Using Peroxymonosulfate-Ozone Advanced Oxidation For The Treated Wastewater Disinfection and Amoxicillin Micro-Pollutant Removal Simultaneously

Using Peroxymonosulfate-Ozone Advanced Oxidation For The Treated Wastewater Disinfection and Amoxicillin Micro-Pollutant Removal Simultaneously | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Using Peroxymonosulfate-Ozone Advanced Oxidation For The Treated Wastewater Disinfection and Amoxicillin Micro-Pollutant Removal Simultaneously Gagik Badalians Gholikandi, Atefeh Mollazadeh, Hamidreza Farimaniraad, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-947027/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Due to the recent efforts to improve the conventional disinfection methods efficiency of wastewater treatment plants effluent, in this study, the efficiency of the peroxymonosulfate-ozone (PMS+O 3 ) advanced oxidation process in lab scale by the aim of disinfection and simultaneous removal of existing amoxicillin micro-pollutant under optimum operational condition was investigated for the first time. Furthermore, the results were compared with those obtained from the experiments conducted employing persulfate-ozone (PS+O 3 ), hydrogen peroxide-ozone (H 2 O 2 +O 3 ), and ozonation (O 3 ) processes. For this purpose, the main parameters including the total coliforms, amoxicillin concentration, turbidity, chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD 5 ), total nitrogen (TN), electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), and total suspended solids (TSS) were considered. The test results show that under optimized operational conditions (retention time of 20 minutes, ozone dosage rate of 0.83 mmol/L, and peroxymonosulfate concentration of 0.06 mmol , 99.99% total coliforms (e.g., the number of total coliforms reached consistently less than 400 MPN in 100 ml) removal was reached by peroxymonosulfate-ozone advanced oxidation process. Also, amoxicillin concentration removal efficiency reached 90±2%. In comparison, although the total coliforms reduction of PS+O 3 and H 2 O 2 +O 3 methods in 30 min are approximately the same, the amoxicillin concentration removal efficiency is about 60-70%. Due to the importance of ensuring effluent quality, the related removal efficiency of other considered parameters is also evaluated and presented. Eventually, the peroxymonosulfate-ozone method can be considered as a novel efficient approach for wastewater plants effluent disinfection and amoxicillin micro-pollutant removal simultaneously which is a novel approach. Environmental Engineering Disinfection amoxicillin advanced oxidation processes peroxymonosulfate persulfate-ozone hydrogen peroxide ozonation Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 1. Introduction Although reusing the treated wastewater for urban and agricultural purposes has been considered as a part of integrated management of extractable water resources (US Environmental Protection Agency 2012 ; Ofori et al. 2021 ), the risk of pathogenic microorganisms discharges in the environment caused by inappropriate disinfected wastewater is one of the important concerns (Nasuhoglu et al. 2018 ). Therefore, the necessity of an efficient and ensured disinfection method for effluent of urban wastewater treatment plants is obvious (Malato et al. 2009 ). In recent decades, pharmaceutical compounds residuals have been considered as the most important water contaminant due to their wide variety, high consumption, and stability in the environment (Homem and Santos 2011 ; Zaied et al. 2020 ). Among various pharmaceutical compounds, special attention has been given to the antibiotics due to their capability of producing antibiotical resistance in pathogen bacteria (Dimitrakopoulou et al. 2012 ; Zhou et al. 2021 ). More than 65% of consumed antibiotics in the world belong to the β-lactam group (Githinji et al. 2011 ). Amoxicillin is a broad-spectrum β-lactam antibiotic (with a chemical formula of C 16 H 19 N 3 O 5 S and a molecular weight of 365.4 g/mol) which belongs to penicillin group and is used systematically for the treatment of gastrointestinal bacterial infections in medicine and veterinary medicine (1998; Putra et al. 2009 ; Gao et al. 2020 ). In the previous studies, some methods were used to remove amoxicillin from water sources including: biological adsorption, advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), ion-exchange, coagulation/flocculation and combination of these methods (Kanakaraju et al. 2018 ; García-Menéndez et al. 2020 ; Rekhate and Srivastava 2020 ; Jalali et al. 2021 ). In the present study, removal of amoxicillin and disinfection of treated wastewater was conducted simultaneously using peroxymonosulfate-ozone advanced oxidation process. Ozone is a powerful disinfectant and oxidant that is traditionally applied for water and wastewater treatment and higher disinfection efficiency compared to chlorination and ultraviolet (UV) radiation processes (Verma et al. 2015 ). In real experience, ozone is quite selective in the oxidation of organic compounds, and it has a very low reactivity with aromatics compounds (such as amoxicillin) (Oh et al. 2003 ). So, the advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) were used to dominate the ozone limitation. Using advanced oxidation methods result in the production of hydroxyl radical (OH ° ) (E ° =2.8), (Rodríguez-Chueca et al. 2017 ; Badalians Gholikandi et al. 2018 ) which has high reactivity and acts in a non-selective way (Gholikandi et al. 2017b ). The results of studies of recent years have always indicated the capability of advanced oxidation methods in significant removal of the microbial community in the tested specimens (Badalians Gholikandi et al. 2014 , 2018 ; Gholikandi et al. 2017a , b ; Gholikandi and Kazemirad 2018 ; Masihi and Badalians Gholikandi 2018 ; Rasouli Sadabad and Badalians Gholikandi 2018 ). In the last decade, studies on advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) based on sulfate have increased (Guerra-Rodríguez et al. 2018 ). Sulfate radicals have high oxidation reactivity (E = 2.5-3.1V) (Cong et al. 2015 ; Wu et al. 2019 ) and acceptable performance at a wide range of pH values of 4–9 (Ren et al. 2015 ). They are often obtained by activating peroxymonosulfate (PMS: HSO 5 ¯ ) and persulfate (PS: S 2 O 8 2− ) using ozone, heat, UV, ultrasound, or heterogeneous and homogenous catalysts (Alkhuraiji et al. 2017 ; Rodríguez-Chueca et al. 2017 ; Wacławek et al. 2017 ; Wang and Wang 2018a , b ; Latif et al. 2019 ). Studies have been conducted on sulfate-based AOP methods for deactivation of pathogenic Escherichia coli (Wordofa et al. 2017 ; Xia et al. 2018 ). Ozone/hydrogen peroxide (O3/H2O2) is also used in water treatment facilities to remove many organic micropollutants. The O3/H2O2 process, also known as peroxone AOP, uses a radical chain system to decompose ozone, which is activated by the hydroperoxide anion \({\text{H}\text{O}}_{2}^{-}\) (Rekhate and Srivastava 2020 ). Badalians Gholikandi et al. ( 2018 ) conducted a comparative study on sludge stabilization using H 2 O 2 + O 3 , PMS + O 3 , PS + O 3 , and O 3 methods and found that PMS + O 3 had a better performance than the other methods (Badalians Gholikandi et al. 2018 ). In this study, the PMS + O 3 advanced oxidation process which is able to produce sulfate and hydroxyl radicals simultaneously was employed to remove total coliforms and amoxicillin micropollutant from the urban wastewater treatment plant effluent. Also, the obtained results were compared with ozonation, hydrogen peroxide-ozone, and persulfate-ozone methods capability. The comparison is made in the first instance based on the two main parameters, e.g., total coliforms and amoxicillin removal. Further, the main parameters for removal efficiency under optimized operational conditions as the main considered parameters relating to wastewater treatment plants effluent quality were analyzed including the total coliforms, amoxicillin concentration, turbidity, chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD 5 ), total nitrogen (TN), EC, total dissolved solids (TDS), and total suspended solids (TSS). 2. Materials And Methods 2.1. Materials 2.1.1. Treated wastewater Sample (before disinfection) The treated wastewater samples (wastewater treatment plant effluent before chlorination) used in this experiment were taken daily from the activated sludge urban wastewater treatment plant which is located in the north east Tehran. Characteristics of the treated wastewater samples are listed in Table 1. Table 1 The characteristics of the treated wastewater samples. Parameter Unit Value pH - 7.1 ± 0.2 Total coliform MPN in 100 milliliter (2.1 ± 0.3)×10 6 Turbidity NTU 10 ± 3 Chemical oxygen demand (COD) mg/L 34 ± 5 Biological oxygen demand (BOD 5 ) mg/L 20 ± 5 Total Nitrogen (TN) mg/L 40 ± 5 Total phosphorus (TP) mg/L 10 ± 2 Temperature ˚C 18 ± 1 Electrical conductivity(EC) µS⁄cm 715 ± 20 Total dissolved solid (TDS) mg/L 453 ± 50 Total suspended solids (TSS) mg/L 18 ± 5 2.1.2 Test Setup A cylindrical reactor in a laboratory scale with a diameter of 3 cm and a height of 40 cm was used to conduct the studies (Fig. 1 ). The ozone generator (Arda Company, Ozoneplus series-COG high voltage) with a capacity of 500 mg/h was employed to produce ozone. In addition, two gas washing bottles were attached in series to test the reactor's output ozone. 2.1.3. Used materials Potassium peroxymonosulfate, potassium persulfate, and hydrogen peroxide (35%) purchased from Merck Company and amoxicillin made by Sigma-Aldrich Company were utilized in this experiment. 