A two-stage optimization of a VPP simultaneously participating in FCR and Day-ahead energy market

A two-stage optimization of a VPP simultaneously participating in FCR and Day-ahead energy market | Authorea try { document.documentElement.classList.add('js'); } catch (e) { } var _gaq = _gaq || []; _gaq.push(['_setAccount', 'G-8VDV14Y67G']); _gaq.push(['_trackPageview']); (function() { var ga = document.createElement('script'); ga.type = 'text/javascript'; ga.async = true; ga.src = ('https:' == document.location.protocol ? 'https://ssl' : 'http://www') + '.google-analytics.com/ga.js'; var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(ga, s); })(); Skip to main content Preprints Collections Wiley Open Research IET Open Research Ecological Society of Japan All Collections About About Authorea FAQs Contact Us Quick Search anywhere Search for preprint articles, keywords, etc. Search Search ADVANCED SEARCH SCROLL This is a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. 31 January 2026 V1 Latest version Share on A two-stage optimization of a VPP simultaneously participating in FCR and Day-ahead energy market Authors : Kiran Borse 0000-0002-1553-5994 [email protected] , Simon Uhlenbrock , Christian Rehtanz , Jan-Lukas Pflaum , Lara-Sophie Christmann , Adina Zell , and Norman Spangenberg Authors Info & Affiliations https://doi.org/10.22541/au.176981956.65470990/v1 147 views 83 downloads Contents Abstract Supplementary Material Information & Authors Metrics & Citations View Options References Figures Tables Media Share Abstract Certainly! Apologies for the previous omissions. Below is the complete LaTeX document that includes all the requested sections, arguments, code snippets, and proofs, organized logically into a single cohesive document. “‘latex Considering the conventional power plant phase-out, Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) operators are required to provide ancillary services and motivated to possibly increase their revenues. This paper proposes a novel Virtual Power Plant (VPP) operation framework that simultaneously co-optimizes participation in the Day-Ahead energy market and the Frequency Containment Reserve (FCR) market under realistic European market prices and regulatory constraints. A two-stage Mixed-Integer Linear Programming formulation is developed to aggregate a heterogeneous portfolio of DERs, including hydro power plants (HPPs), photovoltaic systems (PVs), and battery energy storage systems (BESSs), for FCR provision. By considering technical, regulatory, and market-oriented aspects, this research aims to analyse economically viable VPP operation. In contrast to existing studies, we test the integration of PVs and asymmetric procurement of FCR of single DERs. The impact aims to increase integration of renewable DERs for FCR and revenue opportunities for DER operators in future, compared to current government subsidies. Simulation results demonstrate the benefits of DER diversity for FCR procurement. However, for the investigated case study, the results indicate no economical advantage over government subsidies. Supplementary Material File (00_nomenclature.tex) Download 2.21 KB File (01_introduction.tex) Download 10.39 KB File (02_approach_concept.tex) Download 2.55 KB File (03a_market_optimization.tex) Download 8.98 KB File (03b_operational_optimization.tex) Download 4.28 KB File (04_evaluation.tex) Download 10.25 KB File (05_conclusion.tex) Download 1.50 KB File (06_appendix.tex) Download 5.98 KB File (algorithm.sty) Download 3.27 KB File (algorithmicx.sty) Download 26.12 KB File (amssymb.sty) Download 13.52 KB File (appendix.sty) Download 3.47 KB File (asym.tikz) Download 3.03 KB File (asym_day_ahead_d.csv) Download 307.16 KB File (asym_fcr_neg_d.csv) Download 233.06 KB File (asym_fcr_pos_d.csv) Download 241.39 KB File (asympv.tikz) Download 3.17 KB File (asympv_day_ahead_d.csv) Download 307.08 KB File (asympv_fcr_neg_d.csv) Download 236.03 KB File (asympv_fcr_pos_d.csv) Download 241.45 KB File (lettersp.sty) Download 12.16 KB File (listings.sty) Download 79.11 KB File (main.aux) Download 20.39 KB File (main.bbl) Download 8.08 KB File (main.blg) Download 1.93 KB File (main.fdb_latexmk) Download 43.80 KB File (main.fls) Download 132.42 KB File (main.glsdefs) Download 9.45 KB File (main.log) Download 72.37 KB File (main.pag) Download .02 KB File (main.pdf) Download 283.67 KB File (main.synctex) Download 959.29 KB File (main.tex) Download 5.96 KB File (mla.sty) Download 11.48 KB File (natbib.sty) Download 45.66 KB File (njdapacite.sty) Download 72.67 KB File (njdnatbib.sty) Download 46.03 KB File (sym+pv.tikz) Download 2.37 KB File (wileynjd-vancouver.bib) Download 24.54 KB File (wileynjd-vancouver.bst) Download 35.70 KB File (wileynjdv5.cls) Download 224.27 KB Information & Authors Information Version history V1 Version 1 31 January 2026 Copyright This work is licensed under a Non Exclusive No Reuse License. Keywords distributed power generation frequency control optimisation renewables and storage Authors Affiliations Kiran Borse 0000-0002-1553-5994 [email protected] TU Dortmund University View all articles by this author Simon Uhlenbrock TU Dortmund University View all articles by this author Christian Rehtanz TU Dortmund University View all articles by this author Jan-Lukas Pflaum Urban Energy GmbH View all articles by this author Lara-Sophie Christmann Urban Energy GmbH View all articles by this author Adina Zell Urban Energy GmbH View all articles by this author Norman Spangenberg Urban Energy GmbH View all articles by this author Metrics & Citations Metrics Article Usage 147 views 83 downloads .FvxKWukQNSOunydq8rnd { width: 100px; } Citations Download citation Kiran Borse, Simon Uhlenbrock, Christian Rehtanz, et al. A two-stage optimization of a VPP simultaneously participating in FCR and Day-ahead energy market. Authorea . 31 January 2026. 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