From Parental Conflict to Sleep Problems: How Cultural Scripts Shape Children’s Emotional Security and Subject ive Well-Being

From Parental Conflict to Sleep Problems: How Cultural Scripts Shape Children’s Emotional Security and Subject ive Well-Being | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article From Parental Conflict to Sleep Problems: How Cultural Scripts Shape Children’s Emotional Security and Subject ive Well-Being Hongxia Hou, Yaxin Guan, Tiantian Luo This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8985132/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 13 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract In Chinese cultural contexts, family harmony is regarded as a foundational condition for individual development and well-being. Grounded in the cultural script of “family harmony fosters prosperity” (jia he wan shi xing), the present study examines the mechanisms linking parental conflict to children’s sleep quality, with particular attention to the mediating and sequential mediating roles of emotional insecurity and subjective well-being.A mixed-method design combining questionnaire surveys and semi-structured interviews was employed. The sample consisted of 900 third- to sixth-grade students recruited from a primary school in China. Quantitative data were analyzed using correlation analyses and structural equation modeling.The results indicated that: ( 1 ) parental conflict significantly predicted poorer sleep quality among children; ( 2 ) emotional insecurity and subjective well-being each independently mediated the association between parental conflict and sleep quality; and ( 3 ) emotional insecurity and subjective well-being jointly formed a significant sequential mediation pathway between parental conflict and sleep quality.Qualitative findings further revealed that children frequently interpreted parental conflict as a signal of family instability. This perception heightened sustained emotional vigilance and undermined their sense of well-being, which in turn interfered with nighttime relaxation and sleep regulation.By integrating cultural context with psychological mechanisms, this study advances understanding of how family relational risk affects children’s sleep and provides theoretical support for culturally responsive family-based interventions and sleep promotion strategies. Children Parental conflict Sleep quality Emotional insecurity Subjective well-being Family relational culture Figures Figure 1 1 Introduction Childhood is developmentally characterized as a period in which sleep should unfold naturally and restoratively. Yet an increasing number of children experience chronic sleep insufficiency and poor sleep quality. Paradoxically, despite continuous improvements in material living conditions, children’s sleep health has not improved accordingly; instead, it has shown a concerning downward trend.Sleep is a fundamental component of human circadian regulation and plays a critical role in physiological restoration, cognitive integration, memory consolidation, and emotional regulation (Vandekerckhove & Cluydts, 2010). Childhood represents a sensitive developmental window marked by rapid maturation of the nervous system, emotional regulation capacities, and executive functioning (Vijandran Mariappan & Mukhtar, 2024). Adequate and high-quality sleep is therefore indispensable for healthy development and long-term well-being (Altchuler, 2009).However, according to the 2022 China Sleep Health White Paper issued by the Chinese Sleep Research Society, the average sleep duration among Chinese children aged 6–12 years is only 7.65 hours—substantially below the recommended 10 hours. Difficulties initiating sleep, frequent nocturnal awakenings, and overall poor sleep quality are widely reported. Sleep disturbances in childhood are associated not only with impaired emotional regulation and neurocognitive development, but also with reduced executive functioning, diminished academic motivation, poorer academic performance, and heightened long-term risk for mental health problems. Against this backdrop, a central question emerges: What factors persistently shape—and potentially erode—children’s sleep quality?Existing research suggests that beyond physiological determinants and academic stress, the family environment constitutes one of the most influential contextual factors affecting children’s sleep. According to Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory (Bronfenbrenner, 1979), the family represents the core microsystem of child development, and interaction patterns within this system exert foundational influences on children’s physical and psychological functioning.Family systems theory further posits that the family is not merely an aggregation of individuals but a highly interdependent and dynamic system. The stability of relational patterns within this system directly shapes children’s emotional security and behavioral regulation strategies.Among various family risk factors, parental conflict has been identified as a prototypical indicator of family dysfunction. A substantial body of empirical evidence demonstrates that parental conflict is associated with shorter sleep duration, increased sleep onset latency, and more frequent nighttime awakenings in children. Importantly, research indicates that even preschool-aged children possess the cognitive capacity to perceive and interpret interparental conflict (Liu et al., 2020). This suggests that the impact of parental conflict is not confined to indirect behavioral pathways; rather, it can directly penetrate children’s emotional and cognitive systems, exerting sustained influence on their daily psychological and physiological regulation processes. Particularly noteworthy is that the impact of parental conflict on children’s sleep does not occur within a culturally neutral vacuum. Rather, it is deeply embedded in broader sociocultural value systems that shape how family interactions are perceived, interpreted, and emotionally processed.In traditional Chinese culture, the maxim “family harmony fosters prosperity” (jia he wan shi xing) has long functioned as a central normative principle governing family life. Family harmony is not merely a moral ideal; it is widely regarded as a foundational condition for academic success, character development, and life fulfillment. Through prolonged processes of cultural socialization, children internalize strong expectations regarding family stability and parental relational harmony from early developmental stages. Within this cultural framework, parental conflict is not simply perceived as a transient interpersonal disagreement, but rather as a potential threat to fundamental security and future prospects. Compared to Western cultural contexts, which tend to emphasize individual autonomy and clearer emotional boundaries between family members, Chinese children may be more psychologically attuned to interparental dynamics. Consequently, their emotional reactivity and downstream psychological consequences in response to parental conflict may be more pronounced. Under the cultural script of family harmony as a prerequisite for life success, the marital relationship is not confined to the private sphere; instead, it becomes a core psychological reference point through which children interpret the world, evaluate themselves, and construct expectations about their future. Despite these culturally embedded dynamics, most empirical studies examining parental conflict and children’s sleep have been conducted in Western populations. Relatively little attention has been devoted to the structural features of Chinese family relationships, culturally specific value orientations, and their potential moderating role in shaping children’s sleep outcomes. Existing theoretical models often implicitly assume cultural homogeneity, conceptualizing parental conflict as a culturally neutral family risk factor. Such assumptions overlook the normative force and emotional regulatory function of “family harmony” within Chinese society. Moreover, from a developmental perspective, prior research has predominantly focused on adolescents or college students, with comparatively limited systematic investigation of school-aged children, particularly those in middle to late childhood. In response to these gaps, the present study situates parental conflict within the Chinese cultural framework of jia he wan shi xing and focuses on children aged 9–12 years (upper elementary grades). We systematically examine the association between parental conflict and children’s sleep quality, as well as the underlying psychological pathways. Unlike approaches that decontextualize family conflict processes, this study emphasizes that the psychological consequences of parental conflict are shaped by the cultural value system in which they are embedded. Accordingly, its mechanisms must be understood within specific sociocultural contexts. To more comprehensively capture how parental conflict is perceived, interpreted, and internalized by children in contemporary Chinese culture, we supplement quantitative analyses with semi-structured interviews. These interviews center on children’s subjective narratives concerning family harmony, parental conflict, and their sleep experiences. By integrating cultural meaning-making processes with psychological and physiological regulation mechanisms, this study seeks to elucidate how family risk factors are transformed—through culturally informed interpretation—into emotional experiences and sleep-related outcomes.In doing so, the study provides empirically grounded insights into how culturally embedded family dynamics shape child development and offers theoretical guidance for developing context-sensitive family interventions and child health promotion models with cross-cultural relevance. Sleep quality is typically defined as a multidimensional construct reflecting children’s regularity of sleep schedules, adequacy of sleep duration, sleep onset latency, frequency of nighttime awakenings, presence of sleep disturbances, and daytime functional status (Paruthi et al., 2016). Guided by ecological models of human development, prior research has identified determinants of children’s sleep across individual, peer, and family domains, constructing integrative frameworks that account for multiple interacting influences. Within these models, adverse family environments have consistently emerged as salient risk factors for sleep problems (Wang et al., 2025). Among family-level variables, the quality of family relationships—particularly the stability of the interparental relationship—has been identified as a critical contextual condition shaping children’s sleep rhythms and sleep continuity (Prest & Protinsky, 2007).Family systems theory provides an important theoretical lens for understanding the association between parental conflict and children’s sleep. This framework conceptualizes the family as a highly interactive and interdependent system in which behaviors and emotional states are mutually influential and capable of generating cascading effects across subsystems. From this perspective, children’s sleep disturbances should not be viewed as isolated individual symptoms, but rather as manifestations of systemic imbalance within the family context. As key members of the family system, children’s psychological development and social adjustment are closely tied to the stability and supportiveness of the family environment. Interparental conflict may not only destabilize parent–child and sibling relationships, but may also influence children’s emotional regulation and behavioral functioning through processes of emotional transmission and heightened physiological arousal. Empirically, parental conflict is commonly defined as verbal or behavioral discord between partners arising from disagreements, including overt arguments, hostile interactions, and persistent relational tension (Cummings et al., 2006). A robust body of evidence indicates that frequent, intense, and unresolved destructive conflict significantly predicts sleep onset difficulties, shallow sleep, increased nighttime awakenings, recurrent nightmares, and reduced sleep efficiency in children (Holmes et al., 2013). Longitudinal research further demonstrates that early exposure to high levels of parental conflict is associated with elevated risk of subsequent sleep problems, suggesting relatively stable and enduring effects over time (Holmes et al., 2013). Findings from Chinese samples similarly support the negative association between parental conflict and children’s sleep quality. Some indigenous studies suggest that within a cultural context emphasizing family harmony and relational interdependence, family tension may be more readily experienced as chronic stress by children, thereby increasing vulnerability to sleep disturbances. Moreover, both marital conflict (Lin et al., 2018) and parent–child conflict (Druzian et al., 2024) have been shown to disrupt children’s sleep–wake regulation by elevating physiological arousal and intensifying negative emotional experiences.Taken together, the existing evidence—both international and within Chinese contexts—indicates that parental conflict constitutes a significant family-level risk factor for children’s sleep quality. These findings provide an empirical foundation for further examining the psychological mechanisms through which parental conflict may influence children’s sleep outcomes. Emotional insecurity refers to a negative affective state that develops when children, exposed to adverse family environments such as parental conflict, experience persistent concerns about the stability of family relationships (Cummings et al., 2006). Emotional Security Theory posits that repeated exposure to interparental conflict disrupts children’s expectations of family stability, eliciting anxiety, fear, and helplessness, and ultimately fostering heightened levels of emotional insecurity (Cummings & Davies, 2010).Prolonged emotional insecurity not only undermines children’s emotion regulation capacities but also increases vulnerability to maladjustment (Davies & Cummings, 1998). From a family interaction perspective, the spillover hypothesis further suggests that negative emotions and hostility within the marital subsystem may transfer to the parent–child subsystem, reducing parental warmth and responsiveness. This process compromises children’s regulatory capacities and behavioral control (Warmuth et al., 2018). Both longitudinal and cross-lagged studies have consistently demonstrated that parental conflict significantly predicts increases in children’s emotional insecurity over time. In turn, emotional insecurity has been widely validated as a central explanatory mechanism linking interparental conflict to children’s psychological maladjustment and behavioral problems (Kelly & El-Sheikh, 2013).Within the Chinese cultural context, this psychological process may be further amplified by the normative value of jia he wan shi xing (“family harmony fosters prosperity”). Family harmony is not merely a relational preference but a culturally institutionalized expectation associated with individual growth and future success. Under this cultural framework, children may be especially likely to interpret parental conflict as a signal of familial instability and disorder. Such interpretations may intensify perceived threats to personal security and developmental prospects, thereby heightening emotional insecurity responses. Importantly, emotional insecurity may not only erode psychological well-being but also directly interfere with sleep processes. According to the broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions, negative affect constrains the accumulation and regulation of psychological and physiological resources. Sleep, as a core restorative resource, is particularly sensitive to emotional states. Elevated emotional insecurity may contribute to sustained emotional vigilance, increased physiological arousal, and difficulty achieving pre-sleep relaxation. Empirical evidence suggests that children with higher levels of emotional insecurity are more prone to emotional volatility and accumulation of negative affect, which in turn predict sleep onset difficulties, frequent nighttime awakenings, and poorer sleep quality (Keller & El-Sheikh, 2011).Taken together, these findings suggest that emotional insecurity may serve as a critical mediating mechanism linking parental conflict to children’s sleep quality. Subjective well-being refers to individuals’ overall cognitive evaluations of their life circumstances and their accompanying affective experiences (Zhou et al., 2017). A substantial body of research indicates that parental conflict undermines family functioning and emotional support, thereby increasing children’s vulnerability to depressive symptoms, social anxiety, and other forms of negative affect, which in turn diminish their subjective well-being (Zhou et al., 2017).Within the Chinese cultural context, this process may be further intensified by the cultural belief that “family harmony fosters prosperity.” This value orientation positions family harmony as a foundational condition for happiness and successful development. Consequently, children may tightly associate the quality of family relationships with their own sense of life satisfaction and well-being. When parental conflict occurs frequently, children may not only experience immediate emotional distress but also interpret such conflict as a sign of familial disorder and future uncertainty. These interpretations may contribute to enduring negative evaluations of their life circumstances and diminished subjective well-being. From a theoretical standpoint, the broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions posits that positive affect facilitates the accumulation of cognitive, psychological, and physiological resources, whereas negative emotional states constrain this resource-building process (Zhi et al., 2016). Sleep quality, as a critical physiological resource, is particularly sensitive to fluctuations in emotional well-being. Empirical evidence suggests that lower levels of subjective well-being are associated with increased sleep onset difficulties, more frequent nighttime awakenings, and reduced sleep efficiency (Olawale et al., 2017). Conversely, higher levels of well-being are linked to more stable emotional regulation, greater pre-sleep