Antimicrobial Drug Sensitivity Pattern of Staphylococcus Aureus Isolated at Ringroad State Hospital, Ibadan.

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Mujeeb Opeyemi Oparemi This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5139434/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Staphylococcus aureus is a gram-positive, catalase-positive, coagulase-positive bacteria. They are known to be the causative agent of various infections, including pyogenic infections, impetigo, urinary tract infections, food poisoning, septicemia, meningitis, and osteomyelitis. Staphylococcus aureus, like every other bacterium, is resistant to antimicrobial drugs and continues to defend against medical control and empirical treatments for infections caused by this microorganism; thus, there is a need for antimicrobial sensitivity testing to determine the appropriate drugs for the treatment of staphylococcal infections. This study investigated the antimicrobial drug sensitivity pattern of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from clinical samples at Ring Road State Hospital, Ibadan. One hundred thirty-two (132) isolates were obtained from clinical samples and were confirmed as S. aureus. Thereafter, the antimicrobial sensitivity test was performed via the Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion method. The sensitivity of each of the isolates was as follows: 92.4% of the isolates were resistant to amoxicillin, 88.6% were resistant to Zinnacef, and 65.9% were resistant to Pefloxacin. In addition, 65.2% of the isolates were resistant to Rocephin, and 56.8% of the isolates were resistant to methicillin. Most of the isolates were sensitive to ciprofloxacin (65.2%), streptomycin (56.8%), and erythromycin (50.8%). Antimicrobial drugs such as amoxicillin, Zinnacef, pefloxacin, rocephin, and methicillin were shown to be less likely to be effective in the empirical treatment of staphylococcal infections. In the study region, however, ciprofloxacin, streptomycin, and erythromycin are recommended as first-line antibiotics for the empirical treatment of staphylococcal infections. Statistical analysis revealed that age and sex had no influence on the sensitivity pattern of the isolates to amoxicillin, ciprofloxacin, pefloxacin, rocephin, streptomycin, erythromycin, or methicillin, whereas sex influenced the sensitivity pattern of the isolates to gentamycin and Zinnacef. This study underscores the importance of surveillance of Staphylococcus aureus antibiotic sensitivity patterns to select appropriate therapies, the need to effectively monitor and improve antimicrobial policies, and funding for appropriate research and therapy for Staphylococcus aureus in the health sector. General Microbiology Bacteriology Staphylococcus aureus Antibiotic antimicrobial resistance antimicrobial sensitivity testing. Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion method. Clinical samples Ring Road State Hospital Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 INTRODUCTION Great damage to the health of animals, plants, and humans is endemic in populations with high ratios due to infectious diseases caused by vast numbers and types of bacteria. Some infectious diseases are as fatal as leading to death and are reported worldwide (Amissaha et al., 2017 ). One of the most dangerous pathogens of health concern is the well-known bacterium Staphylococcus aureus (Argudin et al., 2018 ), which has negative effects on the health of humans and other animals (Ayepola et al., 2018 ). Staphylococcus aureus is a human and animal pathogen. S. aureus colonizes approximately 30% of the human population, especially the skin, nose, and mucous membranes (Abubakar and Suleiman, 2018 ). When S. aureus enters an organism (human or animal) through the nasal cavity, skin punctures, or other routes, it can cause a wide range of infections, from minor skin infections and abscesses to life-threatening infections such as toxic shock syndrome (TSS), meningitis, pneumonia, septicemia, and endocarditis. (Brogan and Mossialos, 2016 ). In humans, S. aureus is associated with folliculitis, furuncles, carbuncles, impetigo, wound infections, scalded skin syndrome, pneumonia, endocarditis, bone and joint infections, toxic shock syndrome, mastitis, food poisoning, and rarely urinary tract infection. While detailed epidemiological results reveal that the highest incidence of S. aureus infection has been observed at younger ages than at older ages, the bodies of infants, children, and young adults have the same pattern as elderly adults; through their body parts, especially the dermal layers and nasopharynx, S. aureus infection can cause infection, while detailed epidemiological results reveal that the highest incidence of S. aureus infection has been observed at younger ages (Ayepola et al, 2018 ). Additionally, in livestock, S. aureus is the key etiology of mastitis in cattle, buffalo, sheep, goats, and other ruminants; lethal systemic infections in rabbits; and bumble foot (ulcerative pododermatitis) in poultry. Invasive S. aureus illness was a substantial cause of death before the advent of antimicrobials; however, the discovery of penicillin in the 1940s prevented many deaths caused by this bacterium. Early in the 1950s, strains resistant to penicillin and subsequently semisynthetic penicillin derivatives such as methicillin were identified. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains with intermediate and total vancomycin resistance have recently been found in hospitals, and certain MRSA strains are prevalent in a variety of community habitats. The pathogen has recently developed resistance to 15 antibiotics owing to a lack of control in the use of antimicrobial agents. (Bhattacharya et al., 2018 ). According to Abdullahi and Iregbu ( 2018 ), MRSA can infect 53 million individuals worldwide. Furthermore, nasal carriage of S. aureus in humans has been reported across various settings in Nigeria (Ayepola et al., 2018 ), and infections associated with S. aureus have also been reported in various parts of the country (Ayepola et al., 2015 ; Abdullahi and Iregbu, 2018 ; Abubakar and Suleiman, 2018 ). The ability of the clinical microbiology laboratory to perform antimicrobial susceptibility testing is critical for confirming sensitivity to empirical antimicrobial drugs or detecting resistance in particular bacterial isolates because resistance mechanisms have not been discovered, and empirical treatment continues to be successful against some bacterial infections. This is particularly relevant since staphylococcal species have been found in hospitals, where they pollute surfaces and transmit diseases to patients. Staphylococci have been isolated from indwelling medical equipment, laptops, bed rails, countertops, floors, door knobs, faucets, bed linens, tables, blood pressure cuffs/tourniquets, and healthcare personnel robes and gloves, for example. (Brogan and Mossialos, 2016 ). The focus of this research was to examine the antibiotic sensitivity of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from clinical samples. Antimicrobials, on the other hand, target essential bacterial functions such as cell wall synthesis (beta-lactams and glycopeptides), protein synthesis (aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, macrolides, lincosamides, chloramphenicol, mupirocin, and fusidic acid), nucleic acid synthesis (quinolones), RNA synthesis (rifampin), and metabolic pathways such as (sulphonamides and trimethoprim) (Akanbi et al., 2017 ; Kolenda et al., 2017 ). Antimicrobial resistance develops as a result of excessive usage, either through point mutations or the acquisition of foreign resistance genes, resulting in changes to the antimicrobial target, degradation of the antimicrobial agent, or a decrease in the internal antimicrobial concentration of the antimicrobial agent (Akanbi et al, 2017 ; Ayukekbong et al, 2017 ). Because Staphylococcus aureus has the potential to evolve diverse mechanisms of resistance to most antimicrobial agents, empirical treatment for certain bacterial infections continues to be successful because resistance mechanisms have not yet been identified. Accurate determination of the resistance phenotype and the underlying mechanisms of resistance are crucial not only for therapy but also from a public health perspective. In addition to internal laboratory quality control procedures, several national and international external quality control assurance schemes for antimicrobial susceptibility testing have been established to assess the proficiency of testing in individual laboratories and to compare laboratories within a country or at an international level (Heyar et al., 2017 ; Khan et al., 2019a ). S. aureus is a multi-disease-causing pathogen that causes events ranging from minor infections to life-threatening sepsis in humans. Effective infection control practices and antibiotic policies should therefore be developed to prevent S. aureus infections. The selection of effective drugs for the treatment of staphylococcal infections requires in vitro determination of drug resistance patterns in S. aureus . The primary objective of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial drug sensitivity pattern of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from clinical samples at Ibadan's Ring Road State Hospital. This study aimed to determine the antimicrobial drug sensitivity pattern of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from clinical samples at Ring Road State Hospital in Ibadan. MATERIALS AND METHODS. This study was carried out at the Medical Microbiology Laboratory of Ring Road State Hospital, Ibadan, located in Oluyole Local Government of Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria. Ring Road State Hospital is a tertiary health care system that is involved in teaching and research. The population for this study comprises all patients of the Ring Road State Hospital, Ibadan. However, the target population consisted of all the patients in the Medical Microbiology Laboratory of the Ring Road State Hospital, Ibadan, within the period of this research study. Ethical approval for the study was obtained from the Health Review Ethical Committee of Lead City University, Ibadan, and Oyo State Health Management Board Ethics Committee (with reference number LCU-REC/22/022 dated 11-05-2022). The Cochran formula (n = Z 2 × P (1-P)/d 2 ) was adopted to determine the sample size, which was 132. The provisionally identified S. aureus isolates were collected from the laboratory and confirmed via catalase and coagulase tests; The Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion method was used to determine the susceptibility of all the isolates to pefloxacin, gentamycin, zinnacef, amoxicillin, rocephin, streptomycin, erythromycin, methicillin, and ciprofloxacin. The biodata and sociodemographics obtained from the laboratory records at Ring Road State Hospital, Ibadan, where the S. aureus isolates were obtained, were analyzed via Statistical Package for the Social Sciences Version 23 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL) and MS Excel 2016. To answer the study questions, descriptive statistics such as charts, figures, and tables were employed, while chi-square and correlation statistical techniques were used to test the hypotheses via SPSS software. RESULTS Figure 4.1 shows a graphical bar chart indicating the specimen distribution of the S. aureus isolates in terms of frequency and percentage. However, the figure revealed that the total number of isolates was 132. A total of 41 (31.1%) of the clinical samples were urine, 30 (22.7%) were HVS, 23 (17.4%) were wound swabs, 13 (9.8%) were blood, 8 (6.1%) were ear swabs, 7 (5.3%) were semen, 6 (4.5%) were CSF, and 4 (3%) were eye swabs. Thus, urine represents the clinical sample with the highest number of isolates for this study. Figure 4.2 shows a graphical bar chart indicating the age distribution of the S. aureus isolates in terms of frequencies and percentages. However, the figure revealed that the total number of isolates was 132. Thirty-one (23.5%) of the clinical isolates were from patients within the age range of 30–34 years, 25 (18.9%) of the clinical isolates were from patients within the age range of 20–24 years and 25–29 years, 24 (18.2%) of the clinical isolates were from patients within the age range of 30–34 years, 23 (17.4%) of the clinical isolates were from patients within the age range of 35–25 years, and 4 (3%) of the clinical isolates were from patients within the age range of 15–19 years. Figure 4.3 shows a graphical bar chart indicating the sex distribution of S. aureus isolate frequencies and percentages. However, the figure revealed that the total number of isolates was 132. Eighty-seven (65.9%) of the clinical isolates were from females, whereas 45 (34.1%) of the clinical isolates were from males. It can be concluded that females have the highest number of clinical isolates. Figure 4: Distribution of antimicrobial drug sensitivity patterns of S. aureus isolates from Ring Road State Hospital, Ibadan Table 4.1 shows the sensitivity pattern of S. aureus to pefloxacin according to age. The table revealed that, of the total isolates, 87 (65.9%) were resistant to Pefloxacin, whereas 45 (34.1%) were sensitive to the drug. Furthermore, the age range of 30–34 years had the highest resistance (77.4%), while the age range of 15–19 years had the highest sensitivity (75.0%) to Pefloxacin. Additionally, χ2 (5, N = 132) = 6.738, p > 0.05, since the p-value is greater than 0.05; thus, we accept the null hypothesis and conclude that there was no statistically