2.2. Experimental procedure In order to measure the Total Suspended Solids (TSS) concentration, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) concentration, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD 5 ), Total Nitrogen (TN) concentration, Total Phosphorus (TP) concentration, ozone concentration, and total coliform, the following methods were used respectively: 2540D, 2540C, 5220D, 5210B, 4500N-C, 4500B-C, 2350E, and 9221B standard methods (APHA 1992 ). Also, HANNA pH meter-211, OSK 14821 conductivity meter, and Lovibond turbicheck devices were used to measure pH, electrical conductivity, and turbidity, respectively. In order to measure the concentration of amoxicillin, the Jenway 6315 UV-spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 228.3 nm was used (Weng et al. 2013 ). The experiment was conducted in the reactor shown in Fig. 1 . The initial concentration of amoxicillin was considered to be 36.5 mg/L because the concentration of more than 36.5 mg/L leads to minimal inhibitory for the test organisms (Moreira et al. 2015 ). The concentration of amoxicillin was zero at effluent (treated wastewater sample), and amoxicillin was added synthetically to the samples. 3. Results 3.1. Reduction of total coliform and amoxicillin In the present study, the effect of using H 2 O 2 + O 3 , PMS + O 3 , PS + O 3, and O 3 on the removal of total coliform has been studied, and the optimum operational conditions have been determined. In these processes, radicals of hydroxyl or sulfate (or both of them) act as oxidation agents. Therefore, increasing the production of these agents leads to an increase in the removal of total coliform. An allowable limit for the total coliforms, e.g., 400 MPN in 100 ml, was considered as the criterion for successful disinfection of wastewater (in this way, the allowable limit criterion for the presence of fecal coliform according to the wastewater reuse standards for agricultural purposes is met, too). Regarding the importance of the removal of specific contaminants with a pharmaceutical origin, the amoxicillin removal as one of the commonly residual drugs in wastewater was also investigated. Also, the theoretically required ozone dosage to disinfect secondary clarifier output is 0.083 to 0.2 mmol/L (Tchobanoglous et al. 1990 ) that in this study the dosage of ozone was considered to be 0.083 mmol/L which is the least dosage needed for ozonation according to Metcalf and Eddy (Metcalf and Eddy 2003 ). 3.1.1. Ozone and hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 + O 3 ) As shown in Fig. 2 , in the absence of H 2 O 2 , when only the ozone participates in the reaction, the amount of the log (MPN) decreases after a reaction time of 30 min from 6.3 to 3.7, e.g., the number of coliforms becomes from 2100000 to 5300 MPN/100 ml. In this method, the production of hydroxyl radical is occurred based on Reaction 1 (Munter 2001 ). After starting the hydrogen peroxide addition, when its dosage reaches 0.35 mmol/L, the amount of log (MPN) decreases after a reaction time of 30 min from 6.3 (2100000) to 2.8 (624). In the same reaction time, by increasing the dosage of hydrogen peroxide to 0.7 mmol/L and then 1.05 mmol/L, the amount of log (MPN) reduces from 6.3 (2100000) to 2.27 (185) and 1.81 (65), respectively. Based on the obtained results, by increasing the dose of H 2 O 2 , the amount of total coliform removal, increases, too. The highest amount of removal is for H 2 O 2 dosage of 1.05 mmol/L in a reaction time of 30 minutes. However, the optimum operating conditions of the reactor to achieve the allowable maximum coliforms number of 400 in 100 ml can be obtained by H 2 O 2 dosage of 0.7 mmol/L and a reaction time of 20 min, resulting in log (MPN) = 2.57 (e.g., 371 MPN/100 ml < 400). H 2 O 2 + 2O 3 →2OH°+3O 2 (1) 3.1.2. Ozone and peroxymonosulfate (PMS + O 3 ) As shown in Fig. 3 , in the absence of PMS, when only ozone participates in the reaction, the amount of the log (MPN) after a reaction time of 30 minutes, reduces from 6.3 (2100000) to 3.7 (5300). In this method, the production of hydroxyl and sulfate radicals is carried out based on Reactions 2–9 (Yang et al. 2015 , 2016 ; Badalians Gholikandi et al. 2018 ). After starting the dosing of peroxymonosulfate, while its concentration reaches 0.03 mmol/L, the amount of log (MPN) after a reaction time of 30 min reduces from 6.3 (2100000) to 3.12 (1324). In the same reaction time, by increasing the dosage of peroxymonosulfate to 0.06 mmol/L and then 0.09 mmol/L, the amount of log (MPN) reduces from 6.3 (2100000) to 2.16 (145) and 1.98 (95), respectively. Based on the obtained results, it can be said that by increasing the dose of PMS, the amount of total coliform removal, increases, too. The highest removal efficiency is by a PMS dosage of 0.09 mmol/L in a reaction time of 30 min. It should be noted, however, that the optimum operational conditions for the reactor to achieve the allowable limit of maximum 400 coliforms in 100 ml in a PMS dosage of 0.06 mmol/L, can be obtained by achieving log (MPN) = 2.16 (e.g.145 MPN/100ml) in a reaction time of 20 minutes. O 3 + OH − →HO 2 − +O 2 (2) O 3 + HO 2 − →OH 2 ˚ +O 3 −˚ (3) O 3 −˚ +H 2 O →OH ˚ + O 2 + OH − (4) KSO 5 ↔K + +HSO 5 − (5) HSO 5 − →H + +SO 5 2− (6) SO 5 2− +O 3 → SO 5 −˚ + O 3 −˚ (7) SO 5 −˚ +O 3 → SO 4 −˚ +2O 2 (8) 2SO 5 −˚ → 2SO 4 −˚ +O 2 (9) 3.1.3. Ozone and persulfate (PS + O 3 ) As shown in Fig. 4 , when the dosage of PS is zero, the amount of the log (MPN) reduces after a reaction time of 30 min from 6.3 (2100000) to 3.7 (5300). In this method, the production of sulfate radical is carried out according to the reaction 10 (Reisner, 2016). When the injection of persulfate is started, and its dosage reaches 1 mmol/L, the amount of log (MPN) decreases after 30 min from 6.3 (2100000) to 3.36 (2298). In the same reaction time, by increasing the dosage of persulfate to 2 mmol/L and then 3 mmol/L, the amount of log (MPN) reduces from 6.3 (2100000) to 3.04 (1105) and 2.64 (435), respectively. Based on the obtained results, it can be said that by increasing the dose of PS, the amount of total coliform removal, increases, too. The highest amount of removal is for a PS dosage of 3 mmol/L in a reaction time of 30 minutes. S 2 O 8 2− +OH ˚ →SO 4 −˚ +SO 4 −° +1/2O 2 + H + (10) 3.1.4. Amoxicillin removal Amoxicillin was not present in treated wastewater. The concentration of 36.5 mg / L of amoxicillin was added synthetically to the samples. Under optimum conditions of methods, their ability to remove amoxicillin was studied. PMS + O3, H2O2 + O3, and PS + O3 methods reduced amoxicillin levels by 90, 62.5 and 67.5%, respectively, in addition, to reduce total coliforms to the standard limit. Also, O 3 alone reduced the amount of amoxicillin by 53.6%. As the results showed, the PMS + O 3 method had the best performance and had the ability to disinfect and reduce the micropollutant simultaneously. As it can be seen from the results, high concentrations of H 2 O 2, PS and PMS did not further increase the efficiency of the process which can be due to the fact that the excessive dose of oxidants could not act as scavenger of and and also it can facilitate the abundant to transform into the useless ions which can cause a decrease in removal of amoxicillin. 3.2. Other Parameters analysis The effect of using H 2 O 2 + O 3 , PMS + O 3 , and PS + O 3 on the qualitative parameters of wastewater discharge including turbidity, COD, BOD 5 , TN, TP, EC, TSS, and TDS has been investigated under optimum conditions of disinfection, the results of which are shown in Tables 2 and 3 . Table 2 The effect of methods on characteristics of the treated wastewater sample Parameter Unit Effluent Methods PMS + O 3 PS + O 3 H 2 O 2 + O 3 O 3 optimal Condition Time min - 20 30 20 30 Dosage of the PMS,PS, H 2 O 2 and O 3 mmol/L - 0.06 3 0.7 0.083 Turbidity NTU 7.39 2.78 2.89 3.43 4.21 Chemical oxygen demand (COD) mg/L 36 23 34 16 35 Biological oxygen demand (BOD 5 ) mg/L 21 16 19 13 19 Total nitrogen(TN) mg/L 38.67 38.67 38.67 38.67 38.67 Total phosphorus(TP) mg/L 10.5 10.5 10.5 10.5 10.5 Temperature ºC 17.8 17.6 17.6 17.6 17.8 Electrical conductivity(EC) µS/cm 709 878 1695 692 712 Total dissolved solids (TDS) mg/L 471 569 1154 470 472 Total suspended solids (TSS) mg/L 15.6 3.8 4.2 5.1 10.2 Table 3 The removal efficiency of methods on turbidity, COD, BOD, and TSS of the treated wastewater sample Parameter Unit Methods PMS + O 3 PS + O 3 H 2 O 2 + O 3 O 3 optimal Condition Time min 20 30 20 30 Dosage of the PMS,PS and H 2 O 2 mmol/L 0.06 3 0.7 0.083 Turbidity removal % 62.4 60.9 53.6 43 COD removal % 36 5.56 55.56 2.7 BOD removal % 23.8 9.5 38.1 9.5 TSS removal % 75.6 73.1 67.3 34.6 Based on the results, a comparison between investigated methods under optimum operational conditions at a temperature of 17.6℃ and constant ozone dosage rate of 0.083 mmol/L shows the following removal efficiencies: turbidity removal of PMS + O 3 (= 62%), PS + O 3 (= 61%), and H 2 O 2 + O 3 (= 54%); COD removal of H 2 O 2 + O 3 (= 56%), PMS + O 3 (= 36%), and PS + O 3 (= 6%); BOD 5 removal of H 2 O 2 + O 3 (= 38%), PMS + O 3 (= 24%), and PS + O 3 (= 10%); TSS removal of PMS + O 3 (= 76%), PS + O 3 (= 74%), and H 2 O 2 + O 3 (= 67%), and amoxicillin removal of PMS + O 3 (= 90 ± 5%), PS + O 3 (= 67 ± 5%), and H 2 O 2 + O 3 (= 62 ± 5%). The EC value at the temperature of 17.6°C was H2O2 + O3, PMS + O3, and PS + O3, respectively as the lowest values. TDS for the raw sample was measured 471 mg/L, whereas it reached 569 mg/L, 1154 mg/L, and 470 mg/L using the PMS + O 3 , PS + O 3 , and H 2 O 2 + O 3 methods, respectively. None of the methods had an effect on the TN and TP concentrations. 