calmness, and improved sleep continuity (Zhi et al., 2016). Diminished subjective well-being may therefore disrupt sleep through multiple pathways. First, reduced life satisfaction and increased negative affect may intensify pre-sleep rumination and emotional arousal. Second, lower well-being may compromise physiological relaxation and circadian regulation, thereby impairing sleep initiation and maintenance. In contrast, children with higher levels of subjective well-being typically demonstrate more adaptive emotional regulation strategies and greater psychological resilience, which facilitate smoother transitions to sleep and more stable sleep patterns.Taken together, these findings suggest that subjective well-being may function as an important mediating mechanism linking parental conflict to children’s sleep quality. Subjective well-being primarily comprises two core components: life satisfaction and affective experiences, including both positive and negative emotions (Villavicencio & Bernardo, 2013). Existing research indicates that emotional insecurity is a significant psychological factor that undermines children’s subjective well-being (Xu, 2016).On the one hand, elevated emotional insecurity impairs children’s emotion regulation capacity and emotional stability, increases anxiety and fear, and heightens negative affect, thereby reducing positive emotional experiences. On the other hand, persistent concerns about the stability of family relationships may weaken children’s sense of trust and intimacy within the family, ultimately lowering their life satisfaction.Within the Chinese cultural context of jia he wan shi xing (“family harmony fosters prosperity”), children are more likely to use the quality of family relationships as an important reference point when evaluating their own well-being. In a cultural environment that strongly emphasizes family harmony, parental conflict is more readily internalized as a threat to family stability and future prospects. This process may intensify emotional insecurity, diminish subjective well-being, and ultimately exert adverse effects on sleep quality. Drawing upon Emotional Security Theory, Family Systems Theory, and the broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions, the present study examines the mechanisms linking parental conflict to children’s sleep quality within the Chinese cultural framework of jia he wan shi xing (“family harmony fosters prosperity”). In a sociocultural context where family harmony carries strong normative significance, parental conflict is more likely to be internalized as a threat to family stability and future well-being. Such interpretations may influence children’s sleep through emotional and well-being-related processes.Based on this rationale, the following hypotheses are proposed: H1: Parental conflict will significantly predict poorer sleep quality in children. H2: Emotional insecurity will mediate the association between parental conflict and children’s sleep quality. H3: Subjective well-being will mediate the association between parental conflict and children’s sleep quality. H4: Emotional insecurity and subjective well-being will jointly form a sequential mediation pathway linking parental conflict to children’s sleep quality. 2. Materials and Methods 2.1. Participants According to the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, children are defined as individuals under the age of 18. Within the Chinese educational context, primary school students are typically between 6 and 12 years old. This developmental period represents a critical stage marked by rapid maturation of sleep rhythms, emotional regulation capacities, and self-evaluative processes, making it theoretically and empirically significant for the present investigation.The study recruited students from Grades 3 to 6 at a public primary school in China. A cluster sampling strategy was employed, with classrooms serving as the sampling units. Paper-based questionnaires were administered collectively within classrooms. A total of 941 questionnaires were collected. After excluding invalid responses (e.g., incomplete or patterned answers), 900 valid questionnaires were retained, yielding an effective response rate of 94.3%. The final sample consisted of 480 boys (53.3%) and 420 girls (46.7%). In terms of grade distribution, 200 students were in Grade 3 (22.2%), 272 in Grade 4 (30.2%), 171 in Grade 5 (19.0%), and 257 in Grade 6 (28.6%). The sample size was adequate for structural equation modeling, and demographic characteristics were relatively balanced across gender and grade levels (Table 1 ). Table 1 Demographic Characteristics of the Sample Variable Category Frequency Percentage Gender Male 480 53.3% Female 420 46.7% Household registration location Urban 656 72.9% Rural 244 27.1% Grade Grade 3 (Age 9) 200 22.2% Grade 4 (Age 10) 272 30.2% Grade 5 (Age 11) 171 19.0% Grade 6 (Age 12) 257 28.6% Only child Yes 103 11.4% No 797 88.6% Parents divorced Yes 59 6.6% No 841 93.4% Living with grandparents Yes 165 18.3% No 735 81.7% Has a private bedroom Yes 693 77.0% No 207 23.0% Sleeps alone Yes 761 84.6% No 139 15.4% To further contextualize and interpret the quantitative findings within the Chinese cultural framework, a qualitative component was incorporated. Following completion of the survey, a subset of students was invited to participate in semi-structured interviews. Efforts were made to ensure variation in gender and grade level among interview participants.The interviews focused on children’s understanding of family harmony, their subjective experiences of parental conflict, and their perceptions of sleep-related experiences. Interviews were conducted individually in a quiet setting within the school and lasted approximately 10–20 minutes. With the consent of both the child and their legal guardian, interviews were audio-recorded. Written informed consent was obtained from guardians, and verbal assent was obtained from participating children prior to data collection.The qualitative data were used solely to supplement and interpret the quantitative findings and were not employed to test additional hypotheses. 2.2. Materials 2.2.1.Demographic Questionnaire A self-developed demographic questionnaire was used to collect participants’ background information, including gender, grade level, only-child status, co-residence with grandparents, whether the child has a private bedroom, whether the child sleeps alone, and parental educational background. 2.2.2.Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) Children's sleep quality was assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), originally developed by Buysse et al. (1989) and adapted for Chinese children by Liu and Tang (1996). The scale consists of 18 items scored on a 3-point Likert scale, covering seven components such as sleep quality, use of sleep medication, and daytime dysfunction. Higher total scores indicate poorer sleep quality. In this study, the model fit indices were acceptable: χ²/df = 5.84, RMSEA = 0.06, NFI = 0.93, RFI = 0.85, IFI = 0.94, TLI = 0.87, CFI = 0.94, and the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was 0.81, indicating good reliability and validity. 2.2.3.Index of Well-being Subjective well-being was measured using the Index of Well-being (IWB) developed by Campbell et al. (1976). The scale includes 9 items rated on a 7-point Likert scale. The first 8 items have equal weights, while the ninth item carries a weight of 1.1. Higher scores represent higher levels of subjective well-being. In the present study, the model fit indices were: χ²/df = 5.39, RMSEA = 0.06, NFI = 0.97, RFI = 0.95, IFI = 0.98, TLI = 0.96, CFI = 0.98, and the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was 0.92, indicating excellent reliability and validity. 2.2.4.Children’s Perception of Interparental Conflict Scale (CPIC) Children’s perception of parental conflict was assessed using the CPIC, originally developed by Grych et al. (1992) and adapted for Chinese samples by Chi and Xin (2003). The scale consists of 38 items rated on a 4-point Likert scale (from "not at all true" to "completely true"), with higher scores indicating greater perceived interparental conflict. This scale has been widely validated for use with Chinese children. In this study, model fit indices were: χ²/df = 5.66, RMSEA = 0.08, NFI = 0.85, RFI = 0.83, IFI = 0.89, TLI = 0.82, CFI = 0.87, and Cronbach’s alpha was 0.89, indicating good psychometric properties. 2.2.5.Security in the Interparental Subsystem Scale Children’s emotional insecurity in the interparental context was measured using the Security in the Interparental Subsystem Scale, originally developed by Davies et al. (2002) and localized for Chinese populations by Wang et al. (2019). The scale consists of 17 items rated on a 4-point Likert scale, with higher scores indicating greater emotional insecurity. In the current study, the model fit indices were: χ²/df = 5.55, RMSEA = 0.06, NFI = 0.89, RFI = 0.85, IFI = 0.91, TLI = 0.87, CFI = 0.91, and Cronbach’s alpha was 0.89, demonstrating good reliability and construct validity. 2.3. Research Procedures and Data Analysis All data were entered using Microsoft Excel and subsequently imported into SPSS 26.0 and AMOS 24.0 for statistical analysis. Frequencies and percentages were reported for categorical variables, and all continuous variables were confirmed to follow a normal distribution. AMOS 24.0 was employed to examine the construct validity of the measurement instruments. Independent samples t-tests and one-way ANOVA were conducted using SPSS 26.0 to analyze demographic differences. Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients were calculated to explore associations among variables. Multiple linear regression analyses were conducted to examine the effects of interparental conflict, emotional insecurity, and subjective well-being on children's sleep quality. Finally, the PROCESS macro (Model 6) was used to test the chain mediating effects of emotional insecurity and subjective well-being in the relationship between interparental conflict and sleep quality. A significance level of p < 0.05 was adopted throughout the analyses. 3. Results 3.1. Common Method Bias Test To measure interparental conflict, emotional insecurity, subjective well-being, and sleep quality, this study employed a self-report questionnaire method. To minimize the potential influence of common method bias (CMB) resulting from the use of a single measurement method, measurement context, and data source, Harman’s single-factor test was conducted. An unrotated exploratory factor analysis extracted 17 factors with eigenvalues greater than 1. The variance explained by the first factor was 19.89%, which is below the critical threshold of 40%, indicating that serious common method bias was not present in this study. 3.2. Descriptive Statistics Descriptive statistics were conducted on children’s sleep quality and its subdimensions, interparental conflict, emotional insecurity, and subjective well-being. The results are presented in Table 2 . The skewness values of the variables ranged from − 1.10 to 0.23, and the kurtosis values ranged from − 0.43 to 1.70. All absolute values were below the thresholds of 3 and 8, respectively, indicating acceptable normality (Kline, 2016). Table 2 Descriptive Statistics for Main Study Variables (N = 900) Variable M SD Skewness Kurtosis Subjective Sleep Quality 0.75 0.72 1.10 1.70 Interparental Conflict 80.00 19.48 0.32 -0.25 Emotional Insecurity 33.64 10.24 0.23 -0.43 Subjective Well-being 52.63 10.89 -1.10 0.92 The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) was used to assess children’s sleep quality. According to Liu et al. (1996), a PSQI total score greater than 7 indicates poor sleep quality. This threshold has been validated for use with Chinese children by Yong et al. (2011). In the present study, 139 children (9.6% of the total sample) scored above this cutoff, indicating poor sleep quality. Detailed information is shown in Table 3 . Table 3 Number and Percentage of Children with Sleep Problems PSQI Total Score Frequency Percentage >7 139 9.6% 3.3. Correlation Analysis Correlation analyses were conducted using SPSS 26.0 to examine relationships among the main variables: interparental conflict, emotional insecurity, subjective well-being, and sleep quality. Results revealed that interparental conflict was positively correlated with emotional insecurity (r = 0.67, p < .001), and negatively correlated with subjective well-being (r = − 0.38, p < .001). It was also positively associated with poor sleep quality (r = 0.39, p < 0.001). Emotional insecurity was negatively correlated with subjective well-being (r = − 0.31, p < 0.001), and positively associated with poor sleep quality (r = 0.36, p < 0.001). Finally, subjective well-being was negatively associated with poor sleep quality (r =–0.51, p < 0.001). Full results are presented in Table 4 . Table 4 Correlations among Interparental Conflict, Emotional Insecurity, Subjective Well-being, and Sleep Quality (N = 900) Variable M SD 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1. Global Sleep Quality 0.75 0.72 1 2. Subjective Sleep Quality 0.81 0.95 0.69*** 1 3. Sleep Latency 0.34 0.57 0.65*** 0.36*** 1 4. Sleep Duration 0.21 0.57 0.55*** 0.20*** 0.22*** 1 5. Sleep Efficiency 0.94 0.64 0.40*** 0.07* 0.07* 0.62*** 1 6. Sleep Disturbances 0.07 0.45 0.67*** 0.42*** 0.33*** 0.19*** 0.10** 1 7. Use of Sleep Medication 0.70 0.88 0.34*** 0.09** 0.04 0.07* 0.07** 0.25*** 1 8. Daytime Dysfunction 3.64 2.85 0.70*** 0.51*** 0.29*** 0.17*** 0.02 0.45*** 0.19*** 1 9. Interparental Conflict 80.00 19.48 0.39*** 0.32*** 0.19*** 0.23*** 0.13*** 0.36*** 0.09** 0.27*** 1 10. Emotional Insecurity 33.64 10.24 0.36*** 0.31*** 0.21*** 0.18*** 0.04 0.34*** 0.08* 0.26*** 0.67*** 1 11. Subjective Well-being 52.63 10.89 -0.51*** -0.46*** -0.27*** -0.23*** -0.07* -0.40*** -0.14*** -0.43*** -0.38*** -0.31*** 1 3.4.Serial Multiple Mediation Analyses Based on the results of the correlation analyses, significant associations were found among interparental conflict, sleep quality, emotional insecurity, and subjective well-being. Therefore, subsequent regression analyses were conducted to further investigate the relationships among these variables. Specifically, serial multiple mediation models were used to examine the potential mediating roles of emotional insecurity and subjective well-being in the relationship between interparental conflict and children's sleep quality. 3.4.1.Regression Analysis of Interparental Conflict, Emotional Insecurity, and Subjective Well-being on Children's Sleep Quality A multiple linear regression analysis was conducted with children's sleep quality as the dependent variable and interparental conflict, emotional insecurity, and subjective well-being as independent variables. Based on prior demographic difference tests, the following variables were included as covariates: parental divorce, left-behind status, whether the child sleeps alone, co-residence with grandparents, student leadership status, and grade level. The results are shown in Table 5 . Table 5 Regression Analysis Predicting Children's Sleep Quality Dependent Variable Model 1 Model 2 Sleep Quality Sleep Quality β t β t Control Variables Parental Divorce -0.11 -3.21** -0.06 -2.20* Left-behind Child -0.09 -2.79** -0.07 -2.50* Sleeps Alone 0.08 2.29* 0.04 1.44 Co-resides with Grandparents -0.04 -1.21 -0.02 -0.52 Student Leadership 0.09 2.71** 0.10 0.55 Grade Level -0.02 -0.64 -0.01 -0.18 Independent Variables Interparental Conflict 0.11 2.76** Emotional Insecurity 0.15 4.29*** Subjective Well-being -0.41 -13.55*** Model Fit R2 0.04 0.33 Adj.R2 0.04 0.32 F 6.65*** 47.42*** As shown in Table 5 , after controlling for demographic variables, both interparental conflict and emotional insecurity significantly positively predicted children's sleep quality scores (β = 0.11 and 0.15, respectively, p = 0.006 and p < .001), whereas subjective well-being significantly negatively predicted sleep quality (β = − 0.41, p < .001), explaining 31.8% of the variance. 3.4.2.Regression Analysis of Interparental Conflict and Emotional Insecurity on Subjective Well-being A multiple linear regression analysis was also conducted with subjective well-being as the dependent variable, and interparental conflict and emotional insecurity as the independent variables. The same demographic variables were included as covariates. The results are presented in Table 6 . Table 6 Regression Analysis Predicting Children's Subjective Well-being Dependent Variable Model 1 Model 2 Subjective Well-being Subjective Well-being β t β t Control Variables Parental Divorce 0.05 1.45 -0.00 -0.03 Left-behind Child 0.04 1.05 0.02 0.58 Sleeps Alone -0.07 -2.12* -0.05 -1.70 Co-resides with Grandparents 0.06 1.89 0.06 2.04* Student Leadership -0.13 -3.78*** -0.08 -2.51* Grade Level -0.05 -1.45 -0.13 -3.96*** Independent Variables Interparental Conflict -0.32 -7.91*** Emotional Insecurity -0.10 -2.66** Model Fit R2 0.03 0.03 Adj.R2 0.18 0.17 F 5.20*** 23.84*** As shown in Table 6 , after controlling for demographic variables, both interparental conflict and emotional insecurity were significant negative predictors of children's subjective well-being (β = − 0.32 and − 0.10, respectively, p < .001 and p = .008), accounting for 16.9% of the variance. 3.4.3.Regression Analysis of Interparental Conflict on Children's Emotional Insecurity A multiple linear regression was conducted with emotional insecurity as the dependent variable and interparental conflict as the independent variable. Based on prior demographic tests, parental divorce, left-behind status, whether the child sleeps alone, co-residence with grandparents, student leadership status, and grade level were included as control variables. The results are shown in Table 7 . Table 7 Regression Analysis Predicting Children's Emotional Insecurity Dependent Variable Model 1 Model 2 Emotional Insecurity Emotional Insecurity β t β t Control Variables Parental Divorce -0.07 -2.10* 0.01 0.48 Left-behind Child -0.02 -0.63 0.01 0.34 Sleeps Alone 0.00 0.06 -0.03 -1.28 Co-resides with Grandparents 0.00 0.07 0.00 0.13 Student Leadership 0.06 1.68 -0.03 -1.05 Grade Level -0.09 -2.70** 0.05 1.62 Independent Variable Interparental Conflict 0.64 23.36*** Model Fit R2 0.02 0.39 Adj.R2 0.01 0.39 F 2.61* 81.56*** As shown in Table 7 , after controlling for demographic variables, interparental conflict significantly and positively predicted children's emotional insecurity (β = 0.64, p < .001), explaining 38.6% of the total variance. 