The Effect of Appearance-Related Social Media Consciousness on Body Image, Internalization of Ideals, and Psychological Development in Adolescents

The Effect of Appearance-Related Social Media Consciousness on Body Image, Internalization of Ideals, and Psychological Development in Adolescents | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article The Effect of Appearance-Related Social Media Consciousness on Body Image, Internalization of Ideals, and Psychological Development in Adolescents kadriye Ozyazici, Oguz Emre This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5998050/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 17 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This study investigated the effects of appearance-related social media consciousness on body image, the internalization of ideals, and psychological development in adolescents. The research, conducted using the relational screening method, included adolescents aged 14-17 who were enrolled in high school. A total of 1641 students were included in the study, using maximum diversity and stratified sampling methods. The data collection instruments included the "Personal Information Form", "Internalization of Ideals", "Appearance-Related Social Media Consciousness", "Body Image", and "Psychological Development in Adolescence" scales. Data analysis was performed using SPSS. Correlation and regression analyses were performed to analyze the data. The research findings revealed a significant relationship between the general body image scores of adolescents and the general scores for psychological development and internalization of ideals. However, no relationship was observed between the general score of internalization of ideals received by adolescents and the general scores of psychological development. In conclusion, appearance-related social media consciousness in adolescents significantly predicts body image, internalization of ideals, and psychological development. Social science/Development studies Social science/Psychology Adolescents internalization of ideals social media consciousness body image psychological development Introduction According to the World Health Organization, mental health is defined as a state of well-being in which an individual realizes their potential, possesses the capacity to cope with normal life stressors, and contributes productively to society (WHO, 2004). This definition indicates that psychological development is significantly influenced by changes during adolescence. Sexual maturation, which occurs concomitantly with the natural increase in hormone levels during late childhood and early adolescence, may find young individuals unprepared for this transition (Susman et al., 1987). Psychological maturation, occurring in parallel with physiological and biological growth, typically progresses at a gradual pace. This discrepancy can result in adolescents experiencing difficulties in adapting to sudden and intense changes (Yörükoğlu, 2003). The turmoil experienced during adolescence is a requisite and anticipated developmental task for adolescents to integrate their personality in accordance with their psychological and social obligations (Powers, Hauser, & Kilner 1989). Developmental tasks are conceptualized as a series of tasks that occur at a specific period of an individual's life, which, when successfully completed, lead to contentment and success in subsequent tasks, and whose failure may result in discontentment (Manning, 2002). Selecting a career path, a crucial developmental milestone in adolescence, commences with the necessity to assess potential occupations and vocational inclinations (Trejos Castillo & Vazsonyi 2011). As such, during the teenage years, it becomes increasingly important to thoroughly examine individual values, interests, and aptitudes in relation to future professional choices (Super, 1980). Career aspirations are shaped by a multifaceted array of elements and cognitive frameworks, including cultural background, gender identity, biological traits, socio-structural factors, physical limitations, and health conditions (Lent, Brown, & Hackett 2002). Developing social and romantic relationships is another developmental task during adolescence. Social developmental changes occur in many areas, including independence from parents, increased closeness with peers, and transition to a new school (Brown, 2004). In childhood, close relationships are typically limited to family members and friends (Adams, 2001). Over time, these relationships have matured into dyadic partnerships. Adolescents’ romantic relationships are important in contributing to relational development and are predictors of the quality of close relationships in adulthood (Connolly et al., 2014). The emergence of romantic relationships is one of the most important psychosocial developments in adolescence (Weisfeld, 1999), and adolescents’ tendency to form romantic relationships increases because of the interaction between their physical and social transformations (McElhaney & Allen 2012). A normative developmental task during adolescence involves a healthy body image. Integrating the dramatic physical changes that occur with adolescence into one’s identity and self-evaluation, ultimately creating a positive self-image, is a challenging developmental task (Ricciardelli & Yager 2015). A positive body image accepts and respects the body, despite weight, flaws, and body shape (Avalos, Tylka, & Wood-Barcalow 2005). A positive body image includes a realistic appreciation of one’s body (Tylka, 2011). It expresses love and acceptance of the body even if one is not completely satisfied with all aspects of the body. Loving the body for what it can do and accepting one’s unique physical characteristics are representative of a positive body image (Tylka & Wood 2015). Individuals with a positive body image have healthy attitudes toward eating and can resist peer or media pressure (Ricciardelli & Yager 2015). Having a positive body image is associated with both psychosocial and physical well-being, including increased self-esteem, self-compassion, life satisfaction, and healthy behaviors (Halliwell, 2015). Social media can negatively affect body image (Lee & Lee 2021). Social media, which adolescents have used for a long time, is increasingly spreading the culture of ideal appearance. The appearance culture spread through the screen even affects adolescents' conversations about clothes and appearance (Tiggemann & Miller 2010). Regular sharing on social media spreads the overvaluation of shape and weight, body dissatisfaction, and internalization of thinness ideals (McLean et al., 2015). In particular, photo-based social media appear to be a double-edged phenomenon. This creates space for perfect self-presentation behavior (Diefenbach & Christoforakos 2017). Photos were published by digitally altering them using filters to enlarge the eyes, remove flaws, or thin the face. These appearance edits, which are easier than plastic surgery, are a type of virtual makeup for individuals to present themselves better than they are in an online environment (Chae, 2017). Editing selfies causes an increase in adolescents' self-objectification and concerns about body and facial appearance over time (Wang et al., 2021). This has led to the emergence of the concept of social media appearance-related consciousness. Appearance-related social media consciousness (ASMC) is a new concept that describes the level of awareness of an individual's social media attractiveness (Çimke & Gürkan 2023). ASMC is the degree to which individuals' thoughts and behaviors reflect an ongoing awareness of whether they will appear attractive to a social media audience. It involves imagining how one's photos appear to others before sharing them on social media and editing the photos with filters and similar editing programs before sharing them (Choukas-Bradley et al., 2019). In particular, manipulated perfect photos negatively affected the body image of young users. Therefore, it normalizes a problematic and unrealistic ideal body (Kleemans et al., 2018). Perfectionist self-presentation causes body dissatisfaction, eating disorders (McGee et al., 2005), low body esteem (Goodyear, Armour, & Wood 2018), appearance comparisons (Wang et al., 2019), internalization of thin appearance and muscular ideal (Stratton et al., 2015), depressive symptoms (Nesi, Choukas-Bradley, & Prinstein 2018), and negative mental health (Mills et al., 2018). The hormonal, physical, and cognitive changes experienced during adolescence are accompanied by dramatic developmental transitions towards an increasingly complex social world. This developmental process makes adolescence a period of increased sensitivity to both negative and positive experiences. It is important to take necessary precautions for adolescents to develop their developmental processes and healthy self-perception during this developmental period. The psychological development surrounding the social life of adolescents, their body image, appearance-related social media consciousness, ideals created by social media, and internalization need to be better understood. The purpose of the current study was to examine the effects of adolescents' appearance-related social media consciousness on their body image, internalization of ideals, and psychological development. Research Questions: Research Question 1: Does appearance-related social media consciousness in adolescents significantly predict