Breaking Barriers: How Socio-Cultural Factors Moderate the Relationship Between Strategic Determinants and Women-Led SME Performance Across Diverse Cultures

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This narrative review examines how such barriers influence the relationship between strategic factors including innovation, market positioning, risk management, and access to resources and the performance of women led SMEs across different cultural contexts. Drawing on peer reviewed articles published between 2015 and 2025, and using thematic analysis, the review finds that rigid gender norms, societal attitudes, levels of education, religious beliefs, family responsibilities, and institutional structures significantly reduce the impact of business strategies by limiting women’s decision-making power. These socio-cultural constraints also hinder women’s ability to engage with business networks and institutions, which are essential for driving business growth. The findings highlight the importance of developing context sensitive policies and culturally informed strategies to strengthen women’s strategic capabilities while addressing structural limitations. Embedding socio cultural awareness into enterprise development would support policy makers in crafting inclusive strategies that promote sustainable growth for women led SMEs." } { "@context": "http://schema.org", "@type": "BreadcrumbList", "itemListElement": [ { "@type": "ListItem", "position": "1", "item": { "@id": "https://f1000research.com/", "name": "Home" } }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": "2", "item": { "@id": "https://f1000research.com/browse/articles", "name": "Browse" } }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": "3", "item": { "@id": "https://f1000research.com/articles/14-1140/v1", "name": "Breaking Barriers: How Socio-Cultural Factors Moderate the Relationship..." } } ] } Home Browse Breaking Barriers: How Socio-Cultural Factors Moderate the Relationship... ALL Metrics - Views Downloads Get PDF Get XML Cite How to cite this article Ongesa Nyamboga T. Breaking Barriers: How Socio-Cultural Factors Moderate the Relationship Between Strategic Determinants and Women-Led SME Performance Across Diverse Cultures [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations, 1 not approved] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :1140 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.167596.1 ) NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. Close Copy Citation Details Export Export Citation Sciwheel EndNote Ref. Manager Bibtex ProCite Sente EXPORT Select a format first Track Share ▬ ✚ Review Breaking Barriers: How Socio-Cultural Factors Moderate the Relationship Between Strategic Determinants and Women-Led SME Performance Across Diverse Cultures [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations, 1 not approved] Tom Ongesa Nyamboga https://orcid.org/0009-0004-7073-8219 Tom Ongesa Nyamboga https://orcid.org/0009-0004-7073-8219 PUBLISHED 20 Oct 2025 Author details Author details business administration, Kampala International University - Western Campus, Bushenyi, Western Region, Uganda Tom Ongesa Nyamboga Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Funding Acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project Administration, Resources, Software, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing OPEN PEER REVIEW DETAILS REVIEWER STATUS Abstract The performance of women led SMEs is shaped by strategic factors that foster competitiveness and long-term sustainability, yet their effectiveness is often diminished by persistent socio-cultural barriers. This narrative review examines how such barriers influence the relationship between strategic factors including innovation, market positioning, risk management, and access to resources and the performance of women led SMEs across different cultural contexts. Drawing on peer reviewed articles published between 2015 and 2025, and using thematic analysis, the review finds that rigid gender norms, societal attitudes, levels of education, religious beliefs, family responsibilities, and institutional structures significantly reduce the impact of business strategies by limiting women’s decision-making power. These socio-cultural constraints also hinder women’s ability to engage with business networks and institutions, which are essential for driving business growth. The findings highlight the importance of developing context sensitive policies and culturally informed strategies to strengthen women’s strategic capabilities while addressing structural limitations. Embedding socio cultural awareness into enterprise development would support policy makers in crafting inclusive strategies that promote sustainable growth for women led SMEs. READ ALL READ LESS Keywords Strategic Determinants, Women-led SMEs, Social Cultural Barriers, SMEs Performance, Diverse Cultures Corresponding Author(s) Tom Ongesa Nyamboga ( [email protected] ) Close Corresponding author: Tom Ongesa Nyamboga Competing interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information: The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work. Copyright: © 2025 Ongesa Nyamboga T. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. How to cite: Ongesa Nyamboga T. Breaking Barriers: How Socio-Cultural Factors Moderate the Relationship Between Strategic Determinants and Women-Led SME Performance Across Diverse Cultures [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations, 1 not approved] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :1140 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.167596.1 ) First published: 20 Oct 2025, 14 :1140 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.167596.1 ) Latest published: 14 May 2026, 14 :1140 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.167596.2 )  There is a newer version of this article available. Suppress this message for one day. Introduction Women led SMEs operate within complex environments where strategic success factors such as access to resources, effective market positioning, risk management, and innovation are significantly influenced by prevailing socio-cultural conditions. 1 , 2 These factors are not experienced equally by all entrepreneurs; cultural norms, institutional structures, and societal expectations often constrain the strategic choices available to women, limiting their access to opportunities and reducing their autonomy in decision making processes. 3 – 5 Traditional gender roles, coupled with family responsibilities and community perceptions, further shape the entrepreneurial paths women follow, often creating barriers that men do not typically encounter in business settings. 6 Socio cultural factors can both support and constrain the strategic choices available to women in business contexts. 7 Education and institutional support often enhance innovation and improve access to vital resources, enabling women to pursue competitive strategies. In contrast, restrictive cultural norms and certain religious beliefs may limit women’s mobility in the market and reduce their willingness or ability to take entrepreneurial risks. 1 Family structures can provide emotional and practical support that fosters resilience, yet traditional caregiving responsibilities frequently limit the time and energy women can dedicate to business growth. 8 , 9 Understanding the strategic behavior and long-term sustainability of women led enterprises therefore requires a broader cultural perspective that considers the diverse social forces shaping entrepreneurial experiences. 10 This review adopts an integrated framework that brings together strategic management and socio-cultural analysis to examine women led SMEs. 1 Unlike conventional studies that focus primarily on financial or operational challenges, this approach emphasizes the interplay between societal attitudes, religious beliefs, education, family responsibilities, gender norms, and institutional arrangements with core business strategies such as resource access, market positioning, risk management, and innovation. 