3.5. Chain Mediation Model Test Based on the above regression results, a chain mediation analysis was conducted using the Process macro (Model 6) in SPSS 26.0. Interparental conflict was entered as the independent variable, sleep quality as the dependent variable, and emotional insecurity and subjective well-being as mediators. Control variables included parental divorce, left-behind status, whether the child sleeps alone, and grade level. The bootstrapping method was used (5000 samples, 95% confidence interval).The indirect effects accounted for 71.7% of the total effect, as detailed in Table 8 . Table 8 Results of the Mediation Effects of Emotional Insecurity and Subjective Well-being Effect Type Effect Size Boot SE 95% CI Lower 95% CI Upper Proportion of Total Effect Direct Effect 0.015 0.005 0.044 0.063 28.3% Interparental Conflict → Emotional Insecurity → Sleep Quality 0.014 0.004 0.008 0.021 26.4% Interparental Conflict → Subjective Well-being → Sleep Quality 0.019 0.003 0.014 0.026 35.8% Interparental Conflict → Emotional Insecurity → Subjective Well-being → Sleep Quality 0.004 0.002 0.001 0.007 7.5% The 95% confidence interval for the path Interparental Conflict → Emotional Insecurity → Sleep Quality was [0.008, 0.021], excluding zero, indicating a significant mediating effect. Interparental conflict influenced sleep quality indirectly through emotional insecurity, with an indirect effect size of 0.014, accounting for 26.4% of the total effect (0.053). The 95% confidence interval for the path Interparental Conflict → Subjective Well-being → Sleep Quality was [0.014, 0.026], also excluding zero, indicating a significant mediation. The indirect effect size was 0.019, accounting for 35.8% of the total effect. The 95% confidence interval for the chain path Interparental Conflict → Emotional Insecurity → Subjective Well-being → Sleep Quality was [0.001, 0.007], again excluding zero, indicating a significant chain mediation. The effect size was 0.004, accounting for 7.5% of the total effect. These findings demonstrate that interparental conflict not only directly affects children's sleep quality but also exerts indirect effects through emotional insecurity, subjective well-being, and a sequential pathway involving both. The full chain mediation model is shown in Fig. 1. (p < 0.01, *p < 0.001) 4. Discussion Grounded in the Chinese cultural framework of jia he wan shi xing (“family harmony fosters prosperity”), the present study examined the psychological mechanisms through which parental conflict influences children’s sleep quality via emotional insecurity and subjective well-being. The quantitative findings indicate that parental conflict is not only directly associated with poorer sleep quality, but also exerts indirect effects through a sequential mediating pathway involving emotional insecurity and subjective well-being. To further interpret these mechanisms within the Chinese sociocultural context, qualitative interviews were incorporated to explore how children understand family harmony, perceive parental conflict, and translate these experiences into emotional states and sleep-related outcomes.In the following discussion, the quantitative results and interview data are integrated to address three key issues. First, how parental conflict is experienced as a source of emotional insecurity within a cultural context that strongly emphasizes family harmony. Second, how cultural beliefs regarding family harmony shape children’s evaluations of happiness and life satisfaction, thereby influencing sleep quality. Third, the sequential mediating significance of emotional insecurity and subjective well-being in linking parental conflict to children’s sleep outcomes. By situating family psychological processes within their cultural context, this study aims to provide a more theoretically grounded and culturally sensitive account of the mechanisms underlying children’s sleep problems. The results indicated that the mean sleep quality score of the sampled children was 3.64, which was slightly lower than the mean score of 5.05 reported by Guo et al. (2020) in a sample of Chinese students from Grades 3 to 6. According to the evaluation criteria proposed by Liu Xianchen and colleagues, 139 children (9.6% of the sample) met the threshold for sleep quality problems. This proportion is lower than the reported prevalence rate of sleep problems among Chinese children under the age of 13 (14.2%) (Miao et al., 2023). Overall, the participating children demonstrated relatively favorable sleep quality. However, a non-negligible subgroup exhibited significant sleep difficulties, warranting particular attention from parents and educators.Across specific dimensions, the highest mean scores were observed for sleep onset latency (M = 0.81, SD = 0.95) and sleep disturbances (M = 0.94, SD = 0.64), suggesting that these domains represent the primary areas of concern. Prolonged sleep onset latency may be associated with heavy academic workload and irregular daily routines, whereas sleep disturbances—including frequent nighttime awakenings, early waking, nightmares, and snoring—reflect instability in nocturnal sleep patterns.In summary, although overall sleep quality in the present sample was within an acceptable range, delayed sleep initiation and sleep disturbances remain prominent issues. The present study found a significant positive association between parental conflict and children’s sleep problems (r = .39, p < .001). Structural equation modeling further indicated that parental conflict significantly and positively predicted poorer sleep quality (β = .02, p = .006). In other words, higher levels of parental conflict were associated with more severe sleep disturbances reported by children. This finding is consistent with prior research linking negative family relational characteristics to children’s sleep difficulties (Lin et al., 2018). The qualitative interviews provided further insight into the psychological processes underlying this association. Several children described difficulty calming down after parental arguments, reporting experiences such as “I can’t stop thinking about it,” “I keep thinking when I lie in bed,” and “the more I think, the harder it is to fall asleep.” These narratives suggest that the impact of parental conflict on sleep is not limited to transient emotional fluctuations but involves sustained psychological arousal. Recurrent rumination and worry before bedtime appear to maintain elevated cognitive and emotional vigilance, thereby interfering with pre-sleep relaxation and the transition to sleep. This interpretation aligns with theoretical accounts proposing that family stressors impair children’s sleep by prolonging psychological activation and disrupting physiological rhythms and sleep continuity (Kelly et al., 2014). Importantly, within the Chinese cultural framework of jia he wan shi xing (“family harmony fosters prosperity”), this arousal effect may be further intensified. Interview data indicated that some children did not perceive parental arguments as isolated disagreements; rather, they associated them with broader concerns such as “the family is not normal” or “things might get worse in the future.” These narratives reflect a culturally shaped meaning-making process in which family conflict is interpreted as a deeper threat to family order and long-term stability. Under a cultural norm that strongly valorizes family harmony, parental conflict may therefore evoke more enduring vigilance and negative expectations. This finding extends the interpretation of the quantitative results by suggesting that children’s subjective appraisals and culturally informed meaning constructions are critical mechanisms linking parental conflict to sleep quality, beyond the objective characteristics of the conflict itself. The interviews also revealed a mechanism that is often overlooked in quantitative assessments: children’s sense of involvement and perceived responsibility during parental conflict. Some children reported attempting to “stay quiet,” “not cause trouble,” or “behave better” in order to prevent further escalation. Although such behaviors may appear adaptive, they may indicate that children assume emotional responsibility for maintaining family harmony. This self-monitoring and heightened self-regulation may persist after the conflict episode, maintaining a state of psychological tension. Sustained self-regulatory vigilance may increase nighttime arousal and interfere with the physiological and psychological processes required for sleep initiation. This explanation is consistent with arousal-based models of insomnia, which emphasize pre-sleep emotional activation as a key mechanism. Taken together, the association between parental conflict and children’s sleep should not be reduced to a simplistic causal chain in which conflict generates negative emotions that directly impair sleep. Rather, greater attention should be given to how children interpret the meaning of conflict, how cultural values amplify these interpretations, and how such interpretations prolong psychological activation that disrupts sleep. From an intervention perspective, sleep-related programs may benefit from addressing children’s meaning-making processes regarding parental conflict—for example, through family communication adjustments, cognitive reframing of children’s emotional interpretations, and post-conflict reassurance strategies aimed at restoring perceived family security. Such approaches may be more effective than sleep hygiene education alone in mitigating sleep problems rooted in family relational stress. The sequential mediation analysis demonstrated that parental conflict not only directly relates to poorer sleep quality but also indirectly influences sleep through a continuous psychological pathway of emotional insecurity → subjective well-being. Specifically, parental conflict significantly and positively predicted children’s emotional insecurity; emotional insecurity, in turn, significantly and negatively predicted subjective well-being; and both variables independently and jointly exerted significant effects on sleep quality. These findings support a sequential mediation model in which emotional insecurity and subjective well-being function as linked mechanisms connecting parental conflict to sleep outcomes. The interview data offer deeper insight into this stepwise transformation process. Rather than describing parental conflict merely as a transient emotional stimulus, children repeatedly articulated a state-like sense of worry. Their narratives focused less on the specific content of arguments and more on what the conflict signified for family stability—“Will something happen to our family?” or “Will it always be like this?” Such expressions correspond to the first link in the sequential pathway: emotional insecurity reflects not merely heightened negative affect but a sustained perception that the family environment has become less predictable and less reliable. In this sense, parental conflict appears to alter children’s foundational expectations regarding the stability of the family system, placing them in a state of heightened vigilance and reduced psychological relaxation. This preparatory vigilance is inherently incompatible with the low-arousal state necessary for healthy sleep. Importantly, the interviews further indicate that emotional insecurity does not remain confined to concerns about future arguments. Instead, it migrates downstream into broader negative evaluations of life circumstances, contributing to diminished subjective well-being. Some children spontaneously linked parental conflict to thoughts such as “Maybe I’m not happy,” “Maybe my school performance will get worse,” or “Maybe things will become worse in the future.” These narratives suggest that, within their psychological framework, family relationships function not merely as contextual background but as a central reference point for assessing life quality and future prospects. When insecurity persists, children do not simply feel anxious in the moment; they may reinterpret their overall life trajectory more negatively, leading to systematic reductions in life satisfaction and positive affect. Thus, the second stage of the sequential pathway is not merely a linear progression from negative emotion to lower well-being; rather, emotional insecurity reshapes children’s interpretive framework, making diminished well-being a more stable and enduring outcome. Within the Chinese cultural context, this transition from insecurity to reduced well-being may have a particularly structured foundation. The cultural maxim jia he wan shi xing (“family harmony fosters prosperity”) does more than heighten sensitivity to conflict; it provides children with an interpretive script that links family relational quality to life success and future development. The interview narratives—associating conflict with ideas such as “the family is not normal,” “things may get worse,” or “life may not go smoothly”—reflect the internalization of this script. Parental conflict is thus more likely to be construed as a systemic risk affecting multiple domains of life, rather than as an isolated interpersonal disagreement. Accordingly, emotional insecurity becomes not merely a reaction to immediate threat but a sustained vigilance regarding potential instability in family order. Subjective well-being, in turn, becomes anchored less in momentary mood states and more in children’s judgments about whether their family environment continues to support their growth and future prospects. In this sense, culture is not an external background variable; it actively organizes psychological processes by shaping how insecurity is interpreted and determining whether declines in well-being manifest as transient emotional downturns or as broader disruptions in children’s life narratives. The interviews further revealed an implicit mechanism that links the two mediators: children’s responsibility-oriented self-regulation during parental conflict. Several children reported that they would “stay quiet,” “avoid causing trouble,” or “behave better” in order to prevent further escalation or avoid “adding burden” to their parents. These narratives suggest that children may assume emotional responsibility for maintaining family harmony during conflict episodes.This responsibility-oriented tendency appears to operate in two interconnected ways. First, it reinforces emotional insecurity. Rather than disengaging from the conflict, children remain psychologically involved, continuously monitoring relational risk and adjusting their behavior accordingly. Such sustained vigilance prevents the restoration of a sense of safety. Second, it undermines subjective well-being. Chronic self-suppression and heightened self-monitoring reduce opportunities for positive emotional experiences and erode feelings of ease and perceived control over one’s life. This mechanism indicates that the sequential mediation pathway is not composed of two isolated psychological processes. Instead, under culturally embedded expectations of maintaining harmony, the same coping orientation—heightened vigilance and self-restraint—connects emotional insecurity to diminished well-being. In an effort to “keep the family from falling apart,” children become more alert, more inhibited, and less able to experience positive affect, making it increasingly difficult to enter a relaxed state conducive to sleep. Accordingly, the sequential mediation identified in this study can be understood as a process of meaning-based translation from relational risk to nocturnal dysfunction. Parental conflict first destabilizes children’s expectations regarding family reliability (emotional insecurity). Through culturally shaped interpretive scripts and responsibility-oriented self-regulation, this insecurity is then transformed into broader negative evaluations of life circumstances (reduced subjective well-being). Finally, these cognitive–emotional processes intrude upon sleep through mechanisms such as pre-sleep rumination, sustained vigilance, and impaired relaxation.Compared to explanations that focus solely on the frequency or intensity of conflict, this interpretation better accounts for why similar conflict events may yield persistent sleep consequences in children. It also provides more targeted directions for intervention. Efforts should not only aim to reduce interparental conflict but also to restore children’s sense of security following conflict episodes and to reshape their interpretations of relational instability. In particular, reducing children’s responsibility-oriented involvement in maintaining family harmony and helping them reconstruct a sense of positive life narrative and perceived control may create the psychological conditions necessary for high-quality sleep. The present study employed a mixed-method design combining questionnaire surveys and child interviews to systematically examine the psychological mechanisms through which parental conflict influences children’s sleep quality via emotional insecurity and subjective well-being. By situating these pathways within the Chinese cultural framework of jia he wan shi xing (“family harmony fosters prosperity”), the study provides a culturally contextualized interpretation of family-based influences on sleep. The findings extend existing research on the familial psychological mechanisms underlying children’s sleep problems in China and offer theoretical implications for culturally responsive interventions. Nevertheless, several limitations warrant consideration. First, regarding participants and sampling, the study adopted a cluster sampling approach, with all participants drawn from a single primary school. Although this design helped control for school-level variability, it limits the generalizability of the findings across regions, family cultural backgrounds, and educational contexts. Differences in socioeconomic status, parenting norms, and local educational pressures may shape the associations observed in this study.Second, in terms of research design, the use of cross-sectional data constrains causal inference. Although structural relationships among parental conflict, emotional insecurity, subjective well-being, and sleep quality were supported, the temporal ordering and developmental dynamics of these processes cannot be definitively established. Particularly within a cultural context, children’s understanding and internalization of family harmony may evolve cumulatively over time. The impact of parental conflict on sleep may therefore vary across developmental stages. Building on these limitations, several directions for future research are suggested. First, longitudinal or multi-wave designs should be employed to examine the dynamic evolution of parental conflict, emotional insecurity, subjective well-being, and sleep quality. Such approaches would allow for stronger causal inferences and a clearer understanding of developmental trajectories. Experimental or intervention-based studies may further assess whether strategies such as post-conflict emotional repair or guided family communication effectively mitigate sleep problems, thereby enhancing the applied value of the theoretical model.Second, future research should broaden the sampling frame to include children from diverse regions, school types, and family backgrounds. Incorporating contextual controls such as academic pressure, school-based mental health resources, and socioeconomic variability would improve external validity and strengthen the robustness of the findings. Third, subsequent studies may explicitly incorporate cultural variables to examine whether the pathways identified here operate similarly across different family value orientations or cultural contexts. Comparative analyses could help distinguish universal mechanisms linking family relationships to sleep from culturally specific processes. Such work would contribute to the development of culturally adaptive intervention strategies grounded in empirically validated mechanisms. 