significant difference between the Pefloxacin sensitivity pattern of S. aureus and age. Table 4.2 shows the sensitivity pattern of S. aureus to pefloxacin by sex. The table revealed that, of the total isolates, 87 (65.9%) were resistant to Pefloxacin, whereas 45 (34.1%) were sensitive to the drug. Furthermore, females had the highest resistance (70.1%), whereas males had the highest sensitivity (42.2%) to Pefloxacin. Additionally, χ2 (5, N = 132) = 2.009, p > 0.05, since the p-value is greater than 0.05; thus, we accept the null hypothesis and conclude that there was no statistically significant difference between the Pefloxacin sensitivity pattern of S. aureus and sex. Table 4.1 Sensitivity pattern of S. aureus to pefloxacin by age. AGE-RANGE PEFLOXACIN Total R (%) S (%) 0–14 13(54.2%) 11(45.8%) 24 15–19 1(25.0%) 3(75.0%) 4 20–24 18(72.0%) 7(28.0%) 25 25–29 16(64.0%) 9(36.0%) 25 30–34 24(77.4%) 7(22.6%) 31 ≥ 35 15(65.2%) 8(34.8%) 23 Total 87(65.9%) 45(34.1%) 132 Table 4.2 Sensitivity pattern of S. aureus to pefloxacin by age GENDER PEFLOXACIN Total R (%) S (%) F 61(70.1%) 26(29.9%) 87 M 26(57.8%) 19(42.2%) 45 Total 87(65.9%) 45(34.1%) 132 Table 4.3 shows the sensitivity pattern of S. aureus to gentamycin with increasing age. The table revealed that among the total isolates, 132 (53.0%) were resistant to gentamycin, whereas 62 (47.0%) were sensitive to the drug. Furthermore, the age range of 25–29 years had the highest resistance (68.0%), while the age range of 0–14 years had the highest sensitivity (58.3%) to gentamycin. Additionally, χ2 (5, N = 132) = 3.872, p > 0.05, since the p-value is greater than 0.05; thus, we accept the null hypothesis and conclude that there was no statistically significant difference between the gentamycin sensitivity pattern of S. aureus and age. Table 4.4 shows the sensitivity pattern of S. aureus to gentamycin according to sex. The table revealed that among the total isolates, 132 (53.0%) were resistant to gentamycin, whereas 62 (47.0%) were sensitive to the drug. Furthermore, females had the highest resistance (65.5%), whereas males had the highest sensitivity (71.1%) to gentamycin. Additionally, χ2 (5, N = 132) = 15.975, p < 0.05, since the p-value is less than 0.05; thus, we accept the alternate hypothesis and conclude that there was a statistically significant difference between the gentamycin sensitivity pattern of S. aureus and sex. Table 4.3 Sensitivity pattern of S. aureus to gentamycin according to age. AGE-RANGE GENTAMYCIN Total R (%) S (%) 0–14 10 (41.7%) 14 (58.3%) 24 15–19 2 (50.0%) 2 (50.0%) 4 20–24 14 (56.0%) 11 (44.0%) 25 25–29 17 (68.0%) 8 (32.0%) 25 30–34 16 (51.6%) 15(48.4%) 31 ≥ 35 11 (47.8%) 12 (52.2%) 23 Total 70 (53.0%) 62 (47.0%) 132 Table 4.4 Sensitivity pattern of Staphylococcus aureus to gentamycin by sex. GENDER GENTAMYCIN Total R (%) S (%) F 57 (65.5%) 30 (34.5%) 87 M 13 (28.9%) 32 (71.1%) 45 Total 70 (53.0%) 62 (47.0%) 132 Table 4.5 shows the sensitivity pattern of S. aureus to Zinnacef by age. The table revealed that 132 of the total isolates were resistant to Zinnacef, 117 (88.6%) of which were resistant, whereas 15 (11.4%) were sensitive to the drug. Furthermore, the ages ranging from 20–24 years and 25–29 years presented the highest resistance (92.0% and 92.0%, respectively), whereas the ages ranging from 15–19 years presented the highest sensitivity (50.0%) to Zinnacef. Additionally, χ2 (5, N = 132) = 6.756, p > 0.05, since the p-value is greater than 0.05; thus, we accept the null hypothesis and conclude that there was no statistically significant difference between the gentamycin sensitivity pattern of S. aureus and age. Table 4.6 shows the sensitivity pattern of S. aureus to Zinnacef by sex. The table revealed that 132 of the total isolates were resistant to Zinnacef, 117 (88.6%) of which were resistant, whereas 15 (11.4%) were sensitive to the drug. Furthermore, females had the highest resistance (89.7%), whereas males had the highest sensitivity (13.3%) to Zinnacef. Additionally, χ2 (5, N = 132) = 3.872, p value = 0.000. Since the p-value is less than 0.05, we accept the alternate hypothesis and conclude that there was a statistically significant difference between the Zinnacef sensitivity pattern of Staphylococcus aureus and sex. Table 4.5 Sensitivity pattern of S. aureus to Zinnacef by age AGE-RANGE ZINNACEF Total R (%) S (%) 0–14 21(87.5%) 3(12.5%) 24 15–19 2(50.0%) 2(50.0%) 4 20–24 23(92.0%) 2(8.0%) 25 25–29 23(92.0%) 2(8.0%) 25 30–34 27(87.1%) 4(12.9%) 31 ≥ 35 21(91.3%) 2(8.7%) 23 Total 117(88.6%) 15(11.4%) 132 Table 4.6 Sensitivity pattern of S. aureus to Zinnacef by sex. GENDER ZINNACEF Total R (%) S (%) F 78(89.7%) 9(10.3%) 87 M 39(86.7%) 6(13.3%) 45 Total 117(88.6%) 15(11.4%) 132 Table 4.7 shows the sensitivity pattern of S. aureus to amoxicillin by age. The table revealed that of the total isolates, 132 (92.4%) were resistant to amoxicillin, whereas 10 (7.6%) were sensitive to the drug. Furthermore, individuals aged 20–24 years and 25–29 years presented the greatest resistance (96.0% and 96.0%, respectively), whereas those aged 15–19 years presented the highest sensitivity (25%) to amoxicillin. Additionally, χ2 (5, N = 132) = 4.016, p > 0.05, since the p value is greater than 0.05; thus, we accept the null hypothesis and conclude that there was no statistically significant difference between the amoxicillin pattern of S. aureus and age. Table 4.8 shows the sensitivity pattern of S. aureus to amoxicillin by sex. The table revealed that of the total isolates, 132 (92.4%) were resistant to amoxicillin, whereas 10 (7.6%) were sensitive to the drug. Furthermore, females had the highest resistance rate (93.1%), whereas males had the highest sensitivity (8.9%) to amoxicillin. Additionally, χ2 (5, N = 132) = 0.168, p > 0.05, since the p value is greater than 0.05; thus, we accept the null hypothesis and conclude that there was no statistically significant difference between the amoxicillin sensitivity pattern of S. aureus and sex. Table 4.7 Sensitivity pattern of Staphylococcus aureus to amoxicillin by age. AGE-RANGE AMOXICILLIN Total R (%) S (%) 0–14 21(87.5%) 3(12.5%) 24 15–19 3(75.0%) 1(25.0%) 4 20–24 24(96.0%) (4.0%) 25 25–29 24(96.0%) 1(4.0%) 25 30–34 28(90.3%) 3(9.7%) 31 ≥ 35 22(95.7%) 1(4.3%) 23 Total 122(92.4%) 10(7.6%) 132 Table 4.8 Sensitivity pattern of Staphylococcus aureus to amoxicillin by sex GENDER AMOXICILLIN Total R (%) S (%) F 81(93.1%) 6(6.9%) 87 M 41(91.1%) 4(8.9%) 45 Total 122(92.4%) 10(7.6%) 132 As shown in Table 4.9 , the sensitivity pattern of S. aureus to Rocephin by age revealed that there were 132 total isolates, 86 (65.2%) of which were resistant to Rocephin, whereas 46 (34.8%) were sensitive to the drug. Furthermore, the age range of 15–19 years had the highest resistance (75.0%), whereas the age range of ≥ 35 years had the highest sensitivity (39.1%) to Rocephin. Additionally, χ2 (5, N = 132) = 1.005, p > 0.05, since the p value is greater than 0.05; thus, we accept the null hypothesis and conclude that there was no statistically significant difference between the rocephin sensitivity pattern of S. aureus and age. Table 4.10 shows the sensitivity pattern of S. aureus to Rocephin by sex. The table revealed that among the total isolates, 86 (65.2%) of the clinical isolates were resistant to rocephin, whereas 46 (34.8%) were sensitive to the drug. Furthermore, females had the highest resistance rate (65.5%), whereas males had the highest sensitivity (35.6%) to Rocephin. Additionally, χ2 (5, N = 132) = 0.015, p > 0.05, since the p value is greater than 0.05; thus, we accept the null hypothesis and conclude that there was no statistically significant difference between the rocephin sensitivity pattern of S. aureus and sex. Table 4.9 Pattern of the sensitivity of S. aureus to Rocephin by age. AGE-RANGE ROCEPHIN Total R (%) S (%) 0–14 17(70.8%) 7(29.2%) 24 15–19 3(75.0%) 1(25.0%) 4 20–24 16(64.0%) 9(36.0%) 25 25–29 17(68.0%) 8(32.0%) 25 30–34 19(61.3%) 12(38.7%) 31 ≥ 35 14(60.9%) 9(39.1% 23 Total 86(65.2%) 46(34.8%) 132 Table 4.10 Sensitivity pattern of S. aureus to Rocephin by sex. GENDER ROCEPHIN Total R (%) S (%) F 57(65.5%) 30(34.5%) 87 M 29(64.4%) 16(35.6%) 45 Total 86 46(34.8%) 132 Table 4.11 shows the pattern of sensitivity of S. aureus to ciprofloxacin according to age. The table revealed that 132 of the total isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin, 52 (39.4%) of which were resistant, whereas 80 (60.6%) were sensitive to the drug. Furthermore, the results indicated that those aged 15--19 years presented the greatest resistance (50.0%), whereas those aged 30--40 years presented the greatest sensitivity (69.6%) to ciprofloxacin. Additionally, χ2 (5, N = 132) = 2.389, p > 0.05, since the p value is greater than 0.05; thus, we accept the null hypothesis and conclude that there was no statistically significant difference between the ciprofloxacin sensitivity pattern of S. aureus and age. Table 4.12 shows the sensitivity pattern of S. aureus to ciprofloxacin. The table revealed that 132 of the total isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin, 52 (39.4%) of which were resistant, whereas 80 (60.6%) were sensitive to the drug. Furthermore, the results indicated that aged females had the highest resistance (42.5%), whereas males had the highest sensitivity (66.7%) to ciprofloxacin. Additionally, χ2 (5, N = 132) = 1.050, p > 0.05, since the p value is greater than 0.05; thus, we accept the null hypothesis and conclude that there was no statistically significant difference between the ciprofloxacin sensitivity pattern of S. aureus and sex. Table 4.11 Pattern of the sensitivity of Staphylococcus aureus to ciprofloxacin according to age. AGE-RANGE CIPROFLOXACIN Total R (%) S (%) 0–14 8(33.3%) 16(66.7%) 24 15–19 2(50.0%) 2(50.0%) 4 20–24 10(40.0%) 15(60.0%) 25 25–29 10(40.0%) 15(60.0%) 25 30–34 15(48.4%) 16(51.6%) 31 ≥ 35 7(30.4%) 16(69.6%) 23 Total 52(39.4%) 80(60.6%) 132 Table 4.12 Sensitivities of Staphylococcus aureus to ciprofloxacin by sex. GENDER CIPROFLOXACIN Total R (%) S (%) F 37(42.5%) 50(57.5%) 87 M 15(33.3%) 30(66.7%) 45 Total 52(39.4%) 80(60.6%) 132 Table 4.13 shows the sensitivity pattern of S. aureus to streptomycin with increasing age. The table revealed that of the total isolates, 57 (43.2%) were resistant to streptomycin, whereas 75 (56.8%) were sensitive to the drug. Furthermore, the age range of 15–19 years had the highest resistance (50.0%), whereas the age range of ≥ 35 years had the highest sensitivity (65.2%) to streptomycin. Additionally, χ2 (5, N = 132) = 1.069, p > 0.05, since the p value is greater than 0.05; thus, we accept the null hypothesis and conclude that there was no statistically significant difference between the streptomycin sensitivity pattern of S. aureus and age. Table 4.14 shows the sensitivity pattern of S. aureus to streptomycin by sex. The table revealed that of the total isolates, 57 (43.2%) were resistant to streptomycin, whereas 75 (56.8%) were sensitive to the drug. Furthermore, females had the highest resistance rate (50.6%), whereas males had the highest sensitivity (71.1%) to streptomycin. Additionally, χ2 (5, N = 132) = 5.685, p > 0.05, since the p value is greater than 0.05; thus, we accept the null hypothesis and conclude that there was no statistically significant difference between the streptomycin sensitivity pattern of S. aureus and sex. Table 4.13 Sensitivity pattern of S. aureus to streptomycin according to age. AGE-RANGE STREPTOMYCIN Total R (%) S (%) 0–14 11(45.8%) 13(54.2%) 24 15–19 2(50.0%) 2(50.0%) 4 20–24 12(48.0%) 13(52.0%) 25 25–29 11(44.0%) 14(56.0%) 25 30–34 13(41.9%) 18(58.1%) 31 ≥ 35 8(34.8%) 15(65.2%) 23 Total 57(43.2%) 75(56.8%) 132 Table 4.14 Sensitivity pattern of S. aureus to streptomycin by sex. GENDER STREPTOMYCIN Total R (%) S (%) F 44(50.6%) 43(49.4%) 87 M 13(28.9%) 32(71.1%) 45 Total 57(43.2%) 75(56.8%) 132 Table 4.15 shows the sensitivity pattern of S. aureus to erythromycin according to age. The table revealed that among the total isolates, 63 (47.7%) were resistant to erythromycin, whereas 69 (52.3%) were sensitive to the drug. Furthermore, the results indicated that those aged 20–24 years presented the highest resistance (64.0%), whereas those aged 15–19 years presented the highest sensitivity (100.0%) to erythromycin. Additionally, χ2 (5, N = 132) = 10.227, p > 0.05, since the p value is greater than 0.05; thus, we accept the null hypothesis and conclude that there was no statistically significant difference between the erythromycin sensitivity pattern of S. aureus and age. Table 4.16 shows the sensitivity pattern of S. aureus to erythromycin by sex. The table revealed that among the total isolates, 63 (47.7%) were resistant to erythromycin, whereas 69 (52.3%) were sensitive to the drug. Furthermore, males had the highest resistance (53.3%), whereas females had the highest sensitivity (55.2%) to erythromycin. Additionally, χ2 (5, N = 132) = 0.860, p > 0.05, since the p value is greater than 0.05; thus, we accept the null hypothesis and conclude that there was no statistically significant difference between the erythromycin sensitivity pattern of S. aureus and sex. Table 4.15 Sensitivity pattern of S. aureus to erythromycin according to age. AGE-RANGE ERYTHROMYCIN Total R (%) S (%) 0–14 10(41.7%) 14(58.3%) 24 15–19 0(0.0%) 4(100.0%) 4 20–24 16(64.0%) 9(36.0%) 25 25–29 13(52.0%) 12(48.0%) 25 30–34 17(54.8%) 14(45.2%) 31 ≥ 35 7(30.4%) 16(69.6%) 23 Total 63(47.7%) 69(52.3%) 132 Table 4.16 Sensitivity pattern of S. aureus to erythromycin by sex GENDER ERYTHROMYCIN Total R (%) S (%) F 39(44.8%) 48(55.2%) 87 M 24(53.3%) 21(46.7%) 45 Total 63(47.7%) 69(52.3%) 132 Table 