11 By merging these perspectives, the review moves beyond standard business models to uncover how cultural and institutional dynamics influence entrepreneurial outcomes and shape the strategic direction of women led enterprises. 12 , 13 Earlier studies have acknowledged gender-based barriers to entrepreneurship, 14 – 16 but this research advances the discussion by directly linking socio cultural influences such as gender roles and religious beliefs to strategic decisions including market positioning and risk management. This integrated approach aims to provide a deeper understanding of the lived experiences of women entrepreneurs, highlighting how cultural contexts shape their strategic behavior and influence enterprise outcomes across diverse settings. Women-led SMEs face persistent structural and socio-cultural barriers that drive performance gaps. 17 Gender bias in financial systems and institutional weaknesses limit credit access to women, 18 , 19 while societal norms confine women to low-growth sectors. 20 Family expectations further hinder risk-taking, 21 and unequal access to education, technology, and networks restricts women innovation. 22 This study fills this research gap by examining how these factors interact across contexts. This review therefore explores how socio-cultural factors influence the performance of women led SMEs by shaping the strategic determinants previously discussed. Drawing on Entrepreneurial Orientation and Gender Role Theory, the study highlights the importance of aligning business strategy with cultural context to address barriers and harness emerging opportunities. This integrated framework offers practical insights for policy makers and development agencies, strengthening both strategic management and gender focused research by presenting a contextually grounded understanding of women entrepreneurs’ performance in an increasingly globalized economy. The research objectives of this study are as follows: a. To examine the influence of strategic determinants of resources, market positioning, risk management, and innovation on the performance of women-led SMEs in diverse cultural contexts. b. To analyze the moderating role of socio-cultural factors, including societal attitudes, religious beliefs, education, family dynamics, gender roles, and legal and institutional frameworks, in shaping the strategic decisions of women entrepreneurs. c. To investigate the interplay between strategic and socio-cultural forces, identifying how these interactions impact business growth, competitiveness, and sustainability in women-led SMEs. d. To identify key barriers and enablers within different cultural settings that affect women entrepreneurs’ access to resources, market opportunities, and innovation potential. e. To provide policy and practical recommendations aimed at fostering inclusive entrepreneurial ecosystems that support the growth and sustainability of women-led SMEs. Materials and methods This narrative review employed a qualitative approach guided by thematic analysis 23 , 24 to examine how socio-cultural factors and strategic determinants impact the performance of women led SMEs. It synthesized findings from 100 articles, primarily peer reviewed studies published between 2015 and 2025, to reveal the connections between socio cultural influences and key strategic factors that shape enterprise outcomes. Data collection and analysis methods Data for this review were sourced from academic databases such as Scopus, Google Scholar, and Web of Science using keywords 25 , 26 like women SMEs, strategic determinants, and socio-cultural barriers. A three-stage screening process; title and abstract review, full-text evaluation, and citation tracking, ensured relevance to the research objectives. Thematic coding followed a structured framework: deductive coding organized studies under predefined themes, while inductive coding revealed emerging themes such as digital infrastructure and microfinance. Reflexive practices, including memo writing and peer debriefing, enhanced analytical transparency and reduced bias, ensuring the reliability and coherence of findings aligned with the study’s objectives. Control of subjective interpretations To manage subjectivity in thematic analysis, the researcher combined deductive and inductive coding within a transparent framework. 27 , 28 Deductive coding applied predefined themes from literature; such as societal attitudes, family dynamics, and strategic factors, ensuring consistency with the conceptual model. Inductive coding identified new themes like digital infrastructure and microfinance. Reflexive tools, including memos and coding journals, supported transparency and self-awareness. Peer debriefing ensured coding validity and reduced bias. Themes were assessed by frequency, evidence strength, and relevance across contexts. This structured approach enhanced reliability, aligning all findings with the research question to reveal how socio-cultural barriers shape strategic outcomes in women-led SMEs. Exclusion criteria To ensure rigor, studies published before 2015 were excluded to avoid outdated policy contexts. Articles lacking theoretical grounding or based solely on anecdotal evidence were omitted to maintain credibility. Single-case studies with limited generalizability were not considered, especially those focused on unique business settings. Only English-language publications were included due to translation constraints. Studies on gender and entrepreneurship without directly linking socio-cultural factors to strategic performance in women-led SMEs were also excluded to ensure relevance. Theoretical framework implications This review integrates Entrepreneurial Orientation (EO) Theory and Gender Role Theory to examine the performance of women led SMEs. EO Theory emphasizes strategic traits such as risk taking, innovation, and proactiveness as key drivers of firm success. 29 , 30 However, EO often assumes a level playing field, overlooking how gender norms restrict women’s autonomy and decision making in entrepreneurial contexts. 31 – 33 Gender Role Theory complements EO by illustrating how societal expectations, religious norms, and institutional biases shape women’s roles and constrain their participation in strategic decision making. 1 , 34 – 36 Education levels and family dynamics further influence women’s behavior in areas such as innovation and risk taking. 37 , 38 While EO explains strategic intent, it fails to address the socio-cultural barriers that women navigate. Gender Role Theory highlights these constraints but lacks the strategic focus to explain how women adapt their business practices. Integrating EO and Gender Role Theory provides a more comprehensive view of how cultural norms shape entrepreneurial strategies in restrictive settings. 39 , 40 Findings of literature review The explanations of these results are based on how Socio-cultural factors moderate the relationship between strategic determinants and the performance of women-operated SMEs, as illustrated in Figure 1 . Figure 1. Conceptual framework. Institutional frameworks, gender bias, resource access and performance of women-led SMEs Institutional frameworks, encompassing both formal and informal rules, play a crucial role in shaping the success of women led SMEs by affecting their access to finance, business networks, and essential infrastructure. 41 In many regions, gender-based lending practices and stringent collateral requirements restrict women’s access to credit, particularly in contexts where land ownership is predominantly male, such as in Kenya. 42 , 43 Gender roles also constrain business participation, as domestic responsibilities limit women’s involvement in networks and training opportunities, a challenge observed in countries like India. 44 , 45 Inadequate infrastructure further hinders market access; for instance, in Nigeria, poor road conditions disrupt supply chains for women involved in agricultural enterprises. 