5. Conclusions Situated within the cultural context of Chinese family values, the present study employed a mixed-method approach combining questionnaire data and child interviews to systematically examine the mechanisms linking parental conflict to children’s sleep quality. Particular emphasis was placed on the mediating and sequential mediating roles of emotional insecurity and subjective well-being. The findings indicate that parental conflict is not only directly associated with poorer sleep quality but also indirectly affects sleep through increased emotional insecurity and reduced subjective well-being. Emotional insecurity and subjective well-being form a continuous psychological pathway through which parental conflict exerts its influence on children’s sleep outcomes. Integration of the interview data further suggests that the impact of parental conflict extends beyond immediate negative emotional reactions. Rather, it reshapes children’s interpretations of family stability and their broader life evaluations, thereby exerting sustained effects on emotional experience and nocturnal regulation. Within a cultural context that strongly emphasizes family harmony, children are more likely to interpret parental conflict as a potential threat to family order and their own developmental prospects. This interpretation fosters persistent emotional vigilance and gradually erodes positive life evaluations and well-being. Over time, this sequential psychological transformation manifests at night in the form of sleep onset difficulties and unstable sleep patterns. Overall, understanding and addressing children’s sleep problems requires moving beyond purely behavioral or physiological explanations. It is essential to consider how relational risks within the family are internalized through children’s emotional security and well-being processes, and how these processes may be amplified within specific cultural contexts. The present findings provide important implications for developing sleep interventions that incorporate family interaction patterns and post-conflict emotional repair as central components. Declarations Institutional Review Board Statement This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Ethics Committee of the School of Marxism, Shanxi University Informed Consent Statement : Informed consent was obtained from all subjects in the study. Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflicts of interest. Funding: The research was supported by the Project of China National Social Science Found (grant 22BKS177). Author Contribution H.H. conceptualized and designed the study, supervised the research process, conducted the data analysis. Y.G. contributed to data collection, assisted with statistical analysis, and participated in drafting and revising the manuscript, and wrote the main manuscript text. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8985132","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":602790821,"identity":"309a60b9-e186-45f2-bda5-67a461f2d299","order_by":0,"name":"Hongxia Hou","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Shanxi University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Hongxia","middleName":"","lastName":"Hou","suffix":""},{"id":602790822,"identity":"2ceecee1-d3e3-454a-ae53-c58e8c2a85f1","order_by":1,"name":"Yaxin Guan","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA5ElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBADHgb2BjCDsYF4LTwHSNTCwCCRQKQW+YjkZ495ag7LmEs+fybNw2Aju+EA87MH+LQY3kgzN+Y5lsZjOTvH2JiHIc14wwE2cwO8WmYkmEnzsNnwGNzOYXzMw3A4ccMBHjYJ/FrSv0nz/JPgMbh5/MFhHob/hLXIS+SYSfO2AW25wWAItOUAYS0GPG/KJOf2pfEYnMkxNpxjkGw88zCbGX5b2tO3Sbz5dtje4PjxZxJvKuxk+443P8NvywEGBiYeBBeImfGpB9nSAIy9HwQUjYJRMApGwQgHAMZ2QyqPYiXWAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Shanxi University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yaxin","middleName":"","lastName":"Guan","suffix":""},{"id":602790823,"identity":"0d5f1b3c-b1e7-4dc7-8117-5e7b13caae62","order_by":2,"name":"Tiantian Luo","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Shanxi University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Tiantian","middleName":"","lastName":"Luo","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2026-02-27 08:09:59","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8985132/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8985132/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":104374124,"identity":"65f281cd-2230-46fc-8cad-7392c6e0c50f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-03-11 06:05:42","extension":"jpeg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":242128,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eChain Mediation Model of Emotional Insecurity and Subjective Well-being Between Interparental Conflict and Children's Sleep Quality\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(p \u0026lt; 0.01, *p \u0026lt; 0.001)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8985132/v1/3c6dd19316ed848c28198b5e.jpeg"},{"id":104406313,"identity":"7491ea5a-a67c-4802-b760-3b0cfa70f299","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-03-11 12:25:19","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1460058,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8985132/v1/c1c68076-448d-4913-af38-3ab3280be6ae.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"From Parental Conflict to Sleep Problems: How Cultural Scripts Shape Children’s Emotional Security and Subject ive Well-Being","fulltext":[{"header":"1 Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eChildhood is developmentally characterized as a period in which sleep should unfold naturally and restoratively. Yet an increasing number of children experience chronic sleep insufficiency and poor sleep quality. Paradoxically, despite continuous improvements in material living conditions, children\u0026rsquo;s sleep health has not improved accordingly; instead, it has shown a concerning downward trend.Sleep is a fundamental component of human circadian regulation and plays a critical role in physiological restoration, cognitive integration, memory consolidation, and emotional regulation (Vandekerckhove \u0026amp; Cluydts, 2010). Childhood represents a sensitive developmental window marked by rapid maturation of the nervous system, emotional regulation capacities, and executive functioning (Vijandran Mariappan \u0026amp; Mukhtar, 2024). Adequate and high-quality sleep is therefore indispensable for healthy development and long-term well-being (Altchuler, 2009).However, according to the 2022 China Sleep Health White Paper issued by the Chinese Sleep Research Society, the average sleep duration among Chinese children aged 6\u0026ndash;12 years is only 7.65 hours\u0026mdash;substantially below the recommended 10 hours. Difficulties initiating sleep, frequent nocturnal awakenings, and overall poor sleep quality are widely reported. Sleep disturbances in childhood are associated not only with impaired emotional regulation and neurocognitive development, but also with reduced executive functioning, diminished academic motivation, poorer academic performance, and heightened long-term risk for mental health problems.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAgainst this backdrop, a central question emerges: What factors persistently shape\u0026mdash;and potentially erode\u0026mdash;children\u0026rsquo;s sleep quality?Existing research suggests that beyond physiological determinants and academic stress, the family environment constitutes one of the most influential contextual factors affecting children\u0026rsquo;s sleep. According to Bronfenbrenner\u0026rsquo;s ecological systems theory (Bronfenbrenner, 1979), the family represents the core microsystem of child development, and interaction patterns within this system exert foundational influences on children\u0026rsquo;s physical and psychological functioning.Family systems theory further posits that the family is not merely an aggregation of individuals but a highly interdependent and dynamic system. The stability of relational patterns within this system directly shapes children\u0026rsquo;s emotional security and behavioral regulation strategies.Among various family risk factors, parental conflict has been identified as a prototypical indicator of family dysfunction. A substantial body of empirical evidence demonstrates that parental conflict is associated with shorter sleep duration, increased sleep onset latency, and more frequent nighttime awakenings in children. Importantly, research indicates that even preschool-aged children possess the cognitive capacity to perceive and interpret interparental conflict (Liu et al., 2020). This suggests that the impact of parental conflict is not confined to indirect behavioral pathways; rather, it can directly penetrate children\u0026rsquo;s emotional and cognitive systems, exerting sustained influence on their daily psychological and physiological regulation processes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eParticularly noteworthy is that the impact of parental conflict on children\u0026rsquo;s sleep does not occur within a culturally neutral vacuum. Rather, it is deeply embedded in broader sociocultural value systems that shape how family interactions are perceived, interpreted, and emotionally processed.In traditional Chinese culture, the maxim \u0026ldquo;family harmony fosters prosperity\u0026rdquo; (jia he wan shi xing) has long functioned as a central normative principle governing family life. Family harmony is not merely a moral ideal; it is widely regarded as a foundational condition for academic success, character development, and life fulfillment. Through prolonged processes of cultural socialization, children internalize strong expectations regarding family stability and parental relational harmony from early developmental stages. Within this cultural framework, parental conflict is not simply perceived as a transient interpersonal disagreement, but rather as a potential threat to fundamental security and future prospects.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCompared to Western cultural contexts, which tend to emphasize individual autonomy and clearer emotional boundaries between family members, Chinese children may be more psychologically attuned to interparental dynamics. Consequently, their emotional reactivity and downstream psychological consequences in response to parental conflict may be more pronounced. Under the cultural script of family harmony as a prerequisite for life success, the marital relationship is not confined to the private sphere; instead, it becomes a core psychological reference point through which children interpret the world, evaluate themselves, and construct expectations about their future.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDespite these culturally embedded dynamics, most empirical studies examining parental conflict and children\u0026rsquo;s sleep have been conducted in Western populations. Relatively little attention has been devoted to the structural features of Chinese family relationships, culturally specific value orientations, and their potential moderating role in shaping children\u0026rsquo;s sleep outcomes. Existing theoretical models often implicitly assume cultural homogeneity, conceptualizing parental conflict as a culturally neutral family risk factor. Such assumptions overlook the normative force and emotional regulatory function of \u0026ldquo;family harmony\u0026rdquo; within Chinese society.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMoreover, from a developmental perspective, prior research has predominantly focused on adolescents or college students, with comparatively limited systematic investigation of school-aged children, particularly those in middle to late childhood.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn response to these gaps, the present study situates parental conflict within the Chinese cultural framework of jia he wan shi xing and focuses on children aged 9\u0026ndash;12 years (upper elementary grades). We systematically examine the association between parental conflict and children\u0026rsquo;s sleep quality, as well as the underlying psychological pathways. Unlike approaches that decontextualize family conflict processes, this study emphasizes that the psychological consequences of parental conflict are shaped by the cultural value system in which they are embedded. Accordingly, its mechanisms must be understood within specific sociocultural contexts.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo more comprehensively capture how parental conflict is perceived, interpreted, and internalized by children in contemporary Chinese culture, we supplement quantitative analyses with semi-structured interviews. These interviews center on children\u0026rsquo;s subjective narratives concerning family harmony, parental conflict, and their sleep experiences. By integrating cultural meaning-making processes with psychological and physiological regulation mechanisms, this study seeks to elucidate how family risk factors are transformed\u0026mdash;through culturally informed interpretation\u0026mdash;into emotional experiences and sleep-related outcomes.In doing so, the study provides empirically grounded insights into how culturally embedded family dynamics shape child development and offers theoretical guidance for developing context-sensitive family interventions and child health promotion models with cross-cultural relevance.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSleep quality is typically defined as a multidimensional construct reflecting children\u0026rsquo;s regularity of sleep schedules, adequacy of sleep duration, sleep onset latency, frequency of nighttime awakenings, presence of sleep disturbances, and daytime functional status (Paruthi et al., 2016). Guided by ecological models of human development, prior research has identified determinants of children\u0026rsquo;s sleep across individual, peer, and family domains, constructing integrative frameworks that account for multiple interacting influences. Within these models, adverse family environments have consistently emerged as salient risk factors for sleep problems (Wang et al., 2025).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmong family-level variables, the quality of family relationships\u0026mdash;particularly the stability of the interparental relationship\u0026mdash;has been identified as a critical contextual condition shaping children\u0026rsquo;s sleep rhythms and sleep continuity (Prest \u0026amp; Protinsky, 2007).Family systems theory provides an important theoretical lens for understanding the association between parental conflict and children\u0026rsquo;s sleep. This framework conceptualizes the family as a highly interactive and interdependent system in which behaviors and emotional states are mutually influential and capable of generating cascading effects across subsystems. From this perspective, children\u0026rsquo;s sleep disturbances should not be viewed as isolated individual symptoms, but rather as manifestations of systemic imbalance within the family context. As key members of the family system, children\u0026rsquo;s psychological development and social adjustment are closely tied to the stability and supportiveness of the family environment. Interparental conflict may not only destabilize parent\u0026ndash;child and sibling relationships, but may also influence children\u0026rsquo;s emotional regulation and behavioral functioning through processes of emotional transmission and heightened physiological arousal.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmpirically, parental conflict is commonly defined as verbal or behavioral discord between partners arising from disagreements, including overt arguments, hostile interactions, and persistent relational tension (Cummings et al., 2006). A robust body of evidence indicates that frequent, intense, and unresolved destructive conflict significantly predicts sleep onset difficulties, shallow sleep, increased nighttime awakenings, recurrent nightmares, and reduced sleep efficiency in children (Holmes et al., 2013). Longitudinal research further demonstrates that early exposure to high levels of parental conflict is associated with elevated risk of subsequent sleep problems, suggesting relatively stable and enduring effects over time (Holmes et al., 2013).