their psychological development? Research Question 2: Does appearance-related social media consciousness significantly predict body image in adolescents? Research Question 3: Does appearance-related social media consciousness in adolescents significantly predict the internalization of ideals? Research Question 4: Is there a relationship between body image and psychological development among adolescents? Research Question 5: Is there a relationship between the internalization of ideals in adolescents and psychological development? Research Question 6: Is there a relationship between body image and the internalization of ideals in adolescents? Methods In this study, a relational screening model was used to determine the association and degree of change between two or more variables. The relational screening model is explained as a research model in which the change between two or more variables is considered together and the degree of relationship is revealed (Karasar, 2010). Participants In the study, the sample size was calculated at a 95% confidence level using the “G. Power-3.1.9.2” program. Based on previous studies, the standardized effect size was found to be 0.16 at α = 0.05, and the minimum sample size was calculated as 497 with a theoretical power of 0.95. The study group consisted of adolescents between the ages of 14-17 who continue their high school education. The research sample was determined using the maximum diversity and stratified sampling methods. In the first stage of sample determination, all high school types providing secondary education in the Sivas City Center in Turkey were included in the study to provide maximum diversity. For this purpose, all high school types in the city center were determined. In the second stage, classes and branches are determined in schools. As a sample determination method, classes and branches were separated into strata in the selected high schools among the school types, and branches were determined from each grade level. 1641 students were included in the study using maximum diversity and stratified sampling methods. [Table 1] It was determined that 51.4% of the adolescents were male, 27.4% were 17 years old, 29.4% were 12th grade students, 27.4% had a high school mother's education level, 33.2% had a high school father's education level, 21.5% were Anatolian high school students, 52.5% had a medium family income, 62.8% used Instagram, 30.0% spent 3-4 hours a day on social media, 45.3% had 0-100 followers on the most frequently used social media platform, and 44.6% never compared the images of people seen on social media with their images (Table 1). Inclusion criteria for the study were as follows: continuing formal education at the high school level, owning a smartphone, using at least one social media platform, and volunteering to participate in the study. Exclusion Criteria for the Study: Not knowing how to read and write Turkish and having any mental health diagnosis. Measures The Personal Information Form prepared by the researchers was used to obtain demographic information about the children and their families. In addition, the “Internalization of Ideals Scale,” “Appearance-Related Social Media Consciousness Scale,” “Body Image Scale” and “Psychological Development in Adolescence Scale” were used. Personal Information Form Questions were included regarding the participants constituting the sample of the research, such as age, gender, social media applications they use, type of school, parental education level, family income level, most frequently used social media applications, time spent on social media during the day, and whether they compared the images of people seen on social media with their own images. Appearance-Related Social Media Consciousness Scale (ASMC) The Appearance-Related Social Media Consciousness Scale was developed by Choukas-Bradley et al. (2020) to measure adolescents' appearance-related social media consciousness experiences. The Turkish version of the scale was adapted by Öngören et al. (2021). This scale examines individuals' experiences with social media. ASMC has been stated to be an important measurement tool for adolescents and adults to understand the role of social media on body image. AMSC is a 7-point Likert-type scale consisting of 13 items. Öngören et al. (2021) calculated the Cronbach alpha reliability coefficient of the scale as α=0.935. The KMO value of the scale was 0.916, and the Bartlett Sphericity test was highly significant (x2 =1877.77; df=78; p<0.001). There were no reverse-coded items in the scale and the total score varied between 13 and 91 (Öngören et al., 2021). In the current study, the reliability analysis of the scale was repeated, and Cronbach’s alpha reliability coefficient was calculated as α=.91. Body Image Scale (BIS) It is a five-point Likert-type scale developed by Saylan & Soyyiğit (2022) to measure the body image of individuals in adolescence and young adulthood and consists of 21 items. As a result of the exploratory factor analysis conducted by Saylan & Soyyiğit (2022), a four-factor structure that explained 62% of the total variance was obtained. The resulting factors were named “Negative Body Perception,” “Evaluation Sensitivity,” “Positive Body Perception” and “Body Change.” According to the confirmatory factor analysis, it was concluded that the 21 items and four-factor structure of the Body Image Scale had sufficient fit indices. In the reliability analyses conducted by Saylan & Soyyiğit (2022), the Cronbach alpha internal consistency coefficient was calculated as .92 and .88 for the EFA and CFA samples, respectively. Findings regarding item-total correlations and 27% upper-lower group comparisons showed that the total score predictive power and discrimination levels of the Body Image Scale items were high. The total body image score was obtained by adding the scores of the items to the scale. The highest score obtained from the scale was 105, while the lowest score was 21. Items 4, 7, 15, 16, and 17 of the scale were reverse-coded, and high scores indicated that individuals had a negative body image (Saylan & Soyyiğit 2022). In line with the analyses conducted in this study, Cronbach’s alpha reliability coefficient of the Body Image scale was calculated as α= .92. Adolescent Psychological Development Scale (APDS) Uzun (2018) developed the Adolescent Psychological Development Scale. The Adolescent Psychological Development Scale consisted of 15 items. The scale items had a 2-factor structure. The KMO value was 0.825, and the significance of Bartlett’s sphericity test indicated that the sample was suitable for factor analysis. When the reliability coefficients (Cronbach’s alpha) of the factors made by Uzun (2018) were examined, it was found that 0.825 for the “Personal lack of control” sub-dimension and 0.761 for the “Timberness” sub-dimension. The Adolescent Spiritual Development Scale has internal consistency and meets conditions of reliability (Uzun, 2018). As a result of the analyses conducted, the Cronbach’s alpha reliability coefficient of the Adolescent Spiritual Development Scale was α=.79. Internalization of Ideals Scale (IIS) The Internalization of Ideals scale was developed by de Lenne et al. (2018). The scale consists of a 10-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (completely unimportant) to 10 (completely important) and 8 items. Since the internalization scale is newly developed, a confirmatory factor analysis was conducted using Mplus to validate the proposed factor structure. The proposed factor structure was found to be consistent [χ2(14) = 75.58, p< .001, RMSEA = .05 (90% CI: .04/.06), CFI = .99, TLI = .98, SRMR = .02.] Higher scores indicate a higher level of internalization for each variable. There are no reverse-coded items in the scale (de Lenne et al. 2018). Within the scope of this study, Cronbach's alpha reliability coefficient of the internalization of ideals scale was calculated as α=.91. The Turkish version of the scale consists of two sub-dimensions, “Academic and Professional Ideals” and “Social and Romantic Ideals”, and 8 items. Data Collection The data for this study were collected from high school students aged 14-17 years old who were attending formal education in Sivas province center in Turkey in the 2023-2024 academic year. After determining the schools where the data would be collected, school administrators were interviewed and informed about the study. With the consensus of the school administrators, guidance service, and teachers, the days and hours of the scales were determined. On the dates when the schools were available, the researcher went to the schools and collected data face-to-face in the designated classrooms. Within the scope of the research, it took approximately 35-40 minutes for the students to answer the scales. Within the scope of the research, 1800 scales were reproduced and delivered to the schools by the researcher. The data collected as a result of the application were first carefully examined and 47 scales were found to be systematically incorrect, incompletely filled or left blank and were removed from the study. 