4.17 shows the sensitivity pattern of S. aureus to methicillin by age. The table revealed that among the total isolates, 75 (56.8%) of the clinical isolates were resistant to methicillin, whereas 57 (43.2%) were sensitive to the drug. Furthermore, the age range ≥ 35 years had the highest resistance (65.2%), whereas the age range 15–19 years had the highest sensitivity (50.0%) to methicillin. Additionally, χ2 (5, N = 132) = 1.069, p > 0.05, since the p value is greater than 0.05; thus, we accept the null hypothesis and conclude that there was no statistically significant difference between the methicillin sensitivity pattern of S. aureus and age. Table 4.18 shows the sensitivity pattern of S. aureus to methicillin by sex. The table revealed that among the total isolates, 75 (56.8%) of the clinical isolates were resistant to methicillin, whereas 57 (43.2%) were sensitive to the drug. Furthermore, the results indicated that males had the highest resistance rate (71.1%), whereas females had the highest sensitivity (50.6%) to methicillin. Additionally, χ2 (5, N = 132) = 5.685, p > 0.05, since the p value is greater than 0.05; thus, we accept the null hypothesis and conclude that there was no statistically significant difference between the methicillin sensitivity pattern of S. aureus and sex. Table 4.17 Sensitivity pattern of Staphylococcus aureus to methicillin by age. AGE-RANGE METHICILLIN Total R (%) S (%) 0–14 13(54.2%) 11(45.8%) 24 15–19 2(50.0%) 2(50.0%) 4 20–24 13(52.0%) 12(48.0%) 25 25–29 14(56.0%) 11(44.0%) 25 30–34 18(58.1%) 13(41.9%) 31 ≥ 35 15(65.2%) 8(34.8%) 23 Total 75(56.8%) 57(43.2%) 132 Table 4.18 Sensitivity pattern of Staphylococcus aureus to methicillin by sex GENDER METHICILLIN Total R (%) S (%) F 43(49.4%) 44(50.6%) 87 M 32(71.1%) 13(28.9%) 45 Total 75(56.8%) 57(43.2%) 132 DISCUSSION Staphylococcus aureus is a very common cause of infection in hospitals and is most likely to infect newborn babies, surgical patients, old and malnourished persons and patients with diabetes and other chronic diseases (Tuo et al ., 1995). In this study, the antimicrobial drug sensitivity patterns of S. aureus isolated from clinical samples at Ring Road State Hospital, Ibadan, were determined. The highest percentage of isolates of Staphylococcus aureus (23.5%) in this study was observed in the (30–34)-year-old age group, whereas the lowest percentage of the isolates (3%) was observed in the (15–19)-year-old age group; thus, this is not in accordance with the findings of Kano by Nwanko and Nasiru (2011), where the highest percentage of isolates of Staphylococcus aureus (47.3%) in this study was observed in the (0–10)-year-old age group. This may be a result of low immunity; hence, these individuals are vulnerable and easily affected. Furthermore, the highest percentage of Staphylococcus aureus isolates were from women (65.9%) with suspected cases of UTI. This finding agrees with reports from a previous study reported by Akortha and Ibadin ( 2008 ), where 65.8% of cases with suspected UTI infection caused by Staphylococcus aureus were from women. A similar study by Abdul and Online ( 2001 ) reported that UTI was common among women in Ilorin and that Staphylococcus aureus was among the frequently isolated organisms. The similarity in these reports may be due to the sociodemographic characteristics of the study areas. The higher rate of staphylococcal infections in UTIs may be due to proximity between the genital tract and the urethra/anus, which could facilitate autotransmission, as suggested (Audu and Kudi, 2004 ). Staphylococcus aureus was found to be a frequent cause of burns, UTIs, boils, impetigo, endocarditis, pneumonia, food poisoning, septicemia, and wound sepsis (Emmerson, 1994 ). In this study, urine had the highest percentage of Staphylococcus aureus isolates (31.1%), followed by HVS (22.7%), wound swabs (17.4%), blood (9.8%), ear swabs (6.1%), semen (5.3%), CSF (4.5%), and eye swabs (3%). This finding is generally consistent with the findings of Akerele and Ahonkhai ( 2000 ), who reported a recovery rate of 35.6% Staphylococcus aureus from urine in Benin city, Nigeria. The high incidence of S. aureus in UTIs may be a result of poor hygiene, the presence of indwelling bladder catheters, or surgery. The highest sensitivity of S. aureus was observed with ciprofloxacin (65.15%), followed by streptomycin (56.81%) and erythromycin (50.75%), whereas the lowest sensitivity was observed with amoxicillin (7.6%). This indicated percentages of resistance of 34.85%, 43.19%, 49.25%, and 92.4% for ciprofloxacin, streptomycin, erythromycin, and amoxicillin, respectively. A similar study carried out by Heyar et al. ( 2017 ) in southeastern Nigeria revealed that Staphylococcus aureus was 85.6% resistant to amoxicillin, which concurs with the findings of this study. Thus, this may be due to the high level of indiscriminate or incorrect use of amoxicillin in Nigeria because of its easy accessibility as an OTC (over the counter) antibiotic. The high level of resistance observed may be associated with earlier exposure of these drugs to isolates, which may have enhanced the development of resistance. The high level of antibiotic abuse in this environment arising from self-medication may be associated with inadequate dosage and failure to comply with treatment. Additionally, there were relatively high levels of resistance to Zinnacef (88.6%), Rocephin (65.15%), and methicillin (56.81%) in the S. aureus isolates. The level of resistance to methicillin (56.81%) observed in this study corroborated the 47.8% resistance rate reported by Olowe et al. ( 2007 ) in a study conducted in Osogbo, Nigeria. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has emerged as a serious public health problem of global concern. A screening of methicillin-resistant isolates in this study revealed a prevalence rate of 56.8%. This was, however, lower than that reported in studies conducted in other areas in Nigeria, such as Ilorin (34.7%) (Taiwo et al ., 2005) and Jos (43.0%) (Ikeh et al ., 2003). In contrast, the prevalence of MRSA was found to be low in France (6%), Ireland (5%) and the United Kingdom (2%) (Denton et al., 2008 ). However, a high prevalence of 83% MRSA was reported in Pakistan (Mehta et al., 1998 ). This confirms the high degree of regional variation in the findings from different countries and cities. In the present study, the susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus to ciprofloxacin was 65.15%. This finding is consistent with reports from Pakistan (74%) (Baqir et al ., 2002). Staphylococcus aureus sensitivity to gentamicin in this study was 46.9%, which contradicts the findings of a study conducted in Kano by Nwanko and Nasiru (2011), where a 73.4% sensitivity rate was observed. The indiscriminate use of antibiotics without prescriptions in developing countries such as Nigeria, where there are no regulatory policies, has rendered the commonly used antibiotics completely ineffective in the treatment of Staphylococcus aureus infections (Odugbemi, 1998). In conclusion, the use of antibiotics such as amoxicillin, Zinnacef, pefloxacin, rocephin, and methicillin in the treatment of staphylococcal infections is less likely to be preferred in the research region. However, ciprofloxacin, streptomycin, and erythromycin are recommended as first-line antibiotics in the management of Staphylococcus aureus infections in the study region. The findings of this study suggest that age and sex do not affect the sensitivity to antibiotics. Moreover, in vitro susceptibility testing is needed for all isolated clinical samples to identify medications that are appropriate for treating this illness, and there is a need for continuous surveillance of the antibiotic sensitivity pattern of S. aureus to select appropriate therapies. References Abdul F, Online AB (2001) Bacterial isolate from the urine of woman in Ilorin and their Antibiotic susceptibility patterns. J Obst Gynae 18:16–16 Abdullahi N, Iregbu KC (2018) Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a Central Nigeria teaching hospital. Annals Trop Pathol 9:6–10 Abubakar U, Suleiman SAS (2018) Prevalence, trend and antimicrobial susceptibility of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Nigeria: a systemic review. J Infect Public Health 11:763–770 Akanbi O, Njom HA, Fri J, Otigbu AC, Clarke AM (2017) Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Recreational Waters and Beach Sand in Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 14 Akerele J, Ahonkhai IA (2000) Urinary pathogen and antibacterial susceptibility. A retrospective study of private diagnostic laboratory in Benin City Nigeria. J Med Lab Sci 9:47–48 Akortha EE, Ibadin OK (2008) Incidence and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of Staphylococcus aureus among patients with Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) in UBTH Benin city. Nigeria Afr J Biotech 7:1637–1640 Amissaha NA, Chlebowicz MA, Ablordey A, Tetteh CS, Prah I, Werf TS, Friedrich AW, Dijl JM, Stienstra Y, Rossen JW (2017) Virulence potential of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from Buruli ulcer patients. Int J Med Microbiol 307:223–232 Argudin MA, Roisin S, Nienhaus L, Dodémont M, Mendonça R, Nonhoff C, Deplano A, Denis O (2018) Genetic diversity among Staphylococcus aureus isolates showing oxacillin and/or cefoxitin resistance not linked to the presence of mec genes. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 62:1–6 Audu BM, Kudi AA (2004) Microbial isolate and antibiogram from endocervical swabs of patients with pelvic inflammatory diseases. J Obst Gyne 24:161–164 Ayepola OO, Olasupo NA, Egwari LO, Becker K, Schaumburg F (2015) Molecular characterization and antimicrobial susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from clinical infection and asymptomatic carriers in Southwest Nigeria. PLoS ONE 10:0137531 Ayepola OO, Taiwo OS, Anifowose A, Onile-ere O (2018) Nasal Carriage of Staphylococcus aureus and associated risk factors among students in a Nigerian University. Acta Sci Microbiol 1:6–8 Ayukekbong JA, Ntemgwa M, Atabe AN (2017) The threat of antimicrobial resistance in developing countries: causes and control strategies. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 6:47 Baqir W, Crehan O, Murray R, Campbell D, Copeland R (2014) Pharmacist prescribing within a UK NHS hospital trust: nature and extent of prescribing, and prevalence of errors. Eur J Hosp Pharm 22(2):79–82 Bhattacharya M, Berends ETM, Chan R, Schwabd E, Royd S, Send CK, Torres VJ, Wozniak DJ (2018) Staphylococcus aureus biofilms release leukocidins to elicit extracellular trap formation and evade neutrophil-mediated killing. Proceedings of the National Association of Science USA, 115, 7416–7421 Brogan DM, Mossialos E (2016) A critical analysis of the review on antimicrobial resistance report and the infectious disease financing facility. Glob Health 12:8 Denton M, O'Connell B, Bernard P, Jarlier V, Wiliams Z, Santerre Henriksen A (2008) The EPISAStudy: antimicrobial susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus causing primary or secondary skin and soft tissue infections in the community in France, the UK and Ireland. J Antimicrob Chemother 61(3):586–588 Emmerson M (1994) Nosocomial Staphylococcal outbreak. Scand J Infect Dis Suppl 93:47–54 Heyar A, Gill A, Mahajan A, Kaur K (2017) prevalence and antibiotic sensitivity pattern of Staphylococcus aureus from all clinical samples with emphasis on mrsa in a tertiary care hospital. J Evol Med Dent Sci 6:5857–5860 Ikeh EI (2003) Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus at Jos University Teaching Hospital (JUTH). Afr J Clin Exp Microbiol 4(1):52–55 Khan ZA, Siddiqui MF, Park S (2019a) Current and Emerging Methods of Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing (Vol. 9, p. 49). https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics9020049 Kolenda C, Dupieux C, Decousser J, Larsen AR, Pichon B, Holmes M, Bès M, Teale C, Dickson E, Hill R, Skov R, Kearns A, Laurent F (2017) Comparison of automated antimicrobial susceptibility testing systems to detect mecC positive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus . J Clin Microbiol 55:3554–3556 Mehta A, Rodriguez C, Sheath K, Jani S, Hakimiyan A, Fazalbhoy N (1998) Control of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a tertiary care Centre-A five year study. J Med Microb 16:31–34 Nwankwo EO, Nasiru MS (2011) Antibiotic sensitivity pattern of Staphylococcus aureus from clinical isolates in a tertiary health institution in Kano, Northwestern Nigeria. Pan Afr Med J 8. https://doi.org/10.4314/pamj.v8i1.71050 Odugbemi T (1981) The use and abuse of antibiotics. Nig Med Pract 1(1):4–8 Olowe OA, Eniola KIT, Olowe RA, Olayemi AB (2007) Antimicrobial Susceptibility and Beta-lactamase detection of MRSA in Osogbo, SW Nigeria. Nat Sci 5(3):44–48 Taiwo SS, Bamidele M, Omonigbehin EA, Akinsinde KA, Smith SI, Onile BA, Olowe AO (2005 Apr-Jun) Molecular epidemiology of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Ilorin, Nigeria. West Afr J Med 24(2):100–106 Tuo P, Montobbio G, Vallarino R, Tumolo M, Calero MG, Massone MA (1995 Mar-Apr) Nosocomial Staphylococci in a neonatal and pediatric intensive care unit. Pediatr Med Chir 17(2):117–122 Additional Declarations The authors declare no competing interests. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-5139434","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":358071160,"identity":"798512e5-dffe-4786-acc9-d1a4d2480d2c","order_by":0,"name":"Mujeeb Opeyemi Oparemi","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABCUlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYPACCSA+wMDMUFEjB+IeeEC8ljPHjMFaEoi1i5mxhTmxAcTCp4VfuvnZh485FtEGBw8ffFzYwJY+P+zwQ6AtdnK6Ddi1SM45Zjxz5jaJ3A0HjiUbz9whk7vxdpoBUEuysdkB7FoMbiQYM/OCtZwxk+Y9w5a7cXYCSMuBxG04taR/Zv4L1nL++2/eNuZ0w9npHwhoyTFmZoTYwsYM1JIgL52D3xbJOWeKGXuBWmYeOGYsPePMMcMN0jkFBxIMcPuFX7p9M8PPbXW5fTcOP/xcUFEjLz87ffOHDxV2cri0gCMRwoCqMADTBjiUo2jhb4DQ8g14VI+CUTAKRsGIBAD1TGqT5hP47gAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9819-7927","institution":"Lead City University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mujeeb","middleName":"Opeyemi","lastName":"Oparemi","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-09-23 16:12:14","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":{"humanSubjects":true,"vertebrateSubjects":false,"conflictsOfInterestStatement":false,"humanSubjectEthicalGuidelines":true,"humanSubjectConsent":true,"humanSubjectClinicalTrial":false,"humanSubjectCaseReport":false,"vertebrateSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false},"doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5139434/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5139434/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":65254484,"identity":"3c3a6922-c9dc-41d7-af20-3c6fbea5e5db","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-09-25 09:30:33","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":23107,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFig. 4.1: Specimen distribution of the \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eS. aureus \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eisolates from Ring Road State Hospital, Ibadan.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5139434/v1/7419b868991a863aeae71b8d.png"},{"id":65253175,"identity":"fe999e2f-c9ae-46d0-9c99-6cfbe8c3d1de","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-09-25 09:22:33","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":52391,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFig. 4.2: Age distribution of the \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eS. aureus \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eisolates from Ring Road State Hospital, Ibadan.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5139434/v1/65b08a5617286ce91c88aecf.png"},{"id":65253171,"identity":"b3e51c17-8a87-43d9-959e-f8b4e3884f57","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-09-25 09:22:33","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":10234,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFig. 4.3: Gender distribution of the \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eS. aureus \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eisolates from Ring Road State Hospital, Ibadan.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5139434/v1/e2603515dec4d3187bde1364.png"},{"id":65253174,"identity":"c0c2488f-ffb1-49a0-ae63-7b0fc9dd2af4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-09-25 09:22:33","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":45501,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFig.4: Distribution of antimicrobial drug sensitivity patternsof \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eS. aureus\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e isolates from Ring Road State Hospital, Ibadan\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5139434/v1/afdb0fc9f92dde0422bc3906.png"},{"id":65255006,"identity":"4835db46-ef62-4301-99f3-e9aaf061b03a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-09-25 09:38:37","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":878023,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5139434/v1/c0872281-f10d-4e1c-b53a-68c5d66bc199.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"The authors declare no competing interests.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAntimicrobial Drug Sensitivity Pattern of Staphylococcus Aureus Isolated at Ringroad State Hospital, Ibadan.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"INTRODUCTION","content":"\u003cp\u003eGreat damage to the health of animals, plants, and humans is endemic in populations with high ratios due to infectious diseases caused by vast numbers and types of bacteria. Some infectious diseases are as fatal as leading to death and are reported worldwide (Amissaha et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). One of the most dangerous pathogens of health concern is the well-known bacterium \u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus aureus\u003c/em\u003e (Argudin et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e), which has negative effects on the health of humans and other animals (Ayepola et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). \u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus aureus\u003c/em\u003e is a human and animal pathogen. \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e colonizes approximately 30% of the human population, especially the skin, nose, and mucous membranes (Abubakar and Suleiman, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). When \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e enters an organism (human or animal) through the nasal cavity, skin punctures, or other routes, it can cause a wide range of infections, from minor skin infections and abscesses to life-threatening infections such as toxic shock syndrome (TSS), meningitis, pneumonia, septicemia, and endocarditis. (Brogan and Mossialos, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn humans, \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e is associated with folliculitis, furuncles, carbuncles, impetigo, wound infections, scalded skin syndrome, pneumonia, endocarditis, bone and joint infections, toxic shock syndrome, mastitis, food poisoning, and rarely urinary tract infection. While detailed epidemiological results reveal that the highest incidence of \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e infection has been observed at younger ages than at older ages, the bodies of infants, children, and young adults have the same pattern as elderly adults; through their body parts, especially the dermal layers and nasopharynx, \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e infection can cause infection, while detailed epidemiological results reveal that the highest incidence of \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e infection has been observed at younger ages (Ayepola et al, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). Additionally, in livestock, \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e is the key etiology of mastitis in cattle, buffalo, sheep, goats, and other ruminants; lethal systemic infections in rabbits; and bumble foot (ulcerative pododermatitis) in poultry.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInvasive \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e illness was a substantial cause of death before the advent of antimicrobials; however, the discovery of penicillin in the 1940s prevented many deaths caused by this bacterium. Early in the 1950s, strains resistant to penicillin and subsequently semisynthetic penicillin derivatives such as methicillin were identified. Methicillin-resistant \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e (MRSA) strains with intermediate and total vancomycin resistance have recently been found in hospitals, and certain MRSA strains are prevalent in a variety of community habitats. The pathogen has recently developed resistance to 15 antibiotics owing to a lack of control in the use of antimicrobial agents. (Bhattacharya et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccording to Abdullahi and Iregbu (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e), MRSA can infect 53\u0026nbsp;million individuals worldwide. Furthermore, nasal carriage of \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e in humans has been reported across various settings in Nigeria (Ayepola et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e), and infections associated with \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e have also been reported in various parts of the country (Ayepola et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Abdullahi and Iregbu, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Abubakar and Suleiman, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe ability of the clinical microbiology laboratory to perform antimicrobial susceptibility testing is critical for confirming sensitivity to empirical antimicrobial drugs or detecting resistance in particular bacterial isolates because resistance mechanisms have not been discovered, and empirical treatment continues to be successful against some bacterial infections. This is particularly relevant since staphylococcal species have been found in hospitals, where they pollute surfaces and transmit diseases to patients. \u003cem\u003eStaphylococci\u003c/em\u003e have been isolated from indwelling medical equipment, laptops, bed rails, countertops, floors, door knobs, faucets, bed linens, tables, blood pressure cuffs/tourniquets, and healthcare personnel robes and gloves, for example. (Brogan and Mossialos, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). The focus of this research was to examine the antibiotic sensitivity of \u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus aureus\u003c/em\u003e isolates from clinical samples.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntimicrobials, on the other hand, target essential bacterial functions such as cell wall synthesis (beta-lactams and glycopeptides), protein synthesis (aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, macrolides, lincosamides, chloramphenicol, mupirocin, and fusidic acid), nucleic acid synthesis (quinolones), RNA synthesis (rifampin), and metabolic pathways such as (sulphonamides and trimethoprim) (Akanbi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Kolenda et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntimicrobial resistance develops as a result of excessive usage, either through point mutations or the acquisition of foreign resistance genes, resulting in changes to the antimicrobial target, degradation of the antimicrobial agent, or a decrease in the internal antimicrobial concentration of the antimicrobial agent (Akanbi et al, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Ayukekbong et al, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBecause \u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus aureus\u003c/em\u003e has the potential to evolve diverse mechanisms of resistance to most antimicrobial agents, empirical treatment for certain bacterial infections continues to be successful because resistance mechanisms have not yet been identified. Accurate determination of the resistance phenotype and the underlying mechanisms of resistance are crucial not only for therapy but also from a public health perspective. In addition to internal laboratory quality control procedures, several national and international external quality control assurance schemes for antimicrobial susceptibility testing have been established to assess the proficiency of testing in individual laboratories and to compare laboratories within a country or at an international level (Heyar et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Khan et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019a\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e is a multi-disease-causing pathogen that causes events ranging from minor infections to life-threatening sepsis in humans. Effective infection control practices and antibiotic policies should therefore be developed to prevent \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e infections. The selection of effective drugs for the treatment of staphylococcal infections requires in vitro determination of drug resistance patterns in \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e. The primary objective of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial drug sensitivity pattern of \u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus aureus\u003c/em\u003e isolated from clinical samples at Ibadan's Ring Road State Hospital.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study aimed to determine the antimicrobial drug sensitivity pattern of \u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus aureus\u003c/em\u003e isolated from clinical samples at Ring Road State Hospital in Ibadan.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"MATERIALS AND METHODS.","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study was carried out at the Medical Microbiology Laboratory of Ring Road State Hospital, Ibadan, located in Oluyole Local Government of Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria. Ring Road State Hospital is a tertiary health care system that is involved in teaching and research. The population for this study comprises all patients of the Ring Road State Hospital, Ibadan. However, the target population consisted of all the patients in the Medical Microbiology Laboratory of the Ring Road State Hospital, Ibadan, within the period of this research study.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eEthical approval\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003efor the study was obtained from the Health Review Ethical Committee of Lead City University, Ibadan, and Oyo State Health Management Board Ethics Committee (with reference number LCU-REC/22/022 dated 11-05-2022).