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFindings from Chinese samples similarly support the negative association between parental conflict and children\u0026rsquo;s sleep quality. Some indigenous studies suggest that within a cultural context emphasizing family harmony and relational interdependence, family tension may be more readily experienced as chronic stress by children, thereby increasing vulnerability to sleep disturbances. Moreover, both marital conflict (Lin et al., 2018) and parent\u0026ndash;child conflict (Druzian et al., 2024) have been shown to disrupt children\u0026rsquo;s sleep\u0026ndash;wake regulation by elevating physiological arousal and intensifying negative emotional experiences.Taken together, the existing evidence\u0026mdash;both international and within Chinese contexts\u0026mdash;indicates that parental conflict constitutes a significant family-level risk factor for children\u0026rsquo;s sleep quality. These findings provide an empirical foundation for further examining the psychological mechanisms through which parental conflict may influence children\u0026rsquo;s sleep outcomes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmotional insecurity refers to a negative affective state that develops when children, exposed to adverse family environments such as parental conflict, experience persistent concerns about the stability of family relationships (Cummings et al., 2006). Emotional Security Theory posits that repeated exposure to interparental conflict disrupts children\u0026rsquo;s expectations of family stability, eliciting anxiety, fear, and helplessness, and ultimately fostering heightened levels of emotional insecurity (Cummings \u0026amp; Davies, 2010).Prolonged emotional insecurity not only undermines children\u0026rsquo;s emotion regulation capacities but also increases vulnerability to maladjustment (Davies \u0026amp; Cummings, 1998). From a family interaction perspective, the spillover hypothesis further suggests that negative emotions and hostility within the marital subsystem may transfer to the parent\u0026ndash;child subsystem, reducing parental warmth and responsiveness. This process compromises children\u0026rsquo;s regulatory capacities and behavioral control (Warmuth et al., 2018).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBoth longitudinal and cross-lagged studies have consistently demonstrated that parental conflict significantly predicts increases in children\u0026rsquo;s emotional insecurity over time. In turn, emotional insecurity has been widely validated as a central explanatory mechanism linking interparental conflict to children\u0026rsquo;s psychological maladjustment and behavioral problems (Kelly \u0026amp; El-Sheikh, 2013).Within the Chinese cultural context, this psychological process may be further amplified by the normative value of jia he wan shi xing (\u0026ldquo;family harmony fosters prosperity\u0026rdquo;). Family harmony is not merely a relational preference but a culturally institutionalized expectation associated with individual growth and future success. Under this cultural framework, children may be especially likely to interpret parental conflict as a signal of familial instability and disorder. Such interpretations may intensify perceived threats to personal security and developmental prospects, thereby heightening emotional insecurity responses.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImportantly, emotional insecurity may not only erode psychological well-being but also directly interfere with sleep processes. According to the broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions, negative affect constrains the accumulation and regulation of psychological and physiological resources. Sleep, as a core restorative resource, is particularly sensitive to emotional states. Elevated emotional insecurity may contribute to sustained emotional vigilance, increased physiological arousal, and difficulty achieving pre-sleep relaxation. Empirical evidence suggests that children with higher levels of emotional insecurity are more prone to emotional volatility and accumulation of negative affect, which in turn predict sleep onset difficulties, frequent nighttime awakenings, and poorer sleep quality (Keller \u0026amp; El-Sheikh, 2011).Taken together, these findings suggest that emotional insecurity may serve as a critical mediating mechanism linking parental conflict to children\u0026rsquo;s sleep quality.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSubjective well-being refers to individuals\u0026rsquo; overall cognitive evaluations of their life circumstances and their accompanying affective experiences (Zhou et al., 2017). A substantial body of research indicates that parental conflict undermines family functioning and emotional support, thereby increasing children\u0026rsquo;s vulnerability to depressive symptoms, social anxiety, and other forms of negative affect, which in turn diminish their subjective well-being (Zhou et al., 2017).Within the Chinese cultural context, this process may be further intensified by the cultural belief that \u0026ldquo;family harmony fosters prosperity.\u0026rdquo; This value orientation positions family harmony as a foundational condition for happiness and successful development. Consequently, children may tightly associate the quality of family relationships with their own sense of life satisfaction and well-being. When parental conflict occurs frequently, children may not only experience immediate emotional distress but also interpret such conflict as a sign of familial disorder and future uncertainty. These interpretations may contribute to enduring negative evaluations of their life circumstances and diminished subjective well-being.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrom a theoretical standpoint, the broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions posits that positive affect facilitates the accumulation of cognitive, psychological, and physiological resources, whereas negative emotional states constrain this resource-building process (Zhi et al., 2016). Sleep quality, as a critical physiological resource, is particularly sensitive to fluctuations in emotional well-being. Empirical evidence suggests that lower levels of subjective well-being are associated with increased sleep onset difficulties, more frequent nighttime awakenings, and reduced sleep efficiency (Olawale et al., 2017). Conversely, higher levels of well-being are linked to more stable emotional regulation, greater pre-sleep calmness, and improved sleep continuity (Zhi et al., 2016).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiminished subjective well-being may therefore disrupt sleep through multiple pathways. First, reduced life satisfaction and increased negative affect may intensify pre-sleep rumination and emotional arousal. Second, lower well-being may compromise physiological relaxation and circadian regulation, thereby impairing sleep initiation and maintenance. In contrast, children with higher levels of subjective well-being typically demonstrate more adaptive emotional regulation strategies and greater psychological resilience, which facilitate smoother transitions to sleep and more stable sleep patterns.Taken together, these findings suggest that subjective well-being may function as an important mediating mechanism linking parental conflict to children\u0026rsquo;s sleep quality.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSubjective well-being primarily comprises two core components: life satisfaction and affective experiences, including both positive and negative emotions (Villavicencio \u0026amp; Bernardo, 2013). Existing research indicates that emotional insecurity is a significant psychological factor that undermines children\u0026rsquo;s subjective well-being (Xu, 2016).On the one hand, elevated emotional insecurity impairs children\u0026rsquo;s emotion regulation capacity and emotional stability, increases anxiety and fear, and heightens negative affect, thereby reducing positive emotional experiences. On the other hand, persistent concerns about the stability of family relationships may weaken children\u0026rsquo;s sense of trust and intimacy within the family, ultimately lowering their life satisfaction.Within the Chinese cultural context of jia he wan shi xing (\u0026ldquo;family harmony fosters prosperity\u0026rdquo;), children are more likely to use the quality of family relationships as an important reference point when evaluating their own well-being. In a cultural environment that strongly emphasizes family harmony, parental conflict is more readily internalized as a threat to family stability and future prospects. This process may intensify emotional insecurity, diminish subjective well-being, and ultimately exert adverse effects on sleep quality.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDrawing upon Emotional Security Theory, Family Systems Theory, and the broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions, the present study examines the mechanisms linking parental conflict to children\u0026rsquo;s sleep quality within the Chinese cultural framework of jia he wan shi xing (\u0026ldquo;family harmony fosters prosperity\u0026rdquo;). In a sociocultural context where family harmony carries strong normative significance, parental conflict is more likely to be internalized as a threat to family stability and future well-being. Such interpretations may influence children\u0026rsquo;s sleep through emotional and well-being-related processes.Based on this rationale, the following hypotheses are proposed:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eH1: Parental conflict will significantly predict poorer sleep quality in children.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eH2: Emotional insecurity will mediate the association between parental conflict and children\u0026rsquo;s sleep quality.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eH3: Subjective well-being will mediate the association between parental conflict and children\u0026rsquo;s sleep quality.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eH4: Emotional insecurity and subjective well-being will jointly form a sequential mediation pathway linking parental conflict to children\u0026rsquo;s sleep quality.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1. Participants\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e According to the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, children are defined as individuals under the age of 18. Within the Chinese educational context, primary school students are typically between 6 and 12 years old. This developmental period represents a critical stage marked by rapid maturation of sleep rhythms, emotional regulation capacities, and self-evaluative processes, making it theoretically and empirically significant for the present investigation.The study recruited students from Grades 3 to 6 at a public primary school in China. A cluster sampling strategy was employed, with classrooms serving as the sampling units. Paper-based questionnaires were administered collectively within classrooms. A total of 941 questionnaires were collected. After excluding invalid responses (e.g., incomplete or patterned answers), 900 valid questionnaires were retained, yielding an effective response rate of 94.3%.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe final sample consisted of 480 boys (53.3%) and 420 girls (46.7%). In terms of grade distribution, 200 students were in Grade 3 (22.2%), 272 in Grade 4 (30.2%), 171 in Grade 5 (19.0%), and 257 in Grade 6 (28.6%). The sample size was adequate for structural equation modeling, and demographic characteristics were relatively balanced across gender and grade levels (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDemographic Characteristics of the Sample\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCategory\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercentage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGender\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e480\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53.3%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e420\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.7%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHousehold registration location\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUrban\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e656\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e72.9%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRural\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e244\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.1%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGrade\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGrade 3 (Age 9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e200\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.2%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGrade 4 (Age 10)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e272\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.2%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGrade 5 (Age 11)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e171\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.0%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGrade 6 (Age 12)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e257\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.6%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOnly child\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e103\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e797\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e88.6%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParents divorced\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e841\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93.4%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLiving with grandparents\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e165\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e735\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81.7%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHas a private bedroom\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e693\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e77.0%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e207\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.0%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSleeps alone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e761\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e84.6%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e139\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo further contextualize and interpret the quantitative findings within the Chinese cultural framework, a qualitative component was incorporated. Following completion of the survey, a subset of students was invited to participate in semi-structured interviews. Efforts were made to ensure variation in gender and grade level among interview participants.The interviews focused on children\u0026rsquo;s understanding of family harmony, their subjective experiences of parental conflict, and their perceptions of sleep-related experiences. Interviews were conducted individually in a quiet setting within the school and lasted approximately 10\u0026ndash;20 minutes. With the consent of both the child and their legal guardian, interviews were audio-recorded. Written informed consent was obtained from guardians, and verbal assent was obtained from participating children prior to data collection.The qualitative data were used solely to supplement and interpret the quantitative findings and were not employed to test additional hypotheses.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2. Materials\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2.1.Demographic Questionnaire\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e A self-developed demographic questionnaire was used to collect participants\u0026rsquo; background information, including gender, grade level, only-child status, co-residence with grandparents, whether the child has a private bedroom, whether the child sleeps alone, and parental educational background.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2.2.Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChildren's sleep quality was assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), originally developed by Buysse et al. (1989) and adapted for Chinese children by Liu and Tang (1996). The scale consists of 18 items scored on a 3-point Likert scale, covering seven components such as sleep quality, use of sleep medication, and daytime dysfunction. Higher total scores indicate poorer sleep quality. In this study, the model fit indices were acceptable: χ\u0026sup2;/df\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;5.84, RMSEA\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.06, NFI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.93, RFI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.85, IFI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.94, TLI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.87, CFI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.94, and the Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s alpha coefficient was 0.81, indicating good reliability and validity.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2.3.Index of Well-being\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSubjective well-being was measured using the Index of Well-being (IWB) developed by Campbell et al. (1976). The scale includes 9 items rated on a 7-point Likert scale. The first 8 items have equal weights, while the ninth item carries a weight of 1.1. Higher scores represent higher levels of subjective well-being. In the present study, the model fit indices were: χ\u0026sup2;/df\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;5.39, RMSEA\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.06, NFI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.97, RFI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.95, IFI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.98, TLI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.96, CFI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.98, and the Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s alpha coefficient was 0.92, indicating excellent reliability and validity.