4. Overall Discussion In this study, treated wastewater effluent disinfection and residual amoxicillin removal employing PMS + O 3 , PS + O 3 , H 2 O 2 + O 3, and O 3 alone with the aim of secure availability for reuse purposes were investigated. Under the same operation conditions, O 3 alone is incapable of achieving coliforms reduction requirement in this regard. The PMS + O 3 process is an appropriate method to reach efficient disinfection of wastewater treatment plants effluent and to achieve an effective residual amoxicillin removal simultaneously. In comparison to other investigated methods, higher efficiency in turbidity and TSS removal is achievable. Regarding other parameters, e.g., COD and BOD 5 , the removal efficiency is still considerable. Summing up the results, it can be concluded that this method is very useful for effluent of a pharmaceutical sewage treatment plant. Although this method is incapable of removing existing TN and TP concentrations, adverse byproducts generation in reaction with these parameters is not feasible. 5. Conclusion Special attention has been given to the reliable usage of urban sewage treatment plants’ wastewater in agriculture and greenspace irrigation in recent decades. Especially optimum disinfection of wastewater discharge is one of the main prerequisites of reuse. In this study, a new approach for improving the performance of ozone disinfection method by simultaneous usage of ozone compared to ozone/persulfate and ozone/hydrogen peroxide has been studied. The focus of recent researches has been on the presence of micropollutants in sewage treatment plants’ wastewater, including the residue of pharmaceutical materials, therefore in this research the possible amount of amoxicillin removal under optimum conditions of the mentioned methods was evaluated. Although the obtained results indicate an almost identical performance of disinfection for the studied methods, the amount of amoxicillin removal in ozone/peroxymonosulfate method was higher than the other ones. It was also found that this method can remove amoxicillin and similar pharmaceutical materials in addition to wastewater disinfection. Therefore, the ozone/peroxymonosulfate method is proposed as a new novel approach for amoxicillin removal. Complementary study on the possible byproducts of the process on a semi-industrial scale is essential in follow-up to this research. Abbreviations ˚C Centigrade g gram h hour L Liter µS microsiemens mg milligram ml milliliter mm millimeter mmol millimole min minute MPN Most Probable Number nm nanometer NTU Nephelometric Turbidity Unit V Volt Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate: Not applicable Consent for publication: Not applicable Availability of data and materials: The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Competing interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests Funding: No funding was received for conducting this study. Authors' contributions: All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by Atefeh Mollazadeh, Hamidreza Masihi and Gagik Badalians Gholikandi. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Hamidreza Farimaniraad and Atefeh Mollazadeh. 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Int Biodeterior Biodegrad 104:. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2015.07.008 Rodríguez-Chueca J, Silva T, Fernandes JR et al (2017) Inactivation of pathogenic microorganisms in freshwater using HSO5–/UV-A LED and HSO5–/Mn+/UV-A LED oxidation processes. Water Res 123:. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2017.06.021 Tchobanoglous G, Burton FL, Stensel HD (1990) Metcalf & Eddy-Wastewater Engineering - Treatment and Reuse (4th edition). Bull. Int. Union Tuberc. Lung Dis. 65 US Environmental Protection Agency (2012) Guidelines for Water Reuse. Development 26 Verma K, Gupta KD, Gupta AB (2015) A review on sewage disinfection and need of improvement. Desalin. Water Treat. 56 Wacławek S, Lutze HV, Grübel K et al (2017) Chemistry of persulfates in water and wastewater treatment: A review. Chem. Eng. J. 330 Wang J, Wang S (2018a) Activation of persulfate (PS) and peroxymonosulfate (PMS) and application for the degradation of emerging contaminants. Chem. Eng. J. 334 Wang S, Wang J (2018b) Degradation of carbamazepine by radiation-induced activation of peroxymonosulfate. Chem Eng J 336:. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2017.12.068 Weng X, Lin S, Zhong Y, Chen Z (2013) Chitosan stabilized bimetallic Fe/Ni nanoparticles used to remove mixed contaminants-amoxicillin and Cd (II) from aqueous solutions. Chem Eng J 229:. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2013.05.096 Wordofa DN, Walker SL, Liu H (2017) Sulfate Radical-Induced Disinfection of Pathogenic Escherichia coli O157:H7 via Iron-Activated Persulfate. Environ Sci Technol Lett 4:. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.7b00035 Wu G, Qin W, Sun L et al (2019) Role of peroxymonosulfate on enhancing ozonation for micropollutant degradation: Performance evaluation, mechanism insight and kinetics study. Chem Eng J 360:. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2018.11.183 Xia D, He H, Liu H et al (2018) Persulfate-mediated catalytic and photocatalytic bacterial inactivation by magnetic natural ilmenite. Appl Catal B Environ 238:. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2018.07.003 Yang Y, Guo H, Zhang Y et al (2016) Degradation of Bisphenol A Using Ozone/Persulfate Process: Kinetics and Mechanism. Water Air Soil Pollut 227:. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-016-2746-x Yang Y, Jiang J, Lu X et al (2015) Production of Sulfate Radical and Hydroxyl Radical by Reaction of Ozone with Peroxymonosulfate: A Novel Advanced Oxidation Process. Environ Sci Technol 49:. https://doi.org/10.1021/es506362e Zaied BK, Rashid M, Nasrullah M et al (2020) A comprehensive review on contaminants removal from pharmaceutical wastewater by electrocoagulation process. Sci. Total Environ. 726 Zhou Q, Li X, Wu S et al (2021) Enhanced Strategies for Antibiotic Removal from Swine Wastewater in Anaerobic Digestion. Trends Biotechnol. 39 Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-947027","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":56060451,"identity":"acd0b73e-ff3f-4e4d-99cc-bbd85e5be432","order_by":0,"name":"Gagik Badalians Gholikandi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Shahid Beheshti University","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Gagik","middleName":"Badalians","lastName":"Gholikandi","suffix":""},{"id":56060452,"identity":"7ce60975-aa36-4c44-8e0c-c7c041aa4e85","order_by":1,"name":"Atefeh Mollazadeh","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Shahid Beheshti University","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Atefeh","middleName":"","lastName":"Mollazadeh","suffix":""},{"id":56060453,"identity":"954e377e-01df-4db7-aa8b-b87860e843e6","order_by":2,"name":"Hamidreza Farimaniraad","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABCElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACAyA+wANmMj4AEsxyIOaBB8RpYQaxmY3BWhIIaGFA1pLYAGLj02LOfjrxwNs9Nvb8DcxsH37UWKfPDzv8EGiLnZxuA3Ytlj25Gw7OeZbGLHGAmXlmz7H03I230wyAWpKNzQ7gcNiB3A2HeQ4cZmM4wH+YgYftcO7G2QkgLQcSt+HScv4tSMt/HnmgLYx//h1ON5yd/gG/lhtgWw5IGAC1MPO2HU6Ql84hYMuNt0C/HEg2MDwM1CLbl264QTqn4ECCAR6/nM/d/OHNATt7uePNzIxvvlnLy89O3/zhQ4WdHC4tCMAMDxAwSUg5MpBvIEX1KBgFo2AUjAQAAEOPZWRH6tLtAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9359-843X","institution":"University of Tehran Faculty of Environment","correspondingAuthor":true,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Hamidreza","middleName":"","lastName":"Farimaniraad","suffix":""},{"id":56060454,"identity":"54e40763-510c-46fb-8dca-c7c8557a9083","order_by":3,"name":"Hamidreza Masihi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Shahid Beheshti University","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Hamidreza","middleName":"","lastName":"Masihi","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2021-09-28 21:09:58","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-947027/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-947027/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":14487785,"identity":"f621b837-4bde-4c8b-b11e-7ba7b470b519","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-10-13 14:33:52","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":87334,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Schematics of the test setup","description":"","filename":"fig1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-947027/v1/5e81d0cad18021cb1150813f.png"},{"id":14488397,"identity":"d345e1d0-0a23-4530-85a6-ce68521fc41e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-10-13 14:36:52","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":48425,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"The effect of H2O2+O3 method on the removal of total coliform in constant conditions of pH = 6.9 ± 0.1 and ozone doze = 0.083 mmol/L.","description":"","filename":"fig2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-947027/v1/1e34fea6ca004e078811a6e3.png"},{"id":14488786,"identity":"71298640-afdd-4fca-95fa-871ff23a38d7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-10-13 14:39:52","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":47417,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"The effect of PMS+O3 process on the removal of total coliform in constant conditions of pH = 6.9 ± 0.1 and ozone doze = 0.083 mmol/L.","description":"","filename":"fig3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-947027/v1/17f6b639ceed15f8b8d7eef8.png"},{"id":14487787,"identity":"24def8b0-3090-4847-86b8-b8384301474b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-10-13 14:33:52","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":25049,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"The effect of PS+O3 method on the removal of total coliform in constant conditions of pH = 6.9 ± 0.1 and ozone doze = 0.083 mmol/L.","description":"","filename":"fig4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-947027/v1/0179c66ad05822358ec21731.png"},{"id":15520749,"identity":"1b51ff76-b194-455b-9613-b0c99c41cea7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-11-14 15:02:15","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":599256,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-947027/v1/aec6bd55-8d48-4c50-909e-695ce276c64a.