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Cochran formula (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Z\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026times; P (1-P)/d\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e) was adopted to determine the sample size, which was 132. The provisionally identified \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e isolates were collected from the laboratory and confirmed via catalase and coagulase tests;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Kirby\u0026ndash;Bauer disc diffusion method was used to determine the susceptibility of all the isolates to pefloxacin, gentamycin, zinnacef, amoxicillin, rocephin, streptomycin, erythromycin, methicillin, and ciprofloxacin.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe biodata and sociodemographics obtained from the laboratory records at Ring Road State Hospital, Ibadan, where the \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e isolates were obtained, were analyzed via Statistical Package for the Social Sciences Version 23 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL) and MS Excel 2016. To answer the study questions, descriptive statistics such as charts, figures, and tables were employed, while chi-square and correlation statistical techniques were used to test the hypotheses via SPSS software.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"RESULTS","content":"\u003cp\u003eFigure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4.1\u003c/span\u003e shows a graphical bar chart indicating the specimen distribution of the \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e isolates in terms of frequency and percentage. However, the figure revealed that the total number of isolates was 132. A total of 41 (31.1%) of the clinical samples were urine, 30 (22.7%) were HVS, 23 (17.4%) were wound swabs, 13 (9.8%) were blood, 8 (6.1%) were ear swabs, 7 (5.3%) were semen, 6 (4.5%) were CSF, and 4 (3%) were eye swabs. Thus, urine represents the clinical sample with the highest number of isolates for this study.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4.2\u003c/span\u003e shows a graphical bar chart indicating the age distribution of the \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e isolates in terms of frequencies and percentages. However, the figure revealed that the total number of isolates was 132. Thirty-one (23.5%) of the clinical isolates were from patients within the age range of 30\u0026ndash;34 years, 25 (18.9%) of the clinical isolates were from patients within the age range of 20\u0026ndash;24 years and 25\u0026ndash;29 years, 24 (18.2%) of the clinical isolates were from patients within the age range of 30\u0026ndash;34 years, 23 (17.4%) of the clinical isolates were from patients within the age range of 35\u0026ndash;25 years, and 4 (3%) of the clinical isolates were from patients within the age range of 15\u0026ndash;19 years.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4.3\u003c/span\u003e shows a graphical bar chart indicating the sex distribution of \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e isolate frequencies and percentages. However, the figure revealed that the total number of isolates was 132. Eighty-seven (65.9%) of the clinical isolates were from females, whereas 45 (34.1%) of the clinical isolates were from males. It can be concluded that females have the highest number of clinical isolates.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eFigure\u0026nbsp;4: Distribution of antimicrobial drug sensitivity patterns of\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eS. aureus\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eisolates from Ring Road State Hospital, Ibadan\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4.1\u003c/span\u003e shows the sensitivity pattern of \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e to pefloxacin according to age. The table revealed that, of the total isolates, 87 (65.9%) were resistant to Pefloxacin, whereas 45 (34.1%) were sensitive to the drug. Furthermore, the age range of 30\u0026ndash;34 years had the highest resistance (77.4%), while the age range of 15\u0026ndash;19 years had the highest sensitivity (75.0%) to Pefloxacin. Additionally, χ2 \u003csub\u003e(5, N = 132)\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;6.738, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05, since the p-value is greater than 0.05; thus, we accept the null hypothesis and conclude that there was no statistically significant difference between the Pefloxacin sensitivity pattern of \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e and age.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4.2\u003c/span\u003e shows the sensitivity pattern of \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e to pefloxacin by sex. The table revealed that, of the total isolates, 87 (65.9%) were resistant to Pefloxacin, whereas 45 (34.1%) were sensitive to the drug. Furthermore, females had the highest resistance (70.1%), whereas males had the highest sensitivity (42.2%) to Pefloxacin. Additionally, χ2 \u003csub\u003e(5, N = 132)\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.009, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05, since the p-value is greater than 0.05; thus, we accept the null hypothesis and conclude that there was no statistically significant difference between the Pefloxacin sensitivity pattern of \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e and sex.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4.1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSensitivity pattern of \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e to pefloxacin by age.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAGE-RANGE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePEFLOXACIN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u0026ndash;14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13(54.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11(45.8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u0026ndash;19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1(25.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3(75.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u0026ndash;24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18(72.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7(28.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u0026ndash;29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16(64.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9(36.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u0026ndash;34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24(77.4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7(22.6%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15(65.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8(34.8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e87(65.9%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45(34.1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e132\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4.2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSensitivity pattern of \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e to pefloxacin by age\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGENDER\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePEFLOXACIN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61(70.1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26(29.9%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26(57.8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19(42.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e87(65.9%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45(34.1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e132\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable 4.3 shows the sensitivity pattern of \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e to gentamycin with increasing age. The table revealed that among the total isolates, 132 (53.0%) were resistant to gentamycin, whereas 62 (47.0%) were sensitive to the drug. Furthermore, the age range of 25\u0026ndash;29 years had the highest resistance (68.0%), while the age range of 0\u0026ndash;14 years had the highest sensitivity (58.3%) to gentamycin. Additionally, χ2 \u003csub\u003e(5, N = 132)\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.872, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05, since the p-value is greater than 0.05; thus, we accept the null hypothesis and conclude that there was no statistically significant difference between the gentamycin sensitivity pattern of \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e and age.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4.4\u003c/span\u003e shows the sensitivity pattern of \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e to gentamycin according to sex. The table revealed that among the total isolates, 132 (53.0%) were resistant to gentamycin, whereas 62 (47.0%) were sensitive to the drug. Furthermore, females had the highest resistance (65.5%), whereas males had the highest sensitivity (71.1%) to gentamycin. Additionally, χ2 \u003csub\u003e(5, N = 132)\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;15.975, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05, since the p-value is less than 0.05; thus, we accept the alternate hypothesis and conclude that there was a statistically significant difference between the gentamycin sensitivity pattern of \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e and sex.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4.3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSensitivity pattern of \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e to gentamycin according to age.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAGE-RANGE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGENTAMYCIN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u0026ndash;14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10 (41.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14 (58.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u0026ndash;19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (50.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (50.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u0026ndash;24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14 (56.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11 (44.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u0026ndash;29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17 (68.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8 (32.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u0026ndash;34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16 (51.6%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15(48.4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11 (47.8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12 (52.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70 (53.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62 (47.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e132\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4.4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSensitivity pattern of \u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus aureus\u003c/em\u003e to gentamycin by sex.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGENDER\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGENTAMYCIN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57 (65.5%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30 (34.5%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13 (28.9%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32 (71.1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70 (53.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62 (47.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e132\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4.5\u003c/span\u003e shows the sensitivity pattern of \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e to Zinnacef by age. The table revealed that 132 of the total isolates were resistant to Zinnacef, 117 (88.6%) of which were resistant, whereas 15 (11.4%) were sensitive to the drug. Furthermore, the ages ranging from 20\u0026ndash;24 years and 25\u0026ndash;29 years presented the highest resistance (92.0% and 92.0%, respectively), whereas the ages ranging from 15\u0026ndash;19 years presented the highest sensitivity (50.0%) to Zinnacef. Additionally, χ2 \u003csub\u003e(5, N = 132)\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;6.756, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05, since the p-value is greater than 0.05; thus, we accept the null hypothesis and conclude that there was no statistically significant difference between the gentamycin sensitivity pattern of \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e and age.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4.6\u003c/span\u003e shows the sensitivity pattern of \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e to Zinnacef by sex. The table revealed that 132 of the total isolates were resistant to Zinnacef, 117 (88.6%) of which were resistant, whereas 15 (11.4%) were sensitive to the drug. Furthermore, females had the highest resistance (89.7%), whereas males had the highest sensitivity (13.3%) to Zinnacef. Additionally, χ2 \u003csub\u003e(5, N = 132)\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.872, p value\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.000. Since the p-value is less than 0.05, we accept the alternate hypothesis and conclude that there was a statistically significant difference between the Zinnacef sensitivity pattern of \u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus aureus\u003c/em\u003e and sex.