Psychological Mechanisms of Revenge and Revenge Ideations in Family Homicide: Results from Qualitative Research of Forensic Assessment Reports

Psychological Mechanisms of Revenge and Revenge Ideations in Family Homicide: Results from Qualitative Research of Forensic Assessment Reports | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Psychological Mechanisms of Revenge and Revenge Ideations in Family Homicide: Results from Qualitative Research of Forensic Assessment Reports Leonie H. Grobbink, Klaas M. L. Huijbregts, S. Draisma, Jan J.L. Derksen, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3574643/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 05 Jun, 2025 Read the published version in BMC Psychiatry → Version 1 posted 9 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Our aim was to find out which social and psychological factors characterize forensic psychiatric patients who have committed family homicide with revenge as a reason as compared to subjects who committed family homicide with other motives. Qualitative research was carried out on the basis of pre-trial forensic assessment reports of existing cases (N = 20), divided between Revenge and No-Revenge cases. In case of revenge, violence was almost always a sort of settling of an interpersonal score. Psychotic symptomatology was absent in the Revenge cases, personality problems (particularly borderline and narcissistic traits) were common. Demoralization because of a decline of well-being seems to be an important factor pushing some persons with such vulnerabilities over the edge. Our expectation is that, at least in a certain proportion of (non-psychotic) patients, there will be more brooding on revenge than the psychotherapist suspects. revenge vengeance personality family homicide psychopathology qualitative research forensic assessment reports Introduction In 2013, Jeroen D. killed his nine- and seven-year old sons, after which he killed himself. He had prepared his act thoroughly and the probable cause was hearing the court-ruling of a restricted contact arrangement [1]. The media quickly concluded revenge must have played a role in this dreadful killing. However, the extensive media attention devoted to these and similar cases is in sharp contrast to the number of scientific studies on revenge. Due to this lack of research, there are no widely-shared diagnostic and treatment programs for revengeful patients. Better understanding of revenge and the development of revenge fantasies and feelings may lead to improvement of treatment plans and policies and may prevent escalations and acting-out behaviors. A previous attempt at conceptualisation of revenge and revenge ideations [2,3], shows revenge can be seen as behavior following revenge ideations (revenge fantasies, revenge thoughts, feelings of revenge), in which rumination, cognitive distortions (tunnel vision, all-or-nothing thinking and overgeneralization) took place as well as fantasies that arose after being offended or wronged (in the perception of the revenge taker). Revenge can also be seen as a type of behavior that has the function of restoring psychological balance and sense of self [3]. So, revenge goes beyond anger. Getting outraged will not restore the disturbed psychological balance after an injury. We found that revengefulness may be a pursuit [3], which develops after a certain strain, is intrapersonal because of its cognitive, introverted nature, and that it can be directed inward (toward oneself) or outward (toward the other) and can substantially increase over time. Cognitive distortions contribute to the threatening image of “the other,” who needs to be avenged or eliminated. This is dependent on the personality of the avenger and the function revenge fantasies and ruminations have. Fantasizing about revenge is accompanied by feelings of authority and omnipotence and offers the possibility to identify with violent characters [4,5]. Research has shown that certain psychological symptoms can be associated with an increased desire for revenge, such as symptoms of PTSD [6], anxiety, and depression [7,8]. On the level of personality, the need for revenge could also be part of a narcissistic personality disorder or a borderline personality disorder [2,9]. Early problems in development (e.g., traumas, hostility, or “being ignored”) seem to be important in such cases. Psychodynamically, revenge could serve the purpose of holding on to the psychological object [10]. It could therefore play a role in the context of attachment problems by attempting to manage a conflict of distance and proximity when a real or imaginary threat, abandonment, or rejection by the attachment figure is present [11]. Marital problems and/or doubts about fatherhood in combination with borderline problems and/or a high degree of narcissism, are factors that specifically play a role in revenge in partner and/or child murders [12]. In the context of marital problems, the offender can also see children as the source of hostility and anger, especially when there are doubts about fatherhood. Threats from a spouse to leave a person (usually a male, [12]) or an obstruction to have contact with children, can cause anger, jealousy and rage directed towards the children. There is also often a lack of individuation on the part of the offender, and an inability to accept a divorce [13]. Also, studies have identified a strong relation between trait-level anger and revenge [14]. It is vital to identify signals, red flags, that can be responded to early so the clinician can start asking questions about revenge ideations and plans in time. In the current study, we want to investigate which themes play a role in the case files of people who have killed their partner and/or child (family homicide). Because we want to know which themes are specific for the group that has revenge as a motive, we will also study case files where revenge was not a motive. Records are available at the Netherlands Institute of Forensics Psychiatry and Psychology (NIFP) which allow for in-depth exploration of the phenomenon using qualitative research techniques. To our knowledge this is the first study in which this methodology was used. This article focuses on the question: which themes play a role in the case files of persons who have killed their partner and/or child out of revenge compared to persons who came to this act for another reason? Methods Design Qualitative research was carried out on the basis of pre-trial forensic assessment reports of existing cases. Data were organized theme wise in data capture sheets to enable systematic comparisons between two group of suspects: a group with and a group without revenge motives. Although the trial was yet to come, all people in this investigation have confessed to the (attempted) murder. The cases were obtained from archives of the Netherlands Institute of Forensics Psychiatry and Psychology (NIFP). Setting In many countries, persons prosecuted for a serious offense, are required to participate in a pre-trial forensic assessment at the request of the judiciary. In Anglo-Saxon countries, these assessments are mainly directed at the establishment of the competence to stand trial (adjudicative competence) and at the restoration of the abilities associated with the competency to stand trial (competence restoration) [15,16]. In the Netherlands pre-trial forensic assessments are only aimed at (possible grounds for excluding) criminal responsibility, risk assessment, and advice about treatment and/or probation to minimize recidivism. Forensic pre-trail assessments are conducted by an independent forensic expert (forensic psychiatrist or psychologist), who writes a pre-trial forensic mental health report (further referred to as “pre-trial forensic report”) in which four forensic questions are addressed: (1) whether and to what extent a mental disorder or deficient mental development is present; (2) whether and to what extent a mental disorder or deficient mental development resulted in an advice on the defendant’s diminished criminal responsibility; (3) what the probability is of reoffending (risk assessment); and (4) which judicial and therapeutic measures are needed to reduce the risk of reoffending (risk management). Although each forensic question addresses a distinct forensic aspect, these questions are interconnected and logically sequenced [17,18]. The cases were obtained from archives of the Netherlands Institute of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology (NIFP). Forensic assessments can consist of one report (by a psychiatrist or a psychologist), two reports (psychiatrist and psychologist) or three reports (psychiatrist, psychologist and social worker). The forensic assessments found contained psychological reports, psychiatric reports, and integrated psychological and psychiatric forensic reports. Case selection Our qualitative investigation was carried out on the case histories of 20 persons who committed filicide (seven cases No Revenge, four cases Revenge), uxoricide (two cases No Revenge, five cases Revenge) and familicide (one case No Revenge, one case Revenge). The willingness of the suspect to participate in the psychological investigation and the confession of their act were conditions for inclusion. Between 2014 and 2016, pre-trial forensic assessments of 30 persons were found concerning familicide, uxoricide, and filicide. The forensic assessments were conducted between 2006 and 2016. The cases were classified as either 'Revenge' or 'No Revenge'. In order to determine whether the behavior that led to the offense in the case in question was revenge, it was compared with the following definition: “Behavior following revenge ideations (revenge fantasies, revenge thoughts, feelings of revenge), in which rumination, cognitive distortions (tunnel vision, all-or-nothing thinking and overgeneralization) took place as well as fantasies that arose after being offended or wronged (in the perception of the revenge taker), and in which revenge has the function of restoring the psychological imbalance and the sense of self ” [3]. The suspects in the No Revenge group had also killed or attempted to kill their partner and/or their child, because of an escalation of an argument, assisted suicide, or in case of psychosis or a culturally-colored experience, such as the influence of a Djinn, the Devil or witchcraft. Case-files of ten subjects could be assigned to the category ‘revenge as motive’ without any doubt, whereas another ten arguably concerned other motives than revenge. The case files of the remaining ten subjects could not be assigned to either revenge or no revenge motives and were disregarded. In summary, ten cases with revenge as motive versus ten cases with another motive were used in the analysis. So the eventual sample concerned 20 unique persons, who were examined several times by forensic psychologists and psychiatrists. Suspect characteristics Case histories of 20 persons who committed filicide, uxoricide or familicide were included in the analysis. Demographics of the suspects are shown in Table 1. Table 1 Suspect characteristics Revenge (N=10) No Revenge (N=10) Age, x̄ and SD 40,5 (12,7) 40,1 (9,4) Sex Female 2 7 Male 8 3 Ethnic Group European 9 8 Arab 1 1 Asian 0 1 Education Low 2 1 Medium 7 5 High 1 4 DSM Classification Alcohol dependence in forced remission (detention) 1 0 Personality disorder NOS 3 2 Borderline personality disorder 3 2 Depression 2 2 Adjustment disorder with mixed disturbance of emotions and conduct 1 2 Delusional Disorder or psychotic disorder NOS 0 3 PTSD 0 1 Mental Retardation 1 1 Psychosocial and environmental problems 0 1 Data extraction First, we examined the explanation the suspect gave for the homicide 2 act, retrospectively reported attitudes and feelings, feelings observed by forensic experts, whether the homicide was planned. Secondly, childhood and parenting style in the family of origin of the suspect were described. Next, personality traits, defense mechanisms, conscience, frustration-tolerance (under the heading ‘Personality’) were examined. Subsequently, psychological problems at the time of the offense or in the history of the subject were identified, as well as signs of a failure of reality testing. Finally, circumstances like substance use and stress factors (including relationship problems and divorce) and correlates like judicial history and the intelligence of the suspect were described. Initially, self-description was also included in the study, but it turned out to not have been discussed in six of the twenty cases and therefore contained insufficient information. Analyses For each case, a data capture sheet was kept regarding the reasoning on whether or not it was about revenge according to this definition. After assigning cases to 'Revenge' or 'No Revenge', the information was merged per theme in a separate document in order to give the data the same order. Issues such as childhood and youth, defense mechanisms and forensic expert-impression are usually mentioned in the reports. If this was not the case, the box in question was left empty. It was not possible to blind for Revenge versus No Revenge as this is mentioned in the case reports. No special software program for data analysis was used, thematic analysis was performed in an iterative comparative way. The thematic analysis of two independent coders was discussed in peer debriefing [19]. Two coders (Grobbink, L., Huijbregts, K.) coded the texts of the first two case-files independently, topics were then compared and consensus was reached about an initial framework. Analysis was continued by updating the coding framework after every two case-files and in discussions at research-group meetings (peer reviews). This allowed updates of the topic list in the light of emerging themes and maximized agreement concerning participants’ considerations. The themes emerged from the content and items from the files, although we made use of existing literature (see the introduction) for further fine tuning. Existing knowledge was therefore also used when merging the codes. Also, the case rapports had a certain structure so that certain aspects were always mentioned. By searching for new topics and testing predetermined topics, this method was both inductive and deductive. Relevant themes emerging from the data were categorized in five main themes (factors in general, psychological symptoms, personality, childhood and parenting style in family of origin and the social circumstances) and fifteen subthemes described in Table 2. 2 Where ‘he’ is cited in the text, this refers to both ‘he’ and ‘she’. Results In the Results section, comparisons in the six main themes are presented between No revenge and Revenge subjects subsequently. I. Factors in general (causes, attitude and feelings towards the murder, feelings observed by forensic experts, planning) Causes of homicide In the ‘No Revenge-group’, three main reasons for the offence of the suspects were found: 1) Argument escalation, 2) Assisted suicide and 3) 'Saving' the other from a life that is worse than death. Escalation of an argument in a relationship in which self-defense ("I wanted him to stop") ended fatally for the person who initiated the physical violence, assisted suicide where it is unclear whether the other person also had a death wish (but not completely implausible) and, more frequently in this sample, 'saving' the other from a life that is worse than death (stemming from psychosis, culturally-colored experience, such as the influence of a Djinn, the Devil or witchcraft, or a supposedly otherwise hopeless situation) as well as psychodynamic factors such as symbiosis, boundary dissolution, denial and projection (immature defense mechanisms). In the ‘Revenge’ group, two reasons were found: 1) The feeling 'I am not the only one who needs to feel pain' and 2) the feeling of disrespect which cannot be tolerated (‘who does not want to listen, has to feel the consequences’). One feels abandoned, humiliated, let down, and unappreciated. A partner who threatens to leave, (alleged) cheating, doubts about biological paternity and an accumulation of problems are often the immediate cause. Table 3 shows some examples of statements made by the suspects. Attitude and feelings towards the accused Strikingly, in the ‘No Revenge-group’ suspects seem convinced that they can decide that the life of the victim is no longer worth living under the perceived circumstances. They were presumably convinced that they were doing the right thing because of a distorted perception of reality: the victim's fate was already terrible (for instance because of the work of the Devil), and fear and despair prospered. Children with disabilities in combination with exhaustion of the parent together with the belief that others would not be able to take care of them, can also be a non-psychotic route leading to the same consideration. Two cases appear to be outliers; during an escalated argument, one suspect had a reliving of a previous traumatic experience and in one case 'assisted suicide' was offered to a seriously ill partner. In the ‘No Revenge’ group, intense feelings of guilt, regret, sadness, remorse, and anger at oneself came to the fore. People did not know what to do. In the ‘Revenge’ group, suspects experienced an accumulation of traumas and other problems. Violence was almost always experienced as a sort of settlement of an interpersonal score. Feeling abandoned is often the common denominator. People were angry, offended, felt ridiculed and humiliated. They felt locked out and rejected by the world. People experienced betrayal (e.g., catching the partner having extramarital sex, or doubts about biological paternity). It is noticeable that self-esteem is often linked to the relationship with a partner, in cases where the partner is murdered out of revenge. The ‘Revenge group’ frequently mentioned anger. Two suspects showed no remorse or guilt. One was happy that his partner was dead and that he could move on. Another said that he did not deserve a prison sentence. One person mentioned that speaking about the murder made him feel positive. Another speaks of a positive turning-point: "If it hadn't happened then, I would still be in this shit. I am a nicer person now, I am open and dare to open my mouth now. I won't let anyone walk all over me anymore, if my girlfriend were to tell me something now, then there's the door." Another says it feels good to talk about sad things from the past. Sometimes it is also not so clear how the person concerned feels about the charges, for example: 'it seems to go past him' (observation made by the forensic expert). Feelings observed by the forensic experts In the ‘No Revenge group’, forensic experts ascribed authenticity to observed feelings. Mentioned are sadness, fear, upheaval, grief and feelings of guilt that are almost unbearable and are pushed away with anger. In the ‘Revenge group’ it was frequently noted by forensic experts that little shame and suffering were shown. Some people made jokes and the vibe was light-hearted. Emotions such as sadness, however, did not appear. Relatively often, people appeared averse to their own emotional world. Some felt wronged and felt sorry for themselves and for what happened to them. Planning Planning was denied by almost everyone. It should, therefore, be mentioned that the suspects were still waiting for the trial. One may fear being put at a disadvantage if one confesses to planning. In the ‘No- Revenge group’, there was no clear planning in seven cases. In two cases, planning is plausible because a method of committing murder/suicide was searched for on the internet. In one case, the suspect had already given signals that something was going wrong (this may indicate not so much that someone was planning, yet the offense did not come completely out of the blue). In the ‘Revenge’ group there was no clear planning in four cases. Two suspects prepared carefully (scrupulously) and this makes planning very plausible. In one case, planning was plausible because a method was searched for on the internet. In two cases planning was denied even though there was a threat through text messages and e-mail. In one case there was a suicide note, but it was undated, making it difficult to prove planning. II. Childhood and parenting style in family of origin Family of origin, childhood In both groups parenting styles were experienced as inconsistent: one authoritarian, the other accommodating and safe, or one hot-tempered and the other one calm. Little attention was paid to the individual and to the emotional needs. Physical abuse took place in both groups. In the ‘No- Revenge group’, it is noticeable there was a limited mutual involvement in the family of origin. Parents died when the suspects were still young, or they suffered from psychological complaints as a result of which little affection and safety could be given. Systemic problems were described a number of times (e.g., extramarital relationships, a lot of fighting between parents or a child who feels that he is standing between the parents as a mediator). Several people struggled with attachment problems and behavioral problems at a young age, had few friends or experienced bullying at school. Being bullied at school is mentioned in half of the cases. Being bullied by a stepmother and emigration/acculturation problems were both mentioned once. In contrast to the ‘No Revenge’ cases, being bullied by peers in school is hardly a recurring theme in the Revenge cases. Separation of parents, early childhood trauma (including sexual and physical abuse) and alcohol use is reported. Status, norms and values were important themes for various people involved and feelings of belittlement and humiliation are experienced. In addition, in one of the families it is described that the person concerned may have been spoiled, which may have contributed to a low frustration tolerance. III. Personality (personality traits, defense mechanisms, conscience, frustration-tolerance) Personality traits (identified by experts) In the 'No Revenge group' a borderline personality organization [20] was identified three times. Furthermore, introversion was discussed as well as internalizing problems, sub-assertiveness and avoidant and dependent traits. There is evidence of an avoidant attachment style. Feelings of emptiness, suggestibility, fear of abandonment, an erratic emotional life with a poorly-matured identity, and mood swings were also identified. Intimacy problems and a tendency to take on the victim role are also mentioned, as well as more neurotic problems (e.g. nervousness). In addition, indications of a psychotic personality organization were found. This can partly be derived from the failing reality-testing that was reported frequently in this group, as well as schizoid traits, and a symbiotic relationship tendency (all of these can be indicator of a psychotic personality organization). In several cases, there was a psychological fusion with the other person or a symbiotic relationship. Aggression was often inhibited with a passive aggressive expression of dissatisfaction. In addition, drugs seemed to play a role sometimes, which means that failing reality-testing could in that case also be caused by drug use. In the Revenge group, egocentrism is mentioned no less than eight times. Passive aggressive traits, dependent and avoidant traits, perfectionism, rigidity, lack of close contact, jealousy, inadequate emotion regulation, and impulsivity were also mentioned. Antisocial traits and a tendency to externalize were mentioned twice. In particular, there could be covert narcissism (such as denial of one's own hostility and suspicion). More primary narcissism could also be deduced in one case from the description of a socially skilled façade. Narcissism manifests itself as well in materialism and search for power and prestige, and in very high vulnerabilities, egocentrism, fear of belittlement, self-centeredness, low empathy, need for recognition, difficulty with authority, low frustration tolerance, identity problems, black- and- white thinking, fantasies of grandeur and a lack of mentalization. Contact with others was instrumentally colored. Defense Mechanisms Defense mechanisms that were the same in both groups: splitting, projective identification, affect isolation, externalization, idealization and devaluation, rationalization, and denial. For example, one man in the No-Revenge group denied his partner's death (and his fault) and became angry and sad when confronted. Furthermore, in the ‘No-Revenge group’ acting out, externalizing, rationalization, alienation, projection, reaction formation, repression, passive-aggressive complaining was present. Although there is a mixture of primitive and developed defenses, immature defense-mechanisms predominate. In the ‘Revenge group’, defense-mechanisms as paranoid projection and vilification were seen. More primitive defenses were also identified. In one case, one could speak of a severely fluctuating level of insight and judgement. Conscience (identified by experts) In the ‘No-Revenge’ group, there was no mentioning of a disturbed function of conscience. Reasonable, intact, strict or punitive functions of conscience were described. In the Revenge group, conscience was described as flawed (only one exception). It is insufficiently internalized, very limited, lacunar and built up from outside rules commandments (e.g. faith), or it consists of a rational awareness of norms and values and fails on an emotional and behavioral level. Frustration-tolerance (identified by experts) In the ‘No- Revenge group’, the level of frustration-tolerance varied; from moderate, low to strong control, and even inhibited. There seem to be two types in the No-Revenge group: an impulsive group with low frustration-tolerance and a group in which this is less evident due to aggression-inhibition. The latter group may be an extra risk because of unpredictability. Risk mainly arises when coping fails because 'suddenly' a completely different side of the victim emerges. In the ‘Revenge group’, frustration-tolerance was usually rated as low. None of the subjects had an aggression breakthrough during the research itself. However, an emotional sensitivity and fragility is often observed. In one case, the frustration tolerance was estimated as being held back: 'Frustrations built up and form the breeding ground of anger'. In some of the cases, frustrations were visible (and also more externally and verbally focused than in the No-Revenge cases), but they usually did not lead to major outbursts. The frustration-tolerance seemed to be intact somewhat more often than in the No-Revenge group. IV. Psychological symptoms (psychological complaints and reality testing) Psychological complaints Psychotic symptoms regularly played a role in the ‘No-Revenge’ cases. Based on delusions, the suspect has the idea that the victim's life was no longer worth living. In particular, paranoid ideas and delusions of reference and mental disorganization were mentioned. Mood disorders were frequently mentioned in the reports (specifically in at least five of the cases ). Usually it concerns sadness, feelings of powerlessness and desperation, suicidality, sleeping-problems and occasionally an agitated or excited mood. Relationship problems regularly played a role. They either led to a longer lasting pattern of overload or to an acute severe degree of distress. They were specifically mentioned in at least three of the ‘No- Revenge’ cases. Social isolation, acculturation problems, reliving of a previous traumatic experience, problems in the religious sphere, Factitious Disorder Imposed on Another (Munchausen by proxy) and substance use were all mentioned once. In the ‘Revenge’ cases, the psychotic symptomatology was remarkably absent compared to the ‘No- Revenge’ cases. Depressive symptoms were also mentioned less often (in three out of ten cases). However, personality problems were mentioned more often (particularly the B-cluster in terms of the DSM-IV) and people mentioned more often having no psychological complaints (three times). Substance use and relationship problems were also mentioned more often. Remarkable is that one report mentioned that an extensive mental care history could not reverse a negative trend and another subject already showed a trend of increasing aggression before the homicide. Reality testing (identified by experts) Impaired reality testing was often the case in the ‘No- Revenge group’ (in six cases this was regarded as seriously disturbed). Three times undisturbed/intact reality testing was mentioned, one time ‘vulnerable under pressure’. In the Revenge group, the reality testing was mostly intact; in eight cases this was undisturbed. Dissociative distortions were mentioned twice. V. Social circumstances (substance use, stress factors) Substance use at the time of the offense One case involved alcohol and cannabis use and one case concerned polydrug dependence at the time of the offense in the ‘No- Revenge group’. In the Revenge group, two of the ten cases involved alcohol use at the time of the offense and one case involved a fairly large dose of oxazepam (150 mg). Stress factors at the time of the offense The most common stress factors were similar in both groups and concerned financial problems and debts, relationship problems and the threat of divorce, work problems and loss of work, poor social position due to language problems, housing- problems or the threat of eviction, social deprivation, care for a partner or child with health- or psychological problems, somatic problems such as erectile dysfunction causing sexual problems. Often a combination of stressors seemed to be at play. Relationship problems stand out in the Revenge cases. VI. Correlates (judicial history and intelligence) Judicial history In the ‘No- Revenge group’ one drug smuggling and two thefts are mentioned, otherwise nothing in particular. In contrast to this, there is a large degree of differentiation in the ‘Revenge’ group: five have a blank judicial history and others are familiar with insulting the police, violent crimes and attempted manslaughter, theft, drug trafficking, arson, and benefit fraud. Intelligence (identified by experts) Intelligence is sometimes examined through test research and other times estimated by the forensic expert based on the conversation with the suspect and the suspects education. Intelligence did not differ between the groups; the majority of the cases in both groups showed an average intelligence and a few times above average or low average. In both groups mental retardation was identified once. Discussion This article started with the question: Which themes play a role in the case files of people who have killed their partner and/or child out of revenge compared to people who came to this act for another reason? Applying qualitative methodology, case-files where revenge was a motive were compared to those of patients for whom this was not evident. Important differences were found between the Revenge and No-Revenge group in all characteristics, like childhood and parenting style in family of origin, personality, social circumstances, judicial history and the psychological symptoms (intact reality testing in the Revenge-group and (often) impaired reality testing in the No-Revenge group). Psychotic symptomatology was thus absent in the Revenge group. Personality problems were often present. The violence in this group was almost always a sort of settling of an interpersonal score . A vulnerable sense of self and immature defense mechanisms seem to contribute to sudden aggressive breakthroughs. Egocentrism, passive aggressive, dependent, and avoidant traits, as well as perfectionism, rigidity, problems with the maintenance of close contacts, jealousy, inadequate emotion regulation, and impulsivity are mentioned as personality traits . In particular, there could be covert narcissism. The most common stress factors are financial problems and debts, relationship problems and the threat of divorce, work problems and loss of work, poor social position due to language problems, housing-problems or the threat of eviction, social deprivation, care for a partner or child with health or psychological problems, somatic problems such as erectile dysfunction causing sexual problems. Often a combination of stressors seems to be at play. Reflecting on our previously given definition of revenge [3], the personality problems mentioned above match the fantasies of grandeur, cognitive distortions (like black- and white thinking), vulnerable sense of self and immature defense mechanisms. What the results also reveal, is that after the revenge little shame and suffering were shown. Whether or not the psychological balance and sense of self is restored on the long term, we cannot answer because we have not been able to speak to the suspects at a later date due to the right to privacy. Nevertheless, this could be interesting for further research. The themes that emerge in the revenge group in this study are in line with the existing literature in the introduction. Earlier research [11] already pointed out the role of attachment problems by attempting to manage a conflict of distance and proximity when a real or imaginary threat, abandonment, or rejection by the attachment figure is present, and Liem [12] already mentioned before the importance of marital problems and/or doubts about fatherhood in combination with borderline traits and/or a high degree of narcissism, are factors that specifically play a role in revenge in partner and/or child murders. A narcissistic personality disorder, a borderline personality disorder and early problems in development are also mentioned before in relation to the need for revenge [3,9] The decline in quality of life and well-being (due to increasing stress factors) might lead to a ‘straw that breaks the camel’s back’ situation. Based on our analysis we hypothesize that in these vulnerable (primary, but also, covertly narcissistic) persons, a decline in quality of life could remove a buffer if there is a trigger such as infidelity or an imminent breakup. Revenge, at its core, appears to be a disruptive event that takes place during times of psychological distress and high tension, clashing with a constellation of upbringing and personality in someone with little resilience and adaptability. This is interesting in the light of research on well-being [21], that describes that patients can have a reasonable level of well-being even with a relatively high level of psychopathology. Patients with a low level of well-being and a high degree of psychopathology may become demoralized. Psychopathology must therefore also be viewed in the context of functioning. This does seem to be the case with the Revenge group: these persons already have (latent) personality problems and then something happens that lowers the level of well-being below a certain threshold, which is unbearable and can lead to destructive acts such as homicide. Limitations of this study Although the suspects admitted their guilt towards the police and during the psychological investigation, the trial was yet to come. This may have influenced the openness of those involved. Also, medication is not coded. In retrospect, this may have been a missed opportunity. Another possible limitation of the study concerns the difference in male-female ratio between the groups. The psychological make-up of criminal women is different from that of men [22]. However, revenge-ideations do not necessarily differ between men and women, but could also be related to the degree of narcissism. Brown [23] found that the degree of narcissism successfully distinguished between vengeful and non-vengeful people who are low in forgiveness. In people with a high degree of forgiveness, narcissism was found to be unrelated to revenge. In other words, the most revengeful people are those who have a low score for the trait forgiveness and a high score on narcissism. This was independent of gender. When we look at the two women in the Revenge group, especially the externalizing behavior (for example manipulation, anger towards others, jealousy and the need for control) stands out. Research [22] shows that women in forensic health care show more internalizing behavior problems than men, while at the same time externalizing problem behavior is also strongly present. The two women in our Revenge group, are not the ‘typical forensic women’ described in the study by Graat et al., since they had few internalizing problems. Finally, a strength of our approach is that we worked with two independent coders. On the other hand, the limitation of the coding is that the case files had to be divided in advance between Revenge and No Revenge, so there was no blind coding. Clinical consequences As our paper focuses mainly on importance of revenge, we will reflect on this mostly in this section on clinical consequences. Nevertheless we should note that mood problems (particularly demoralization) seem to be of importance in both groups. In the case of mood problems in the Revenge group, it seems advisable to specifically ask about relationship problems, paranoidism, and suicidality. In the case of suicidality, it is important to ask not only about aggression towards the self, but also towards those close to them (also in order to release them from perceived suffering). With respect to the mental health history within the Revenge cases, we see that the suspects regularly either have a blank mental health history, or that psychological help was not sufficient to reverse the downward spiral. It is possible that there was an ‘illusion of mental health’. In Revenge cases there seems to be more reason to be alert to repetition (compared to the No-Revenge group). This might be partly due to the characteristic, unhealthy way of dealing with relationships. Suspects often have limited capabilities to understand the perspective of the other in interpersonal conflicts, to take insults without reproaching the other, and to be able to step over offenses. Children with these problems can develop into non-conciliatory, vindictive adults [9, 24]. Earlier, Gabriel and Monaco [24] wrote about the vengeful character, where revenge and hatred towards the rest of the world are experienced and one cannot imagine life without these feelings because one has the idea that one can never get what one wants and one constantly feels the need to equalize. In childhood, people already experienced shame, humiliation and frustration. An important reason for homicide mentioned in the Revenge group was: "I am not the only one who should feel pain." Clinicians come across many healthy and unhealthy defense mechanisms in these patients, and it will not be easy to notice ideations for revenge. Revenge motives were not always explicitly mentioned by our subjects. Maybe it was expected to be incriminating during criminal proceedings, but it may also be that ideations of revenge slumbered in the unconscious a long time. We want to encourage practicing clinicians to start asking questions when a patient has relationship problems, especially when there is primary narcissism, but also in case of covert type of this trait with denial of one's own hostility and a lot of stressors, mood problems, and a low level of well-being. We encourage to make an assessment of the identity development, the defense mechanisms, possible separation problems (leaving would mean letting go, revenge can also mean staying connected in a psychodynamic sense), aggression- and impulse-regulation and the development of conscience. Fantasies about revenge can serve the functions to provide sadistic gratification, to erase an intolerable reality and aversive self-awareness, to restore the grandiose self, and to maintain the image of others and the world as evil and dangerous. Declercq and Audenaert [4, 5] called such revenge fantasies, which center on authority and omnipotence and in which people identify themselves with violent characters, ego-syntonic. These fantasies are assumed to emotionally supply pathological narcissism, in contrast with ruminations that are ego-dystonic and compulsive. These ruminations impose themselves on the offender’s mind like intrusions. In this case, the goal of the violence is relief after an unendurable tension because of the repeated intrusions of revenge. In addition, The Vengeance Scale [25] could also be administered (when using The Vengeance Scale the use of a measure of ‘social desirability’ is advised). This questionnaire could be used for an interesting follow-up study, especially when both the psychotherapist and the patient complete it, to compare whether the same estimate is made of the degree of revenge ideations. There could be more brooding on revenge than the psychotherapist suspects. Conclusion Little theory is available on revenge and there are no widely shared diagnostic and treatment programs for revengeful patients. In the forensic field, there is a great diversity in the professional treatment of people for whom revenge plays an important role in their criminal history. Based on our analyses we would encourage clinicians to ask questions about revenge ideations in patients with a high level of (both primary and covert) narcissism wo report mood problems and declining quality of life/well-being, particularly when a possible trigger –for instance a break-up- is occurring or upcoming. There could be more brooding on revenge than the therapist suspects. We hope to have made a start with theoretical findings that could be tested in further research, and which may lead to improvement of treatment plan and policy and may prevent escalations and acting out behavior. Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate Due to the retrospective nature of the study, there is a waiver for informed consent from the ethics committee of the Faculty Behavioral, Management, and Social Sciences for the University of Twente, the Netherlands (file 231263). The study was approved by the ethical committee of the University of Twente (Faculty BMS, University of Twente, request 231263). Consent for publication Not Applicable. Availability of data and materials The datasets generated and/or analysed during the current study are not publicly available due to privacy-sensitive information but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest, or other interests that might be perceived to influence the results and/or discussion reported in this article. Funding Not Applicable Authors' contributions · L. Grobbink wrote the main article · K. Huijbregts and L. Grobbink coded the texts of files independently, constructed the framework and in addition often held a peer debriefing · G. Westerhof, S. Draisma, K. Huijbregts and J. Derksen substantively revised the article. · All authors reviewed the article and G. Westerhof is the supervisor. Acknowledgement Not applicable References Editorial staff AD newspaper. 2013, 6 juni. Retrieved from https://www.ad.nl/binnenland/vader-bereidde-moord-op-zijn-zoons-tot-in-detail- voor ~ a78fe132/ Grobbink LH, Derksen J. Wraak [Revenge]. GZ-psychologie. 2012; april, 18–23. Grobbink LH, Derksen J, van Marle HJ. Revenge: An analysis of its psychological underpinnings, International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology. 2014; 16, 0306624X13519963. Declercq F, Audenaert MD. A case of mass murder: Personality disorder, psychopathology and violence mode. Aggression and Violent Behavior. 2011a; 16, 135–143. Declercq F, Audenaert MD. Predatory violence aiming at relief in a case of mass murder: Meloy’s criteria for applied forensic practice. Behavioral Sciences & the Law. 2011b, 29, 578–591. Orth U, Montada L, Maercker A. Feelings of Revenge, Retaliation Motive, and Posttraumatic Stress Reactions in Crime Victims. Journal of Interpersonal Violence. 2006; 21(2), pp. 229–243. Haley WE, Strickland BR. Interpersonal betrayal and cooperation: Effects on self-evaluation in depression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology; 1986, 50(2), pp. 386–391. Barcaccia B, Salvati M, Pallini S, et al. The bitter taste of revenge: Negative affect, depression and anxiety. Curr Psychol. 2020; https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-00643-1 Draijer N. Moord en doodslag als pathologische wraak [Homicide as pathological revenge]. In H. Goudswaard (Ed.), Vergeven of vergelden; over slachtoffers van intiem geweld [Forgive or take revenge: About victims of intimate violence]. 2000; pp. 59–80. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Van Gennep. Searles HF. The psychodynamics of vengefulness. Psychiatry. 1956; Feb;19(1):31 − 9. doi: 10.1080/00332747.1956.11023029. PMID: 13310696. Pistole MC. Adult attachment styles: Some thoughts on closeness-distance struggles. Family Process. 1994; 33, 147–159. Liem M. Homicide followed by Suicide: An Empirical Analysis. 2010; Utrecht: Utrecht University Johnson C, Sachmann M. Familicide-Suicide. Family Court Review. 2014; 52: 100–113. Jackson JC, Choi VK, Gelfand MJ. Revenge: A multilevel review and synthesis. Annual Review of Psychology. 2019; 70, 319–345 Mossman D, Noffsinger SG, Ash, P, Frierson RL, Gerbasi J, Hackett M, et al. American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law. AAPL Practice Guideline for the forensic psychiatric evaluation of competence to stand trial. J Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 2007;35(4 Suppl):S3-72. PMID: 18083992. Mumley DL, Tilbrook CE, Grisso T. Five year research update (1996–2000): evaluations for competence to stand trial (adjudicative competence). Behavioral Sciences & the Law. 2003; 21, 329–350. Duits N, van der Hoorn S, Wiznitzer M, Wettstein RM, de Beurs E. Quality improvement of forensic mental health evaluations and reports of youth in the Netherlands. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry. 2012; 35(5–6), 440–444. van der Leij JBJ, Jackson JL, Malsch M, Nijboer, JF. Residential mental health assessment within Dutch criminal cases: A discussion. Behavioral Sciences & the Law. 2001; 19(5–6), 691–702. Lincoln YS, Guba, EG. Naturalistic inquiry. Beverly Hills CA: Sage. 1985 Kernberg O. The development of intrapsychic structures in the light of borderline personality organization. In S. Greenspan and G. Pollock, The course of life: psychoanalytic contributions toward understanding personality development. 1980; Vol. III, 349–366 Franken K, Lamers SMA, Ten Klooster PM, Bohlmeijer ET, Westerhof GJ. Validation of the Mental Health Continuum-Short Form and the dual continua model of well- being and psychopathology in an adult mental health setting. Journal of Clinical Psychology. 2018;1–16. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22659 Graat R, Lammers S, Bloemsaat G. Sekseverschillen bij tbs-patiënten - Vrouwen gestoorder, mannen gevaarlijker? [Sex differences in TBS patients - Women more disturbed, men more dangerous?]. De Psycholoog. 2011; 46. 10–20. Brown RP. Vengeance is mine: narcissism, vengeance, and the tendency to forgive. Journal of Research in Personality. 2004; 38, pp. 576–584. Gabriel MA, Monaco GW. Getting even: clinical considerations of adaptive and maladaptive vengeance. Clinical Social Work Journal. 1994; 22 (2), pp. 165–178. Stuckless N, Goranson R. The Vengeance Scale: development of a measure of attitudes toward revenge. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality. 1992; 7, pp. 25–42 Tables Table 3 is available in the Supplementary Files section. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files Table3.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 05 Jun, 2025 Read the published version in BMC Psychiatry → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 20 Mar, 2024 Reviews received at journal 02 Mar, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 07 Feb, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 06 Feb, 2024 Reviewers invited by journal 05 Feb, 2024 Editor assigned by journal 02 Feb, 2024 Editor invited by journal 14 Nov, 2023 Submission checks completed at journal 14 Nov, 2023 First submitted to journal 07 Nov, 2023 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-3574643","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":249315200,"identity":"3e700099-1119-45ff-b211-ddef72bcab69","order_by":0,"name":"Leonie H. Grobbink","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABDElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACPhCRAGbysAEZCXIGYI6BBU4tbOhajA0YmEFaJPBrYYBpAepO3ADWwoBHC3vzsQcPKhjstrf3HnvwcEda+nb2/qMbfhRIMPC3dydg1cJzLN0g4QxD8pwz59INEs/k5O7sOcx2swfoMIkzZzdg1SKRYyaR2MaQLAFhVORuuJHMdoMHqMVAIhe7Fvk3QJX/EFrSDYBabv7Bp0WCB6iygcEOqiUnAaTlNl5beNLSJBKOMSRI8ID80pZmuOHMYbPbMgYSPLj8ws9++JjkjxoGewn23mMPf7Ylyxscb3x2880fGzn+9l6sWqDgP9BtaIAHj3IwsCekYBSMglEwCkYwAAAsIlwFjOMaSQAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"GGNet","correspondingAuthor":true,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Leonie","middleName":"H.","lastName":"Grobbink","suffix":""},{"id":249315203,"identity":"41f883ed-6ed2-4195-ad5b-734460a43a61","order_by":1,"name":"Klaas M. L. Huijbregts","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"GGNet","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Klaas","middleName":"M. L.","lastName":"Huijbregts","suffix":""},{"id":249315204,"identity":"c798aee5-b65d-47a0-be2e-26305e27b9ef","order_by":2,"name":"S. Draisma","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Trimbos Institute","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"S.","middleName":"","lastName":"Draisma","suffix":""},{"id":249315207,"identity":"6117a0f9-2716-46cb-a844-630299cac378","order_by":3,"name":"Jan J.L. Derksen","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Radboud University Nijmegen","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jan","middleName":"J.L.","lastName":"Derksen","suffix":""},{"id":249315208,"identity":"5f7c571f-0c3c-4eb5-9244-8b9ab248dd2a","order_by":4,"name":"Gerben J. Westerhof","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Twente","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Gerben","middleName":"J.","lastName":"Westerhof","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2023-11-07 13:44:33","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3574643/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3574643/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-025-07021-w","type":"published","date":"2025-06-05T15:57:56+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":84242661,"identity":"d048f919-7288-4380-8f07-802f42d99535","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-09 16:11:03","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":598326,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3574643/v1/29edd937-c5c8-4551-bef1-367a47d16e48.pdf"},{"id":46544635,"identity":"9fc650b0-a3d4-43aa-bfcd-cff09a9631a6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-11-16 09:09:08","extension":"docx","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":13213,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Table3.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3574643/v1/74240b5d8df22936171d0d99.docx"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Psychological Mechanisms of Revenge and Revenge Ideations in Family Homicide: Results from Qualitative Research of Forensic Assessment Reports","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn 2013, Jeroen D. killed his nine- and seven-year old sons, after which he killed himself. He had prepared his act thoroughly and the probable cause was hearing the court-ruling of a restricted contact arrangement [1]. The media quickly concluded revenge must have played a role in this dreadful killing. However, the extensive media attention devoted to these and similar cases is in sharp contrast to the number of scientific studies on revenge. Due to this lack of research, there are no widely-shared diagnostic and treatment programs for revengeful patients. Better understanding of revenge and the development of revenge fantasies and feelings may lead to improvement of treatment plans and policies and may prevent escalations and acting-out behaviors. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA previous attempt at conceptualisation of revenge and revenge ideations [2,3], shows revenge can be seen as behavior following revenge ideations (revenge fantasies, revenge thoughts, feelings of revenge), in which rumination, cognitive distortions (tunnel vision, all-or-nothing thinking and overgeneralization) took place as well as fantasies that arose after being offended or wronged (in the perception of the revenge taker). Revenge can also be seen as a type of behavior \u0026nbsp;that has the function of restoring psychological balance and sense of self [3]. So, revenge goes beyond anger. Getting outraged will not restore the disturbed psychological balance after an injury. \u0026nbsp;We found that revengefulness may be a pursuit [3], which develops after a certain strain, is intrapersonal because of its cognitive, introverted nature, and that it can be directed inward (toward oneself) or outward (toward the other) and can substantially increase over time. Cognitive distortions contribute to the threatening image of \u0026ldquo;the other,\u0026rdquo; who needs to be avenged or eliminated. This is dependent on the personality of the avenger and the function revenge fantasies and ruminations have. Fantasizing about revenge is accompanied by feelings of authority and omnipotence and offers the possibility to identify with violent characters [4,5].\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eResearch has shown that certain psychological symptoms can be associated with an increased desire for revenge, such as symptoms of PTSD \u0026nbsp;[6], anxiety, and depression [7,8]. On the level of personality, the need for revenge could also be part of a narcissistic personality disorder or a borderline personality disorder [2,9]. Early problems in development (e.g., traumas, hostility, or \u0026ldquo;being ignored\u0026rdquo;) seem to be important in such cases. Psychodynamically, revenge could serve the purpose of holding on to the psychological object [10]. It could therefore play a role in the context of attachment problems by attempting to manage a conflict of distance and proximity when a real or imaginary threat, abandonment, or rejection by the attachment figure is present [11]. Marital problems and/or doubts about fatherhood in combination with borderline problems and/or a high degree of narcissism, are factors that specifically play a role in revenge in partner and/or child murders [12]. In the context of marital problems, the offender can also see children as the source of hostility and anger, especially when there are doubts about fatherhood. Threats from a spouse to leave a person (usually a male, [12]) or an obstruction to have contact with children, can cause anger, jealousy and rage directed towards the children. There is also often a lack of individuation on the part of the offender, and an inability to accept a divorce [13]. Also, studies have identified a strong relation between trait-level anger and revenge [14].\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt is vital to identify signals, red flags, that can be responded to early so the clinician can start asking questions about revenge ideations and plans in time. In the current study, we want to investigate which themes play a role in the case files of people who have killed their partner and/or child (family homicide). Because we want to know which themes are specific for the group that has revenge as a motive, we will also study case files where revenge was not a motive.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRecords are available at the Netherlands Institute of Forensics Psychiatry and Psychology (NIFP) which allow for in-depth exploration of the phenomenon using qualitative research techniques. To our knowledge this is the first study in which this methodology was used. This article focuses on the question: which themes play a role in the case files of persons who have killed their partner and/or child out of revenge compared to persons who came to this act for another reason?\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cu\u003eDesign\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eQualitative research was carried out on the basis of pre-trial forensic assessment reports of existing cases. Data were organized theme wise in data capture sheets to enable systematic comparisons between two group of suspects: a group with and a group without revenge motives. Although the trial was yet to come, all people in this investigation have confessed to the (attempted) murder. The cases were obtained from archives of the Netherlands Institute of Forensics Psychiatry and Psychology (NIFP).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cu\u003eSetting\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn many countries, persons prosecuted for a serious offense, are required to participate in a pre-trial forensic assessment at the request of the judiciary. In Anglo-Saxon countries, these \u0026nbsp;assessments are mainly directed at the establishment of the competence to stand trial (adjudicative competence) and at the restoration of the abilities associated with the competency to stand trial (competence restoration) [15,16]. In the Netherlands pre-trial forensic assessments are only aimed at (possible grounds for excluding) criminal responsibility, risk assessment, and advice about treatment and/or probation to minimize recidivism. Forensic pre-trail assessments are conducted by an independent forensic expert (forensic psychiatrist or psychologist), who writes a pre-trial forensic mental health report (further referred to as \u0026ldquo;pre-trial forensic report\u0026rdquo;) in which four forensic questions are addressed: (1) whether and to what extent a mental disorder or deficient mental development is present; (2) whether and to what extent a mental disorder or deficient mental development resulted in an advice on the defendant\u0026rsquo;s diminished criminal responsibility; (3) what the probability is of reoffending (risk assessment); and (4) which judicial and therapeutic measures are needed to reduce the risk of reoffending (risk management). Although each forensic question addresses a distinct forensic aspect, these questions are interconnected and logically sequenced [17,18].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe cases were obtained from archives of the Netherlands Institute of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology (NIFP). Forensic assessments can consist of one report (by a psychiatrist or a psychologist), two reports (psychiatrist and psychologist) or three reports (psychiatrist, psychologist and social worker). The forensic assessments found contained psychological reports, psychiatric reports, and integrated psychological and psychiatric forensic reports. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cu\u003eCase selection\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOur qualitative investigation was carried out on the\u0026nbsp;case histories\u0026nbsp;of 20 persons who committed\u0026nbsp;filicide (seven cases No Revenge, four cases Revenge), uxoricide (two cases No Revenge, five cases Revenge) and familicide (one case No Revenge, one case Revenge). The willingness of the suspect to participate in the psychological investigation and the confession of their act were conditions for inclusion.\u0026nbsp;Between 2014 and 2016, pre-trial forensic assessments of 30 persons were found concerning familicide, uxoricide, and filicide.\u0026nbsp;The forensic assessments were conducted between 2006 and 2016.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe cases were classified as either \u0026apos;Revenge\u0026apos; or \u0026apos;No Revenge\u0026apos;. In order to determine whether the behavior that led to the offense in the case in question was revenge, it was compared with the following definition: \u0026ldquo;Behavior following revenge ideations (revenge fantasies, revenge thoughts, feelings of revenge), in which rumination, cognitive distortions (tunnel vision, all-or-nothing thinking and overgeneralization) took place as well as fantasies that arose after being offended or wronged (in the perception of the revenge taker), and in which revenge has the function of restoring the psychological imbalance and the sense of self \u0026rdquo; [3]. The suspects in the No Revenge group had also killed or attempted to kill their partner and/or their child, because of an escalation of an argument, assisted suicide, or in case of psychosis or a culturally-colored experience, such as the influence of a Djinn, the Devil or witchcraft. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCase-files of ten subjects could be assigned to the category \u0026lsquo;revenge as motive\u0026rsquo; without any doubt, whereas another ten arguably concerned other motives than revenge. The case files of the remaining ten subjects could not be assigned to either revenge or no revenge motives and were disregarded.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn summary, ten cases with revenge as motive versus ten cases with another motive were used in the analysis. So the eventual sample concerned 20 unique persons, who were examined several times by forensic psychologists and psychiatrists.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cu\u003eSuspect characteristics\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCase histories of 20 persons who committed filicide, uxoricide or familicide were included in the analysis. Demographics of the suspects are shown in Table 1.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTable 1 Suspect characteristics\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"43.68770764119601%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.083056478405314%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRevenge (N=10)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.229235880398672%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo Revenge (N=10)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"43.68770764119601%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAge,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003ex̄ and SD\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.083056478405314%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40,5 (12,7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.229235880398672%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40,1 (9,4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"43.68770764119601%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSex\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.083056478405314%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.229235880398672%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"43.68770764119601%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Female\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.083056478405314%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.229235880398672%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"43.68770764119601%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Male\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.083056478405314%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.229235880398672%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"43.68770764119601%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthnic Group\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.083056478405314%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.229235880398672%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"43.68770764119601%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;European\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.083056478405314%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.229235880398672%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"43.68770764119601%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Arab\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.083056478405314%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.229235880398672%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"43.68770764119601%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Asian\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.083056478405314%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.229235880398672%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"43.68770764119601%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEducation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.083056478405314%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.229235880398672%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"43.68770764119601%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Low\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.083056478405314%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.229235880398672%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"43.68770764119601%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Medium\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.083056478405314%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.229235880398672%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"43.68770764119601%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; High\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.083056478405314%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.229235880398672%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"43.68770764119601%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDSM Classification\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.083056478405314%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.229235880398672%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"43.68770764119601%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAlcohol dependence in forced remission (detention)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.083056478405314%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.229235880398672%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"43.68770764119601%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePersonality disorder NOS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.083056478405314%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.229235880398672%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"43.68770764119601%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBorderline personality disorder\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.083056478405314%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.229235880398672%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"43.68770764119601%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDepression\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.083056478405314%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.229235880398672%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"43.68770764119601%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAdjustment disorder with mixed\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003edisturbance of emotions and conduct\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.083056478405314%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.229235880398672%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"43.68770764119601%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDelusional Disorder or psychotic disorder NOS\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.083056478405314%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.229235880398672%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"43.68770764119601%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePTSD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.083056478405314%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.229235880398672%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"43.68770764119601%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMental Retardation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.083056478405314%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.229235880398672%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"43.68770764119601%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePsychosocial and environmental problems\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.083056478405314%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.229235880398672%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cu\u003eData extraction\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFirst, we examined the explanation the suspect gave for the homicide\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e act, retrospectively reported attitudes and feelings, feelings observed by forensic experts, whether the homicide was planned. Secondly, childhood and parenting style in the family of origin of the suspect were described. Next, personality traits, defense mechanisms, conscience, frustration-tolerance (under the heading \u0026lsquo;Personality\u0026rsquo;) were examined. Subsequently, psychological problems at the time of the offense or in the history of the subject were identified, as well as signs of a failure of reality testing. Finally, circumstances like substance use and stress factors (including relationship problems and divorce) and correlates like judicial history and the intelligence of the suspect were described. Initially, self-description was also included in the study, but it turned out to not have been discussed in six of the twenty cases and therefore contained insufficient information.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cu\u003eAnalyses\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor each case, a data capture sheet was kept regarding the reasoning on whether or not it was about revenge according to this definition. After assigning cases to \u0026apos;Revenge\u0026apos; or \u0026apos;No Revenge\u0026apos;, the information was merged per theme in a separate document in order to give the data the same order. Issues such as childhood and youth, defense mechanisms and forensic expert-impression are usually mentioned in the reports. If this was not the case, the box in question was left empty. It was not possible to blind for Revenge versus No Revenge as this is mentioned in the case reports.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo special software program for data analysis was used, thematic analysis was performed in an iterative comparative way. The thematic analysis of two independent coders was discussed in peer debriefing [19]. Two coders (Grobbink, L., Huijbregts, K.) coded the texts of the first two case-files independently, topics were then compared and consensus was reached about an initial framework. Analysis was continued by updating the coding framework after every two case-files and in discussions at research-group meetings (peer reviews). This allowed updates of the topic list in the light of emerging themes and maximized agreement concerning participants\u0026rsquo; considerations. The themes emerged from the content and items from the files, although we made use of existing literature \u0026nbsp;(see the introduction) for further fine tuning. Existing knowledge was therefore also used when merging the codes. Also, the case rapports had a certain structure so that certain aspects were always mentioned. By searching for new topics and testing predetermined topics, this method was both inductive and deductive. Relevant themes emerging from the data were categorized in five main themes (factors in general, psychological symptoms, personality, childhood and parenting style in family of origin and the social circumstances) and fifteen subthemes described in Table 2.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"data:image/png;base64,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\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"ftn1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e Where \u0026lsquo;he\u0026rsquo; is cited in the text, this refers to both \u0026lsquo;he\u0026rsquo; and \u0026lsquo;she\u0026rsquo;.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn the Results section, comparisons in the six main themes are presented between No revenge and Revenge subjects subsequently. \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eI. \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003cu\u003eFactors in general (causes, attitude and feelings towards the murder, feelings observed by forensic experts, planning)\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCauses of homicide\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the \u0026lsquo;No Revenge-group\u0026rsquo;, three main reasons for the offence of the suspects were found: 1) Argument escalation, 2) Assisted suicide and 3) \u0026apos;Saving\u0026apos; the other from a life that is worse than death. Escalation of an argument in a relationship in which self-defense (\u0026quot;I wanted him to stop\u0026quot;) ended fatally for the person who initiated the physical violence, assisted suicide where it is unclear whether the other person also had a death wish (but not completely implausible) and, more frequently in this sample, \u0026apos;saving\u0026apos; the other from a life that is worse than death (stemming from psychosis, culturally-colored experience, such as the influence of a Djinn, the Devil or witchcraft, or a supposedly otherwise hopeless situation) as well as psychodynamic factors such as symbiosis, boundary dissolution, denial and projection (immature defense mechanisms).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the \u0026lsquo;Revenge\u0026rsquo; group, two reasons were found: 1) The feeling \u0026apos;I am not the only one who needs to feel pain\u0026apos; and 2) the feeling of disrespect which cannot be tolerated (\u0026lsquo;who does not want to listen, has to feel the consequences\u0026rsquo;). One feels abandoned, humiliated, \u0026nbsp;let down, and unappreciated. A partner who threatens to leave, (alleged) cheating, doubts about biological paternity and an accumulation of problems are often the immediate cause.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 3 shows some examples of statements made by the suspects.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAttitude and feelings towards the accused\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eStrikingly, in the \u0026lsquo;No Revenge-group\u0026rsquo; suspects seem convinced that they can decide that the life of the victim is no longer worth living under the perceived circumstances. They were presumably convinced that they were doing the right thing because of a distorted perception of reality: the victim\u0026apos;s fate was already terrible (for instance because of the work of the Devil), and fear and despair prospered. Children with disabilities in combination with exhaustion of the parent together with the belief that others would not be able to take care of them, can also be a non-psychotic route leading to the same consideration. Two cases appear to be outliers; during an escalated argument, one suspect had a reliving of a previous traumatic experience and in one case \u0026apos;assisted suicide\u0026apos; was offered to a seriously ill partner. In the \u0026lsquo;No Revenge\u0026rsquo; group, intense feelings of guilt, regret, sadness, remorse, and anger at oneself came to the fore. People did not know what to do.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the \u0026lsquo;Revenge\u0026rsquo; group, suspects experienced an accumulation of traumas and other problems. Violence was almost always experienced as a sort of settlement of an interpersonal score. Feeling abandoned is often the common denominator. People were angry, offended, felt ridiculed and humiliated. They felt locked out and rejected by the world. People experienced betrayal (e.g., catching the partner having extramarital sex, or doubts about biological paternity). It is noticeable that self-esteem is often linked to the relationship with a partner, in cases where the partner is murdered out of revenge. The \u0026lsquo;Revenge group\u0026rsquo; frequently mentioned anger. Two suspects showed no remorse or guilt. One was happy that his partner was dead and that he could move on. Another said that he did not deserve a prison sentence. One person mentioned \u0026nbsp; that speaking about the murder made him feel positive. Another speaks of a positive turning-point: \u0026quot;If it hadn\u0026apos;t happened then, I would still be in this shit. I am a nicer person now, I am open and dare to open my mouth now. I won\u0026apos;t let anyone walk all over me anymore, if my girlfriend were to tell me something now, then there\u0026apos;s the door.\u0026quot; Another says it feels good to talk about sad things from the past. Sometimes it is also not so clear how the person concerned feels about the charges, for example: \u0026apos;it seems to go past him\u0026apos; (observation made by the forensic expert).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eFeelings observed by the forensic experts\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the \u0026lsquo;No Revenge group\u0026rsquo;, forensic experts ascribed authenticity to observed feelings. Mentioned are sadness, fear, upheaval, grief and feelings of guilt that are almost unbearable and are pushed away with anger.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the \u0026lsquo;Revenge group\u0026rsquo; it was frequently noted by forensic experts that little shame and suffering were shown. Some people made jokes and the vibe was light-hearted. Emotions such as sadness, however, did not appear. Relatively often, people appeared averse to their own emotional world. Some felt wronged and felt sorry for themselves and for what happened to them.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePlanning\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePlanning was denied by almost everyone. It should, therefore, be mentioned that the suspects were still waiting for the trial. One may fear being put at a disadvantage if one confesses to planning.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the \u0026lsquo;No- Revenge group\u0026rsquo;, there was no clear planning in seven cases. In two cases, planning is plausible because a method of committing murder/suicide was searched for on the internet. In one case, the suspect had already given signals that something was going wrong (this may indicate not so much that someone was planning, yet the offense did not come completely out of the blue).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the \u0026lsquo;Revenge\u0026rsquo; group there was no clear planning in four cases. Two suspects prepared carefully (scrupulously) and this makes planning very plausible. In one case, planning was plausible because a method was searched for on the internet. In two cases planning was denied even though there was a threat through text messages and e-mail. In one case there was a suicide note, but it was undated, making it difficult to prove planning.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eII. \u0026nbsp;\u003cu\u003eChildhood and parenting style in family of origin\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eFamily of origin, childhood\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn both groups parenting styles were experienced as inconsistent: one authoritarian, the other accommodating and safe, or one hot-tempered and the other one calm. Little attention was paid to the individual and to the emotional needs. Physical abuse took place in both groups.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the \u0026lsquo;No- Revenge group\u0026rsquo;, it is noticeable there was a limited mutual involvement in the family of origin. Parents died when the suspects were still young, or they suffered from psychological complaints as a result of which little affection and safety could be given. Systemic problems were described a number of times (e.g., extramarital relationships, a lot of fighting between parents or a child who feels that he is standing between the parents as a mediator). Several people struggled with attachment problems and behavioral problems at a young age, had few friends or experienced bullying at school. Being bullied at school is mentioned in half of the cases. Being bullied by a stepmother and emigration/acculturation problems were both mentioned once.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn contrast to the \u0026lsquo;No Revenge\u0026rsquo; cases, being bullied by peers in school is hardly a recurring theme in the Revenge cases. Separation of parents, early childhood trauma (including sexual and physical abuse) and alcohol use is reported. Status, norms and values were important themes for various people involved and feelings of belittlement and humiliation are experienced. In addition, in one of the families it is described that the person concerned may have been spoiled, which may have contributed to a low frustration tolerance.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIII. \u003cu\u003ePersonality (personality traits, defense mechanisms, conscience, frustration-tolerance)\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePersonality traits (identified by experts)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the \u0026apos;No Revenge group\u0026apos; a borderline personality organization [20] was identified three times. Furthermore, introversion was discussed as well as internalizing problems, sub-assertiveness and avoidant and dependent traits. There is evidence of an avoidant attachment style. Feelings of emptiness, suggestibility, fear of abandonment, an erratic emotional life with a poorly-matured identity, and mood swings were also identified. Intimacy problems and a tendency to take on the victim role are also mentioned, as well as more neurotic problems (e.g. nervousness). In addition, indications of a psychotic personality organization were found. This can partly be derived from the \u0026nbsp;failing reality-testing that was reported frequently in this group, as well as schizoid traits, and \u0026nbsp;a symbiotic relationship tendency (all of these can be indicator of a psychotic personality organization). In several cases, there was a psychological fusion with the other person or a symbiotic relationship. Aggression was often inhibited with a passive aggressive expression of dissatisfaction. In addition, drugs seemed to play a role sometimes, which means that failing reality-testing could in that case also be caused by drug use.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the Revenge group, egocentrism is mentioned no less than eight times. Passive aggressive traits, dependent and avoidant traits, perfectionism, rigidity, lack of close contact, jealousy, inadequate emotion regulation, and impulsivity were also mentioned. Antisocial traits and a tendency to externalize were mentioned twice. In particular, there could be covert narcissism (such as denial of one\u0026apos;s own hostility and suspicion). More primary narcissism could also be deduced in one case from the description of a socially skilled fa\u0026ccedil;ade. Narcissism manifests itself as well in materialism and search for power and prestige, and in very high vulnerabilities, egocentrism, fear of belittlement, self-centeredness, low empathy, need for recognition, difficulty with authority, low frustration tolerance, identity problems, black- and- white thinking, fantasies of grandeur and a lack of mentalization. Contact with others was instrumentally colored.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDefense Mechanisms\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDefense mechanisms that were the same in both groups: splitting, projective identification, affect isolation, externalization, idealization and devaluation, rationalization, and denial. For example, one man in the No-Revenge group denied his partner\u0026apos;s death (and his fault) and became angry and sad when confronted.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFurthermore, in the \u0026lsquo;No-Revenge group\u0026rsquo; acting out, externalizing, rationalization, alienation, projection, reaction formation, repression, passive-aggressive complaining was present. Although there is a mixture of primitive and developed defenses, immature defense-mechanisms predominate.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the \u0026lsquo;Revenge group\u0026rsquo;, defense-mechanisms as paranoid projection and vilification were seen. More primitive defenses were also identified. In one case, one could speak of a severely fluctuating level of insight and judgement.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eConscience (identified by experts)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the \u0026lsquo;No-Revenge\u0026rsquo; group, there was no mentioning of a disturbed function of conscience. Reasonable, intact, strict or punitive functions of conscience were described.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the Revenge group, conscience was described as flawed (only one exception). It is insufficiently internalized, very limited, lacunar and built up from outside rules commandments (e.g. faith), or it consists of a rational awareness of norms and values and fails on an emotional and behavioral level.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eFrustration-tolerance (identified by experts)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the \u0026lsquo;No- Revenge group\u0026rsquo;, the level of frustration-tolerance varied; from moderate, low to strong control, and even inhibited. There seem to be two types in the No-Revenge group: an impulsive group with low frustration-tolerance and a group in which this is less evident due to aggression-inhibition. The latter group may be an extra risk because of unpredictability. Risk mainly arises when coping fails because \u0026apos;suddenly\u0026apos; a completely different side of the victim emerges.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the \u0026lsquo;Revenge group\u0026rsquo;, frustration-tolerance was usually rated as low. None of the subjects had an aggression breakthrough during the research itself. However, an emotional sensitivity and fragility is often observed. In one case, the frustration tolerance was estimated as being held back: \u0026apos;Frustrations built up and form the breeding ground of anger\u0026apos;. In some of the cases, frustrations were visible (and also more externally and verbally focused than in the No-Revenge cases), but they usually did not lead to major outbursts. The frustration-tolerance seemed to be intact somewhat more often than in the No-Revenge group.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIV. \u003cu\u003ePsychological symptoms (psychological complaints and reality testing)\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePsychological complaints\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePsychotic symptoms regularly played a role in the \u0026lsquo;No-Revenge\u0026rsquo; cases. Based on delusions, the suspect has the idea that the victim\u0026apos;s life was no longer worth living. In particular, paranoid ideas and delusions of reference and mental disorganization were mentioned. Mood disorders were frequently mentioned in the reports (specifically in at least five of the cases ). Usually it concerns sadness, feelings of powerlessness and desperation, suicidality, sleeping-problems and occasionally an agitated or excited mood. Relationship problems regularly played a role. They either led to a longer lasting pattern of overload or to an acute severe degree of distress. They were specifically mentioned in at least three of the \u0026lsquo;No- Revenge\u0026rsquo; cases. Social isolation, acculturation problems, reliving of a previous traumatic experience, problems in the religious sphere, Factitious Disorder Imposed on Another (Munchausen by proxy) and substance use were all mentioned once.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the \u0026lsquo;Revenge\u0026rsquo; cases, the psychotic symptomatology was remarkably absent compared to the \u0026lsquo;No- Revenge\u0026rsquo; cases. Depressive symptoms were also mentioned less often (in three out of ten cases). However, personality problems were mentioned more often (particularly the B-cluster in terms of the DSM-IV) and people mentioned more often having no psychological complaints (three times). Substance use and relationship problems were also mentioned more often. Remarkable is that one report mentioned that an extensive mental care history could not reverse a negative trend and another subject already showed a trend of increasing aggression before the homicide.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eReality testing (identified by experts)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eImpaired reality testing was often the case in the \u0026lsquo;No- Revenge group\u0026rsquo; (in six cases this was regarded as seriously disturbed). Three times undisturbed/intact reality testing was mentioned, one time \u0026lsquo;vulnerable under pressure\u0026rsquo;.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the Revenge group, the reality testing was mostly intact; in eight cases this was undisturbed. Dissociative distortions were mentioned twice.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eV. \u0026nbsp;\u003cu\u003eSocial circumstances (substance use, stress factors)\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSubstance use at the time of the offense\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOne case involved alcohol and cannabis use and one case concerned polydrug dependence at the time of the offense in the \u0026lsquo;No- Revenge group\u0026rsquo;. In the Revenge group, two of the ten cases involved alcohol use at the time of the offense and one case involved a fairly large dose of oxazepam (150 mg).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eStress factors at the time of the offense\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe most common stress factors were similar in both groups and concerned financial problems and debts, relationship problems and the threat of divorce, work problems and loss of work, poor social position due to language problems, housing- problems or the threat of eviction, social deprivation, care for a partner or child with health- or psychological problems, somatic problems such as erectile dysfunction causing sexual problems. Often a combination of stressors seemed to be at play. Relationship problems stand out in the Revenge cases.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVI. \u003cu\u003eCorrelates (judicial history and intelligence)\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eJudicial history\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the \u0026lsquo;No- Revenge group\u0026rsquo; one drug smuggling and two thefts are mentioned, otherwise nothing in particular. In contrast to this, there is a large degree of differentiation in the \u0026lsquo;Revenge\u0026rsquo; group: five have a blank judicial history and others are familiar with insulting the police, violent crimes and attempted manslaughter, theft, drug trafficking, arson, and benefit fraud.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eIntelligence (identified by experts)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIntelligence is sometimes examined through test research and other times estimated by the forensic expert based on the conversation with the suspect and the suspects education.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIntelligence did not differ between the groups; the majority of the cases in both groups showed an average intelligence and a few times above average or low average. In both groups mental retardation was identified once.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis article started with the question: Which themes play a role in the case files of people who have killed their partner and/or child out of revenge compared to people who came to this act for another reason? Applying qualitative methodology, case-files where revenge was a motive were compared to those of patients for whom this was not evident. Important differences were found between the Revenge and No-Revenge group in all characteristics, like childhood and parenting style in family of origin, personality, social circumstances, judicial history and the psychological symptoms (intact reality testing in the Revenge-group and (often) impaired reality testing in the No-Revenge group).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePsychotic symptomatology was thus absent in the Revenge group. \u003cem\u003ePersonality problems\u003c/em\u003e were often present. The violence in this group was almost always a sort of \u003cem\u003esettling of an interpersonal score\u003c/em\u003e. A \u003cem\u003evulnerable sense of self and immature defense mechanisms\u003c/em\u003e seem to contribute to sudden aggressive breakthroughs. Egocentrism, passive aggressive, dependent, and avoidant traits, as well as perfectionism, rigidity, problems with the maintenance of close contacts, jealousy, inadequate emotion regulation, and impulsivity are mentioned as \u003cem\u003epersonality traits\u003c/em\u003e. In particular, there could be covert narcissism. The most common \u003cem\u003estress factors\u003c/em\u003e are financial problems and debts, relationship problems and the threat of divorce, work problems and loss of work, poor social position due to language problems, housing-problems or the threat of eviction, social deprivation, care for a partner or child with health or psychological problems, somatic problems such as erectile dysfunction causing sexual problems. Often a combination of stressors seems to be at play.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReflecting on our previously given definition of revenge [3], the personality problems mentioned above match the fantasies of grandeur, cognitive distortions (like black- and white thinking), vulnerable sense of self and immature defense mechanisms. What the results also reveal, is that after the revenge little shame and suffering were shown. Whether or not the psychological balance and sense of self is restored on the long term, we cannot answer because we have not been able to speak to the suspects at a later date due to the right to privacy. Nevertheless, this could be interesting for further research.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe themes that emerge in the revenge group in this study are in line with the existing literature in the introduction. Earlier research [11] already pointed out the role of attachment problems by attempting to manage a conflict of distance and proximity when a real or imaginary threat, abandonment, or rejection by the attachment figure is present, and Liem [12] already mentioned before the importance of marital problems and/or doubts about fatherhood in combination with borderline traits and/or a high degree of narcissism, are factors that specifically play a role in revenge in partner and/or child murders. A narcissistic personality disorder, a borderline personality disorder and early problems in development are also mentioned before in relation to the need for revenge [3,9]\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe decline in quality of life and well-being (due to increasing stress factors) might lead to a \u0026lsquo;straw that breaks the camel\u0026rsquo;s back\u0026rsquo; situation. Based on our analysis we hypothesize that in these vulnerable (primary, but also, covertly narcissistic) persons, a decline in quality of life could remove a buffer if there is a trigger such as infidelity or an imminent breakup. Revenge, at its core, appears to be a disruptive event that takes place during times of psychological distress and high tension, clashing with a constellation of upbringing and personality in someone with little resilience and adaptability.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis is interesting in the light of research on well-being [21], that describes that patients can have a reasonable level of well-being even with a relatively high level of psychopathology. Patients with a low level of well-being and a high degree of psychopathology may become demoralized. Psychopathology must therefore also be viewed in the context of functioning. This does seem to be the case with the Revenge group: these persons already have (latent) personality problems and then something happens that lowers the level of well-being below a certain threshold, which is unbearable and can lead to destructive acts such as homicide.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec25\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eLimitations of this study\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlthough the suspects admitted their guilt towards the police and during the psychological investigation, the trial was yet to come. This may have influenced the openness of those involved. Also, medication is not coded. In retrospect, this may have been a missed opportunity.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnother possible limitation of the study concerns the difference in male-female ratio between the groups. The psychological make-up of criminal women is different from that of men [22]. However, revenge-ideations do not necessarily differ between men and women, but could also be related to the degree of narcissism. Brown [23] found that the degree of narcissism successfully distinguished between vengeful and non-vengeful people who are low in forgiveness. In people with a high degree of forgiveness, narcissism was found to be unrelated to revenge. In other words, the most revengeful people are those who have a low score for the trait forgiveness and a high score on narcissism. This was independent of gender. When we look at the two women in the Revenge group, especially the externalizing behavior (for example manipulation, anger towards others, jealousy and the need for control) stands out. Research [22] shows that women in forensic health care show more internalizing behavior problems than men, while at the same time externalizing problem behavior is also strongly present. The two women in our Revenge group, are not the \u0026lsquo;typical forensic women\u0026rsquo; described in the study by Graat et al., since they had few internalizing problems.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFinally, a strength of our approach is that we worked with two independent coders. On the other hand, the limitation of the coding is that the case files had to be divided in advance between Revenge and No Revenge, so there was no blind coding.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec26\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eClinical consequences\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs our paper focuses mainly on importance of revenge, we will reflect on this mostly in this section on clinical consequences. Nevertheless we should note that mood problems (particularly demoralization) seem to be of importance in both groups. In the case of mood problems in the Revenge group, it seems advisable to specifically ask about relationship problems, paranoidism, and suicidality. In the case of suicidality, it is important to ask not only about aggression towards the self, but also towards those close to them (also in order to release them from perceived suffering). With respect to the mental health history within the Revenge cases, we see that the suspects regularly either have a blank mental health history, or that psychological help was not sufficient to reverse the downward spiral. It is possible that there was an \u0026lsquo;illusion of mental health\u0026rsquo;. In Revenge cases there seems to be more reason to be alert to repetition (compared to the No-Revenge group). This might be partly due to the characteristic, unhealthy way of dealing with relationships. Suspects often have limited capabilities to understand the perspective of the other in interpersonal conflicts, to take insults without reproaching the other, and to be able to step over offenses. Children with these problems can develop into non-conciliatory, vindictive adults [9, 24].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEarlier, Gabriel and Monaco [24] wrote about the vengeful character, where revenge and hatred towards the rest of the world are experienced and one cannot imagine life without these feelings because one has the idea that one can never get what one wants and one constantly feels the need to equalize. In childhood, people already experienced shame, humiliation and frustration. An important reason for homicide mentioned in the Revenge group was: \"I am not the only one who should feel pain.\"\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClinicians come across many healthy and unhealthy defense mechanisms in these patients, and it will not be easy to notice ideations for revenge. Revenge motives were not always explicitly mentioned by our subjects. Maybe it was expected to be incriminating during criminal proceedings, but it may also be that ideations of revenge slumbered in the unconscious a long time. We want to encourage practicing clinicians to start asking questions when a patient has relationship problems, especially when there is primary narcissism, but also in case of covert type of this trait with denial of one's own hostility and a lot of stressors, mood problems, and a low level of well-being. We encourage to make an assessment of the identity development, the defense mechanisms, possible separation problems (leaving would mean letting go, revenge can also mean staying connected in a psychodynamic sense), aggression- and impulse-regulation and the development of conscience. Fantasies about revenge can serve the functions to provide sadistic gratification, to erase an intolerable reality and aversive self-awareness, to restore the grandiose self, and to maintain the image of others and the world as evil and dangerous. Declercq and Audenaert [4, 5] called such revenge fantasies, which center on authority and omnipotence and in which people identify themselves with violent characters, ego-syntonic. These fantasies are assumed to emotionally supply pathological narcissism, in contrast with ruminations that are ego-dystonic and compulsive. These ruminations impose themselves on the offender\u0026rsquo;s mind like intrusions. In this case, the goal of the violence is relief after an unendurable tension because of the repeated intrusions of revenge.