\u0026acute;s Agri-food system change: Emphasis and takeaways\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo nation can realize a transformation of its food system without incorporating climate objectives, nutritional results, and pathways for inclusive development\u0026rdquo; (von Braun et al., 2021). In areas such as Latin America and Southeast Asia, food systems have experienced significant changes that integrate agricultural advancement with nutrition-focused policies, school meal initiatives, and micronutrient enrichment programs. Brazil's \u0026ldquo;Zero Hunger\u0026rdquo; initiative integrates food cultivation, food accessibility, and school meal programs tied to regional farming. The initiative has resulted in significant decreases in hunger and poverty (Rocha, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR187\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e). Merging public procurement with local agricultural practices, particularly by focusing on school meal programs and community health initiatives, can improve nutrition and invigorate rural economies. In South Asia, climate-smart approaches like conservation agriculture, irrigation management, and climate forecasting are being expanded via collaborations between the public and private sectors along with international funding sources (Aggarwal et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR181\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). In Europe, the EU Farm to Fork Strategy advocates for precision agriculture and agroecology. In Vietnam and Bangladesh, CSA methods have enhanced yield consistency, lowered methane emissions in rice cultivation, and boosted climate resilience via integrated pest control (Wassmann et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR189\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). In Australia, drought-resistant seed types and supply chain tracking technologies have created a food system that is both adaptable to climate and responsive to market demands. \u003cb\u003eInsights for Africa\u003c/b\u003e: Expanding CSA necessitates a combination of access to technology, extension services, and financial support systems, especially index-based insurance and climate financing. Worldwide trends emphasize the importance of digital technologies in transforming agriculture. In the Netherlands, advanced farming technologies (such as satellite observation and AI for agricultural choices) have allowed the nation to emerge as a top agricultural exporter despite its restricted land availability (van der Voort et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR188\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). In India, initiatives such as eNAM and AgriStack have enhanced connections between farmers and markets, increased price transparency, and provided access to crop advice. In Kenya, digital lending platforms like M-Shwari and iCow provide farmers with real-time data and micro-loans, enhancing productivity and access to markets (Kiarie et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR185\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Nations like Thailand, Vietnam, and Morocco have focused on developing value chains, establishing agro-industrial zones, and enhancing export competitiveness. The value chains of rice and fisheries in Thailand are very competitive because of vertical integration, the organization of smallholders, and government assistance for export marketing (Pingali et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR186\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Morocco\u0026rsquo;s \u0026ldquo;Green Morocco Plan\u0026rdquo; focused on agro-processing hubs and integrating small farmers, resulting in notable export increases and rural job creation. \u003cb\u003eInsights for Africa\u003c/b\u003e: Improving Agri-food value chains through market infrastructure, agribusiness financing, and export logistics can strengthen resilience and competitiveness. Rwanda, Colombia, and India have adopted institutional innovations to synchronize policies, finance, and stakeholders in food systems. In Rwanda, the implementation of agricultural and nutrition programs at the local level was enhanced by decentralization and performance contracts (Imihigo) (Ansoms, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR182\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e). In India, the integration of initiatives from the Ministry of Women and Child Development and Ministry of Agriculture enhanced nutrition results and minimized program overlap. \u003cb\u003eInsights for Africa\u003c/b\u003e: Comprehensive governmental strategies, collaborative planning across sectors, and policy coordination units are essential for unified Agri-food transformation. Worldwide, Agri-food transitions are progressively emphasizing the involvement of women and youth, acknowledging their significance in innovation and access to markets. The Youth Agripreneurs Project in Ethiopia, backed by AGRA, showcases how incubators and training can assist youth in innovating within food systems. The Women's Empowerment in Agriculture Index (WEAI) has been utilized in Nepal to monitor and enhance gender-sensitive initiatives. Insights for Africa: Strengthening women and youth via land rights, financial support, technology access, and skills development is essential for holistic transformation.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eUnderstanding and Consequences\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThese worldwide case studies demonstrate that effective Agri-food transformations necessitate a systems perspective that incorporates technological, institutional, economic, social, and environmental aspects. An important realization is that agriculture alone cannot address nutrition and food security- it requires multisectoral collaboration, policies based on evidence, and involvement from the community. For Africa, applying these lessons entails: Incorporating nutritional objectives into agriculture and food policy. Expanding climate-resilient agriculture through technological and financial support. Funding digital advancements, rural development, and agricultural entrepreneurship. Creating inclusive organizations and tackling systemic disparities. \"No universal model exists, yet there is a common necessity to tailor food