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eUsing Peroxymonosulfate-Ozone Advanced Oxidation For The Treated Wastewater Disinfection and Amoxicillin Micro-Pollutant Removal Simultaneously\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eAlthough reusing the treated wastewater for urban and agricultural purposes has been considered as a part of integrated management of extractable water resources (US Environmental Protection Agency \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e; Ofori et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e), the risk of pathogenic microorganisms discharges in the environment caused by inappropriate disinfected wastewater is one of the important concerns (Nasuhoglu et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). Therefore, the necessity of an efficient and ensured disinfection method for effluent of urban wastewater treatment plants is obvious (Malato et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn recent decades, pharmaceutical compounds residuals have been considered as the most important water contaminant due to their wide variety, high consumption, and stability in the environment (Homem and Santos \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e; Zaied et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Among various pharmaceutical compounds, special attention has been given to the antibiotics due to their capability of producing antibiotical resistance in pathogen bacteria (Dimitrakopoulou et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e; Zhou et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). More than 65% of consumed antibiotics in the world belong to the \u0026beta;-lactam group (Githinji et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e). Amoxicillin is a broad-spectrum \u0026beta;-lactam antibiotic (with a chemical formula of C\u003csub\u003e16\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e19\u003c/sub\u003eN\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003eS and a molecular weight of 365.4 g/mol) which belongs to penicillin group and is used systematically for the treatment of gastrointestinal bacterial infections in medicine and veterinary medicine (1998; Putra et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e; Gao et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). In the previous studies, some methods were used to remove amoxicillin from water sources including: biological adsorption, advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), ion-exchange, coagulation/flocculation and combination of these methods (Kanakaraju et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Garc\u0026iacute;a-Men\u0026eacute;ndez et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Rekhate and Srivastava \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Jalali et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). In the present study, removal of amoxicillin and disinfection of treated wastewater was conducted simultaneously using peroxymonosulfate-ozone advanced oxidation process.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOzone is a powerful disinfectant and oxidant that is traditionally applied for water and wastewater treatment and higher disinfection efficiency compared to chlorination and ultraviolet (UV) radiation processes (Verma et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). In real experience, ozone is quite selective in the oxidation of organic compounds, and it has a very low reactivity with aromatics compounds (such as amoxicillin) (Oh et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e). So, the advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) were used to dominate the ozone limitation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUsing advanced oxidation methods result in the production of hydroxyl radical (OH\u003csup\u003e\u0026deg;\u003c/sup\u003e) (E\u003csup\u003e\u0026deg;\u003c/sup\u003e=2.8), (Rodr\u0026iacute;guez-Chueca et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Badalians Gholikandi et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e) which has high reactivity and acts in a non-selective way (Gholikandi et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017b\u003c/span\u003e). The results of studies of recent years have always indicated the capability of advanced oxidation methods in significant removal of the microbial community in the tested specimens (Badalians Gholikandi et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Gholikandi et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017a\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003eb\u003c/span\u003e; Gholikandi and Kazemirad \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Masihi and Badalians Gholikandi \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Rasouli Sadabad and Badalians Gholikandi \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). In the last decade, studies on advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) based on sulfate have increased (Guerra-Rodr\u0026iacute;guez et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). Sulfate radicals have high oxidation reactivity (E\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.5-3.1V) (Cong et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Wu et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e) and acceptable performance at a wide range of pH values of 4\u0026ndash;9 (Ren et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). They are often obtained by activating peroxymonosulfate (PMS: HSO\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u0026macr;\u003c/sup\u003e) and persulfate (PS: S\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e) using ozone, heat, UV, ultrasound, or heterogeneous and homogenous catalysts (Alkhuraiji et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Rodr\u0026iacute;guez-Chueca et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Wacławek et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Wang and Wang \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018a\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003eb\u003c/span\u003e; Latif et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Studies have been conducted on sulfate-based AOP methods for deactivation of pathogenic Escherichia coli (Wordofa et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Xia et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). Ozone/hydrogen peroxide (O3/H2O2) is also used in water treatment facilities to remove many organic micropollutants. The O3/H2O2 process, also known as peroxone AOP, uses a radical chain system to decompose ozone, which is activated by the hydroperoxide anion \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({\\text{H}\\text{O}}_{2}^{-}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e(Rekhate and Srivastava \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Badalians Gholikandi et al. (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e) conducted a comparative study on sludge stabilization using H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;O\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e, PMS\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;O\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e, PS\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;O\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e, and O\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e methods and found that PMS\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;O\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e had a better performance than the other methods (Badalians Gholikandi et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn this study, the PMS\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;O\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e advanced oxidation process which is able to produce sulfate and hydroxyl radicals simultaneously was employed to remove total coliforms and amoxicillin micropollutant from the urban wastewater treatment plant effluent. Also, the obtained results were compared with ozonation, hydrogen peroxide-ozone, and persulfate-ozone methods capability. The comparison is made in the first instance based on the two main parameters, e.g., total coliforms and amoxicillin removal. Further, the main parameters for removal efficiency under optimized operational conditions as the main considered parameters relating to wastewater treatment plants effluent quality were analyzed including the total coliforms, amoxicillin concentration, turbidity, chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e), total nitrogen (TN), EC, total dissolved solids (TDS), and total suspended solids (TSS).