112 scales remained completely blank. As a result, the current research was conducted on 1641 data. Statistical Analysis The relationships between the variables of the research data were analyzed. The measurement models of the dependent and independent variables were tested and confirmatory factor analysis of the scales was conducted. After the measurement models became suitable for analysis, mediation tests were applied. It is seen that the skewness and kurtosis values for body image, psychological development in adolescence, appearance-related social media consciousness and internalization of ideals scales and sub-dimensions are between +1.5 and -1.5. According to Tabachnick and Fidell (2013), when the skewness and kurtosis values are between +1.5 and -1.5, it can be accepted as a parametric test and parametric analysis can be performed. In this sense, Body Image, Psychological Development in Adolescence, Appearance-Related Social Media Consciousness and Internalization of Ideals scales and sub-dimensions were determined to be appropriate according to the normality assumption and parametric analysis was performed. Statistical analyses were performed with IBM SPSS package program. Correlation and regression analysis were performed on the data collected in the study. Results [Table2] Table 2 presents the data on the scales of Adolescents' Body Image, Psychological Development in Adolescence, Appearance-Related Social Media Consciousness, and Internalization of Ideals. It was determined that the general average of body image was 2.40±0.78. The general average of Psychological Development in Adolescence was found to be 3.08±0.67. The mean of Appearance-Related Social Media Consciousness was found to be 3.06±1.32. The general mean of Internalization of Ideals was found to be 6.75±1.90. [Table 3] Table 3 presents the results of Pearson correlation analysis for the variables. There is a significant, moderate and positive correlation between the general scale of Body Image and the general scale of Psychological Development in Adolescence (r=.456, p<.01). There is a significant, low and positive correlation between the general scale of Psychological Development in Adolescence and the general scale of Appearance-Related Social Media Consciousness (r=.244, p.01). There is a significant, moderate and positive relationship between Body Image general scale and Appearance-Related Social Media Consciousness general scale (r=.441, p<.01). There is a significant, low level and positive relationship between Body Image general scale and Internalization of Ideals general scale (r=.114, p<.01). There is a significant, low level and positive relationship (r=.338, p<.01.) between the general scale of Appearance-Related Social Media Consciousness and the general scale of Internalization of Ideals. [Table 4] Effect analysis of Appearance-Related Social Media Consciousness (ASMC) on body image in adolescents in the study is presented in Table 4. Appearance-related social media consciousness significantly predicts body image [(R= .441; R²= .194; Adjusted R2=.194) F(1.1639)= 395.588; p<.01]. As a result of the regression analysis in which Adolescents' appearance-related social media consciousness was taken as the independent variable and body image as the dependent variable, it explains 19.4% of the change in Adolescents' body image (R²= .194). In other words, it is seen that the change in Adolescents' appearance-related social media consciousness affects body image. It can be said that 80.6% of the change in adolescents' body image is related to other factors. It is understood that Appearance-Related Social Media Consciousness [t= 19.889; p= .000 (p<.01)] significantly predicts Body Image in a positive way. In other words, an increase of 100 units of Adolescents' appearance-related social media consciousness increases body image by 26.1%. [Table 5] Effect analysis of Appearance-Related Social Media Consciousness (ASMC) on internalization of ideals in adolescents in the study is presented in Table 5. Appearance-related social media consciousness significantly predicts Internalization of Ideals [(R= .338; R²= .114; Adjusted R2=.114) F(1.1639)= 211.064; p<.01]. As a result of the regression analysis in which Adolescents' appearance-related social media consciousness is taken as the independent variable and internalization of ideals as the dependent variable, it explains 11.4% of the change in Adolescents' internalization of ideals (R²= .114). In other words, it is seen that the change in Adolescents' appearance-related social media consciousness affects the internalization of ideals. It can be said that 88.6% of the change in adolescents' internalization of ideals is related to other factors. It is understood that appearance-related social media consciousness [t= 14.528; p= .000 (p<.01)] significantly predicts the internalization of ideals in a positive way. In other words, a 100-unit increase in Adolescents' appearance-related social media consciousness increases the internalization of ideals by 48.8%. [Table 6] Effect analysis of Appearance-Related Social Media Consciousness (ASMC) on psychological development in adolescents in the study is presented in Table 5. Appearance-related social media consciousness significantly predicts psychological development in Adolescence [(R= .244; R²= .060; Adjusted R2=.059) F(1.1639)= 103.787; p<.01]. As a result of the regression analysis Adolescents' appearance-related social media consciousness was taken as the independent variable and psychological development in Adolescence as the dependent variable explains 6% of the change in Adolescents' psychological development in Adolescence (R²= .060). In other words, it is seen that the change in Adolescents' appearance-related social media consciousness affects psychological development in Adolescence. It can be said that 94% of the change in Adolescents' psychological development in Adolescence is related to other factors. It is understood that appearance-related social media consciousness [t= 10.188; p=.000 (p<.01)] significantly predicts psychological development in Adolescence in a positive way. In other words, a 100-unit increase in Adolescents' appearance-related social media consciousness increases psychological development in Adolescence by 12.4%. Discussion This study examined the effects of appearance-related social media consciousness on body image, internalization of ideals and psychological development in adolescents. In the study, appearance-related social media consciousness significantly predicted psychological development in adolescents. Consistent with the findings of the study, there are studies in the literature showing that adolescents frequently experience appearance-related social media consciousness. According to these studies, it is seen that high appearance-related social media consciousness increases anxiety and stress levels (Çetinkaya et al., 2022; Özalp & Akbulut 2022), causes high depressive symptoms (Choukas-Bradley et al. 2020; Maheux et al. 2022) and negatively affects mental health and well-being (Choukas-Bradley et al., 2019; Maheux et al., 2022; Rojo et al., 2023). Even if adolescents agree that making body comparisons with their peers is unhealthy or unnecessary, social media photos with few likes cause them to experience disappointment and shame (Chua & Chang 2016). Social media applications defined as appearance-oriented such as Instagram, Snapchat, Pinterest, and Facebook are applications that mostly affect users' perceptions of body image (Griffiths et al., 2018). Adolescents may be preoccupied with thoughts about their attractiveness on social media even when they are offline. Carefully editing photos before posting them on social media, reviewing previously posted photos, and imagining how they will look to social media audiences are associated with poor mental health (Choukas-Bradley et al., 2020) and increased internalized symptoms (Rosenthal et al., 2016). Constant body surveillance leads to increased body-related shame and anxiety, and uniquely predicts low self-esteem (Robinson et al., 2017) and poor psychological adjustment (Marengo et al., 2018), depressive symptoms, and mental health disorders (Fardouly et al., 2020). In the study, adolescents' appearance-related social media consciousness significantly predicts body image. Consistent with the research finding, a relationship between appearance-related social media consciousness and body image perception is also observed in studies in the literature (Choukas-Bradley et al., 2019; Choukas-Bradley et al., 2020; Çetinkaya et al., 2022; Çimke & Gürkan, 2023; Öngören et al., 2021; Özalp & Akbulut 2022; Rojo et al. 2023). 