46 , 47 In contrast, digital financial inclusion in Bangladesh has offered an effective means to overcome such limitations, enhancing access to financial services and markets. 48 To promote sustainable growth and economic inclusion for women led SMEs, targeted interventions such as inclusive lending practices, reforms in property rights, and the expansion of digital infrastructure are essential. 49 – 51 Societal attitudes, religious beliefs, education, market positioning and performance of women-led SMEs Societal attitudes and religious beliefs significantly shape the market positioning of women led SMEs, often confining them to low growth sectors in traditionally patriarchal cultures. 52 , 53 Transformative reforms, such as those introduced under Saudi Arabia’s Vision 2030, have begun to challenge these constraints by promoting women’s participation in industries historically dominated by men. 54 , 55 In countries like Pakistan, religious and cultural norms continue to hinder women’s access to financial resources for business activities. 56 Conversely, in Indonesia, Islamic microfinance has emerged as a culturally aligned solution, offering interest free loans and supportive services that empower women entrepreneurs. 57 , 58 Access to quality education and targeted entrepreneurial training further strengthens women’s digital and business capabilities, enabling broader participation in competitive markets. 59 – 61 Public and private sector collaborations, including mobile banking initiatives in Bangladesh, have also played a key role in enhancing financial inclusion and improving market access. 62 – 64 These developments are essential for building a more inclusive and equitable business environment. To expand opportunities for women in a wider range of sectors, targeted measures such as business scholarships, training programs, and financial inclusion reforms remain crucial. Family dynamics, institutional frameworks, risk management and performance of women-led SMEs Stopped Risk management is vital for the sustainability of women led SMEs, with family dynamics and institutional frameworks playing a key role in shaping risk related decisions. 18 In many contexts, traditional gender norms, such as those prevalent in India, tend to confine women to low risk sectors, thereby restricting their access to high growth opportunities. 65 , 66 Supportive family structures, on the other hand, can promote innovation and encourage women to engage in more ambitious business ventures. 67 Institutional deficiencies, including weak legal enforcement in countries like Kenya, further obstruct the ability of women entrepreneurs to scale their businesses. 68 – 70 In contrast, initiatives such as Rwanda’s Women’s Guarantee Fund have helped mitigate financial risks and stimulate enterprise growth by offering targeted support. 71 In Nigeria, financial literacy and risk management training in the agribusiness sector have led to improved profitability and business resilience among women. 72 – 75 Inclusive financial systems in Bangladesh further enable women to take strategic risks by improving access to credit and insurance services. 76 Advancing gender balanced legal frameworks is essential to ensure parity in entrepreneurship and promote equitable business environments. Education, societal attitudes, innovation and performance of women-led SMEs Innovation among women entrepreneurs is strongly influenced by access to both formal and informal education that builds business, technical, and digital skills. 77 , 78 In areas such as rural Pakistan, limited educational access constrains innovation and compels women to rely on outdated business practices. 79 , 80 In contrast, countries like Finland promote innovation through well-established educational systems that empower women to adopt digital technologies and expand their enterprises. 81 Cultural norms and restrictive gender expectations, particularly within India's technology sector, often block access to funding and deter risk taking, limiting innovative potential. 82 – 87 Successful examples from Canada and Rwanda show that targeted initiatives in sectors such as fintech and healthcare can support women entrepreneurs in driving innovation. 88 – 90 Strengthening educational opportunities and transforming societal attitudes are essential for promoting inclusive and sustainable innovation among women entrepreneurs. Discussion of findings The review provided a detailed critical discussion of the findings of the literature review on how social cultural barriers moderate the relationship between strategic determinants and performance of women-led SMEs in diverse cultural contexts as shown in Figure 2 . Figure 2. Schematic diagram. Institutional frameworks, gender bias, resources access and performance of women-led SMEs Institutional barriers such as collateral requirements and gender bias in banking systems significantly limit access to finance for women led SMEs, a challenge compounded by low land ownership and uneven policy enforcement in many regions. 41 , 42 , 90 Informal credit sources, particularly microfinance, continue to play a vital role in supporting women entrepreneurs, yet remain underexplored in strategic discourse. Cultural expectations and inadequate infrastructure further constrain women’s ability to engage with networks and access markets, particularly in high growth industries and agribusiness sectors. 43 , 45 , 46 , 91 , 92 While mobile banking initiatives in Bangladesh have begun to address some of these traditional barriers, the extent of their broader impact requires further investigation. 47 These dynamics underscore the need for culturally responsive financial policies and a more nuanced understanding of how socio-cultural influences, education levels, and technological access shape the long-term sustainability of women’s enterprises. Societal attitudes, religious beliefs, education, market positioning and performance of women-led SMEs Societal attitudes significantly influence the market positioning of women led SMEs, often restricting them to low growth sectors as a result of traditional gender norms. 51 , 52 Although national reforms such as Saudi Arabia’s Vision 2030 aim to enhance inclusivity, their long-term effects on women’s participation in male dominated industries remain insufficiently examined, particularly in rural contexts where entrepreneurial perceptions may differ markedly. 53 Religious beliefs also shape women’s mobility, asset ownership, and access to finance, with varying implications across regions. 55 , 93 , 94 Nonetheless, Islamic microfinance has opened new opportunities by offering financial services aligned with cultural values. 56 , 57 Education is shown to improve digital and business competencies among women, 58 , 59 yet disparities in access and the influence of religious interpretation continue to limit competitiveness. Developing inclusive market strategies for women led SMEs requires a more integrated understanding of how societal, religious, and educational factors interact with policy frameworks to support sustainable entrepreneurial growth. Family dynamics, institutional frameworks, risk management and performance of women-led SMEs Family dynamics and institutional frameworks play a vital role in shaping how women approach and manage entrepreneurial risk. Cultural gender norms frequently channel women into low-risk ventures, limiting their entry into high growth sectors such as technology and finance. 18 , 64 , 65 , 95 While supportive family environments can build confidence and increase risk appetite, the evolving influence of generational roles on entrepreneurial decision making remains an area requiring deeper investigation. 66 Institutional elements such as legal protections and financial access also shape risk tolerance. In contexts like Kenya, weak enforcement mechanisms discourage investment and hinder business expansion. 68 , 69 Conversely, Rwanda’s Women’s Guarantee Fund has shown success in reducing financial risk and supporting enterprise growth. 