system strategies, based on science, equity, and sustainability\" (HLPE, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). The worldwide shift in Agri-food systems addresses increasing worries about climate change, malnutrition, land degradation, food insecurity, and economic inequality. Although the global conversation offers frameworks and innovation models, regional adjustments in Africa showcase varied experiences and developing practices. The transformation of Agri-food systems on the continent is influenced by global policy frameworks (e.g., SDGs, UN Food Systems Summit 2021, FAO\u0026rsquo;s Strategic Framework 2022\u0026ndash;2031) and molded by local conditions such as climate zones, institutional capacity, resource accessibility, and sociocultural values. \"Transformations in Africa's food systems should be based on local realities, utilizing global insights while adapting to regional agroecologies, markets, and livelihoods\" (AGRA, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). \u003cb\u003eEast Africa\u003c/b\u003e: Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, and Uganda are pioneers in East Africa's Agri-food transformation by employing market-focused agriculture, digital solutions, and climate-resilient practices. Kenya\u0026rsquo;s digital agriculture ecosystem has utilized platforms such as M-Farm, iCow, and Tulaa to deliver market prices, input procurement, and weather predictions for small-scale farmers (Kiarie et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR185\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Ethiopia\u0026rsquo;s Productive Safety Net Program (PSNP) connects food and cash transfers with public works and agricultural assistance, enhancing food security and livelihood stability (Hoddinott et al., 2012). Rwanda implemented performance contracts (Imihigo) to synchronize food production objectives with accountability at the district level, enhancing local agricultural output and nutrition (Ansoms, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR182\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e). However, climate hazards (particularly drought in the Horn of Africa), market disintegration, and land stress present difficulties. Therefore, Expand index-based insurance, incorporate youth agripreneurship in digital agriculture, and enhance regional trade (EAC policy frameworks). \u003cb\u003eWest Africa\u003c/b\u003e: Nigeria, Ghana, Senegal, Burkina Faso, and Mali have made advancements in agriculture that is sensitive to nutrition, coordination of regional policies, and organization of farmers. Nigeria\u0026rsquo;s Agricultural Transformation Agenda (ATA) connected agribusiness development with staple crop processing areas, generating off-farm jobs and improving food accessibility (Akinwumi Adesina, 2013). The ECOWAS Regional Agricultural Policy (ECOWAP) supports national investment strategies that are in harmony with objectives for food security and climate change adaptation (ECOWAS, 2017). The \u0026ldquo;Planting for Food and Jobs\u0026rdquo; (PFJ) program in Ghana has enhanced access to inputs, boosted productivity, and created jobs, yet postharvest losses still persist at high levels (Benin et al., 2018). Chronic malnutrition, gender disparities, and limited resilience to climate change continue to be significant issues in Sahelian regions. Therefore, enhance the integration of nutrition and agriculture, increase irrigation, bolster regional agro-processing, and encourage cooperatives led by women. \u003cb\u003eCentral Africa\u003c/b\u003e: Nations such as Cameroon, DRC, Chad, and CAR encounter simultaneous challenges of environmental degradation and food insecurity caused by conflict. In the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Agri-food policies are progressively synchronized with conservation objectives, considering the area's ecological significance for climate stability (FAO, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Even with plentiful rainfall and rich soil, weak institutions have hindered the growth of value chains and market integration. In Cameroon and Gabon, agroforestry and cassava value chains have been encouraged to safeguard forests while improving livelihoods (Tchatchou et al., 2015). Therefore, encourage conflict-aware initiatives, enhance infrastructure and transportation, and back agroecological intensification via farmer-driven innovation. \u003cb\u003eNorth Africa\u003c/b\u003e: Nations like Egypt, Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia experience significant water stress, land salinization, and reliance on imported food, but possess fairly developed Agri-food systems. Morocco\u0026rsquo;s Green Plan and Generation Green (2020\u0026ndash;2030) aim to enhance Agri-food value chains and increase youth employment via agribusiness (World Bank, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Egypt\u0026rsquo;s agricultural framework is transitioning towards controlled-environment agriculture (CEA), desert cultivation, and subsidy reforms to lessen reliance on wheat imports (FAO, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Tunisia has explored organic farming and fair-trade production methods, providing valuable export goods such as olives and dates. Challenges encompass water shortages due to climate change, joblessness among youth, and lack of access to food in urban areas. Therefore, improve water-efficient technologies, vary staple crop imports, and develop urban food resilience strategies. \u003cb\u003eSouthern Africa\u003c/b\u003e: South Africa, Zambia, Malawi, Zimbabwe, and Mozambique are facing climate crises, ongoing malnutrition, and tensions related to land reform. The conservation farming and Maize Input Subsidy Programs in Zambia have increased yield resilience but show varied effects on soil health and crop diversification (Mason et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR150\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). In South Africa, the duality of agriculture (commercial versus smallholder) influences fair access to land, resources, and financing (Aliber \u0026amp; Cousins, 2013). Zimbabwe\u0026rsquo;s rapid land reform interrupted Agri-food systems, but the recent emphasis on irrigation, access to inputs, and contract farming indicates signs of recovery (Scoones et al., 2022). Therefore, integrate land tenure reforms, enhance regional value chains (SADC), and bolster nutrition-sensitive social safety nets.