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4.5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSensitivity pattern of \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e to Zinnacef by age\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAGE-RANGE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZINNACEF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u0026ndash;14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21(87.5%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3(12.5%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u0026ndash;19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2(50.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2(50.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u0026ndash;24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23(92.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2(8.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u0026ndash;29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23(92.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2(8.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u0026ndash;34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27(87.1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4(12.9%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21(91.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2(8.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e117(88.6%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15(11.4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e132\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab7\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4.6\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSensitivity pattern of \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e to Zinnacef by sex.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGENDER\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZINNACEF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78(89.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9(10.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39(86.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6(13.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e117(88.6%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15(11.4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e132\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4.7\u003c/span\u003e shows the sensitivity pattern of \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e to amoxicillin by age. The table revealed that of the total isolates, 132 (92.4%) were resistant to amoxicillin, whereas 10 (7.6%) were sensitive to the drug. Furthermore, individuals aged 20\u0026ndash;24 years and 25\u0026ndash;29 years presented the greatest resistance (96.0% and 96.0%, respectively), whereas those aged 15\u0026ndash;19 years presented the highest sensitivity (25%) to amoxicillin. Additionally, χ2 \u003csub\u003e(5, N = 132)\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4.016, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05, since the p value is greater than 0.05; thus, we accept the null hypothesis and conclude that there was no statistically significant difference between the amoxicillin pattern of \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e and age.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4.8\u003c/span\u003e shows the sensitivity pattern of \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e to amoxicillin by sex. The table revealed that of the total isolates, 132 (92.4%) were resistant to amoxicillin, whereas 10 (7.6%) were sensitive to the drug. Furthermore, females had the highest resistance rate (93.1%), whereas males had the highest sensitivity (8.9%) to amoxicillin. Additionally, χ2 \u003csub\u003e(5, N = 132)\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.168, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05, since the p value is greater than 0.05; thus, we accept the null hypothesis and conclude that there was no statistically significant difference between the amoxicillin sensitivity pattern of \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e and sex.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab8\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4.7\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSensitivity pattern of \u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus aureus\u003c/em\u003e to amoxicillin by age.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAGE-RANGE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAMOXICILLIN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u0026ndash;14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21(87.5%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3(12.5%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u0026ndash;19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3(75.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1(25.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u0026ndash;24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24(96.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(4.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u0026ndash;29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24(96.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1(4.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u0026ndash;34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28(90.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3(9.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22(95.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1(4.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e122(92.4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10(7.6%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e132\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab9\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4.8\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSensitivity pattern of \u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus aureus\u003c/em\u003e to amoxicillin by sex\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGENDER\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAMOXICILLIN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81(93.1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6(6.9%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41(91.1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4(8.9%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e122(92.4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10(7.6%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e132\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab10\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4.9\u003c/span\u003e, the sensitivity pattern of \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e to Rocephin by age revealed that there were 132 total isolates, 86 (65.2%) of which were resistant to Rocephin, whereas 46 (34.8%) were sensitive to the drug. Furthermore, the age range of 15\u0026ndash;19 years had the highest resistance (75.0%), whereas the age range of \u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;35 years had the highest sensitivity (39.1%) to Rocephin. Additionally, χ2 \u003csub\u003e(5, N = 132)\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.005, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05, since the p value is greater than 0.05; thus, we accept the null hypothesis and conclude that there was no statistically significant difference between the rocephin sensitivity pattern of \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e and age.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;4.10 shows the sensitivity pattern of \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e to Rocephin by sex. The table revealed that among the total isolates, 86 (65.2%) of the clinical isolates were resistant to rocephin, whereas 46 (34.8%) were sensitive to the drug. Furthermore, females had the highest resistance rate (65.5%), whereas males had the highest sensitivity (35.6%) to Rocephin. Additionally, χ2 \u003csub\u003e(5, N = 132)\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.015, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05, since the p value is greater than 0.05; thus, we accept the null hypothesis and conclude that there was no statistically significant difference between the rocephin sensitivity pattern of \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e and sex.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab10\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4.9\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePattern of the sensitivity of S. aureus\u003c/em\u003e to \u003cem\u003eRocephin\u003c/em\u003e by age.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAGE-RANGE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eROCEPHIN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u0026ndash;14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17(70.8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7(29.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u0026ndash;19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3(75.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1(25.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u0026ndash;24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16(64.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9(36.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u0026ndash;29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17(68.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8(32.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u0026ndash;34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19(61.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12(38.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14(60.9%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9(39.1%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e86(65.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46(34.8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e132\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab11\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4.10\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSensitivity pattern of S. aureus to Rocephin by sex.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGENDER\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eROCEPHIN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57(65.5%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30(34.5%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29(64.4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16(35.6%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46(34.8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e132\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \n\u003cp\u003eTable 4.11 shows the pattern of \u003cem\u003esensitivity of S.\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;aureus\u003c/em\u003e to ciprofloxacin according to age. The table revealed that 132 of the total isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin, 52 (39.4%) of which were resistant, whereas 80 (60.6%) were sensitive to the drug. Furthermore, the results indicated that those aged 15--19 years presented the greatest resistance (50.0%), whereas those aged 30--40 years presented the greatest sensitivity (69.6%) to ciprofloxacin. Additionally, \u0026chi;2 (5, N = 132) = 2.389, p \u0026gt; 0.05, since the p value is greater than 0.05; thus, we accept the null hypothesis and conclude that there was no statistically significant difference between the ciprofloxacin sensitivity pattern of \u003cem\u003eS.\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;aureus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eand age.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab13\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4.12\u003c/span\u003e shows the sensitivity pattern of \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e to ciprofloxacin. The table revealed that 132 of the total isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin, 52 (39.4%) of which were resistant, whereas 80 (60.6%) were sensitive to the drug. Furthermore, the results indicated that aged females had the highest resistance (42.5%), whereas males had the highest sensitivity (66.7%) to ciprofloxacin. Additionally, χ2 \u003csub\u003e(5, N = 132)\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.050, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05, since the p value is greater than 0.05; thus, we accept the null hypothesis and conclude that there was no statistically significant difference between the ciprofloxacin sensitivity pattern of \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e and sex.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab12\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4.11\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePattern of the sensitivity of \u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus aureus\u003c/em\u003e to ciprofloxacin according to age.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAGE-RANGE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCIPROFLOXACIN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"6\" rowspan=\"7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u0026ndash;14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8(33.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16(66.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u0026ndash;19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2(50.