70 In Nigeria, financial literacy programs have contributed to improved profitability among women entrepreneurs, although operational and market related risks remain insufficiently explored. 71 , 72 A comprehensive understanding of these interlinked factors is essential for building resilience and enabling sustained growth in women led enterprises. Education, societal attitudes, innovation and performance of women-led SMEs Education plays a central role in driving innovation among women entrepreneurs by equipping them with essential technical, managerial, and strategic skills. 77 In areas such as rural Pakistan, restricted access to education undermines women’s capacity for innovation and limits their competitiveness in emerging markets. 78 , 79 In contrast, countries like Finland benefit from well-developed educational systems that support digital innovation and enhance entrepreneurial outcomes for women. 80 Societal attitudes toward leadership and risk taking also influence innovation potential. In India, cultural restrictions and limited access to funding continue to inhibit women’s advancement in male dominated sectors such as technology and engineering. 82 – 84 More inclusive environments, such as those in Canada and Rwanda, demonstrate how incubators, mentorship programs, and policy backed funds can foster innovation and empower women entrepreneurs. 87 – 89 Despite these positive developments, the long-term effects of anti-bias policies on the sustainability of innovation remain underexplored. There is a pressing need to examine how education systems, societal perceptions, and policy interventions interact to shape inclusive innovation ecosystems for women led enterprises. Practical implications Addressing the challenges facing women led SMEs requires the development of tailored support systems that respond to both socio cultural and strategic barriers. Revising lending models to include flexible terms can help overcome discriminatory practices and reduce the burden of collateral requirements that disproportionately affect women. Mentorship provides essential business guidance and opens access to investor networks, while targeted training in financial literacy, digital skills, and leadership builds the capacity for informed decision making and enhanced competitiveness. Structural constraints can be mitigated through digital commerce training and improved access to business resources. Legal reforms that promote equal property rights, streamline business registration, and introduce tax incentives are also crucial in lowering entry barriers. When supported by robust institutional frameworks and technology, these interventions equip women entrepreneurs with the tools to innovate, expand their enterprises, and contribute meaningfully to inclusive and sustainable economic development. Conclusion Women’s entrepreneurship extends beyond mastering traditional business skills, requiring the ability to navigate complex socio-cultural barriers that influence access to resources and capacity for innovation. While strategic and financial competencies remain critical, their effectiveness is shaped by the broader cultural and institutional context in which women operate. In societies that support gender equity, systemic structures such as inclusive policies and legal protections enhance women’s entrepreneurial outcomes. In more restrictive environments, entrenched social norms and discriminatory practices pose significant barriers, making adaptability and resilience essential for success. Tackling these challenges requires a multi layered approach, including legal reforms that guarantee property rights and business protections, expanded financial inclusion through accessible credit and mobile banking, and efforts to shift public attitudes. Mentorship programs and the visibility of successful female role models help to dismantle stereotypes and inspire broader participation. Encouraging women’s entry into high growth sectors and fostering a culture that accepts entrepreneurial risk are also vital for economic transformation. Investments in education, digital literacy, and institutional support are key to enabling women to lead innovative and competitive enterprises. When such measures are in place, women entrepreneurs can significantly contribute to economic growth and play a central role in building inclusive and sustainable development across diverse societies. Recommendations Legal reforms that safeguard equal credit access and property rights play a pivotal role in dismantling structural inequalities that hinder women-led SMEs. In Rwanda and Kenya, such reforms have contributed to increased financial inclusion and improved business ownership for women, setting an example for broader policy adoption. 49 , 96 Enhancing women's entrepreneurial success also depends on targeted education in financial literacy, digital technologies, and leadership. Programs across the Asia Pacific region have shown how tailored capacity-building initiatives help women gain strategic competencies essential for growth. 61 Mentorship and partnerships between NGOs and industries further contribute to the sustainability and resilience of women-owned enterprises. Such models offer practical insights, access to networks, and guidance on scaling businesses in competitive markets. 97 Institutional collaboration between government and private actors, like those implemented in Egypt, helps align national development goals with private-sector expertise to drive inclusive entrepreneurship. 98 , 99 Global initiatives like SheTrades play a transformative role in reshaping societal attitudes by promoting women’s integration into global markets. These platforms support gender-responsive trade, enable market access, and reinforce inclusive economic participation, thereby strengthening the overall positioning of women in business. 100 Replicating and localizing such approaches could be vital to cultivating an enabling ecosystem for women entrepreneurs globally. Limitation of the study The main limitation of this study lies in its reliance on secondary data, which may not fully capture recent socio-cultural shifts or reflect the nuanced, real-time experiences of women entrepreneurs. This constraint may affect the depth and immediacy of insights, particularly in rapidly changing cultural and institutional environments where lived experiences evolve faster than academic reporting. Data availability statement No data are associated with this article. References 1. Sangu D: Cultural Factors and Women SMEs Performance. International Journal of Business, Law, and Education. 2025; 6 (1): 22–36. Publisher Full Text 2. Barghouthi M, Abdalrahman M, Sharia M, et al. : Empowering women entrepreneurs: The interplay of internal drive, external support, and socio-cultural context. Journal of Infrastructure, Policy and Development. 2024; 8 (8): 6394. Publisher Full Text 3. 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Comments on this article Comments (0) Version 2 VERSION 2 PUBLISHED 20 Oct 2025 ADD YOUR COMMENT Comment Author details Author details business administration, Kampala International University - Western Campus, Bushenyi, Western Region, Uganda Tom Ongesa Nyamboga Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Funding Acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project Administration, Resources, Software, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Competing interests No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work. Article Versions (2) version 2 Revised Published: 14 May 2026, 14:1140 https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.167596.2 version 1 Published: 20 Oct 2025, 14:1140 https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.167596.1 Copyright © 2025 Ongesa Nyamboga T. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Download Export To Sciwheel Bibtex EndNote ProCite Ref. Manager (RIS) Sente metrics Views Downloads F1000Research - - PubMed Central info_outline Data from PMC are received and updated monthly. - - Citations open_in_new 0 open_in_new 0 open_in_new SEE MORE DETAILS CITE how to cite this article Ongesa Nyamboga T. Breaking Barriers: How Socio-Cultural Factors Moderate the Relationship Between Strategic Determinants and Women-Led SME Performance Across Diverse Cultures [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations, 1 not approved] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :1140 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.167596.1 ) NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS track receive updates on this article Track an article to receive email alerts on any updates to this article. TRACK THIS ARTICLE Share Open Peer Review Current Reviewer Status: ? Key to Reviewer Statuses VIEW HIDE Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 20 Oct 2025 Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: Mashapure R. Reviewer Report For: Breaking Barriers: How Socio-Cultural Factors Moderate the Relationship Between Strategic Determinants and Women-Led SME Performance Across Diverse Cultures [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations, 1 not approved] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :1140 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.184722.r428481 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-1140/v1#referee-response-428481 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 29 Dec 2025 Rahabhi Mashapure , Chinhoyi University of Technology, Chinhoyi, Zimbabwe Approved with Reservations VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.184722.r428481 The manuscript addresses a timely and significant topic: the interplay between socio-cultural factors and strategic determinants in women-led SMEs. The conceptual framework is strong and relevant, integrating Entrepreneurial Orientation and Gender Role Theory. The global scope, with examples from ... Continue reading READ ALL The manuscript addresses a timely and significant topic: the interplay between socio-cultural factors and strategic determinants in women-led SMEs. The conceptual framework is strong and relevant, integrating Entrepreneurial Orientation and Gender Role Theory. The global scope, with examples from Africa, Asia, and the Middle East, is a strength. However, in its current form, the manuscript reads more like a well-structured report or a thesis literature review than a journal article ready for a high-impact publication. The primary weaknesses lie in the methodology, analytical depth, critical engagement, and academic writing style. Addressing these areas is crucial for publication success. Major Areas for Correction and Improvement 1. Title, Abstract, and Keywords Title: The title is clear but long. Consider making it more concise and impactful. Suggestion: "Socio-Cultural Moderators of Strategic Determinants and Performance in Women-Led SMEs: A Global Narrative Review" Abstract: The abstract is descriptive but lacks the standard structure of a high-impact journal. It should clearly state: Background, Objectives, Methods, Results, Conclusion. Correction: Restructure to explicitly mention the number of studies reviewed, the main thematic findings, and the specific, novel contribution of the review. Improvement: The final sentence should be a powerful, take-home message for policymakers and researchers, not a general statement. 2. Introduction Strengths: Establishes the research problem and the gap well. The research objectives are clearly listed. Areas for Improvement: State the Gap More Forcefully: Instead of "this study fills this research gap," specify what exactly has been missing. E.g., "While prior research has identified socio-cultural barriers, a systematic understanding of how they moderate the relationship between specific strategic determinants and performance across diverse cultures is lacking." Justify the Review Type: Explain why a narrative review was chosen over a systematic review (e.g., to synthesize diverse, context-rich qualitative findings and develop a conceptual framework). This is a key methodological justification. 3. Materials and Methods This is the weakest section and requires a complete overhaul to meet high journal standards. It is currently vague and lacks the rigor expected for reproducibility. Critical Corrections: Search Strategy: The description is insufficient. You must provide: Full Search String: The exact Boolean/search string used (e.g., ("women-led SME*" OR "female entrepreneur*") AND ("socio-cultural" OR "gender norm*") AND ("strategic determinant*" OR "performance")). Databases & Dates: Specify the exact dates the search was conducted. Selection Process (PRISMA Flow Diagram): The "three-stage screening process" must be visualized. A PRISMA flow diagram is essential for a high-impact journal. It should show: Records identified from each database (Scopus, n=; WoS, n=; etc.) Records after duplicates removed Records screened (title/abstract) Full-text articles assessed for eligibility Studies included in the review (n=100) Data Analysis: The description of thematic analysis needs more detail. Correction: Specify the software used for coding (e.g., NVivo, or even Excel). Describe the process of generating initial codes, searching for themes, reviewing themes, and defining/naming themes. Distinguish more clearly between deductive (theory-driven) and inductive (data-driven) themes. Quality Assessment: A critical flaw is the lack of a quality assessment of the included studies. For a review to be credible, you must explain how you assessed the rigor of the 100 articles. Improvement: Adopt a standard quality assessment tool (e.g., CASP for qualitative studies, a custom checklist for mixed-methods) and briefly summarize the overall quality of the evidence base. This adds a layer of critical appraisal. 4. Findings / Results Strengths: Well-organized around the conceptual framework. Good use of country-specific examples. Areas for Improvement: From Description to Analysis: The current text often describes what the studies found rather than analyzing, synthesizing, and critiquing the body of evidence. Example: Instead of "In Nigeria, financial literacy... led to improved profitability," try: "The evidence from Nigeria [72,73] suggests that financial literacy training can be a powerful tool for enhancing profitability; however, these studies focus on agribusiness, raising questions about the transferability of such interventions to the technology sector." Identify Contradictions and Patterns: Actively compare and contrast findings from different regions. For instance, contrast the role of religion as a barrier in Pakistan with its role as an enabler (via Islamic microfinance) in Indonesia. This is where true synthesis happens. Improve Conceptual Language: The text sometimes uses "stopped" (Page 5) and other informal language. Ensure all language is formal and academic. 5. Discussion Critical Correction: The Discussion must not simply re-state the findings. It must: Interpret the Findings: What do your synthesized results mean ? For example, the finding that socio-cultural factors can be both barriers and enablers is crucial. Discuss the conditions under which this shift happens. Link Back to Theory: Explicitly discuss how your findings affirm, challenge, or extend Entrepreneurial Orientation and Gender Role Theory. For instance, your review shows that EO's core components are not universally accessible; they are filtered through a gendered socio-cultural lens. This is a key theoretical contribution. Contextualize with Existing Literature: Compare your overall model and findings with other major reviews or seminal papers in the field. How does your integrated framework advance the conversation? Acknowledge Limitations More Deeply: The current limitation ("reliance on secondary data") is too generic. Be specific: Improved Limitation: "As a narrative review, our findings are interpretive and not based on a systematic, reproducible meta-analysis. The reliance on published literature may introduce a publication bias, overlooking valuable insights from grey literature or contexts where women's entrepreneurship is under-studied. Furthermore, the qualitative synthesis, while rich, prevents quantitative conclusions about the strength of the moderating relationships." 