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eImportance of Nutrition and Food Availability in Agri-food System Transition\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTransforming Agri-food systems in Africa entails not only boosting food production but also enhancing the quality, variety, and sustainability of food sources, while tackling both nutritional quality and food security. Despite notable transformations in agricultural systems due to the rise of urban markets and the advancement of farming methods, nutrition-related issues continue to be widespread throughout the continent. The Global Hunger Index (GHI) (2020) indicates that sub-Saharan Africa continues to be the area with the highest undernourishment rates, with nearly 25% of its population still facing undernourishment, alongside ongoing issues of stunting and micronutrient deficiencies. Malnutrition in Africa stems not just from insufficient food consumption but also indicates the poor quality of the food available. Research shows that low-income families rely predominantly on cereal-rich diets, with minimal consumption of fruits, vegetables, and animal products, resulting in deficiencies of micronutrients such as vitamin A, iron, and zinc (Akinyele et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR167\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). significant factor contributing to nutritional insecurity in Africa is the limited variety of food eaten. Many African diets depend on a limited variety of staple crops, including maize, rice, and cassava, which offer energy but are deficient in vital micronutrients. Although these crops serve as the foundation of food security, they fail to fulfill the nutritional requirements of populations, especially children and women of reproductive age who are more susceptible to micronutrient deficiencies (Low et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR173\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Biofortification has developed into a promising approach to tackle micronutrient shortages. Crops enhanced with nutrients, like orange-fleshed sweet potatoes (OFSP), iron-rich beans, and golden rice, are being incorporated into agricultural practices to deliver vital nutrients that are deficient in the local diet. These crops are created using conventional breeding methods and advanced biotechnologies to enhance the nutrient levels of primary crops. Bouis et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR168\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e) claim that biofortified crops possess considerable potential in alleviating micronutrient deficiencies in at-risk groups. For instance, OFSP contains a high level of vitamin A, which aids in fighting childhood blindness and enhancing immune function in undernourished children (FAO, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR170\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Although there are potential advantages, the broad acceptance of biofortified crops is obstructed by a lack of awareness, market constraints, and incentives for farmers. Thus, fostering consumer demand for biofortified crops is essential for amplifying their influence. Numerous systemic obstacles persist in hindering the accessibility and nutritional value of food throughout Africa. These consist of: a) Environmental Stressors and Climate Change Climate change significantly influences agriculture, which affects food supply and nutritional results. Variations in rainfall patterns, temperature extremes, and a higher occurrence of droughts greatly affect agricultural output, especially in rain-dependent farming systems (Lipper et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR98\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). Repeated droughts in East and Southern Africa have reduced the output of staple crops such as maize and sorghum, resulting in food shortages. Thornton et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR179\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e) discovered that climate fluctuations have resulted in yield decreases of 20\u0026ndash;30% in areas dependent on maize farming. This impacts food supply and decreases the availability of nutritious crops since farmers must cultivate drought-resistant varieties, which often have lower nutrient density. Climate-smart agriculture (CSA) is an essential method for tackling climate issues in African Agri-food systems. CSA methods concentrate on strengthening crop resilience to climate effects, increasing water-use efficiency, and advancing agroforestry and soil health management (Berg et al., 2021). Even with enhanced food production, fragile agricultural value chains continue to be a significant obstacle to delivering nutritious food to local markets. Insufficient infrastructure, restricted storage capabilities, and insufficient processing facilities result in significant post-harvest losses, especially for perishable, nutrient-dense foods such as fruits, vegetables, and dairy items (Reardon et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Research conducted by Kaminski et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR172\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e) showed that in numerous African nations, post-harvest losses for crops such as tomatoes and cassava may be as high as 40%, mainly attributed to insufficient storage options and subpar transportation systems. These losses not only reduce the supply of nutritious food but also raise food prices, making them harder to obtain for low-income groups. Enhancing agricultural infrastructure via cold chain systems, improved market integration, and investing in processing technologies can greatly decrease food waste. Henson et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR171\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e) suggest establishing food hubs to minimize post-harvest losses and improve the market appeal of nutrient-dense crops. Even when healthy foods are present, financial limitations hinder numerous families from obtaining them. Issues like elevated food costs, fluctuating inflation, and limited incomes hinder low-income groups from affording nutrient-rich foods such as fruits, vegetables, and