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2(50.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u0026ndash;24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10(40.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15(60.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u0026ndash;29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10(40.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15(60.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u0026ndash;34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15(48.4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16(51.6%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7(30.4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16(69.6%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52(39.4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80(60.6%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e132\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab13\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4.12\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSensitivities of \u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus aureus\u003c/em\u003e to ciprofloxacin by sex.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGENDER\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCIPROFLOXACIN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37(42.5%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50(57.5%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15(33.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30(66.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52(39.4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80(60.6%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e132\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab14\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4.13\u003c/span\u003e shows the sensitivity pattern of \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e to streptomycin with increasing age. The table revealed that of the total isolates, 57 (43.2%) were resistant to streptomycin, whereas 75 (56.8%) were sensitive to the drug. Furthermore, the age range of 15\u0026ndash;19 years had the highest resistance (50.0%), whereas the age range of \u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;35 years had the highest sensitivity (65.2%) to streptomycin. Additionally, χ2 \u003csub\u003e(5, N = 132)\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.069, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05, since the p value is greater than 0.05; thus, we accept the null hypothesis and conclude that there was no statistically significant difference between the streptomycin sensitivity pattern of \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e and age.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab15\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4.14\u003c/span\u003e shows the sensitivity pattern of \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e to streptomycin by sex. The table revealed that of the total isolates, 57 (43.2%) were resistant to streptomycin, whereas 75 (56.8%) were sensitive to the drug. Furthermore, females had the highest resistance rate (50.6%), whereas males had the highest sensitivity (71.1%) to streptomycin. Additionally, χ2 \u003csub\u003e(5, N = 132)\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;5.685, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05, since the p value is greater than 0.05; thus, we accept the null hypothesis and conclude that there was no statistically significant difference between the streptomycin sensitivity pattern of \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e and sex.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab14\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4.13\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSensitivity pattern of \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e to streptomycin according to age.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAGE-RANGE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSTREPTOMYCIN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u0026ndash;14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11(45.8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13(54.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u0026ndash;19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2(50.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2(50.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u0026ndash;24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12(48.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13(52.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u0026ndash;29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11(44.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14(56.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u0026ndash;34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13(41.9%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18(58.1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8(34.8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15(65.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57(43.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75(56.8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e132\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab15\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4.14\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSensitivity pattern of \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e to streptomycin by sex.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGENDER\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSTREPTOMYCIN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44(50.6%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43(49.4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13(28.9%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32(71.1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57(43.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75(56.8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e132\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab16\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4.15\u003c/span\u003e shows the sensitivity pattern of \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e to erythromycin according to age. The table revealed that among the total isolates, 63 (47.7%) were resistant to erythromycin, whereas 69 (52.3%) were sensitive to the drug. Furthermore, the results indicated that those aged 20\u0026ndash;24 years presented the highest resistance (64.0%), whereas those aged 15\u0026ndash;19 years presented the highest sensitivity (100.0%) to erythromycin. Additionally, χ2 \u003csub\u003e(5, N = 132)\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;10.227, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05, since the p value is greater than 0.05; thus, we accept the null hypothesis and conclude that there was no statistically significant difference between the erythromycin sensitivity pattern of \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e and age.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab17\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4.16\u003c/span\u003e shows the sensitivity pattern of \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e to erythromycin by sex. The table revealed that among the total isolates, 63 (47.7%) were resistant to erythromycin, whereas 69 (52.3%) were sensitive to the drug. Furthermore, males had the highest resistance (53.3%), whereas females had the highest sensitivity (55.2%) to erythromycin. Additionally, χ2 \u003csub\u003e(5, N = 132)\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.860, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05, since the p value is greater than 0.05; thus, we accept the null hypothesis and conclude that there was no statistically significant difference between the erythromycin sensitivity pattern of \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e and sex.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab16\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4.15\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSensitivity pattern of \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e to erythromycin according to age.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAGE-RANGE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eERYTHROMYCIN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u0026ndash;14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10(41.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14(58.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u0026ndash;19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0(0.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4(100.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u0026ndash;24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16(64.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9(36.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u0026ndash;29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13(52.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12(48.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u0026ndash;34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17(54.8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14(45.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7(30.4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16(69.6%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63(47.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e69(52.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e132\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab17\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4.16\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSensitivity pattern of \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e to erythromycin by sex\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGENDER\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eERYTHROMYCIN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39(44.8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48(55.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24(53.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21(46.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63(47.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e69(52.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e132\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab18\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4.17\u003c/span\u003e shows the sensitivity pattern of \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e to methicillin by age. The table revealed that among the total isolates, 75 (56.8%) of the clinical isolates were resistant to methicillin, whereas 57 (43.2%) were sensitive to the drug. Furthermore, the age range\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;35 years had the highest resistance (65.2%), whereas the age range 15\u0026ndash;19 years had the highest sensitivity (50.0%) to methicillin. Additionally, χ2 \u003csub\u003e(5, N = 132)\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.069, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05, since the p value is greater than 0.05; thus, we accept the null hypothesis and conclude that there was no statistically significant difference between the methicillin sensitivity pattern of \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e and age.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab19\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4.18\u003c/span\u003e shows the sensitivity pattern of \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e to methicillin by sex. The table revealed that among the total isolates, 75 (56.8%) of the clinical isolates were resistant to methicillin, whereas 57 (43.2%) were sensitive to the drug. Furthermore, the results indicated that males had the highest resistance rate (71.1%), whereas females had the highest sensitivity (50.6%) to methicillin. Additionally, χ2 \u003csub\u003e(5, N = 132)\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;5.685, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05, since the p value is greater than 0.05; thus, we accept the null hypothesis and conclude that there was no statistically significant difference between the methicillin sensitivity pattern of \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e and sex.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab18\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4.17\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSensitivity pattern of \u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus aureus\u003c/em\u003e to methicillin by age.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAGE-RANGE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMETHICILLIN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u0026ndash;14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13(54.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11(45.8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u0026ndash;19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2(50.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2(50.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u0026ndash;24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13(52.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12(48.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u0026ndash;29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14(56.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11(44.