6. Conclusion and Recommendations Strengths: The recommendations are practical and relevant. Improvement: Future Research Directions: This is a vital component for a high-impact journal. Dedicate a paragraph to specific, actionable research questions. For example: "Future research should employ mixed-methods longitudinal designs to trace the causal pathways through which specific socio-cultural factors influence strategic choices over time." "There is a need to quantitatively test the moderating model proposed in Figure 1 using large-N, cross-national data." "Research should explore the role of male allies and changing masculinities in dismantling socio-cultural barriers for women entrepreneurs." 7. Referencing and Formatting Critical Error: The reference list is incorrectly formatted and contains significant errors (e.g., "Gafur_and_Islam_2024" in Figure 2, inconsistent journal name abbreviations, missing authors, "Publisher Full Text" lines). This is a major red flag for any journal and suggests a lack of attention to detail. Correction: Meticulously reformat the entire reference list according to the target journal's guide for authors (e.g., APA, Harvard). You might consider using a reference manager like EndNote, Zotero, or Mendeley. Summary of Key Actions for Improvement Methodological Rigor: Completely rewrite the Methods section. Include a PRISMA flow diagram, a detailed search strategy, and a description of quality assessment. Elevate the Analysis: Shift from describing individual study findings to synthesizing, comparing, and critiquing the entire body of evidence. Highlight contradictions and patterns. Strengthen the Discussion: Make a compelling argument for your theoretical and practical contribution. Explicitly link findings to theory and prior literature. Formalize Academic Writing: Eliminate informal language, improve flow, and ensure a critical, analytical tone throughout. Correct References: Fix the reference list completely. This is non-negotiable. Add Critical Sections: Include a dedicated "Future Research Directions" section and a robust "Limitations" section. By addressing these points, the author can transform this promising manuscript from a good literature summary into a compelling, publishable review that makes a significant contribution to the field. Is the topic of the review discussed comprehensively in the context of the current literature? Yes Are all factual statements correct and adequately supported by citations? Yes Is the review written in accessible language? Yes Are the conclusions drawn appropriate in the context of the current research literature? Yes Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: Business management, women entrepreneurship, digital transformation, sustainable livelihoods, rural development I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT Mashapure R. Reviewer Report For: Breaking Barriers: How Socio-Cultural Factors Moderate the Relationship Between Strategic Determinants and Women-Led SME Performance Across Diverse Cultures [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations, 1 not approved] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :1140 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.184722.r428481 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-1140/v1#referee-response-428481 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: Shaikh E. Reviewer Report For: Breaking Barriers: How Socio-Cultural Factors Moderate the Relationship Between Strategic Determinants and Women-Led SME Performance Across Diverse Cultures [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations, 1 not approved] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :1140 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.184722.r433336 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-1140/v1#referee-response-433336 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 23 Dec 2025 Erum Shaikh , Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University Shaheed Benazirabad, Shaheed Benazirbad, Pakistan Not Approved VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.184722.r433336 Introduction Lacks a clear problem statement specifying the exact gap the study addresses. Overly descriptive and repetitive, with several ideas restated without synthesis. Insufficient justification for why a narrative review (not systematic) ... Continue reading READ ALL Introduction Lacks a clear problem statement specifying the exact gap the study addresses. Overly descriptive and repetitive, with several ideas restated without synthesis. Insufficient justification for why a narrative review (not systematic) is the appropriate method. Fails to define key constructs early (e.g., “strategic determinants,” “socio-cultural barriers”). Does not clearly establish how the integrated framework advances prior work. The literature review is missing Materials and Methods The narrative review approach lacks transparency and replicability compared to systematic reviews. No clear criteria for inclusion beyond date range and language—weakens methodological rigor. The sample of “100 articles” appears arbitrary; lacks explanation of how this number was determined. No description of inter-coder reliability or triangulation beyond vague references to memos and peer debriefing. Potential bias due to reliance on English-only studies, which excludes relevant literature from non-English speaking regions. Data Collection and Analysis Search strategy (keywords, databases) is insufficiently detailed to be reproducible. Thematic analysis lacks evidence of coding depth no coding tree, examples, or theme development presented. Citation tracking method not explained clearly (forward/backward). No discussion of potential publication bias or database limitations. Control of Subjective Interpretations Provides broad statements but lacks concrete procedures (e.g., specific peer review steps). No independent coders reduce reliability of thematic coding. Reflexivity is claimed but not demonstrated through examples or reflexive decisions. Theoretical Framework Implications Integration of EO Theory and Gender Role Theory is conceptual but not operationalized. The framework is not linked to empirical findings in a structured way. The critique of EO Theory oversimplifies existing literature that already addresses gendered constraints. Lacks a diagram or model to show how theories interact. Findings of Literature Review Findings are descriptive rather than analytical; mostly summarize prior studies. Overreliance on country-specific examples without synthesizing cross-cultural differences. Figure 1 is referenced but not explained or interpreted in depth. No weighting of evidence or discussion of conflicting findings. Discussion Lacks critical evaluation; largely reiterates findings rather than analyzing them. Does not address alternative explanations or contradictory literature. Fails to link back to the theoretical framework in a meaningful way. The discussion is fragmented and loosely connected to research objectives. Is the topic of the review discussed comprehensively in the context of the current literature? Yes Are all factual statements correct and adequately supported by citations? Yes Is the review written in accessible language? Yes Are the conclusions drawn appropriate in the context of the current research literature? No Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: I have expertise in Finance, CSs and entreprenurship I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to state that I do not consider it to be of an acceptable scientific standard, for reasons outlined above. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT Shaikh E. Reviewer Report For: Breaking Barriers: How Socio-Cultural Factors Moderate the Relationship Between Strategic Determinants and Women-Led SME Performance Across Diverse Cultures [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations, 1 not approved] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :1140 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.184722.r433336 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-1140/v1#referee-response-433336 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Comments on this article Comments (0) Version 2 VERSION 2 PUBLISHED 20 Oct 2025 ADD YOUR COMMENT Comment keyboard_arrow_left keyboard_arrow_right Open Peer Review Reviewer Status info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Reviewer Reports Invited Reviewers 1 2 Version 2 (revision) 14 May 26 Version 1 20 Oct 25 read read Erum Shaikh , Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University Shaheed Benazirabad, Shaheed Benazirbad, Pakistan Rahabhi Mashapure , Chinhoyi University of Technology, Chinhoyi, Zimbabwe Comments on this article All Comments (0) Add a comment Sign up for content alerts Sign Up You are now signed up to receive this alert Browse by related subjects keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2026 Mashapure R. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 29 Dec 2025 | for Version 1 Rahabhi Mashapure , Chinhoyi University of Technology, Chinhoyi, Zimbabwe 0 Views copyright © 2026 Mashapure R. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (0) Approved With Reservations info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions The manuscript addresses a timely and significant topic: the interplay between socio-cultural factors and strategic determinants in women-led SMEs. The conceptual framework is strong and relevant, integrating Entrepreneurial Orientation and Gender Role Theory. The global scope, with examples from Africa, Asia, and the Middle East, is a strength. However, in its current form, the manuscript reads more like a well-structured report or a thesis literature review than a journal article ready for a high-impact publication. The primary weaknesses lie in the methodology, analytical depth, critical engagement, and academic writing style. Addressing these areas is crucial for publication success. Major Areas for Correction and Improvement 1. Title, Abstract, and Keywords Title: The title is clear but long. Consider making it more concise and impactful. Suggestion: "Socio-Cultural Moderators of Strategic Determinants and Performance in Women-Led SMEs: A Global Narrative Review" Abstract: The abstract is descriptive but lacks the standard structure of a high-impact journal. It should clearly state: Background, Objectives, Methods, Results, Conclusion. Correction: Restructure to explicitly mention the number of studies reviewed, the main thematic findings, and the specific, novel contribution of the review. Improvement: The final sentence should be a powerful, take-home message for policymakers and researchers, not a general statement. 2. Introduction Strengths: Establishes the research problem and the gap well. The research objectives are clearly listed. Areas for Improvement: State the Gap More Forcefully: Instead of "this study fills this research gap," specify what exactly has been missing. E.g., "While prior research has identified socio-cultural barriers, a systematic understanding of how they moderate the relationship between specific strategic determinants and performance across diverse cultures is lacking." Justify the Review Type: Explain why a narrative review was chosen over a systematic review (e.g., to synthesize diverse, context-rich qualitative findings and develop a conceptual framework). This is a key methodological justification. 3. Materials and Methods This is the weakest section and requires a complete overhaul to meet high journal standards. It is currently vague and lacks the rigor expected for reproducibility. Critical Corrections: Search Strategy: The description is insufficient. You must provide: Full Search String: The exact Boolean/search string used (e.g., ("women-led SME*" OR "female entrepreneur*") AND ("socio-cultural" OR "gender norm*") AND ("strategic determinant*" OR "performance")). Databases & Dates: Specify the exact dates the search was conducted. Selection Process (PRISMA Flow Diagram): The "three-stage screening process" must be visualized. A PRISMA flow diagram is essential for a high-impact journal. It should show: Records identified from each database (Scopus, n=; WoS, n=; etc.) Records after duplicates removed Records screened (title/abstract) Full-text articles assessed for eligibility Studies included in the review (n=100) Data Analysis: The description of thematic analysis needs more detail. Correction: Specify the software used for coding (e.g., NVivo, or even Excel). Describe the process of generating initial codes, searching for themes, reviewing themes, and defining/naming themes. Distinguish more clearly between deductive (theory-driven) and inductive (data-driven) themes. Quality Assessment: A critical flaw is the lack of a quality assessment of the included studies. For a review to be credible, you must explain how you assessed the rigor of the 100 articles. Improvement: Adopt a standard quality assessment tool (e.g., CASP for qualitative studies, a custom checklist for mixed-methods) and briefly summarize the overall quality of the evidence base. This adds a layer of critical appraisal. 4. Findings / Results Strengths: Well-organized around the conceptual framework. Good use of country-specific examples. Areas for Improvement: From Description to Analysis: The current text often describes what the studies found rather than analyzing, synthesizing, and critiquing the body of evidence. Example: Instead of "In Nigeria, financial literacy... led to improved profitability," try: "The evidence from Nigeria [72,73] suggests that financial literacy training can be a powerful tool for enhancing profitability; however, these studies focus on agribusiness, raising questions about the transferability of such interventions to the technology sector." Identify Contradictions and Patterns: Actively compare and contrast findings from different regions. For instance, contrast the role of religion as a barrier in Pakistan with its role as an enabler (via Islamic microfinance) in Indonesia. This is where true synthesis happens. Improve Conceptual Language: The text sometimes uses "stopped" (Page 5) and other informal language. Ensure all language is formal and academic. 5. Discussion Critical Correction: The Discussion must not simply re-state the findings. It must: Interpret the Findings: What do your synthesized results mean ? For example, the finding that socio-cultural factors can be both barriers and enablers is crucial. Discuss the conditions under which this shift happens. Link Back to Theory: Explicitly discuss how your findings affirm, challenge, or extend Entrepreneurial Orientation and Gender Role Theory. For instance, your review shows that EO's core components are not universally accessible; they are filtered through a gendered socio-cultural lens. This is a key theoretical contribution. Contextualize with Existing Literature: Compare your overall model and findings with other major reviews or seminal papers in the field. How does your integrated framework advance the conversation? Acknowledge Limitations More Deeply: The current limitation ("reliance on secondary data") is too generic. Be specific: Improved Limitation: "As a narrative review, our findings are interpretive and not based on a systematic, reproducible meta-analysis. The reliance on published literature may introduce a publication bias, overlooking valuable insights from grey literature or contexts where women's entrepreneurship is under-studied. Furthermore, the qualitative synthesis, while rich, prevents quantitative conclusions about the strength of the moderating relationships." 