Transfer Function Characteristic Analysis of Peripheral Ultrasound Signal Stimulated by Enhanced External Counterpulsation in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease

Transfer Function Characteristic Analysis of Peripheral Ultrasound Signal Stimulated by Enhanced External Counterpulsation in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Transfer Function Characteristic Analysis of Peripheral Ultrasound Signal Stimulated by Enhanced External Counterpulsation in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease Yahui Zhang, Junjun Chen, Dilang Yang, Yao Yang, Chubin Zhong, and 2 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4663161/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This study investigated the hemodynamic response of peripheral ultrasound signals in coronary artery disease (CAD) patients using transfer function (TF) characteristic analysis before, during and immediately after enhanced external counterpulsation (EECP) therapy. Fifty-eight CAD patients and sixty-two controls (N = 120) all received a single, 45-min EECP session. Blood flow ultrasound signals in the carotid and brachial arteries were acquired and spectrum curves were extracted and used to establish ARX model. TF characteristics (coefficients (A, B); Zeros (zx, zy); Poles (px, py)) were analyzed and compared between CAD and control groups across all phases. Additionally, multiple TF characteristics were integrated by linear combination to construct a CAD indicator. The classification accuracy of TF characteristics during and immediately after EECP are significantly higher than time-domain (p = 0.03) and frequency-domain features (p = 0.004). Immediately after EECP, coefficient features displayed the most significant changes in control groups, while Zero and Pole features were most significant in CAD patients. Multiple TF characteristics exhibited greater differences immediately after EECP compared to before and during EECP. This study demonstrates that both single and multiple TF characteristics provided the most distinct response between groups immediately after EECP. This study highlights the potential of TF analysis of peripheral ultrasound for non-invasive assessment of therapy in CAD patients. Health sciences/Diseases/Cardiovascular diseases Health sciences/Health care/Medical imaging/Ultrasonography Transfer function characteristics Coronary artery disease (CAD) Enhanced external counterpulsation(EECP) Ultrasound blood flow signals Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4663161","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":326351459,"identity":"43abed00-43c6-402d-ac93-2fa2cb44111f","order_by":0,"name":"Yahui 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14:29:11","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4663161/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4663161/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":61357300,"identity":"524318b7-a748-47a8-97ea-7c46779fac6b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-29 21:10:30","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":244880,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe AUC value before (a), during (b) and immediately after EECP (c) and classification accuracy (d) of time-domain, frequency-domain and transfer function (TF) characteristics of peripheral blood flow signals.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4663161/v1/21b8eeefbcab1a122af15ae7.png"},{"id":61357297,"identity":"9355bfe2-abd5-4b2c-beb7-a1fce9a9da02","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-29 21:10:30","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":58049,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe frequency of TF characteristics with significant differences before, during and immediately after EECP between groups.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4663161/v1/20589b5cfc7ef1462657db7b.png"},{"id":61357296,"identity":"df65222c-695a-4f0a-a26a-0d4af1afffb0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-29 21:10:29","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":34634,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe frequency of time-domain, frequency-domain and transfer function characteristics with marked changes before, during and after immediately EECP between groups.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4663161/v1/528646611f0648ec23466d4c.png"},{"id":61357299,"identity":"204f3281-ddc6-4796-abf1-1efb3d01ae50","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-29 21:10:30","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":44881,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe frequency of significant features: Coefficient, Zero and Pole characteristics before-during, during-after and before-after EECP between CAD patients (a) and control groups (b).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4663161/v1/af8c3b44467c4572482278c0.png"},{"id":61357298,"identity":"996a4fd8-c808-44d4-8edf-1e5a7b5a7384","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-29 21:10:30","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":456591,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eConstruction of indicator with TF characteristics. (a) An example of four TF characteristics (first four panels) and their derived indicator (last panel). (b) The weight of four TF characteristics in LDA. The TF characteristics are sorted by their p-values from small to large. (c) The relationship between p-values of indicators and number of TF characteristics\u003cstrong\u003e.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4663161/v1/c9231a3da88d9681aa38de5d.png"},{"id":95655873,"identity":"684a3ad8-3cbc-4599-84c0-8b91e2e11fa3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-11 16:17:08","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":793969,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Finalmanuscript202407032.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4663161/v1_covered_b9a0c937-84ae-4109-ba65-63026e5d46f0.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Transfer Function Characteristic Analysis of Peripheral Ultrasound Signal Stimulated by Enhanced External Counterpulsation in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Transfer function characteristics, Coronary artery disease (CAD), Enhanced external counterpulsation(EECP), Ultrasound blood flow signals","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4663161/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4663161/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis study investigated the hemodynamic response of peripheral ultrasound signals in coronary artery disease (CAD) patients using transfer function (TF) characteristic analysis before, during and immediately after enhanced external counterpulsation (EECP) therapy. Fifty-eight CAD patients and sixty-two controls (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;120) all received a single, 45-min EECP session. Blood flow ultrasound signals in the carotid and brachial arteries were acquired and spectrum curves were extracted and used to establish ARX model. TF characteristics (coefficients (A, B); Zeros (zx, zy); Poles (px, py)) were analyzed and compared between CAD and control groups across all phases. Additionally, multiple TF characteristics were integrated by linear combination to construct a CAD indicator. The classification accuracy of TF characteristics during and immediately after EECP are significantly higher than time-domain (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.03) and frequency-domain features (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.004). Immediately after EECP, coefficient features displayed the most significant changes in control groups, while Zero and Pole features were most significant in CAD patients. Multiple TF characteristics exhibited greater differences immediately after EECP compared to before and during EECP. This study demonstrates that both single and multiple TF characteristics provided the most distinct response between groups immediately after EECP. This study highlights the potential of TF analysis of peripheral ultrasound for non-invasive assessment of therapy in CAD patients.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Transfer Function Characteristic Analysis of Peripheral Ultrasound Signal Stimulated by Enhanced External Counterpulsation in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-07-29 21:10:24","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4663161/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"1d85e956-a958-48c5-94d2-2c93bd2859c5","owner":[],"postedDate":"July 29th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":34536215,"name":"Health sciences/Diseases/Cardiovascular diseases"},{"id":34536216,"name":"Health sciences/Health care/Medical imaging/Ultrasonography"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-11-11T06:08:49+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-07-29 21:10:24","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4663161","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4663161","identity":"rs-4663161","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}