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2.4.Children\u0026rsquo;s Perception of Interparental Conflict Scale (CPIC)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChildren\u0026rsquo;s perception of parental conflict was assessed using the CPIC, originally developed by Grych et al. (1992) and adapted for Chinese samples by Chi and Xin (2003). The scale consists of 38 items rated on a 4-point Likert scale (from \"not at all true\" to \"completely true\"), with higher scores indicating greater perceived interparental conflict. This scale has been widely validated for use with Chinese children. In this study, model fit indices were: χ\u0026sup2;/df\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;5.66, RMSEA\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.08, NFI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.85, RFI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.83, IFI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.89, TLI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.82, CFI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.87, and Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s alpha was 0.89, indicating good psychometric properties.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2.5.Security in the Interparental Subsystem Scale\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChildren\u0026rsquo;s emotional insecurity in the interparental context was measured using the Security in the Interparental Subsystem Scale, originally developed by Davies et al. (2002) and localized for Chinese populations by Wang et al. (2019). The scale consists of 17 items rated on a 4-point Likert scale, with higher scores indicating greater emotional insecurity. In the current study, the model fit indices were: χ\u0026sup2;/df\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;5.55, RMSEA\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.06, NFI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.89, RFI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.85, IFI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.91, TLI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.87, CFI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.91, and Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s alpha was 0.89, demonstrating good reliability and construct validity.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.3. Research Procedures and Data Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll data were entered using Microsoft Excel and subsequently imported into SPSS 26.0 and AMOS 24.0 for statistical analysis. Frequencies and percentages were reported for categorical variables, and all continuous variables were confirmed to follow a normal distribution. AMOS 24.0 was employed to examine the construct validity of the measurement instruments. Independent samples t-tests and one-way ANOVA were conducted using SPSS 26.0 to analyze demographic differences. Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients were calculated to explore associations among variables. Multiple linear regression analyses were conducted to examine the effects of interparental conflict, emotional insecurity, and subjective well-being on children's sleep quality. Finally, the PROCESS macro (Model 6) was used to test the chain mediating effects of emotional insecurity and subjective well-being in the relationship between interparental conflict and sleep quality. A significance level of p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05 was adopted throughout the analyses.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.1. Common Method Bias Test\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo measure interparental conflict, emotional insecurity, subjective well-being, and sleep quality, this study employed a self-report questionnaire method. To minimize the potential influence of common method bias (CMB) resulting from the use of a single measurement method, measurement context, and data source, Harman\u0026rsquo;s single-factor test was conducted. An unrotated exploratory factor analysis extracted 17 factors with eigenvalues greater than 1. The variance explained by the first factor was 19.89%, which is below the critical threshold of 40%, indicating that serious common method bias was not present in this study.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.2. Descriptive Statistics\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDescriptive statistics were conducted on children\u0026rsquo;s sleep quality and its subdimensions, interparental conflict, emotional insecurity, and subjective well-being. The results are presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. The skewness values of the variables ranged from \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1.10 to 0.23, and the kurtosis values ranged from \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.43 to 1.70. All absolute values were below the thresholds of 3 and 8, respectively, indicating acceptable normality (Kline, 2016).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDescriptive Statistics for Main Study Variables (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;900)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSkewness\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKurtosis\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSubjective Sleep Quality\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInterparental Conflict\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmotional Insecurity\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSubjective Well-being\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) was used to assess children\u0026rsquo;s sleep quality. According to Liu et al. (1996), a PSQI total score greater than 7 indicates poor sleep quality. This threshold has been validated for use with Chinese children by Yong et al. (2011). In the present study, 139 children (9.6% of the total sample) scored above this cutoff, indicating poor sleep quality. Detailed information is shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNumber and Percentage of Children with Sleep Problems\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePSQI Total Score\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercentage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e139\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.3. Correlation Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCorrelation analyses were conducted using SPSS 26.0 to examine relationships among the main variables: interparental conflict, emotional insecurity, subjective well-being, and sleep quality. Results revealed that interparental conflict was positively correlated with emotional insecurity (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.67, p \u0026lt; .001), and negatively correlated with subjective well-being (r = \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.38, p \u0026lt; .001). It was also positively associated with poor sleep quality (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.39, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). Emotional insecurity was negatively correlated with subjective well-being (r = \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.31, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001), and positively associated with poor sleep quality (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.36, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). Finally, subjective well-being was negatively associated with poor sleep quality (r =\u0026ndash;0.51, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). Full results are presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCorrelations among Interparental Conflict, Emotional Insecurity, Subjective Well-being, and Sleep Quality (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;900)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"14\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c13\" colnum=\"13\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c14\" colnum=\"14\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1. Global Sleep Quality\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2. Subjective Sleep Quality\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.69***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3. Sleep Latency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.65***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.36***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4. Sleep Duration\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.55***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.20***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.22***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5. Sleep Efficiency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.40***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.07*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.07*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.62***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6. Sleep Disturbances\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.67***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.42***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.33***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.19***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.10**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7. Use of Sleep Medication\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.34***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.09**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.07*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.07**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.25***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8. Daytime Dysfunction\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.70***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.51***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.29***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.17***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.45***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.19***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9. Interparental Conflict\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.39***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.32***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.19***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.23***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.13***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.36***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.09**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.27***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10. Emotional Insecurity\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.36***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.31***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.21***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.18***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.34***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.08*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.26***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.67***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11. Subjective Well-being\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.51***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.46***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.27***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.23***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.07*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.40***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.14***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.43***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.38***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.31***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.4.Serial Multiple Mediation Analyses\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBased on the results of the correlation analyses, significant associations were found among interparental conflict, sleep quality, emotional insecurity, and subjective well-being. Therefore, subsequent regression analyses were conducted to further investigate the relationships among these variables. Specifically, serial multiple mediation models were used to examine the potential mediating roles of emotional insecurity and subjective well-being in the relationship between interparental conflict and children's sleep quality.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.4.1.Regression Analysis of Interparental Conflict, Emotional Insecurity, and Subjective Well-being on Children's Sleep Quality\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA multiple linear regression analysis was conducted with children's sleep quality as the dependent variable and interparental conflict, emotional insecurity, and subjective well-being as independent variables. Based on prior demographic difference tests, the following variables were included as covariates: parental divorce, left-behind status, whether the child sleeps alone, co-residence with grandparents, student leadership status, and grade level. The results are shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegression Analysis Predicting Children's Sleep Quality\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDependent Variable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModel 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModel 2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSleep Quality\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSleep Quality\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eβ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003et\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eβ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003et\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eControl Variables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParental Divorce\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-3.21**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2.20*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeft-behind Child\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2.79**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2.50*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSleeps Alone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.29*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCo-resides with Grandparents\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudent Leadership\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.71**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGrade Level\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndependent Variables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInterparental Conflict\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.76**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmotional Insecurity\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.29***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSubjective Well-being\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-13.55***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModel Fit\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdj.R2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.65***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47.42***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, after controlling for demographic variables, both interparental conflict and emotional insecurity significantly positively predicted children's sleep quality scores (β\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.11 and 0.15, respectively, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.006 and p \u0026lt; .001), whereas subjective well-being significantly negatively predicted sleep quality (β = \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.41, p \u0026lt; .001), explaining 31.8% of the variance.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.4.2.Regression Analysis of Interparental Conflict and Emotional Insecurity on Subjective Well-being\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA multiple linear regression analysis was also conducted with subjective well-being as the dependent variable, and interparental conflict and emotional insecurity as the independent variables. The same demographic variables were included as covariates. The results are presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegression Analysis Predicting Children's Subjective Well-being\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDependent Variable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModel 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModel 2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSubjective Well-being\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSubjective Well-being\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eβ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003et\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eβ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003et\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eControl Variables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParental Divorce\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeft-behind Child\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSleeps Alone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2.12*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCo-resides with Grandparents\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.04*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudent Leadership\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-3.78***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2.51*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGrade Level\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-3.96***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndependent Variables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInterparental Conflict\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-7.91***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmotional Insecurity\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2.66**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModel Fit\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdj.R2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.20***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.84***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, after controlling for demographic variables, both interparental conflict and emotional insecurity were significant negative predictors of children's subjective well-being (β = \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.32 and \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.10, respectively, p \u0026lt; .001 and p = .008), accounting for 16.9% of the variance.