6. Conclusion and Recommendations Strengths: The recommendations are practical and relevant. Improvement: Future Research Directions: This is a vital component for a high-impact journal. Dedicate a paragraph to specific, actionable research questions. For example: "Future research should employ mixed-methods longitudinal designs to trace the causal pathways through which specific socio-cultural factors influence strategic choices over time." "There is a need to quantitatively test the moderating model proposed in Figure 1 using large-N, cross-national data." "Research should explore the role of male allies and changing masculinities in dismantling socio-cultural barriers for women entrepreneurs." 7. Referencing and Formatting Critical Error: The reference list is incorrectly formatted and contains significant errors (e.g., "Gafur_and_Islam_2024" in Figure 2, inconsistent journal name abbreviations, missing authors, "Publisher Full Text" lines). This is a major red flag for any journal and suggests a lack of attention to detail. Correction: Meticulously reformat the entire reference list according to the target journal's guide for authors (e.g., APA, Harvard). You might consider using a reference manager like EndNote, Zotero, or Mendeley. Summary of Key Actions for Improvement Methodological Rigor: Completely rewrite the Methods section. Include a PRISMA flow diagram, a detailed search strategy, and a description of quality assessment. Elevate the Analysis: Shift from describing individual study findings to synthesizing, comparing, and critiquing the entire body of evidence. Highlight contradictions and patterns. Strengthen the Discussion: Make a compelling argument for your theoretical and practical contribution. Explicitly link findings to theory and prior literature. Formalize Academic Writing: Eliminate informal language, improve flow, and ensure a critical, analytical tone throughout. Correct References: Fix the reference list completely. This is non-negotiable. Add Critical Sections: Include a dedicated "Future Research Directions" section and a robust "Limitations" section. By addressing these points, the author can transform this promising manuscript from a good literature summary into a compelling, publishable review that makes a significant contribution to the field. Is the topic of the review discussed comprehensively in the context of the current literature? Yes Are all factual statements correct and adequately supported by citations? Yes Is the review written in accessible language? Yes Are the conclusions drawn appropriate in the context of the current research literature? Yes Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise Business management, women entrepreneurship, digital transformation, sustainable livelihoods, rural development I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. reply Respond to this report Responses (0) Mashapure R. Peer Review Report For: Breaking Barriers: How Socio-Cultural Factors Moderate the Relationship Between Strategic Determinants and Women-Led SME Performance Across Diverse Cultures [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations, 1 not approved] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :1140 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.184722.r428481) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-1140/v1#referee-response-428481 keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2025 Shaikh E. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 23 Dec 2025 | for Version 1 Erum Shaikh , Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University Shaheed Benazirabad, Shaheed Benazirbad, Pakistan 0 Views copyright © 2025 Shaikh E. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (0) Not Approved info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Introduction Lacks a clear problem statement specifying the exact gap the study addresses. Overly descriptive and repetitive, with several ideas restated without synthesis. Insufficient justification for why a narrative review (not systematic) is the appropriate method. Fails to define key constructs early (e.g., “strategic determinants,” “socio-cultural barriers”). Does not clearly establish how the integrated framework advances prior work. The literature review is missing Materials and Methods The narrative review approach lacks transparency and replicability compared to systematic reviews. No clear criteria for inclusion beyond date range and language—weakens methodological rigor. The sample of “100 articles” appears arbitrary; lacks explanation of how this number was determined. No description of inter-coder reliability or triangulation beyond vague references to memos and peer debriefing. Potential bias due to reliance on English-only studies, which excludes relevant literature from non-English speaking regions. Data Collection and Analysis Search strategy (keywords, databases) is insufficiently detailed to be reproducible. Thematic analysis lacks evidence of coding depth no coding tree, examples, or theme development presented. Citation tracking method not explained clearly (forward/backward). No discussion of potential publication bias or database limitations. Control of Subjective Interpretations Provides broad statements but lacks concrete procedures (e.g., specific peer review steps). No independent coders reduce reliability of thematic coding. Reflexivity is claimed but not demonstrated through examples or reflexive decisions. Theoretical Framework Implications Integration of EO Theory and Gender Role Theory is conceptual but not operationalized. The framework is not linked to empirical findings in a structured way. The critique of EO Theory oversimplifies existing literature that already addresses gendered constraints. Lacks a diagram or model to show how theories interact. Findings of Literature Review Findings are descriptive rather than analytical; mostly summarize prior studies. Overreliance on country-specific examples without synthesizing cross-cultural differences. Figure 1 is referenced but not explained or interpreted in depth. No weighting of evidence or discussion of conflicting findings. Discussion Lacks critical evaluation; largely reiterates findings rather than analyzing them. Does not address alternative explanations or contradictory literature. Fails to link back to the theoretical framework in a meaningful way. The discussion is fragmented and loosely connected to research objectives. Is the topic of the review discussed comprehensively in the context of the current literature? Yes Are all factual statements correct and adequately supported by citations? Yes Is the review written in accessible language? Yes Are the conclusions drawn appropriate in the context of the current research literature? No Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise I have expertise in Finance, CSs and entreprenurship I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to state that I do not consider it to be of an acceptable scientific standard, for reasons outlined above. reply Respond to this report Responses (0) Shaikh E. Peer Review Report For: Breaking Barriers: How Socio-Cultural Factors Moderate the Relationship Between Strategic Determinants and Women-Led SME Performance Across Diverse Cultures [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations, 1 not approved] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :1140 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.184722.r433336) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-1140/v1#referee-response-433336 Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved - the paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations - A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved - fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Adjust parameters to alter display View on desktop for interactive features Includes Interactive Elements View on desktop for interactive features Competing Interests Policy Provide sufficient details of any financial or non-financial competing interests to enable users to assess whether your comments might lead a reasonable person to question your impartiality. 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