animal proteins (Timmer, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e). Drimie et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR169\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e) state that in Southern Africa, fluctuations in food prices have been a significant obstacle to nutritional security, as seasonal increases render nutrient-dense foods unaffordable at various times throughout the year. Enhancing social protection initiatives like cash transfers and food assistance can aid low-income families in obtaining vital food supplies. Moreover, local food systems centered on community production and markets can aid in diminishing reliance on costly imported foods (Tschirley et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). The absence of robust, cohesive policy frameworks connecting agriculture, nutrition, and health presents a major obstacle. Despite progress, such as the establishment of national nutrition policies in various African nations, their effectiveness is frequently undermined by fragmented institutions and inadequate implementation (Nabwire et al., 2020). Research conducted by Moseley et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR175\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e) revealed that disjointed policies between agricultural and health departments in various African nations obstructed advancements in nutrition improvement. By aligning policies that integrate agricultural advancement, health, and nutrition, nations can achieve greater progress. It is essential to create multisectoral policy strategies that engage cooperation among agriculture, health, education, and social protection fields to generate synergies that sustainably meet the nutritional requirements of the population (Moseley et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR175\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eConsiderations on the Importance of Food Systems in Improving Nutrition\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eEnhancing food systems in Africa requires not only boosting food production but also improving the nutritional quality of the foods produced. Therefore, considering food systems is crucial, incorporating aspects of sustainability, health, and nutrition. These systems must focus not only on supplying adequate food but also on enhancing the variety and quality of diets. Akinyele et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR167\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e) indicate that the nutrition-sensitive agriculture strategy is essential for enhancing food security and nutrition. This strategy involves incorporating agroecological techniques that enhance nutrient-rich food production and prioritize local resource use while reducing reliance on external inputs. In Kenya, the iCow platform has demonstrated effectiveness in enhancing productivity by providing farmers with nutritional education and agricultural guidance (McKeon, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR174\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eAfrica is not a problem to be solved, but is a business opportunity and a food to be embraced, but African agriculture is at a turning point. African countries must match their production goals with market demands, adopt up-to-date farming practices so that they can fully tap their natural production potential. A serious economic challenge currently facing Africa is its food sector, which is now one of the continent\u0026rsquo;s top development priorities. African farmers and consumers need to address the challenge posed by the food sector. At present, 30% of the food consumed in Africa is imported, with cost of between 30 and 50\u0026nbsp;billion US dollars per year and according to the International Food Policy Research Institute, it could climb to 150\u0026nbsp;billion USD by 2030. This systematic review shows that Africa\u0026rsquo;s Agri-food system is at a critical point, characterized by new opportunities and ongoing structural difficulties. Throughout the continent, there is rising momentum for food system change, propelled by demographic changes, innovative policies, climate-resilient agriculture, and heightened awareness of nutrition and sustainability. Nonetheless, regional differences are still pronounced-North and Southern Africa exhibit more robust institutional structures, economic stability, and efficient food systems, whereas Central Africa struggles persistently due to instability, conflict, and poor governance. East and West Africa demonstrate transitional dynamics, indicating significant advancements in policy and innovation, yet obstructed by gaps in infrastructure and utilization. The review emphasizes important connections between food systems and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), especially in eliminating hunger (SDG 2), decreasing inequalities (SDG 10), and enhancing climate resilience (SDG 13). Nutrition and access to food are inconsistently provided, and malnutrition remains a significant issue despite progress in agricultural output in certain areas. The economic benefits of agriculture are substantial but often underutilized, largely because of ineffective value chains and insufficient policy backing. To tackle these issues, African nations need to implement region-specific, evidence-driven approaches that enhance institutional capacity, support inclusive value chains, and encourage investment in nutrition, innovation, and sustainable land management. Collaborative initiatives among regional and global stakeholders will be crucial to achieving a resilient, fair, and sustainable future for Africa\u0026rsquo;s Agri-food systems. Let connect Africa to exchange products and resources within. Africa must patronize made in Africa goods and innovations to motivate African inventors. \u003cb\u003eFuture Outlook\u003c/b\u003e: Technological advancements, including digital farming and climate-smart solutions, are vital for reshaping Africa's Agri-food systems and enhancing nutrition. Digital platforms, including mobile applications that deliver current information on optimal agricultural methods, equip farmers with resources to enhance productivity and diversify nutrition. Governments should replace the conventional \"business as usual\" method with a more advanced, data-informed strategy that takes into account the economic trade-offs and various production objectives of farmers. Focus should move towards accepting international trade and investment instead of relying on assistance. Investing in automated production systems and technological innovations is crucial. It's time to shift from words to deeds, enhancing intra-African trade and resource sharing. Through the promotion and use of African-created goods and innovations, the continent can motivate and aid its own inventors and entrepreneurs.