97% of adolescents use at least one social media platform and 45% are online almost constantly (Anderson & Jiang 2018). Adolescents who report using highly visual social media for more than two hours per day have significantly higher body image concerns than their peers who report not using highly visual social media (Marengo et al., 2018, McLean et al., 2015). Increased body-related comparisons in online social media applications lead users to take and share more photos (Nesi, Choukas-Bradley, & Prinstein 2018). Comparisons increase negative feelings about the body, leading to behaviors that alter appearances to achieve a perceived ideal image (Jarman et al. 2024), and can undermine positive body image (Lazuka et al., 2020). Ultimately, attractiveness becomes unrealistic, leading to a relative perception of attractiveness and body dissatisfaction for both women and men (Tiggemann, 2012). Digital manipulations of body images on social media, especially in the 21st century, have resulted in women being exposed to much more idealized bodies than they used to be (Tiggemann, 2014). As a key sociocultural channel for the transmission of body ideals, the media tend to emphasize the desirability of body ideals. This means that the reference point for evaluating body ideals is the body images reflected on social media (van den Berg et al., 2002). The media can therefore be considered a key enemy in creating negative body image among adolescents (Chisuwa & O‟Dea, 2011). Adolescence is a period of particular concern, as it is a period of vulnerability to sociocultural ideal stereotype pressures (Reich, Schneider, & Heling 2018). The study found that appearance-related social media consciousness in adolescents significantly predicted the internalization of ideals. When the literature was reviewed, no studies were found that included the effect of appearance-related social media consciousness and the internalization of ideals. However, it is known that the social media content that adolescents encounter offer various opportunities for the internalization of ideals. Therefore, sharing on social media also provides an idealized view of reality in academic-professional and social-romantic life areas. Instagram use in particular is positively associated with the internalization of professional, social, sexual and romantic ideals (de Lenne et al., 2018). Social media slogans aimed at appearing physically attractive and dazzling to the opposite sex provide ideal codes for attractiveness that emphasize appearance ideals for adolescence (APA, 2008). The existence of unrealistic models that respond to beauty ideals such as being fit, thin and fashionable usually creates an ideal self-model for most adolescents (Fardouly, Willburger, & Vartanian 2018). These contents cause adolescents to develop a series of beliefs, primarily self-objectification, sexist beliefs, and stereotypical gender attitudes (APA, 2008). Social media can play an active role in the formation of academic and professional ideals as well as social and romantic ideals. One of the reasons why adolescents are interested in social networks is that they provide opportunities for adolescents to discover, question, and understand who they are and what they want (Yang & Bradford Brown 2016). Online access increases adolescents' knowledge in all areas and introduces them to various experiences. It allows them to increase their knowledge about the profession they will choose in the future and to access educational opportunities (Ellison, Steinfield, & Lampe 2011). Hovewer, young people who participate in social network groups research alternatives to clarify their career preferences and exchange impressions among themselves (Drăghici, 2023). Social media shapes professional ideals with both traditional and direct clues (de Lenne et al., 2022) and can be considered an important source of influence on students' academic success (Gordon, 2016). The study found that there was a significant, moderate and positive relationship between body image and psychological development in adolescence. In other words, body image and psychological development in adolescence are positively related to each other. In the literature, it is stated that adolescence is a critical period for body dissatisfaction (Littleton & Ollendick 2003). Body image disorders are usually evident in early adolescence and if left untreated, their effects may continue in later periods of life (Wang et al., 2019; Jones & Smolak 2011). Approximately 40 to 50% of girls prefer to be thinner during pre-adolescence, and it is estimated that this rate increases to over 70% during adolescence. Adolescent boys are dissatisfied with their body size and/or certain parts of their bodies (Ricciardelli & Yager, 2015). Negative body image constitutes a risk factor for various adjustment problems and psychological disorders (Jones & Smolak 2011). Therefore, body image problems during adolescence raise concerns about their role in clinical disorders (Jones & Smolak 2011). According to another research finding, no relationship was found between the internalization of ideals and the psychological development of adolescents. It is known in the literature that the desire to achieve inner life goals is associated with psychological well-being (Deci & Ryan 2000). Career-related goals basically provide the development of vocational identity, which helps young people understand who they are and find which career fits their self-image (Porfeli & Lee 2012). Adolescents with high academic goals are less likely to experience mental health problems, while the opposite is true for adolescents with low academic goals (Almroth et al., 2018). Positive career orientation prevents the development of problem behaviors during adolescence and has a protective effect against crime and drug use (Skorikov & Vondracek 2007). Unmet expectations during high school are associated with depression in young adulthood. This connection also affects their ability to continue their university education and their mental health (Reynolds & Baird 2010). When looking at the effect of spiritual development and the internalization of social romantic ideals during adolescence, direct and indirect effects can be mentioned. Most adolescents date early and frequently, but the content and quality of these dating experiences can vary greatly. A history of quality dating experiences during adolescence contributes to the development of loving attachments, relationship problem-solving skills, feelings of closeness, belonging, and commitment throughout adulthood (Dillow, Goodboy, & Bolkan 2014), and to the maintenance of mental health (Collibee & Furman 2015). However, romantic relationships during adolescence are not always rosy. Adolescents who have had multiple dating partners and low-quality romantic relationships in the past may exhibit more negative reactions to their romantic partners later in young adulthood (Madsen & Collins 2011). Negative experiences in a romantic relationship can lead to internal distress. Those who experience stress in their romantic relationships, in particular, may exhibit higher levels of depressive symptoms than their nondating peers (Davila et al., 2004) and may be at particular risk for social anxiety (La Greca & Harrison 2005) and academic difficulties (Reuterman & Burcky 1989). The study found that there was a significant, low-level, and positive relationship between adolescents' body image and internalization of ideals. The literature supports the findings regarding body image and internalization of academic-professional and social-romantic ideals. Body image is one of the important components that provide an opportunity for an individual's self-concept to reach a healthier state (Szabó, 2015). A healthy self-image developed during adolescence (Fung & Yuen, 2003) supports adolescents' adaptive behaviors and skills. An unhealthy self-image, on the other hand, negatively affects adolescents' self-evaluations (Chen, Fox, & Haase 2008). Negative body image can generally be associated with high self-objectification. Individuals who objectify themselves may frequently feel disgusted and humiliated by watching their own bodies. Such negative emotional states may lead to a decrease in the individual's motivation and have a negative effect on academic achievement (Chen, Fox, & Haase 2008). Adolescents' negative images of their physical appearance not only lead to low academic achievement but also prevent them from fulfilling educational skills and daily tasks (Tallat et al., 2017). Women with a high body mass index, in particular, may have lower rates of academic advancement than individuals with average weight. As a result, they tend to pursue less profitable careers (Barone & Nese 2015). In the literature, it is seen that the effect of negative body image on social and romantic ideals is similar to the internalization of academic and professional ideals. Those with a negative body image are less likely to have successful romantic relationships (Luca, 2022). Individuals with a negative body image experience lower-quality romantic relationships because they develop the perception that their partners are less interested in them (Hockey et al., 2021). Having a more positive body image contributes to healthier and more satisfying romantic relationships (Frederick et al., 2022). At the same time, body image affects how socially active people are, such as in romantic relationships (Nezlek, 1999). Limitations This research is limited to 1641 students between the ages of 14-17 who are studying in high schools located in a city center in Turkey. In addition, the data obtained within the scope of the research is limited to the qualities measured by the scales used in the research. Conclusion This study contributes to understanding the psychological and social effects of social media by revealing the effects of appearance-related social media consciousness on body image, internalization of ideals, and spsychological development in adolescents. It is especially important in terms of showing how idealized images that adolescents encounter during social media use affect their body perception and spiritual development. Therefore, it is thought that the research findings can guide the development of strategies that will support the healthy development of adolescents. Understanding the effects of appearance-related social media consciousness on body image and psychological development is quite valuable both for creating awareness at the individual level and for guiding education and health policies. It is thought that these findings require further research to understand the effects of social media use on psychosocial development during adolescence in more depth. Hovewer, the results obtained from such studies can contribute to the development of educational programs or intervention strategies aimed at increasing social media awareness. Declarations CRediT authorship contribution statement Study Design, KO, OE; Data Collection, KO, Statistical Analysis, KO, OE; Data Interpretation, KO, OE; Manuscript Preparation, KO, OE. The authors provided critical feedback and helped shape the research and manuscript. The authors discussed the results and contributed to the final manuscript. Data Availability The datasets generated and/or analyzed during this study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Funding The author(s) received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. Ethical Approval For conducting the study, approval was obtained from the Inonu University Health Sciences Research and Publication Ethics Committee (Decision 2023/4376, 24.01.2023). Informed Consent Before starting the study, all adolescents were informed about the study, and those who volunteered provided verbal and written informed assent. The name of the study, its objectives, plan, time, and how and where the obtained data would be used were explained to the adolescents who participated in the study. Conflict of interest The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. 