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Materials And Methods","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"Section2\" id=\"Sec3\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.1. Materials\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"Section3\" id=\"Sec4\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.1.1. Treated wastewater Sample (before disinfection)\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe treated wastewater samples (wastewater treatment plant effluent before chlorination) used in this experiment were taken daily from the activated sludge urban wastewater treatment plant which is located in the north east Tehran. Characteristics of the treated wastewater samples are listed in Table\u0026nbsp;1.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe characteristics of the treated wastewater samples.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" id=\"Tabb\"\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eParameter\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 34.5199%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnit\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" style=\"width: 21.4789%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eValue\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" style=\"width: 1.7605%;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003epH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 34.4398%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 21.655%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 1.7605%;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal coliform\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 34.4398%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMPN in 100 milliliter\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 21.655%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(2.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3)\u0026times;10\u003csup\u003e6\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 1.7605%;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTurbidity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 34.4398%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNTU\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 21.655%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 1.7605%;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChemical oxygen demand (COD)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 34.4398%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emg/L\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 21.655%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 1.7605%;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBiological oxygen demand (BOD\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 34.4398%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emg/L\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 21.655%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 1.7605%;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal Nitrogen (TN)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 34.4398%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emg/L\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 21.655%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 1.7605%;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal phosphorus (TP)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 34.4398%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emg/L\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 21.655%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 1.7605%;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTemperature\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 34.4398%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e˚C\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 21.655%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 1.7605%;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eElectrical conductivity(EC)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 34.4398%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026micro;S\u0026frasl;cm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 21.655%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e715\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 1.7605%;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal dissolved solid (TDS)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 34.4398%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emg/L\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 21.655%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e453\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 1.7605%;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal suspended solids (TSS)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 34.4398%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emg/L\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 21.655%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 1.7605%;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"Section3\" id=\"Sec5\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.1.2 Test Setup\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA cylindrical reactor in a laboratory scale with a diameter of 3 cm and a height of \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e40 cm\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e was used to conduct the studies (Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). The ozone generator (Arda Company, Ozoneplus series-COG high voltage) with a capacity of \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e500 mg/h\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e was employed to produce ozone. In addition, two gas washing bottles were attached in series to test the reactor\u0026apos;s output ozone.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"Section3\" id=\"Sec6\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.1.3. Used materials\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePotassium peroxymonosulfate, potassium persulfate, and hydrogen peroxide (35%) purchased from Merck Company and amoxicillin made by Sigma-Aldrich Company were utilized in this experiment.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"Section2\" id=\"Sec7\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.2. Experimental procedure\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIn order to measure the Total Suspended Solids (TSS) concentration, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) concentration, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e), Total Nitrogen (TN) concentration, Total Phosphorus (TP) concentration, ozone concentration, and total coliform, the following methods were used respectively: 2540D, 2540C, 5220D, 5210B, 4500N-C, 4500B-C, 2350E, and 9221B standard methods (APHA \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1992\u003c/span\u003e). Also, HANNA pH meter-211, OSK 14821 conductivity meter, and Lovibond turbicheck devices were used to measure pH, electrical conductivity, and turbidity, respectively. In order to measure the concentration of amoxicillin, the Jenway 6315 UV-spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 228.3 nm was used (Weng et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). The experiment was conducted in the reactor shown in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. The initial concentration of amoxicillin was considered to be 36.5 mg/L because the concentration of more than 36.5 mg/L leads to minimal inhibitory for the test organisms (Moreira et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). The concentration of amoxicillin was zero at effluent (treated wastewater sample), and amoxicillin was added synthetically to the samples.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. Results","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"Section2\" id=\"Sec9\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.1. Reduction of total coliform and amoxicillin\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIn the present study, the effect of using H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;O\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e, PMS\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;O\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e, PS\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;O\u003csub\u003e3,\u003c/sub\u003e and O\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e on the removal of total coliform has been studied, and the optimum operational conditions have been determined. In these processes, radicals of hydroxyl or sulfate (or both of them) act as oxidation agents. Therefore, increasing the production of these agents leads to an increase in the removal of total coliform. An allowable limit for the total coliforms, e.g., 400 MPN in 100 ml, was considered as the criterion for successful disinfection of wastewater (in this way, the allowable limit criterion for the presence of fecal coliform according to the wastewater reuse standards for agricultural purposes is met, too). Regarding the importance of the removal of specific contaminants with a pharmaceutical origin, the amoxicillin removal as one of the commonly residual drugs in wastewater was also investigated. Also, the theoretically required ozone dosage to disinfect secondary clarifier output is 0.083 to 0.2 mmol/L (Tchobanoglous et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1990\u003c/span\u003e) that in this study the dosage of ozone was considered to be 0.083 mmol/L which is the least dosage needed for ozonation according to Metcalf and Eddy (Metcalf and Eddy \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"Section3\" id=\"Sec10\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.1.1. Ozone and hydrogen peroxide (H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;O\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAs shown