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u0026ndash;34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18(58.1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13(41.9%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15(65.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8(34.8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75(56.8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57(43.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e132\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab19\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4.18\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSensitivity pattern of \u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus aureus\u003c/em\u003e to methicillin by sex\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGENDER\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMETHICILLIN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43(49.4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44(50.6%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32(71.1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13(28.9%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75(56.8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57(43.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e132\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"DISCUSSION","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus aureus\u003c/em\u003e is a very common cause of infection in hospitals and is most likely to infect newborn babies, surgical patients, old and malnourished persons and patients with diabetes and other chronic diseases (Tuo \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 1995). In this study, the antimicrobial drug sensitivity patterns of \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e isolated from clinical samples at Ring Road State Hospital, Ibadan, were determined. The highest percentage of isolates of \u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus aureus\u003c/em\u003e (23.5%) in this study was observed in the (30\u0026ndash;34)-year-old age group, whereas the lowest percentage of the isolates (3%) was observed in the (15\u0026ndash;19)-year-old age group; thus, this is not in accordance with the findings of Kano by Nwanko and Nasiru (2011), where the highest percentage of isolates of \u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus aureus\u003c/em\u003e (47.3%) in this study was observed in the (0\u0026ndash;10)-year-old age group. This may be a result of low immunity; hence, these individuals are vulnerable and easily affected.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurthermore, the highest percentage of \u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus aureus\u003c/em\u003e isolates were from women (65.9%) with suspected cases of UTI. This finding agrees with reports from a previous study reported by Akortha and Ibadin (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e), where 65.8% of cases with suspected UTI infection caused by \u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus aureus\u003c/em\u003e were from women. A similar study by Abdul and Online (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e) reported that UTI was common among women in Ilorin and that \u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus aureus\u003c/em\u003e was among the frequently isolated organisms. The similarity in these reports may be due to the sociodemographic characteristics of the study areas. The higher rate of staphylococcal infections in UTIs may be due to proximity between the genital tract and the urethra/anus, which could facilitate autotransmission, as suggested (Audu and Kudi, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus aureus\u003c/em\u003e was found to be a frequent cause of burns, UTIs, boils, impetigo, endocarditis, pneumonia, food poisoning, septicemia, and wound sepsis (Emmerson, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1994\u003c/span\u003e). In this study, urine had the highest percentage of \u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus aureus\u003c/em\u003e isolates (31.1%), followed by HVS (22.7%), wound swabs (17.4%), blood (9.8%), ear swabs (6.1%), semen (5.3%), CSF (4.5%), and eye swabs (3%). This finding is generally consistent with the findings of Akerele and Ahonkhai (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e), who reported a recovery rate of 35.6% \u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus aureus\u003c/em\u003e from urine in Benin city, Nigeria. The high incidence of \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e in UTIs may be a result of poor hygiene, the presence of indwelling bladder catheters, or surgery.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe highest sensitivity of \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e was observed with ciprofloxacin (65.15%), followed by streptomycin (56.81%) and erythromycin (50.75%), whereas the lowest sensitivity was observed with amoxicillin (7.6%). This indicated percentages of resistance of 34.85%, 43.19%, 49.25%, and 92.4% for ciprofloxacin, streptomycin, erythromycin, and amoxicillin, respectively. A similar study carried out by Heyar et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e) in southeastern Nigeria revealed that \u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus aureus\u003c/em\u003e was 85.6% resistant to amoxicillin, which concurs with the findings of this study. Thus, this may be due to the high level of indiscriminate or incorrect use of amoxicillin in Nigeria because of its easy accessibility as an OTC (over the counter) antibiotic. The high level of resistance observed may be associated with earlier exposure of these drugs to isolates, which may have enhanced the development of resistance. The high level of antibiotic abuse in this environment arising from self-medication may be associated with inadequate dosage and failure to comply with treatment.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdditionally, there were relatively high levels of resistance to Zinnacef (88.6%), Rocephin (65.15%), and methicillin (56.81%) in the \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e isolates. The level of resistance to methicillin (56.81%) observed in this study corroborated the 47.8% resistance rate reported by Olowe et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e) in a study conducted in Osogbo, Nigeria. Methicillin-resistant \u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus aureus\u003c/em\u003e (MRSA) has emerged as a serious public health problem of global concern. A screening of methicillin-resistant isolates in this study revealed a prevalence rate of 56.8%. This was, however, lower than that reported in studies conducted in other areas in Nigeria, such as Ilorin (34.7%) (Taiwo \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2005) and Jos (43.0%) (Ikeh \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2003). In contrast, the prevalence of MRSA was found to be low in France (6%), Ireland (5%) and the United Kingdom (2%) (Denton et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e). However, a high prevalence of 83% MRSA was reported in Pakistan (Mehta et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1998\u003c/span\u003e). This confirms the high degree of regional variation in the findings from different countries and cities.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the present study, the susceptibility of \u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus aureus\u003c/em\u003e to ciprofloxacin was 65.15%. This finding is consistent with reports from Pakistan (74%) (Baqir \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2002). \u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus aureus\u003c/em\u003e sensitivity to gentamicin in this study was 46.9%, which contradicts the findings of a study conducted in Kano by Nwanko and Nasiru (2011), where a 73.4% sensitivity rate was observed. The indiscriminate use of antibiotics without prescriptions in developing countries such as Nigeria, where there are no regulatory policies, has rendered the commonly used antibiotics completely ineffective in the treatment of \u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus aureus\u003c/em\u003e infections (Odugbemi, 1998).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn conclusion, the use of antibiotics such as amoxicillin, Zinnacef, pefloxacin, rocephin, and methicillin in the treatment of staphylococcal infections is less likely to be preferred in the research region. However, ciprofloxacin, streptomycin, and erythromycin are recommended as first-line antibiotics in the management of \u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus aureus\u003c/em\u003e infections in the study region.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe findings of this study suggest that age and sex do not affect the sensitivity to antibiotics. Moreover, in vitro susceptibility testing is needed for all isolated clinical samples to identify medications that are appropriate for treating this illness, and there is a need for continuous surveillance of the antibiotic sensitivity pattern of \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e to select appropriate therapies.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAbdul F, Online AB (2001) Bacterial isolate from the urine of woman in Ilorin and their Antibiotic susceptibility patterns. J Obst Gynae 18:16\u0026ndash;16\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAbdullahi N, Iregbu KC (2018) Methicillin-resistant \u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus aureus\u003c/em\u003e in a Central Nigeria teaching hospital. 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Pediatr Med Chir 17(2):117\u0026ndash;122\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"Lead City University","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Staphylococcus aureus, Antibiotic antimicrobial resistance, antimicrobial sensitivity testing. Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion method. Clinical samples, Ring Road State Hospital","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5139434/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5139434/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eStaphylococcus aureus is a gram-positive, catalase-positive, coagulase-positive bacteria. They are known to be the causative agent of various infections, including pyogenic infections, impetigo, urinary tract infections, food poisoning, septicemia, meningitis, and osteomyelitis. Staphylococcus aureus, like every other bacterium, is resistant to antimicrobial drugs and continues to defend against medical control and empirical treatments for infections caused by this microorganism; thus, there is a need for antimicrobial sensitivity testing to determine the appropriate drugs for the treatment of staphylococcal infections. This study investigated the antimicrobial drug sensitivity pattern of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from clinical samples at Ring Road State Hospital, Ibadan. One hundred thirty-two (132) isolates were obtained from clinical samples and were confirmed as S. aureus. Thereafter, the antimicrobial sensitivity test was performed via the Kirby\u0026ndash;Bauer disc diffusion method. The sensitivity of each of the isolates was as follows: 92.4% of the isolates were resistant to amoxicillin, 88.6% were resistant to Zinnacef, and 65.9% were resistant to Pefloxacin. In addition, 65.2% of the isolates were resistant to Rocephin, and 56.8% of the isolates were resistant to methicillin. Most of the isolates were sensitive to ciprofloxacin (65.2%), streptomycin (56.8%), and erythromycin (50.8%). Antimicrobial drugs such as amoxicillin, Zinnacef, pefloxacin, rocephin, and methicillin were shown to be less likely to be effective in the empirical treatment of staphylococcal infections. In the study region, however, ciprofloxacin, streptomycin, and erythromycin are recommended as first-line antibiotics for the empirical treatment of staphylococcal infections. Statistical analysis revealed that age and sex had no influence on the sensitivity pattern of the isolates to amoxicillin, ciprofloxacin, pefloxacin, rocephin, streptomycin, erythromycin, or methicillin, whereas sex influenced the sensitivity pattern of the isolates to gentamycin and Zinnacef. This study underscores the importance of surveillance of Staphylococcus aureus antibiotic sensitivity patterns to select appropriate therapies, the need to effectively monitor and improve antimicrobial policies, and funding for appropriate research and therapy for Staphylococcus aureus in the health sector.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Antimicrobial Drug Sensitivity Pattern of Staphylococcus Aureus Isolated at Ringroad State Hospital, Ibadan.","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-09-25 09:22:28","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5139434/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"15d84602-22c9-4b1c-9f8e-cf1c0da8548a","owner":[],"postedDate":"September 25th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":38175430,"name":"General Microbiology"},{"id":38175431,"name":"Bacteriology"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-09-25T09:22:28+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-09-25 09:22:28","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-5139434","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-5139434","identity":"rs-5139434","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}