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Çocuk ruh sağlığı: çocuğun kişilik gelişimi, yetiştirilmesi ve ruhsal sorunları . Özgür Yayınları. Tables Tables 1 to 6 are available in the Supplementary Files section Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-5998050","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":530983245,"identity":"fc885387-ca04-4699-9e75-b7eeb4d2330a","order_by":0,"name":"kadriye Ozyazici","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"","institution":"Sivas Cumhuriyet University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"kadriye","middleName":"","lastName":"Ozyazici","suffix":""},{"id":530983246,"identity":"e05408b6-e38c-41c7-93ea-7d07ebfcc6e0","order_by":1,"name":"Oguz Emre","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Inonu University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Oguz","middleName":"","lastName":"Emre","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-02-10 10:08:22","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5998050/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5998050/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":95312100,"identity":"069c3840-31e6-4fa0-a6fa-937059d7599e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-06 15:47:01","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":643370,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5998050/v1/e3b26e8d-497f-4940-8301-fa14577f6711.pdf"},{"id":95034872,"identity":"4db408f7-3654-4983-b683-5199e6139bfe","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-03 15:05:42","extension":"docx","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":20673,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Tables.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5998050/v1/e010c43f4b90bc2f21f3d523.docx"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"The Effect of Appearance-Related Social Media Consciousness on Body Image, Internalization of Ideals, and Psychological Development in Adolescents","fulltext":[{"header":" Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eAccording to the World Health Organization, mental health is defined as a state of well-being in which an individual realizes their potential, possesses the capacity to cope with normal life stressors, and contributes productively to society (WHO, 2004). This definition indicates that psychological development is significantly influenced by changes during adolescence. Sexual maturation, which occurs concomitantly with the natural increase in hormone levels during late childhood and early adolescence, may find young individuals unprepared for this transition (Susman et al., 1987). Psychological maturation, occurring in parallel with physiological and biological growth, typically progresses at a gradual pace. This discrepancy can result in adolescents experiencing difficulties in adapting to sudden and intense changes (Yörükoğlu, 2003). The turmoil experienced during adolescence is a requisite and anticipated developmental task for adolescents to integrate their personality in accordance with their psychological and social obligations (Powers, Hauser, \u0026amp; Kilner 1989). Developmental tasks are conceptualized as a series of tasks that occur at a specific period of an individual's life, which, when successfully completed, lead to contentment and success in subsequent tasks, and whose failure may result in discontentment (Manning, 2002).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSelecting a career path, a crucial developmental milestone in adolescence, commences with the necessity to assess potential occupations and vocational inclinations (Trejos Castillo \u0026amp; Vazsonyi 2011). As such, during the teenage years, it becomes increasingly important to thoroughly examine individual values, interests, and aptitudes in relation to future professional choices (Super, 1980). Career aspirations are shaped by a multifaceted array of elements and cognitive frameworks, including cultural background, gender identity, biological traits, socio-structural factors, physical limitations, and health conditions (Lent, Brown, \u0026amp; Hackett 2002).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDeveloping social and romantic relationships is another developmental task during adolescence. Social developmental changes occur in many areas, including independence from parents, increased closeness with peers, and transition to a new school (Brown, 2004). In childhood, close relationships are typically limited to family members and friends (Adams, 2001). Over time, these relationships have matured into dyadic partnerships. Adolescents’ romantic relationships are important in contributing to relational development and are predictors of the quality of close relationships in adulthood (Connolly et al., 2014). The emergence of romantic relationships is one of the most important psychosocial developments in adolescence (Weisfeld, 1999), and adolescents’ tendency to form romantic relationships increases because of the interaction between their physical and social transformations (McElhaney \u0026amp; Allen 2012).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA normative developmental task during adolescence involves a healthy body image. Integrating the dramatic physical changes that occur with adolescence into one’s identity and self-evaluation, ultimately creating a positive self-image, is a challenging developmental task (Ricciardelli \u0026amp; Yager 2015). A positive body image accepts and respects the body, despite weight, flaws, and body shape (Avalos, Tylka, \u0026amp; Wood-Barcalow 2005). A positive body image includes a realistic appreciation of one’s body (Tylka, 2011). It expresses love and acceptance of the body even if one is not completely satisfied with all aspects of the body. Loving the body for what it can do and accepting one’s unique physical characteristics are representative of a positive body image (Tylka \u0026amp; Wood 2015). Individuals with a positive body image have healthy attitudes toward eating and can resist peer or media pressure (Ricciardelli \u0026amp; Yager 2015). Having a positive body image is associated with both psychosocial and physical well-being, including increased self-esteem, self-compassion, life satisfaction, and healthy behaviors (Halliwell, 2015).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSocial media can negatively affect body image (Lee \u0026amp; Lee 2021). Social media, which adolescents have used for a long time, is increasingly spreading the culture of ideal appearance. The appearance culture spread through the screen even affects adolescents' conversations about clothes and appearance (Tiggemann \u0026amp; Miller 2010). Regular sharing on social media spreads the overvaluation of shape and weight, body dissatisfaction, and internalization of thinness ideals (McLean et al., 2015). In particular, photo-based social media appear to be a double-edged phenomenon. This creates space for perfect self-presentation behavior (Diefenbach \u0026amp; Christoforakos 2017). Photos were published by digitally altering them using filters to enlarge the eyes, remove flaws, or thin the face. These appearance edits, which are easier than plastic surgery, are a type of virtual makeup for individuals to present themselves better than they are in an online environment (Chae, 2017). Editing selfies causes an increase in adolescents' self-objectification and concerns about body and facial appearance over time (Wang et al., 2021). This has led to the emergence of the concept of social media appearance-related consciousness. Appearance-related social media consciousness (ASMC) is a new concept that describes the level of awareness of an individual's social media attractiveness (Çimke \u0026amp; Gürkan 2023). ASMC is the degree to which individuals' thoughts and behaviors reflect an ongoing awareness of whether they will appear attractive to a social media audience. It involves imagining how one's photos appear to others before sharing them on social media and editing the photos with filters and similar editing programs before sharing them (Choukas-Bradley et al., 2019). In particular, manipulated perfect photos negatively affected the body image of young users. Therefore, it normalizes a problematic and unrealistic ideal body (Kleemans et al., 2018). Perfectionist self-presentation causes body dissatisfaction, eating disorders (McGee et al., 2005), low body esteem (Goodyear, Armour, \u0026amp; Wood 2018), appearance comparisons (Wang et al., 2019), internalization of thin appearance and muscular ideal (Stratton et al., 2015), depressive symptoms (Nesi, Choukas-Bradley, \u0026amp; Prinstein 2018), and negative mental health (Mills et al., 2018).