LONG-TERM ECOLOGICAL MONITORING IN INDIA: A SYNTHESIS

Abstract Long-term ecological monitoring (LTEM) is crucial for understanding ecological processes and responses to environmental change, informing management of natural resources, and biodiversity conservation. Systematic LTEM efforts began in India in the mid-1900s, but there is a lack of comprehensive synthesis of LTEM efforts in the country. Here, we use a wide-ranging questionnaire survey of ecologists coupled with a survey of published literature on LTEM efforts in India to synthesise their thematic and geographical spread, and types of data being collected, and identify key challenges to the establishment and maintenance of LTEM projects in the country. Studies monitor 77 unique subjects across 272 LTEM efforts in India. LTEM efforts are more often located in the Western Ghats and Eastern Himalaya, focused on forest vegetation, and monitoring factors such as abundance, distribution, species richness, and biomass. Regions such as North-Eastern, Eastern, Central, and North-Western India, ecosystems such as grasslands, deserts and wetlands, organisms such as macrofungi, amphibians, and reptiles (other than turtles) are underrepresented. Short turnover times of funding and permits were most frequently reported as hurdles in sustaining LTEM efforts. Data from LTEM efforts have been largely used to produce academic outputs such as journal articles, but have also found use for on-the-ground conservation efforts. Overall, this synthesis can help draw attention to the need for systematic long-term ecological monitoring, help efficient utilisation of existing long-term ecological data, identify regions, species and ecosystem components that are underrepresented in Indian LTEM efforts, foster collaborations, and serve as a starting point to address challenges in sustaining LTEM efforts in India. Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest.