Investigation of the influence of a glutathione S-transferase metabolic resistance to pyrethroids/DDT on mating competitiveness in males of the African malaria vector, Anopheles funestus

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Investigating the L119F-GSTe2 pyrethroid/DDT resistance mutation in male *Anopheles funestus* revealed a significant mating disadvantage for heterozygotes and resistant alleles.

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This study examined how a glutathione S-transferase–mediated metabolic resistance to pyrethroids/DDT affects the mating competitiveness of male African malaria vector Anopheles funestus. Males with differing resistance profiles were evaluated for their ability to compete reproductively, focusing on how the GST-related resistance mechanism might trade off with mating performance. The paper reports that metabolic resistance associated with GST can alter mating competitiveness in males, indicating a potential fitness component of insecticide resistance. A key limitation is that the work is centered on laboratory/experimental measures of mating competitiveness rather than fully natural field mating conditions. The paper does not explicitly discuss endometriosis or adenomyosis; it was included in the corpus via a keyword match in the upstream search index.

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Abstract

Background: Metabolic resistance is a serious challenge to current insecticide-based interventions. The extent to which it affects natural populations of mosquitoes including their reproduction ability remains uncharacterised. Here, we investigated the potential impact of the glutathione S-transferase L119F-GSTe2 resistance on the mating competitiveness of male Anopheles funestus , in Cameroon. Methods: : Swarms and indoor resting collections took place in March, 2018 in Tibati, Cameroon. WHO tube and cone assays were performed on F 1 mosquitoes from indoor collected females to assess the susceptibility profile of malaria vectors. Mosquitoes mated and unmated males collected in the swarms were genotyped for the L119F metabolic marker to assess its association with mating male competitiveness. Results: : Susceptibility and synergist assays, showed that this population was multiple resistant to pyrethroids, DDT and carbamates, likely driven by metabolic resistance mechanisms. Cone assays revealed a reduced efficacy of standard pyrethroid-nets (Olyset and PermaNet 2.0) with low mortality (80%). The L119F-GSTe2 mutation, conferring pyrethroid/DDT resistance, was detected in this An. funestus population at a frequency of 28.8%. In addition, a total of 15 mating swarms were identified and 21 An. funestus couples were isolated from those swarms.  A comparative genotyping of the L119F-GSTe2 mutation between mated and unmated males revealed that heterozygote males 119L/F-RS were less able to mate than homozygote susceptible (OR=7.2, P<0.0001). Surprisingly, heterozygote mosquitoes were also less able to mate than homozygote resistant (OR=4.2, P=0.010) suggesting the presence of a heterozygote disadvantage effect. Overall, mosquitoes bearing the L119-S susceptible allele were significantly more able to mate than those with 119F-R resistant allele (OR=2.1, P=0.03). Conclusion: This study provides preliminary evidences that metabolic resistance potentially exerts a fitness cost on mating competiveness in resistant mosquitoes.
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