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe hormonal, physical, and cognitive changes experienced during adolescence are accompanied by dramatic developmental transitions towards an increasingly complex social world. This developmental process makes adolescence a period of increased sensitivity to both negative and positive experiences. It is important to take necessary precautions for adolescents to develop their developmental processes and healthy self-perception during this developmental period. The psychological development surrounding the social life of adolescents, their body image, appearance-related social media consciousness, ideals created by social media, and internalization need to be better understood. The purpose of the current study was to examine the effects of adolescents' appearance-related social media consciousness on their body image, internalization of ideals, and psychological development.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch Questions:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eResearch Question 1:\u003c/em\u003e Does appearance-related social media consciousness in adolescents significantly predict their psychological development?\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eResearch Question 2:\u003c/em\u003e Does appearance-related social media consciousness significantly predict body image in adolescents?\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eResearch Question 3:\u003c/em\u003e Does appearance-related social media consciousness in adolescents significantly predict the internalization of ideals?\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eResearch Question 4:\u003c/em\u003e Is there a relationship between body image and psychological development among adolescents?\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eResearch Question 5:\u003c/em\u003e Is there a relationship between the internalization of ideals in adolescents and psychological development?\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eResearch Question 6:\u003c/em\u003e Is there a relationship between body image and the internalization of ideals in adolescents?\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn this study, a relational screening model was used to determine the association and degree of change between two or more variables. The relational screening model is explained as a research model in which the change between two or more variables is considered together and the degree of relationship is revealed (Karasar, 2010).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eParticipants\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp id=\"_Toc170830166\"\u003eIn the study, the sample size was calculated at a 95% confidence level using the “G. Power-3.1.9.2” program. Based on previous studies, the standardized effect size was found to be 0.16 at α = 0.05, and the minimum sample size was calculated as 497 with a theoretical power of 0.95.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study group consisted of adolescents between the ages of 14-17 who continue their high school education. The research sample was determined using the maximum diversity and stratified sampling methods. In the first stage of sample determination, all high school types providing secondary education in the Sivas City Center in Turkey were included in the study to provide maximum diversity. For this purpose, all high school types in the city center were determined. In the second stage, classes and branches are determined in schools. As a sample determination method, classes and branches were separated into strata in the selected high schools among the school types, and branches were determined from each grade level. 1641 students were included in the study using maximum diversity and stratified sampling methods.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[Table 1]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp id=\"_Toc170830424\"\u003eIt was determined that 51.4% of the adolescents were male, 27.4% were 17 years old, 29.4% were 12th grade students, 27.4% had a high school mother's education level, 33.2% had a high school father's education level, 21.5% were Anatolian high school students, 52.5% had a medium family income, 62.8% used Instagram, 30.0% spent 3-4 hours a day on social media, 45.3% had 0-100 followers on the most frequently used social media platform, and 44.6% never compared the images of people seen on social media with their images (Table 1).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eInclusion criteria for the study were as follows:\u003c/em\u003e continuing formal education at the high school level, owning a smartphone, using at least one social media platform, and volunteering to participate in the study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eExclusion Criteria for the Study:\u003c/em\u003e Not knowing how to read and write Turkish and having any mental health diagnosis.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp id=\"_Toc170830428\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMeasures\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Personal Information Form prepared by the researchers was used to obtain demographic information about the children and their families. In addition, the “Internalization of Ideals Scale,” “Appearance-Related Social Media Consciousness Scale,” “Body Image Scale” and “Psychological Development in Adolescence Scale” were used.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp id=\"_Toc170830429\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePersonal Information Form\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eQuestions were included regarding the participants constituting the sample of the research, such as age, gender, social media applications they use, type of school, parental education level, family income level, most frequently used social media applications, time spent on social media during the day, and whether they compared the images of people seen on social media with their own images.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp id=\"_Toc170830430\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAppearance-Related Social Media Consciousness Scale (ASMC)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Appearance-Related Social Media Consciousness Scale was developed by Choukas-Bradley et al. (2020) to measure adolescents' appearance-related social media consciousness experiences. The Turkish version of the scale was adapted by Öngören et al. (2021). This scale examines individuals' experiences with social media. ASMC has been stated to be an important measurement tool for adolescents and adults to understand the role of social media on body image. AMSC is a 7-point Likert-type scale consisting of 13 items. Öngören et al. (2021) calculated the Cronbach alpha reliability coefficient of the scale as α=0.935. The KMO value of the scale was 0.916, and the Bartlett Sphericity test was highly significant (x2 =1877.77; df=78; p\u0026lt;0.001). There were no reverse-coded items in the scale and the total score varied between 13 and 91 (Öngören et al., 2021). In the current study, the reliability analysis of the scale was repeated, and Cronbach’s alpha reliability coefficient was calculated as α=.91.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp id=\"_Toc170830431\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBody Image Scale (BIS)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt is a five-point Likert-type scale developed by Saylan \u0026amp; Soyyiğit (2022) to measure the body image of individuals in adolescence and young adulthood and consists of 21 items. As a result of the exploratory factor analysis conducted by Saylan \u0026amp; Soyyiğit (2022), a four-factor structure that explained 62% of the total variance was obtained. The resulting factors were named “Negative Body Perception,” “Evaluation Sensitivity,” “Positive Body Perception” and “Body Change.” According to the confirmatory factor analysis, it was concluded that the 21 items and four-factor structure of the Body Image Scale had sufficient fit indices. In the reliability analyses conducted by Saylan \u0026amp; Soyyiğit (2022), the Cronbach alpha internal consistency coefficient was calculated as .92 and .88 for the EFA and CFA samples, respectively. Findings regarding item-total correlations and 27% upper-lower group comparisons showed that the total score predictive power and discrimination levels of the Body Image Scale items were high. The total body image score was obtained by adding the scores of the items to the scale. The highest score obtained from the scale was 105, while the lowest score was 21. Items 4, 7, 15, 16, and 17 of the scale were reverse-coded, and high scores indicated that individuals had a negative body image (Saylan \u0026amp; Soyyiğit 2022). In line with the analyses conducted in this study, Cronbach’s alpha reliability coefficient of the Body Image scale was calculated as α= .92.