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec18\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.4.3.Regression Analysis of Interparental Conflict on Children's Emotional Insecurity\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA multiple linear regression was conducted with emotional insecurity as the dependent variable and interparental conflict as the independent variable. Based on prior demographic tests, parental divorce, left-behind status, whether the child sleeps alone, co-residence with grandparents, student leadership status, and grade level were included as control variables. The results are shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab7\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 7\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegression Analysis Predicting Children's Emotional Insecurity\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDependent Variable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModel 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModel 2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmotional Insecurity\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmotional Insecurity\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eβ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003et\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eβ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003et\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eControl Variables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParental Divorce\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2.10*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeft-behind Child\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSleeps Alone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCo-resides with Grandparents\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudent Leadership\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGrade Level\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2.70**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndependent Variable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInterparental Conflict\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.36***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModel Fit\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdj.R2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.61*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81.56***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e, after controlling for demographic variables, interparental conflict significantly and positively predicted children's emotional insecurity (β\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.64, p \u0026lt; .001), explaining 38.6% of the total variance.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec19\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.5. Chain Mediation Model Test\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBased on the above regression results, a chain mediation analysis was conducted using the Process macro (Model 6) in SPSS 26.0. Interparental conflict was entered as the independent variable, sleep quality as the dependent variable, and emotional insecurity and subjective well-being as mediators. Control variables included parental divorce, left-behind status, whether the child sleeps alone, and grade level. The bootstrapping method was used (5000 samples, 95% confidence interval).The indirect effects accounted for 71.7% of the total effect, as detailed in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab8\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 8\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResults of the Mediation Effects of Emotional Insecurity and Subjective Well-being\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEffect Type\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEffect Size\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBoot SE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95% CI Lower\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95% CI Upper\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProportion of Total Effect\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDirect Effect\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.015\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.005\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.044\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.063\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.3%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInterparental Conflict \u0026rarr; Emotional Insecurity \u0026rarr; Sleep Quality\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.014\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.004\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.008\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.4%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInterparental Conflict \u0026rarr; Subjective Well-being \u0026rarr; Sleep Quality\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.019\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.014\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.026\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.8%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInterparental Conflict \u0026rarr; Emotional Insecurity \u0026rarr; Subjective Well-being \u0026rarr; Sleep Quality\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.004\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.007\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe 95% confidence interval for the path Interparental Conflict \u0026rarr; Emotional Insecurity \u0026rarr; Sleep Quality was [0.008, 0.021], excluding zero, indicating a significant mediating effect. Interparental conflict influenced sleep quality indirectly through emotional insecurity, with an indirect effect size of 0.014, accounting for 26.4% of the total effect (0.053).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe 95% confidence interval for the path Interparental Conflict \u0026rarr; Subjective Well-being \u0026rarr; Sleep Quality was [0.014, 0.026], also excluding zero, indicating a significant mediation. The indirect effect size was 0.019, accounting for 35.8% of the total effect.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe 95% confidence interval for the chain path Interparental Conflict \u0026rarr; Emotional Insecurity \u0026rarr; Subjective Well-being \u0026rarr; Sleep Quality was [0.001, 0.007], again excluding zero, indicating a significant chain mediation. The effect size was 0.004, accounting for 7.5% of the total effect.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThese findings demonstrate that interparental conflict not only directly affects children's sleep quality but also exerts indirect effects through emotional insecurity, subjective well-being, and a sequential pathway involving both. The full chain mediation model is shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;1.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01, *p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4. Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGrounded in the Chinese cultural framework of jia he wan shi xing (\u0026ldquo;family harmony fosters prosperity\u0026rdquo;), the present study examined the psychological mechanisms through which parental conflict influences children\u0026rsquo;s sleep quality via emotional insecurity and subjective well-being. The quantitative findings indicate that parental conflict is not only directly associated with poorer sleep quality, but also exerts indirect effects through a sequential mediating pathway involving emotional insecurity and subjective well-being.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo further interpret these mechanisms within the Chinese sociocultural context, qualitative interviews were incorporated to explore how children understand family harmony, perceive parental conflict, and translate these experiences into emotional states and sleep-related outcomes.In the following discussion, the quantitative results and interview data are integrated to address three key issues. First, how parental conflict is experienced as a source of emotional insecurity within a cultural context that strongly emphasizes family harmony. Second, how cultural beliefs regarding family harmony shape children\u0026rsquo;s evaluations of happiness and life satisfaction, thereby influencing sleep quality. Third, the sequential mediating significance of emotional insecurity and subjective well-being in linking parental conflict to children\u0026rsquo;s sleep outcomes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBy situating family psychological processes within their cultural context, this study aims to provide a more theoretically grounded and culturally sensitive account of the mechanisms underlying children\u0026rsquo;s sleep problems.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results indicated that the mean sleep quality score of the sampled children was 3.64, which was slightly lower than the mean score of 5.05 reported by Guo et al. (2020) in a sample of Chinese students from Grades 3 to 6. According to the evaluation criteria proposed by Liu Xianchen and colleagues, 139 children (9.6% of the sample) met the threshold for sleep quality problems. This proportion is lower than the reported prevalence rate of sleep problems among Chinese children under the age of 13 (14.2%) (Miao et al., 2023).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOverall, the participating children demonstrated relatively favorable sleep quality. However, a non-negligible subgroup exhibited significant sleep difficulties, warranting particular attention from parents and educators.Across specific dimensions, the highest mean scores were observed for sleep onset latency (M\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.81, SD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.95) and sleep disturbances (M\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.94, SD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.64), suggesting that these domains represent the primary areas of concern. Prolonged sleep onset latency may be associated with heavy academic workload and irregular daily routines, whereas sleep disturbances\u0026mdash;including frequent nighttime awakenings, early waking, nightmares, and snoring\u0026mdash;reflect instability in nocturnal sleep patterns.In summary, although overall sleep quality in the present sample was within an acceptable range, delayed sleep initiation and sleep disturbances remain prominent issues.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe present study found a significant positive association between parental conflict and children\u0026rsquo;s sleep problems (r = .39, p \u0026lt; .001). Structural equation modeling further indicated that parental conflict significantly and positively predicted poorer sleep quality (β\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.02, p = .006). In other words, higher levels of parental conflict were associated with more severe sleep disturbances reported by children. This finding is consistent with prior research linking negative family relational characteristics to children\u0026rsquo;s sleep difficulties (Lin et al., 2018).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe qualitative interviews provided further insight into the psychological processes underlying this association. Several children described difficulty calming down after parental arguments, reporting experiences such as \u0026ldquo;I can\u0026rsquo;t stop thinking about it,\u0026rdquo; \u0026ldquo;I keep thinking when I lie in bed,\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;the more I think, the harder it is to fall asleep.\u0026rdquo; These narratives suggest that the impact of parental conflict on sleep is not limited to transient emotional fluctuations but involves sustained psychological arousal. Recurrent rumination and worry before bedtime appear to maintain elevated cognitive and emotional vigilance, thereby interfering with pre-sleep relaxation and the transition to sleep. This interpretation aligns with theoretical accounts proposing that family stressors impair children\u0026rsquo;s sleep by prolonging psychological activation and disrupting physiological rhythms and sleep continuity (Kelly et al., 2014).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImportantly, within the Chinese cultural framework of jia he wan shi xing (\u0026ldquo;family harmony fosters prosperity\u0026rdquo;), this arousal effect may be further intensified. Interview data indicated that some children did not perceive parental arguments as isolated disagreements; rather, they associated them with broader concerns such as \u0026ldquo;the family is not normal\u0026rdquo; or \u0026ldquo;things might get worse in the future.\u0026rdquo; These narratives reflect a culturally shaped meaning-making process in which family conflict is interpreted as a deeper threat to family order and long-term stability. Under a cultural norm that strongly valorizes family harmony, parental conflict may therefore evoke more enduring vigilance and negative expectations. This finding extends the interpretation of the quantitative results by suggesting that children\u0026rsquo;s subjective appraisals and culturally informed meaning constructions are critical mechanisms linking parental conflict to sleep quality, beyond the objective characteristics of the conflict itself.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe interviews also revealed a mechanism that is often overlooked in quantitative assessments: children\u0026rsquo;s sense of involvement and perceived responsibility during parental conflict. Some children reported attempting to \u0026ldquo;stay quiet,\u0026rdquo; \u0026ldquo;not cause trouble,\u0026rdquo; or \u0026ldquo;behave better\u0026rdquo; in order to prevent further escalation. Although such behaviors may appear adaptive, they may indicate that children assume emotional responsibility for maintaining family harmony. This self-monitoring and heightened self-regulation may persist after the conflict episode, maintaining a state of psychological tension. Sustained self-regulatory vigilance may increase nighttime arousal and interfere with the physiological and psychological processes required for sleep initiation. This explanation is consistent with arousal-based models of insomnia, which emphasize pre-sleep emotional activation as a key mechanism.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTaken together, the association between parental conflict and children\u0026rsquo;s sleep should not be reduced to a simplistic causal chain in which conflict generates negative emotions that directly impair sleep. Rather, greater attention should be given to how children interpret the meaning of conflict, how cultural values amplify these interpretations, and how such interpretations prolong psychological activation that disrupts sleep. From an intervention perspective, sleep-related programs may benefit from addressing children\u0026rsquo;s meaning-making processes regarding parental conflict\u0026mdash;for example, through family communication adjustments, cognitive reframing of children\u0026rsquo;s emotional interpretations, and post-conflict reassurance strategies aimed at restoring perceived family security. Such approaches may be more effective than sleep hygiene education alone in mitigating sleep problems rooted in family relational stress.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe sequential mediation analysis demonstrated that parental conflict not only directly relates to poorer sleep quality but also indirectly influences sleep through a continuous psychological pathway of emotional insecurity \u0026rarr; subjective well-being. Specifically, parental conflict significantly and positively predicted children\u0026rsquo;s emotional insecurity; emotional insecurity, in turn, significantly and negatively predicted subjective well-being; and both variables independently and jointly exerted significant effects on sleep quality. These findings support a sequential mediation model in which emotional insecurity and subjective well-being function as linked mechanisms connecting parental conflict to sleep outcomes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe interview data offer deeper insight into this stepwise transformation process. Rather than describing parental conflict merely as a transient emotional stimulus, children repeatedly articulated a state-like sense of worry. Their narratives focused less on the specific content of arguments and more on what the conflict signified for family stability\u0026mdash;\u0026ldquo;Will something happen to our family?\u0026rdquo; or \u0026ldquo;Will it always be like this?\u0026rdquo; Such expressions correspond to the first link in the sequential pathway: emotional insecurity reflects not merely heightened negative affect but a sustained perception that the family environment has become less predictable and less reliable. In this sense, parental conflict appears to alter children\u0026rsquo;s foundational expectations regarding the stability of the family system, placing them in a state of heightened vigilance and reduced psychological relaxation. This preparatory vigilance is inherently incompatible with the low-arousal state necessary for healthy sleep.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImportantly, the interviews further indicate that emotional insecurity does not remain confined to concerns about future arguments. Instead, it migrates downstream into broader negative evaluations of life circumstances, contributing to diminished subjective well-being. Some children spontaneously linked parental conflict to thoughts such as \u0026ldquo;Maybe I\u0026rsquo;m not happy,\u0026rdquo; \u0026ldquo;Maybe my school performance will get worse,\u0026rdquo; or \u0026ldquo;Maybe things will become worse in the future.