in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, in the absence of H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, when only the ozone participates in the reaction, the amount of the log (MPN) decreases after a reaction time of 30 min from 6.3 to 3.7, e.g., the number of coliforms becomes from 2100000 to 5300 MPN/100 ml. In this method, the production of hydroxyl radical is occurred based on Reaction 1 (Munter \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e). After starting the hydrogen peroxide addition, when its dosage reaches 0.35 mmol/L, the amount of log (MPN) decreases after a reaction time of 30 min from 6.3 (2100000) to 2.8 (624). In the same reaction time, by increasing the dosage of hydrogen peroxide to 0.7 mmol/L and then 1.05 mmol/L, the amount of log (MPN) reduces from 6.3 (2100000) to 2.27 (185) and 1.81 (65), respectively. Based on the obtained results, by increasing the dose of H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, the amount of total coliform removal, increases, too. The highest amount of removal is for H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e dosage of 1.05 mmol/L in a reaction time of 30 minutes. However, the optimum operating conditions of the reactor to achieve the allowable maximum coliforms number of 400 in 100 ml can be obtained by H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e dosage of 0.7 mmol/L and a reaction time of 20 min, resulting in log (MPN)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.57 (e.g., 371 MPN/100 ml\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;400).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;2O\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026rarr;2OH\u0026deg;+3O\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e (1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"Section3\" id=\"Sec11\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.1.2. Ozone and peroxymonosulfate (PMS\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;O\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAs shown in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, in the absence of PMS, when only ozone participates in the reaction, the amount of the log (MPN) after a reaction time of 30 minutes, reduces from 6.3 (2100000) to 3.7 (5300). In this method, the production of hydroxyl and sulfate radicals is carried out based on Reactions 2\u0026ndash;9 (Yang et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Badalians Gholikandi et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). After starting the dosing of peroxymonosulfate, while its concentration reaches 0.03 mmol/L, the amount of log (MPN) after a reaction time of 30 min reduces from 6.3 (2100000) to 3.12 (1324). In the same reaction time, by increasing the dosage of peroxymonosulfate to 0.06 mmol/L and then 0.09 mmol/L, the amount of log (MPN) reduces from 6.3 (2100000) to 2.16 (145) and 1.98 (95), respectively. Based on the obtained results, it can be said that by increasing the dose of PMS, the amount of total coliform removal, increases, too. The highest removal efficiency is by a PMS dosage of 0.09 mmol/L in a reaction time of 30 min. It should be noted, however, that the optimum operational conditions for the reactor to achieve the allowable limit of maximum 400 coliforms in 100 ml in a PMS dosage of 0.06 mmol/L, can be obtained by achieving log (MPN)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.16 (e.g.145 MPN/100ml) in a reaction time of 20 minutes.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;OH\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026rarr;HO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e+O\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e (2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;HO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026rarr;OH\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e˚\u003c/sup\u003e+O\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;˚\u003c/sup\u003e (3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;˚\u003c/sup\u003e+H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO \u0026rarr;OH\u003csup\u003e˚\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;O\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;OH\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e (4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKSO\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026harr;K\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e+HSO\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e (5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHSO\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026rarr;H\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e+SO\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e (6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSO\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e+O\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026rarr; SO\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;˚\u003c/sup\u003e+ O\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;˚\u003c/sup\u003e (7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSO\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;˚\u003c/sup\u003e+O\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026rarr; SO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;˚\u003c/sup\u003e +2O\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e (8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2SO\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;˚\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026rarr; 2SO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;˚\u003c/sup\u003e +O\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e (9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"Section3\" id=\"Sec12\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.1.3. Ozone and persulfate (PS\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;O\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAs shown in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, when the dosage of PS is zero, the amount of the log (MPN) reduces after a reaction time of 30 min from 6.3 (2100000) to 3.7 (5300). In this method, the production of sulfate radical is carried out according to the reaction 10 (Reisner, 2016). When the injection of persulfate is started, and its dosage reaches 1 mmol/L, the amount of log (MPN) decreases after 30 min from 6.3 (2100000) to 3.36 (2298). In the same reaction time, by increasing the dosage of persulfate to 2 mmol/L and then 3 mmol/L, the amount of log (MPN) reduces from 6.3 (2100000) to 3.04 (1105) and 2.64 (435), respectively. Based on the obtained results, it can be said that by increasing the dose of PS, the amount of total coliform removal, increases, too. The highest amount of removal is for a PS dosage of 3 mmol/L in a reaction time of 30 minutes.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e+OH\u003csup\u003e˚\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026rarr;SO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;˚\u003c/sup\u003e+SO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026deg;\u003c/sup\u003e+1/2O\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;H\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e (10)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"Section3\" id=\"Sec13\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.1.4. Amoxicillin removal\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAmoxicillin was not present in treated wastewater. The concentration of 36.5 mg / L of amoxicillin was added synthetically to the samples. Under optimum conditions of methods, their ability to remove amoxicillin was studied. PMS\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;O3, H2O2\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;O3, and PS\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;O3 methods reduced amoxicillin levels by 90, 62.5 and 67.5%, respectively, in addition, to reduce total coliforms to the standard limit. Also, O\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e alone reduced the amount of amoxicillin by 53.6%. As the results showed, the PMS\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;O\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e method had the best performance and had the ability to disinfect and reduce the micropollutant simultaneously. As it can be seen from the results, high concentrations of H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2,\u003c/sub\u003e PS and PMS did not further increase the efficiency of the process which can be due to the fact that the excessive dose of oxidants could not act as scavenger of \u003cimg src=\"data:image/png;base64,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\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;and \u003cimg src=\"data:image/png;base64,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\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;and also it can facilitate the abundant\u003cimg src=\"data:image/png;base64,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\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;to transform into the useless \u0026nbsp;ions which can cause a decrease in removal of amoxicillin.