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp id=\"_Toc170830432\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAdolescent Psychological Development Scale (APDS)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUzun (2018) developed the Adolescent Psychological Development Scale. The Adolescent Psychological Development Scale consisted of 15 items. The scale items had a 2-factor structure. The KMO value was 0.825, and the significance of Bartlett’s sphericity test indicated that the sample was suitable for factor analysis. When the reliability coefficients (Cronbach’s alpha) of the factors made by Uzun (2018) were examined, it was found that 0.825 for the “Personal lack of control” sub-dimension and 0.761 for the “Timberness” sub-dimension. The Adolescent Spiritual Development Scale has internal consistency and meets conditions of reliability (Uzun, 2018). As a result of the analyses conducted, the Cronbach’s alpha reliability coefficient of the Adolescent Spiritual Development Scale was α=.79.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp id=\"_Toc170830433\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInternalization of Ideals Scale (IIS)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Internalization of Ideals scale was developed by de Lenne et al. (2018). The scale consists of a 10-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (completely unimportant) to 10 (completely important) and 8 items. Since the internalization scale is newly developed, a confirmatory factor analysis was conducted using Mplus to validate the proposed factor structure. The proposed factor structure was found to be consistent [χ2(14) = 75.58, p\u0026lt; .001, RMSEA = .05 (90% CI: .04/.06), CFI = .99, TLI = .98, SRMR = .02.] Higher scores indicate a higher level of internalization for each variable. There are no reverse-coded items in the scale (de Lenne et al. 2018). Within the scope of this study, Cronbach's alpha reliability coefficient of the internalization of ideals scale was calculated as α=.91. The Turkish version of the scale consists of two sub-dimensions, “Academic and Professional Ideals” and “Social and Romantic Ideals”, and 8 items.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp id=\"_Toc170830434\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Collection\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe data for this study were collected from high school students aged 14-17 years old who were attending formal education in Sivas province center in Turkey in the 2023-2024 academic year. After determining the schools where the data would be collected, school administrators were interviewed and informed about the study. With the consensus of the school administrators, guidance service, and teachers, the days and hours of the scales were determined. On the dates when the schools were available, the researcher went to the schools and collected data face-to-face in the designated classrooms. Within the scope of the research, it took approximately 35-40 minutes for the students to answer the scales.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWithin the scope of the research, 1800 scales were reproduced and delivered to the schools by the researcher. The data collected as a result of the application were first carefully examined and 47 scales were found to be systematically incorrect, incompletely filled or left blank and were removed from the study. 112 scales remained completely blank. As a result, the current research was conducted on 1641 data.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStatistical Analysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe relationships between the variables of the research data were analyzed. The measurement models of the dependent and independent variables were tested and confirmatory factor analysis of the scales was conducted. After the measurement models became suitable for analysis, mediation tests were applied.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt is seen that the skewness and kurtosis values for body image, psychological development in adolescence, appearance-related social media consciousness and internalization of ideals scales and sub-dimensions are between +1.5 and -1.5. According to Tabachnick and Fidell (2013), when the skewness and kurtosis values are between +1.5 and -1.5, it can be accepted as a parametric test and parametric analysis can be performed. In this sense, Body Image, Psychological Development in Adolescence, Appearance-Related Social Media Consciousness and Internalization of Ideals scales and sub-dimensions were determined to be appropriate according to the normality assumption and parametric analysis was performed. Statistical analyses were performed with IBM SPSS package program. Correlation and regression analysis were performed on the data collected in the study.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003e[Table2]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 2 presents the data on the scales of Adolescents' Body Image, Psychological Development in Adolescence, Appearance-Related Social Media Consciousness, and Internalization of Ideals. It was determined that the general average of body image was 2.40±0.78. The general average of Psychological Development in Adolescence was found to be 3.08±0.67. The mean of Appearance-Related Social Media Consciousness was found to be 3.06±1.32. The general mean of Internalization of Ideals was found to be 6.75±1.90.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[Table 3]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 3 presents the results of Pearson correlation analysis for the variables. There is a significant, moderate and positive correlation between the general scale of Body Image and the general scale of Psychological Development in Adolescence (r=.456, p\u0026lt;.01). There is a significant, low and positive correlation between the general scale of Psychological Development in Adolescence and the general scale of Appearance-Related Social Media Consciousness (r=.244, p\u0026lt;.01). There is no relationship between the general scale of Psychological Development in Adolescence and the general scale of Internalization of Ideals (r=.027, p\u0026gt;.01). There is a significant, moderate and positive relationship between Body Image general scale and Appearance-Related Social Media Consciousness general scale (r=.441, p\u0026lt;.01). There is a significant, low level and positive relationship between Body Image general scale and Internalization of Ideals general scale (r=.114, p\u0026lt;.01). There is a significant, low level and positive relationship (r=.338, p\u0026lt;.01.) between the general scale of Appearance-Related Social Media Consciousness and the general scale of Internalization of Ideals.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[Table 4]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEffect analysis of Appearance-Related Social Media Consciousness (ASMC) on body image in adolescents in the study is presented in Table 4. Appearance-related social media consciousness significantly predicts body image [(R= .441; R²= .194; Adjusted R2=.194) F(1.1639)= 395.588; p\u0026lt;.01]. As a result of the regression analysis in which Adolescents' appearance-related social media consciousness was taken as the independent variable and body image as the dependent variable, it explains 19.4% of the change in Adolescents' body image (R²= .194). In other words, it is seen that the change in Adolescents' appearance-related social media consciousness affects body image. It can be said that 80.6% of the change in adolescents' body image is related to other factors.\u0026nbsp;It is understood that Appearance-Related Social Media Consciousness [t= 19.889; p= .000 (p\u0026lt;.01)] significantly predicts Body Image in a positive way. In other words, an increase of 100 units of Adolescents' appearance-related social media consciousness increases body image by 26.1%.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[Table 5]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEffect analysis of Appearance-Related Social Media Consciousness (ASMC) on internalization of ideals in adolescents in the study is presented in Table 5. Appearance-related social media consciousness significantly predicts Internalization of Ideals [(R= .338; R²= .114; Adjusted R2=.114) F(1.1639)= 211.064; p\u0026lt;.01]. As a result of the regression analysis in which Adolescents' appearance-related social media consciousness is taken as the independent variable and internalization of ideals as the dependent variable, it explains 11.4% of the change in Adolescents' internalization of ideals (R²= .114). In other words, it is seen that the change in Adolescents' appearance-related social media consciousness affects the internalization of ideals. It can be said that 88.6% of the change in adolescents' internalization of ideals is related to other factors. It is understood that appearance-related social media consciousness [t= 14.528; p= .000 (p\u0026lt;.01)] significantly predicts the internalization of ideals in a positive way. In other words, a 100-unit increase in Adolescents' appearance-related social media consciousness increases the internalization of ideals by 48.8%.