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn addition, The Vengeance Scale [25] could also be administered (when using The Vengeance Scale the use of a measure of \u0026lsquo;social desirability\u0026rsquo; is advised). This questionnaire could be used for an interesting follow-up study, especially when both the psychotherapist and the patient complete it, to compare whether the same estimate is made of the degree of revenge ideations. There could be more brooding on revenge than the psychotherapist suspects.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eLittle theory is available on revenge and there are no widely shared diagnostic and treatment programs for revengeful patients. In the forensic field, there is a great diversity in the professional treatment of people for whom revenge plays an important role in their criminal history. Based on our analyses we would encourage clinicians to ask questions about revenge ideations in patients with a high level of (both primary and covert) narcissism wo report mood problems and declining quality of life/well-being, particularly when a possible trigger \u0026ndash;for instance a break-up- is occurring or upcoming. There could be more brooding on revenge than the therapist suspects. We hope to have made a start with theoretical findings that could be tested in further research, and which may lead to improvement of treatment plan and policy and may prevent escalations and acting out behavior.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eDue to the retrospective nature of the study, there is a waiver for informed consent from the ethics committee of the Faculty Behavioral, Management, and Social Sciences for the University of Twente, the Netherlands (file 231263).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study was approved by the ethical committee of the University of Twente (Faculty BMS, University of Twente, request 231263).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eNot Applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Availability of data and materials\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe datasets generated and/or analysed during the current study are not publicly available due \u0026nbsp;to privacy-sensitive information but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Competing interests\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe authors declare that they have no conflict of interest, or other interests that might be perceived to influence the results and/or discussion reported in this article.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eNot Applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Authors\u0026apos; contributions\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026middot;\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;L. Grobbink wrote the main article\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026middot;\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;K. Huijbregts and L. Grobbink coded the\u0026nbsp;texts of files independently, constructed the framework and in addition often held a peer debriefing\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026middot; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;G. Westerhof, S. Draisma, K. Huijbregts and J. Derksen substantively revised the article.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026middot; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;All authors reviewed the article and G. Westerhof is the supervisor.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eEditorial staff AD newspaper. 2013, 6 juni. Retrieved from https://www.ad.nl/binnenland/vader-bereidde-moord-op-zijn-zoons-tot-in-detail- \u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003evoor\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;a78fe132/\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGrobbink LH, Derksen J. Wraak [Revenge]. GZ-psychologie. 2012; april, 18\u0026ndash;23.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGrobbink LH, Derksen J, van Marle HJ. Revenge: An analysis of its psychological underpinnings, International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology. 2014; 16, 0306624X13519963.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDeclercq F, Audenaert MD. A case of mass murder: Personality disorder, psychopathology and violence mode. Aggression and Violent Behavior. 2011a; 16, 135\u0026ndash;143.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDeclercq F, Audenaert MD. Predatory violence aiming at relief in a case of mass murder: Meloy\u0026rsquo;s criteria for applied forensic practice. Behavioral Sciences \u0026amp; the Law. 2011b, 29, 578\u0026ndash;591.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eOrth U, Montada L, Maercker A. Feelings of Revenge, Retaliation Motive, and Posttraumatic Stress Reactions in Crime Victims. Journal of Interpersonal Violence. 2006; 21(2), pp. 229\u0026ndash;243.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHaley WE, Strickland BR. Interpersonal betrayal and cooperation: Effects on self-evaluation in depression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology; 1986, 50(2), pp. 386\u0026ndash;391.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBarcaccia B, Salvati M, Pallini S, et al. The bitter taste of revenge: Negative affect, depression and anxiety. Curr Psychol. 2020; https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-00643-1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDraijer N. Moord en doodslag als pathologische wraak [Homicide as pathological revenge]. In H. Goudswaard (Ed.), Vergeven of vergelden; over slachtoffers van intiem geweld [Forgive or take revenge: About victims of intimate violence]. 2000; pp. 59\u0026ndash;80. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Van Gennep.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSearles HF. The psychodynamics of vengefulness. Psychiatry. 1956; Feb;19(1):31\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;9. doi: 10.1080/00332747.1956.11023029. PMID: 13310696.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePistole MC. Adult attachment styles: Some thoughts on closeness-distance struggles. Family Process. 1994; 33, 147\u0026ndash;159.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLiem M. Homicide followed by Suicide: An Empirical Analysis. 2010; Utrecht: Utrecht University\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eJohnson C, Sachmann M. Familicide-Suicide. Family Court Review. 2014; 52: 100\u0026ndash;113.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eJackson JC, Choi VK, Gelfand MJ. Revenge: A multilevel review and synthesis. Annual Review of Psychology. 2019; 70, 319\u0026ndash;345\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMossman D, Noffsinger SG, Ash, P, Frierson RL, Gerbasi J, Hackett M, et al. American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law. AAPL Practice Guideline for the forensic psychiatric evaluation of competence to stand trial. J Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 2007;35(4 Suppl):S3-72. PMID: 18083992.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMumley DL, Tilbrook CE, Grisso T. Five year research update (1996\u0026ndash;2000): evaluations for competence to stand trial (adjudicative competence). Behavioral Sciences \u0026amp; the Law. 2003; 21, 329\u0026ndash;350.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDuits N, van der Hoorn S, Wiznitzer M, Wettstein RM, de Beurs E. Quality improvement of forensic mental health evaluations and reports of youth in the Netherlands. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry. 2012; 35(5\u0026ndash;6), 440\u0026ndash;444.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003evan der Leij JBJ, Jackson JL, Malsch M, Nijboer, JF. Residential mental health assessment within Dutch criminal cases: A discussion. Behavioral Sciences \u0026amp; the Law. 2001; 19(5\u0026ndash;6), 691\u0026ndash;702.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLincoln YS, Guba, EG. Naturalistic inquiry. Beverly Hills CA: Sage. 1985\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKernberg O. The development of intrapsychic structures in the light of borderline personality organization. In S. Greenspan and G. Pollock, The course of life: psychoanalytic contributions toward understanding personality development. 1980; Vol. III, 349\u0026ndash;366\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eFranken K, Lamers SMA, Ten Klooster PM, Bohlmeijer ET, Westerhof GJ. Validation of the Mental Health Continuum-Short Form and the dual continua model of well- being and psychopathology in an adult mental health setting. Journal of Clinical Psychology. 2018;1\u0026ndash;16. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22659\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGraat R, Lammers S, Bloemsaat G. Sekseverschillen bij tbs-pati\u0026euml;nten - Vrouwen gestoorder, mannen gevaarlijker? [Sex differences in TBS patients - Women more disturbed, men more dangerous?]. De Psycholoog. 2011; 46. 10\u0026ndash;20.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBrown RP. Vengeance is mine: narcissism, vengeance, and the tendency to forgive. Journal of Research in Personality. 2004; 38, pp. 576\u0026ndash;584.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGabriel MA, Monaco GW. Getting even: clinical considerations of adaptive and maladaptive vengeance. Clinical Social Work Journal. 1994; 22 (2), pp. 165\u0026ndash;178.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eStuckless N, Goranson R. The Vengeance Scale: development of a measure of attitudes toward revenge. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality. 1992; 7, pp. 25\u0026ndash;42\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp\u003eTable 3 is available in the Supplementary Files section.\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-psychiatry","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"bpsy","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Psychiatry](http://bmcpsychiatry.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/bpsy/default.aspx","title":"BMC Psychiatry","twitterHandle":"@BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"revenge, vengeance, personality, family homicide, psychopathology, qualitative research, forensic assessment reports","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3574643/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3574643/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eOur aim was to find out which social and psychological factors characterize forensic psychiatric patients who have committed family homicide with revenge as a reason as compared to subjects who committed family homicide with other motives. Qualitative research was carried out on the basis of pre-trial forensic assessment reports of existing cases (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;20), divided between Revenge and No-Revenge cases. In case of revenge, violence was almost always a sort of settling of an interpersonal score. Psychotic symptomatology was absent in the Revenge cases, personality problems (particularly borderline and narcissistic traits) were common. Demoralization because of a decline of well-being seems to be an important factor pushing some persons with such vulnerabilities over the edge. Our expectation is that, at least in a certain proportion of (non-psychotic) patients, there will be more brooding on revenge than the psychotherapist suspects.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Psychological Mechanisms of Revenge and Revenge Ideations in Family Homicide: Results from Qualitative Research of Forensic Assessment Reports","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2023-11-16 09:09:04","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3574643/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2024-03-20T14:00:48+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-03-02T06:39:11+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"8fb778f1-7601-48e0-9c12-a7f0487ea0a1","date":"2024-02-07T22:46:17+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"aba0beb6-a878-4bee-911e-f5d11db9c4cd","date":"2024-02-06T10:59:30+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2024-02-05T14:13:51+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2024-02-02T21:54:55+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2023-11-14T15:12:36+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2023-11-14T15:07:14+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"BMC Psychiatry","date":"2023-11-07T13:41:15+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-psychiatry","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"bpsy","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Psychiatry](http://bmcpsychiatry.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/bpsy/default.aspx","title":"BMC Psychiatry","twitterHandle":"@BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"7a1b89c3-c536-465c-b2d5-caacaa815dda","owner":[],"postedDate":"November 16th, 2023","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-06-09T16:04:51+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-3574643","link":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-025-07021-w","journal":{"identity":"bmc-psychiatry","isVorOnly":false,"title":"BMC Psychiatry"},"publishedOn":"2025-06-05 15:57:56","publishedOnDateReadable":"June 5th, 2025"},"versionCreatedAt":"2023-11-16 09:09:04","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1186/s12888-025-07021-w","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-025-07021-w","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-3574643","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-3574643","identity":"rs-3574643","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"-HB7Z8yhvgn0wM9Nzuekk","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}