Determination of lethal concentration and physiological responses of golden mussels (Limnoperna fortunei) exposed to the molluscicide MXD-100®

Determination of lethal concentration and physiological responses of golden mussels (Limnoperna fortunei) exposed to the molluscicide MXD-100® | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Determination of lethal concentration and physiological responses of golden mussels (Limnoperna fortunei) exposed to the molluscicide MXD-100® Ketlyn Leticia Garcia Grezzana, Fernanda Araujo Fernandes, Viviane Prodocimo, and 5 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7761713/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Since its introduction to Brazil in 1998, the golden mussel ( Limnoperna fortunei ) has caused significant ecological and economic impacts, demanding effective control strategies. The compound MXD-100, based on tannins and quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs), has shown promise in combating this invasive species. This study evaluated the acute toxicity of MXD-100 and its physiological effects on L. fortunei , being the first to investigate the mechanisms affected by this product. In 96-hour semi-static system tests, organisms were exposed to concentrations of 0.0025, 0.005, 0.010, 0.020, 0.060, 0.080, and 0.160 ppm. Concentrations ≥ 0.160 ppm caused 100% mortality within 48 h (LC₅₀ = 0.016 ppm). Survivors exhibited reduced levels of Cl⁻, Na⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, and K⁺, along with changes in glucose and lactate. At sublethal exposure (0.003 ppm), reductions in water content, osmolality, ions, and glucose were observed, along with increased lactate and carbonic anhydrase activity, as well as damage to the digestive gland, including enlarged tubule lumens, epithelial cell atrophy, expanded interstitial space, necrotic areas, and epithelial vacuolization. The results demonstrate that MXD-100 not only prevents fouling but also triggers severe physiological imbalances, disrupting ion regulation, energy metabolism, and tissue integrity, ultimately leading to mortality. These findings represent an advance in understanding the product’s mode of action, highlighting its potential as a control agent for L. fortunei . Invasive species molluscs acute toxicity morphological changes Full Text Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7761713","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":541484470,"identity":"d1d56c38-490f-42ac-90b6-4cb9ed52111b","order_by":0,"name":"Ketlyn Leticia Garcia Grezzana","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Post Graduation Program in Ecology and Conservation, Federal University of Paraná; Technology Institute for Development (LACTEC)","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ketlyn","middleName":"Leticia 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MXD-100®","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Invasive species, molluscs, acute toxicity, morphological changes","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7761713/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7761713/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eSince its introduction to Brazil in 1998, the golden mussel (\u003cem\u003eLimnoperna fortunei\u003c/em\u003e) has caused significant ecological and economic impacts, demanding effective control strategies. The compound MXD-100, based on tannins and quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs), has shown promise in combating this invasive species. This study evaluated the acute toxicity of MXD-100 and its physiological effects on \u003cem\u003eL. fortunei\u003c/em\u003e, being the first to investigate the mechanisms affected by this product. In 96-hour semi-static system tests, organisms were exposed to concentrations of 0.0025, 0.005, 0.010, 0.020, 0.060, 0.080, and 0.160 ppm. Concentrations\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;0.160 ppm caused 100% mortality within 48 h (LC₅₀ = 0.016 ppm). Survivors exhibited reduced levels of Cl⁻, Na⁺, Ca\u0026sup2;⁺, Mg\u0026sup2;⁺, and K⁺, along with changes in glucose and lactate. At sublethal exposure (0.003 ppm), reductions in water content, osmolality, ions, and glucose were observed, along with increased lactate and carbonic anhydrase activity, as well as damage to the digestive gland, including enlarged tubule lumens, epithelial cell atrophy, expanded interstitial space, necrotic areas, and epithelial vacuolization. The results demonstrate that MXD-100 not only prevents fouling but also triggers severe physiological imbalances, disrupting ion regulation, energy metabolism, and tissue integrity, ultimately leading to mortality. These findings represent an advance in understanding the product\u0026rsquo;s mode of action, highlighting its potential as a control agent for \u003cem\u003eL. fortunei\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Determination of lethal concentration and physiological responses of golden mussels (Limnoperna fortunei) exposed to the molluscicide MXD-100®","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-11-18 18:59:34","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7761713/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"3ad96a4c-8532-4071-bffa-44a821383f1b","owner":[],"postedDate":"November 18th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[{"type":"decision","content":"Immediate Reject","date":"2026-05-21T09:57:34+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-05-21T13:58:03+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-11-18 18:59:34","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7761713","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7761713","identity":"rs-7761713","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}