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eACKNOWLEDGMENT \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors acknowledge the University of Eduardo Mondlane (UEM), CE-AFSN and the World Bank granting towards this documentation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData availability statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors will make the raw data used to support this article\u0026apos;s conclusion available without excessive delay. \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eClinical trial number:\u003c/strong\u003e not applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003edeclaration\u003c/strong\u003e: not applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent to Participate declaration\u003c/strong\u003e: not applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent to Publish declaration:\u003c/strong\u003e not applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor contributions and detail:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003csup\u003e1,2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTeklu Gebretsadik:\u003c/strong\u003e His contribution includes review documentation, Formal Analysis, Methodology, Writing \u0026ndash; original draft, review \u0026amp; editing. \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHelder Zavale: \u003c/strong\u003eHis contribution includes review \u0026amp; editing.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLourenco Manuel: \u003c/strong\u003eHis contribution includes review \u0026amp; editing\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRogerio M. Chiulele: \u003c/strong\u003eHis contribution includes review, grant facilitation \u0026amp; editing.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflict of interest\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe researchers affirm that there were no financial or commercial ties that might be seen as a potential conflict of interest throughout the research\u0026apos;s execution.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDisclosure statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe author reported no potential conflict of interest.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData availability statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData used are included in the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAdditional information\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval: \u003c/strong\u003eEthics approval was not required for this research publication. \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAdesina, A. 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This systematic review compiles results from 106 peer-reviewed articles published from 2005 to 2024, concentrating on food security, nutrition, sustainability, economic resilience, and policy changes throughout the continent. Applying PRISMA protocols, articles were evaluated and thematically examined to outline regional dynamics and pinpoint advancements and obstacles in the Agri-food system transition. The analysis shows significant regional disparities: Northern and Southern Africa demonstrate comparatively better system efficiency and food security, due to enhanced infrastructure, institutional backing, and economic stability. In comparison, Central Africa is still very at risk because of conflict, governance problems, and fragile agri-food connections, whereas East and West Africa are advancing but limited by instability, underuse, and climate-related threats. The assessment emphasizes the significant connections with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), especially SDG 2 (Zero Hunger), SDG 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production), and SDG 13 (Climate Action), highlighting the importance of Agri-food transformation in Africa’s development agenda. Additionally, the examination highlights the increasing significance of climate-smart farming, circular economy approaches, and inclusive policy structures in influencing food system durability and rural economies. Even with progress, notable research and policy deficiencies remain in regional collaboration, investment in Agro-processing, inclusion of women and youth, and dependable nutrition statistics. Quantitative data, such as regional food security indicators and prediction models, reveal new connections among governance quality, investment in sustainable agriculture, and enhanced nutritional results. The research concludes that Africa's Agri-food transition necessitates diverse, region-tailored strategies based on economic feasibility, cultural relevance, and institutional changes. It emphasizes the need for improved policy alignment, inter-regional knowledge sharing, and data-driven innovation to secure a fair and sustainable Agri-food future for the continent.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Can Africa Achieve Food security through Sustainable Agri-food system Transformation? A Systematic Review across Regional contexts","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-07-22 11:31:58","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7179184/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"1c9afcc0-cd8b-42ec-870b-c021d0bb5744","owner":[],"postedDate":"July 22nd, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":51877725,"name":"Agricultural Economics \u0026 Policy"},{"id":51877726,"name":"Development Economics"},{"id":51877727,"name":"Agronomy"},{"id":51877728,"name":"Environmental Policy"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-07-22T11:31:58+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-07-22 11:31:58","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7179184","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7179184","identity":"rs-7179184","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}