\u0026rdquo; These narratives suggest that, within their psychological framework, family relationships function not merely as contextual background but as a central reference point for assessing life quality and future prospects. When insecurity persists, children do not simply feel anxious in the moment; they may reinterpret their overall life trajectory more negatively, leading to systematic reductions in life satisfaction and positive affect. Thus, the second stage of the sequential pathway is not merely a linear progression from negative emotion to lower well-being; rather, emotional insecurity reshapes children\u0026rsquo;s interpretive framework, making diminished well-being a more stable and enduring outcome.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWithin the Chinese cultural context, this transition from insecurity to reduced well-being may have a particularly structured foundation. The cultural maxim jia he wan shi xing (\u0026ldquo;family harmony fosters prosperity\u0026rdquo;) does more than heighten sensitivity to conflict; it provides children with an interpretive script that links family relational quality to life success and future development. The interview narratives\u0026mdash;associating conflict with ideas such as \u0026ldquo;the family is not normal,\u0026rdquo; \u0026ldquo;things may get worse,\u0026rdquo; or \u0026ldquo;life may not go smoothly\u0026rdquo;\u0026mdash;reflect the internalization of this script. Parental conflict is thus more likely to be construed as a systemic risk affecting multiple domains of life, rather than as an isolated interpersonal disagreement.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccordingly, emotional insecurity becomes not merely a reaction to immediate threat but a sustained vigilance regarding potential instability in family order. Subjective well-being, in turn, becomes anchored less in momentary mood states and more in children\u0026rsquo;s judgments about whether their family environment continues to support their growth and future prospects. In this sense, culture is not an external background variable; it actively organizes psychological processes by shaping how insecurity is interpreted and determining whether declines in well-being manifest as transient emotional downturns or as broader disruptions in children\u0026rsquo;s life narratives.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe interviews further revealed an implicit mechanism that links the two mediators: children\u0026rsquo;s responsibility-oriented self-regulation during parental conflict. Several children reported that they would \u0026ldquo;stay quiet,\u0026rdquo; \u0026ldquo;avoid causing trouble,\u0026rdquo; or \u0026ldquo;behave better\u0026rdquo; in order to prevent further escalation or avoid \u0026ldquo;adding burden\u0026rdquo; to their parents. These narratives suggest that children may assume emotional responsibility for maintaining family harmony during conflict episodes.This responsibility-oriented tendency appears to operate in two interconnected ways. First, it reinforces emotional insecurity. Rather than disengaging from the conflict, children remain psychologically involved, continuously monitoring relational risk and adjusting their behavior accordingly. Such sustained vigilance prevents the restoration of a sense of safety. Second, it undermines subjective well-being. Chronic self-suppression and heightened self-monitoring reduce opportunities for positive emotional experiences and erode feelings of ease and perceived control over one\u0026rsquo;s life.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis mechanism indicates that the sequential mediation pathway is not composed of two isolated psychological processes. Instead, under culturally embedded expectations of maintaining harmony, the same coping orientation\u0026mdash;heightened vigilance and self-restraint\u0026mdash;connects emotional insecurity to diminished well-being. In an effort to \u0026ldquo;keep the family from falling apart,\u0026rdquo; children become more alert, more inhibited, and less able to experience positive affect, making it increasingly difficult to enter a relaxed state conducive to sleep.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccordingly, the sequential mediation identified in this study can be understood as a process of meaning-based translation from relational risk to nocturnal dysfunction. Parental conflict first destabilizes children\u0026rsquo;s expectations regarding family reliability (emotional insecurity). Through culturally shaped interpretive scripts and responsibility-oriented self-regulation, this insecurity is then transformed into broader negative evaluations of life circumstances (reduced subjective well-being). Finally, these cognitive\u0026ndash;emotional processes intrude upon sleep through mechanisms such as pre-sleep rumination, sustained vigilance, and impaired relaxation.Compared to explanations that focus solely on the frequency or intensity of conflict, this interpretation better accounts for why similar conflict events may yield persistent sleep consequences in children. It also provides more targeted directions for intervention. Efforts should not only aim to reduce interparental conflict but also to restore children\u0026rsquo;s sense of security following conflict episodes and to reshape their interpretations of relational instability. In particular, reducing children\u0026rsquo;s responsibility-oriented involvement in maintaining family harmony and helping them reconstruct a sense of positive life narrative and perceived control may create the psychological conditions necessary for high-quality sleep.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe present study employed a mixed-method design combining questionnaire surveys and child interviews to systematically examine the psychological mechanisms through which parental conflict influences children\u0026rsquo;s sleep quality via emotional insecurity and subjective well-being. By situating these pathways within the Chinese cultural framework of jia he wan shi xing (\u0026ldquo;family harmony fosters prosperity\u0026rdquo;), the study provides a culturally contextualized interpretation of family-based influences on sleep. The findings extend existing research on the familial psychological mechanisms underlying children\u0026rsquo;s sleep problems in China and offer theoretical implications for culturally responsive interventions. Nevertheless, several limitations warrant consideration.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFirst, regarding participants and sampling, the study adopted a cluster sampling approach, with all participants drawn from a single primary school. Although this design helped control for school-level variability, it limits the generalizability of the findings across regions, family cultural backgrounds, and educational contexts. Differences in socioeconomic status, parenting norms, and local educational pressures may shape the associations observed in this study.Second, in terms of research design, the use of cross-sectional data constrains causal inference. Although structural relationships among parental conflict, emotional insecurity, subjective well-being, and sleep quality were supported, the temporal ordering and developmental dynamics of these processes cannot be definitively established. Particularly within a cultural context, children\u0026rsquo;s understanding and internalization of family harmony may evolve cumulatively over time. The impact of parental conflict on sleep may therefore vary across developmental stages.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBuilding on these limitations, several directions for future research are suggested. First, longitudinal or multi-wave designs should be employed to examine the dynamic evolution of parental conflict, emotional insecurity, subjective well-being, and sleep quality. Such approaches would allow for stronger causal inferences and a clearer understanding of developmental trajectories. Experimental or intervention-based studies may further assess whether strategies such as post-conflict emotional repair or guided family communication effectively mitigate sleep problems, thereby enhancing the applied value of the theoretical model.Second, future research should broaden the sampling frame to include children from diverse regions, school types, and family backgrounds. Incorporating contextual controls such as academic pressure, school-based mental health resources, and socioeconomic variability would improve external validity and strengthen the robustness of the findings.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThird, subsequent studies may explicitly incorporate cultural variables to examine whether the pathways identified here operate similarly across different family value orientations or cultural contexts. Comparative analyses could help distinguish universal mechanisms linking family relationships to sleep from culturally specific processes. Such work would contribute to the development of culturally adaptive intervention strategies grounded in empirically validated mechanisms.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"5. Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSituated within the cultural context of Chinese family values, the present study employed a mixed-method approach combining questionnaire data and child interviews to systematically examine the mechanisms linking parental conflict to children\u0026rsquo;s sleep quality. Particular emphasis was placed on the mediating and sequential mediating roles of emotional insecurity and subjective well-being.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe findings indicate that parental conflict is not only directly associated with poorer sleep quality but also indirectly affects sleep through increased emotional insecurity and reduced subjective well-being. Emotional insecurity and subjective well-being form a continuous psychological pathway through which parental conflict exerts its influence on children\u0026rsquo;s sleep outcomes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntegration of the interview data further suggests that the impact of parental conflict extends beyond immediate negative emotional reactions. Rather, it reshapes children\u0026rsquo;s interpretations of family stability and their broader life evaluations, thereby exerting sustained effects on emotional experience and nocturnal regulation. Within a cultural context that strongly emphasizes family harmony, children are more likely to interpret parental conflict as a potential threat to family order and their own developmental prospects. This interpretation fosters persistent emotional vigilance and gradually erodes positive life evaluations and well-being. Over time, this sequential psychological transformation manifests at night in the form of sleep onset difficulties and unstable sleep patterns.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOverall, understanding and addressing children\u0026rsquo;s sleep problems requires moving beyond purely behavioral or physiological explanations. It is essential to consider how relational risks within the family are internalized through children\u0026rsquo;s emotional security and well-being processes, and how these processes may be amplified within specific cultural contexts. The present findings provide important implications for developing sleep interventions that incorporate family interaction patterns and post-conflict emotional repair as central components.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eInstitutional Review Board Statement\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003e This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Ethics Committee of the School of Marxism, Shanxi University\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eInformed Consent\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cb\u003eStatement\u003c/b\u003e: Informed consent was obtained from all subjects in the study.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003ch2\u003eConflicts of Interest:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe authors declare no conflicts of interest.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eFunding:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe research was supported by the Project of China National Social Science Found (grant 22BKS177).\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eH.H. conceptualized and designed the study, supervised the research process, conducted the data analysis. Y.G. contributed to data collection, assisted with statistical analysis, and participated in drafting and revising the manuscript, and wrote the main manuscript text. T.L. assisted with data collection, conducted the qualitative interviews, and contributed to data coding and interpretation. All authors reviewed, revised, and approved the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData Availability\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors on request.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAltchuler SI. (2009). Sleep and quality of life in clinical medicine. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 84(8), 758\u0026ndash;761.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBronfenbrenner U. The ecology of human development: Experiments by nature and design. 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Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 65, 211\u0026ndash;217.*.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eZhou N, Cao H, Leerkes EM. Interparental conflict and infants\u0026rsquo; behavior problems: The mediating role of maternal sensitivity. J Fam Psychol. 2017;31(4):464\u0026ndash;74.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-psychology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"psyo","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Psychology](http://bmcpsychology.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"BMC Psychology","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Children, Parental conflict, Sleep quality, Emotional insecurity, Subjective well-being, Family relational culture","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8985132/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8985132/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eIn Chinese cultural contexts, family harmony is regarded as a foundational condition for individual development and well-being. Grounded in the cultural script of \u0026ldquo;family harmony fosters prosperity\u0026rdquo; (jia he wan shi xing), the present study examines the mechanisms linking parental conflict to children\u0026rsquo;s sleep quality, with particular attention to the mediating and sequential mediating roles of emotional insecurity and subjective well-being.A mixed-method design combining questionnaire surveys and semi-structured interviews was employed. The sample consisted of 900 third- to sixth-grade students recruited from a primary school in China. Quantitative data were analyzed using correlation analyses and structural equation modeling.The results indicated that: (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e) parental conflict significantly predicted poorer sleep quality among children; (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e) emotional insecurity and subjective well-being each independently mediated the association between parental conflict and sleep quality; and (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e) emotional insecurity and subjective well-being jointly formed a significant sequential mediation pathway between parental conflict and sleep quality.Qualitative findings further revealed that children frequently interpreted parental conflict as a signal of family instability. This perception heightened sustained emotional vigilance and undermined their sense of well-being, which in turn interfered with nighttime relaxation and sleep regulation.By integrating cultural context with psychological mechanisms, this study advances understanding of how family relational risk affects children\u0026rsquo;s sleep and provides theoretical support for culturally responsive family-based interventions and sleep promotion strategies.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"From Parental Conflict to Sleep Problems: How Cultural Scripts Shape Children’s Emotional Security and Subject ive Well-Being","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-03-11 06:05:37","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8985132/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2026-04-01T04:51:08+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-03-21T06:36:22+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-03-20T09:40:09+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"295632782330631707336667538783366071874","date":"2026-03-19T10:20:46+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"101287480794189143816788176562565385264","date":"2026-03-19T02:21:59+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"316401334047918345603563303542210865731","date":"2026-03-18T10:51:06+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-03-18T01:55:59+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"52369186220842039899012797436265509260","date":"2026-03-10T04:24:56+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2026-03-05T03:47:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2026-03-03T12:21:40+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2026-03-03T01:38:11+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2026-03-03T01:37:40+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"BMC Psychology","date":"2026-02-27T07:57:23+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-psychology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"psyo","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Psychology](http://bmcpsychology.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"BMC Psychology","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"18bcaf43-6c93-452c-8cce-8906d07d52b8","owner":[],"postedDate":"March 11th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-05-19T13:38:21+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-03-11 06:05:37","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8985132","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8985132","identity":"rs-8985132","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}