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"Section2\" id=\"Sec14\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.2. Other Parameters analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe effect of using H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;O\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e, PMS\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;O\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e, and PS\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;O\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e on the qualitative parameters of wastewater discharge including turbidity, COD, BOD\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e, TN, TP, EC, TSS, and TDS has been investigated under optimum conditions of disinfection, the results of which are shown in Tables 2 and \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe effect of methods on characteristics of the treated wastewater sample\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" id=\"Tab1\"\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eParameter\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnit\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEffluent\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMethods\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 5.9725%;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" style=\"width: 1.3782%;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePMS\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;O\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePS\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;O\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;O\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" style=\"width: 5.9725%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" style=\"width: 1.3782%;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eoptimal Condition\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTime\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 5.9725%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 1.3782%;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDosage of the PMS,PS, H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and O\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emmol/L\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 5.9725%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.083\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 1.3782%;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTurbidity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNTU\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 5.9725%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 1.3782%;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChemical oxygen demand (COD)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emg/L\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 5.9725%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 1.3782%;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBiological oxygen demand (BOD\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emg/L\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 5.9725%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 1.3782%;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal nitrogen(TN)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emg/L\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 5.9725%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 1.3782%;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal phosphorus(TP)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emg/L\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 5.9725%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 1.3782%;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTemperature\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026ordm;C\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 5.9725%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 1.3782%;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eElectrical conductivity(EC)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026micro;S/cm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e709\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e878\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1695\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e692\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 5.9725%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e712\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 1.3782%;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal dissolved solids (TDS)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emg/L\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e471\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e569\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1154\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e470\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 5.9725%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e472\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 1.3782%;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal suspended solids (TSS)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emg/L\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 5.9725%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 1.3782%;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003eTable 3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003eThe removal efficiency of methods on turbidity, COD, BOD, and TSS of the treated wastewater sample\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" id=\"Tabf\"\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eParameter\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnit\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMethods\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePMS\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;O\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePS\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;O\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;O\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eoptimal Condition\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTime\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDosage of the PMS,PS and H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emmol/L\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.083\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTurbidity removal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCOD removal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBOD removal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTSS removal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBased on the results, a comparison between investigated methods under optimum operational conditions at a temperature of 17.6℃ and constant ozone dosage rate of 0.083 mmol/L shows the following removal efficiencies: turbidity removal of PMS\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;O\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e (=\u0026thinsp;62%), PS\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;O\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e (=\u0026thinsp;61%), and H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;O\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e (=\u0026thinsp;54%); COD removal of H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;O\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e (=\u0026thinsp;56%), PMS\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;O\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e (=\u0026thinsp;36%), and PS\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;O\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e (=\u0026thinsp;6%); BOD\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e removal of H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;O\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e (=\u0026thinsp;38%), PMS\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;O\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e (=\u0026thinsp;24%), and PS\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;O\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e (=\u0026thinsp;10%); TSS removal of PMS\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;O\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e (=\u0026thinsp;76%), PS\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;O\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e (=\u0026thinsp;74%), and H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;O\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e (=\u0026thinsp;67%), and amoxicillin removal of PMS\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;O\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e (=\u0026thinsp;90\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5%), PS\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;O\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e (=\u0026thinsp;67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5%), and H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;O\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e (=\u0026thinsp;62\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5%). The EC value at the temperature of 17.6\u0026deg;C was H2O2\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;O3, PMS\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;O3, and PS\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;O3, respectively as the lowest values. TDS for the raw sample was measured 471 mg/L, whereas it reached 569 mg/L, 1154 mg/L, and 470 mg/L using the PMS\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;O\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e, PS\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;O\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e, and H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;O\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e methods, respectively. None of the methods had an effect on the TN and TP concentrations.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4. Overall Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn this study, treated wastewater effluent disinfection and residual amoxicillin removal employing PMS\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;O\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e, PS\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;O\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e, H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;O\u003csub\u003e3,\u003c/sub\u003e and O\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e alone with the aim of secure availability for reuse purposes were investigated. Under the same operation conditions, O\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e alone is incapable of achieving coliforms reduction requirement in this regard. The PMS\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;O\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e process is an appropriate method to reach efficient disinfection of wastewater treatment plants effluent and to achieve an effective residual amoxicillin removal simultaneously. In comparison to other investigated methods, higher efficiency in turbidity and TSS removal is achievable. Regarding other parameters, e.g., COD and BOD\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e, the removal efficiency is still considerable. Summing up the results, it can be concluded that this method is very useful for effluent of a pharmaceutical sewage treatment plant. Although this method is incapable of removing existing TN and TP concentrations, adverse byproducts generation in reaction with these parameters is not feasible.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"5. Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eSpecial attention has been given to the reliable usage of urban sewage treatment plants\u0026rsquo; wastewater in agriculture and greenspace irrigation in recent decades. Especially optimum disinfection of wastewater discharge is one of the main prerequisites of reuse. In this study, a new approach for improving the performance of ozone disinfection method by simultaneous usage of ozone compared to ozone/persulfate and ozone/hydrogen peroxide has been studied. The focus of recent researches has been on the presence of micropollutants in sewage treatment plants\u0026rsquo; wastewater, including the residue of pharmaceutical materials, therefore in this research the possible amount of amoxicillin removal under optimum conditions of the mentioned methods was evaluated. Although the obtained results indicate an almost identical performance of disinfection for the studied methods, the amount of amoxicillin removal in ozone/peroxymonosulfate method was higher than the other ones. It was also found that this method can remove amoxicillin and similar pharmaceutical materials in addition to wastewater disinfection. Therefore, the ozone/peroxymonosulfate method is proposed as a new novel approach for amoxicillin removal. Complementary study on the possible byproducts of the process on a semi-industrial scale is essential in follow-up to this research.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable border=\"1\" id=\"Taba\"\u003e\n \u003ccolgroup cols=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n \n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e˚C\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCentigrade\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eg\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003egram\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eh\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ehour\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLiter\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026micro;S\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emicrosiemens\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emg\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emilligram\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eml\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emilliliter\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emillimeter\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emmol\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emillimole\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eminute\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMPN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMost Probable Number\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003enm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003enanometer\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNTU\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNephelometric Turbidity Unit\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eV\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVolt\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate:\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eConsent for publication:\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eAvailability of data and materials:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe datasets used and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eCompeting interests:\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no competing interests\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eFunding:\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo funding was received for conducting this study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eAuthors\u0026apos; contributions:\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by Atefeh Mollazadeh, Hamidreza Masihi and Gagik Badalians Gholikandi. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Hamidreza Farimaniraad and Atefeh Mollazadeh. All authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eConflicts of interests:\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors have no conflicts of interest to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHPLC Methods for Pharmaceutical Analysis. 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Trends Biotechnol. 39\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Disinfection, amoxicillin, advanced oxidation processes, peroxymonosulfate, persulfate-ozone, hydrogen peroxide, ozonation","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-947027/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-947027/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eDue to the recent efforts to improve the conventional disinfection methods efficiency of wastewater treatment plants effluent, in this study, the efficiency of the peroxymonosulfate-ozone (PMS+O\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e) advanced oxidation process in lab scale by the aim of disinfection and simultaneous removal of existing amoxicillin micro-pollutant under optimum operational condition was investigated for the first time. Furthermore, the results were compared with those obtained from the experiments conducted employing persulfate-ozone (PS+O\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e), hydrogen peroxide-ozone (H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e+O\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e), and ozonation (O\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e) processes. For this purpose, the main parameters including the total coliforms, amoxicillin concentration, turbidity, chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e), total nitrogen (TN), electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), and total suspended solids (TSS) were considered. The test results show that under optimized operational conditions (retention time of 20 minutes, ozone dosage rate of 0.83 mmol/L, and peroxymonosulfate concentration of 0.06 mmol , 99.99% total coliforms (e.g., the number of total coliforms reached consistently less than 400 MPN in 100 ml) removal was reached by peroxymonosulfate-ozone advanced oxidation process. Also, amoxicillin concentration removal efficiency reached 90±2%. In comparison, although the total coliforms reduction of PS+O\u003csub\u003e3 \u003c/sub\u003eand H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e+O\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e methods in 30 min are approximately the same, the amoxicillin concentration removal efficiency is about 60-70%. Due to the importance of ensuring effluent quality, the related removal efficiency of other considered parameters is also evaluated and presented. Eventually, the peroxymonosulfate-ozone method can be considered as a novel efficient approach for wastewater plants effluent disinfection and amoxicillin micro-pollutant removal simultaneously which is a novel approach.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Using Peroxymonosulfate-Ozone Advanced Oxidation For The Treated Wastewater Disinfection and Amoxicillin Micro-Pollutant Removal Simultaneously","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2021-10-13 14:33:50","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-947027/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"571ed30b-8079-4bbf-97e4-065a1c910220","owner":[],"postedDate":"October 13th, 2021","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":7814935,"name":"Environmental Engineering"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2021-11-14T15:02:07+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2021-10-13 14:33:50","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-947027","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-947027","identity":"rs-947027","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"WrCJVZZCHTDjtuVLN7oU0","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}