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[Table 6]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEffect analysis of Appearance-Related Social Media Consciousness (ASMC) on psychological development in adolescents in the study is presented in Table 5. Appearance-related social media consciousness significantly predicts psychological development in Adolescence [(R= .244; R²= .060; Adjusted R2=.059) F(1.1639)= 103.787; p\u0026lt;.01]. As a result of the regression analysis Adolescents' appearance-related social media consciousness was taken as the independent variable and psychological development in Adolescence as the dependent variable explains 6% of the change in Adolescents' psychological development in Adolescence (R²= .060). In other words, it is seen that the change in Adolescents' appearance-related social media consciousness affects psychological development in Adolescence. It can be said that 94% of the change in Adolescents' psychological development in Adolescence is related to other factors. It is understood that appearance-related social media consciousness [t= 10.188; p=.000 (p\u0026lt;.01)] significantly predicts psychological development in Adolescence in a positive way. In other words, a 100-unit increase in Adolescents' appearance-related social media consciousness increases psychological development in Adolescence by 12.4%.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study examined the effects of appearance-related social media consciousness on body image, internalization of ideals and psychological development in adolescents.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the study, appearance-related social media consciousness significantly predicted psychological development in adolescents. Consistent with the findings of the study, there are studies in the literature showing that adolescents frequently experience appearance-related social media consciousness. According to these studies, it is seen that high appearance-related social media consciousness increases anxiety and stress levels (Çetinkaya et al., 2022; Özalp \u0026amp; Akbulut 2022), causes high depressive symptoms (Choukas-Bradley et al. 2020; Maheux et al. 2022) and negatively affects mental health and well-being (Choukas-Bradley et al., 2019; Maheux et al., 2022; Rojo et al., 2023). Even if adolescents agree that making body comparisons with their peers is unhealthy or unnecessary, social media photos with few likes cause them to experience disappointment and shame (Chua \u0026amp; Chang 2016). Social media applications defined as appearance-oriented such as Instagram, Snapchat, Pinterest, and Facebook are applications that mostly affect users' perceptions of body image (Griffiths et al., 2018). Adolescents may be preoccupied with thoughts about their attractiveness on social media even when they are offline. Carefully editing photos before posting them on social media, reviewing previously posted photos, and imagining how they will look to social media audiences are associated with poor mental health (Choukas-Bradley et al., 2020) and increased internalized symptoms (Rosenthal et al., 2016).\u0026nbsp;Constant body surveillance leads to increased body-related shame and anxiety, and uniquely predicts low self-esteem (Robinson et al., 2017) and poor psychological adjustment (Marengo et al., 2018), depressive symptoms, and mental health disorders (Fardouly et al., 2020).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the study, adolescents' appearance-related social media consciousness significantly predicts body image. Consistent with the research finding, a relationship between appearance-related social media consciousness and body image perception is also observed in studies in the literature (Choukas-Bradley et al., 2019; Choukas-Bradley et al., 2020; Çetinkaya et al., 2022; Çimke \u0026amp; Gürkan, 2023; Öngören et al., 2021; Özalp \u0026amp; Akbulut 2022; Rojo et al. 2023). 97% of adolescents use at least one social media platform and 45% are online almost constantly (Anderson \u0026amp; Jiang 2018). Adolescents who report using highly visual social media for more than two hours per day have significantly higher body image concerns than their peers who report not using highly visual social media (Marengo et al., 2018, McLean et al., 2015). Increased body-related comparisons in online social media applications lead users to take and share more photos (Nesi, Choukas-Bradley, \u0026amp; Prinstein 2018).\u0026nbsp;Comparisons increase negative feelings about the body, leading to behaviors that alter appearances to achieve a perceived ideal image (Jarman et al. 2024), and can undermine positive body image (Lazuka et al., 2020). Ultimately, attractiveness becomes unrealistic, leading to a relative perception of attractiveness and body dissatisfaction for both women and men (Tiggemann, 2012). Digital manipulations of body images on social media, especially in the 21st century, have resulted in women being exposed to much more idealized bodies than they used to be (Tiggemann, 2014). As a key sociocultural channel for the transmission of body ideals, the media tend to emphasize the desirability of body ideals. This means that the reference point for evaluating body ideals is the body images reflected on social media (van den Berg et al., 2002). The media can therefore be considered a key enemy in creating negative body image among adolescents (Chisuwa \u0026amp; O‟Dea, 2011). Adolescence is a period of particular concern, as it is a period of vulnerability to sociocultural ideal stereotype pressures (Reich, Schneider, \u0026amp; Heling 2018).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study found that appearance-related social media consciousness in adolescents significantly predicted the internalization of ideals. When the literature was reviewed, no studies were found that included the effect of appearance-related social media consciousness and the internalization of ideals. However, it is known that the social media content that adolescents encounter offer various opportunities for the internalization of ideals. Therefore, sharing on social media also provides an idealized view of reality in academic-professional and social-romantic life areas. Instagram use in particular is positively associated with the internalization of professional, social, sexual and romantic ideals (de Lenne et al., 2018). Social media slogans aimed at appearing physically attractive and dazzling to the opposite sex provide ideal codes for attractiveness that emphasize appearance ideals for adolescence (APA, 2008). The existence of unrealistic models that respond to beauty ideals such as being fit, thin and fashionable usually creates an ideal self-model for most adolescents (Fardouly, Willburger, \u0026amp; Vartanian 2018). These contents cause adolescents to develop a series of beliefs, primarily self-objectification, sexist beliefs, and stereotypical gender attitudes (APA, 2008). Social media can play an active role in the formation of academic and professional ideals as well as social and romantic ideals. One of the reasons why adolescents are interested in social networks is that they provide opportunities for adolescents to discover, question, and understand who they are and what they want (Yang \u0026amp; Bradford Brown 2016). Online access increases adolescents' knowledge in all areas and introduces them to various experiences. It allows them to increase their knowledge about the profession they will choose in the future and to access educational opportunities (Ellison, Steinfield, \u0026amp; Lampe 2011). Hovewer, young people who participate in social network groups research alternatives to clarify their career preferences and exchange impressions among themselves (Drăghici, 2023). Social media shapes professional ideals with both traditional and direct clues (de Lenne et al., 2022) and can be considered an important source of influence on students' academic success (Gordon, 2016).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study found that there was a significant, moderate and positive relationship between body image and psychological development in adolescence. In other words, body image and psychological development in adolescence are positively related to each other. In the literature, it is stated that adolescence is a critical period for body dissatisfaction (Littleton \u0026amp; Ollendick 2003). Body image disorders are usually evident in early adolescence and if left untreated, their effects may continue in later periods of life (Wang et al., 2019; Jones \u0026amp; Smolak 2011). Approximately 40 to 50% of girls prefer to be thinner during pre-adolescence, and it is estimated that this rate increases to over 70% during adolescence. Adolescent boys are dissatisfied with their body size and/or certain parts of their bodies (Ricciardelli \u0026amp; Yager, 2015). Negative body image constitutes a risk factor for various adjustment problems and psychological disorders (Jones \u0026amp; Smolak 2011). Therefore, body image problems during adolescence raise concerns about their role in clinical disorders (Jones \u0026amp; Smolak 2011).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to another research finding, no relationship was found between the internalization of ideals and the psychological development of adolescents. It is known in the literature that the desire to achieve inner life goals is associated with psychological well-being (Deci \u0026amp; Ryan 2000). Career-related goals basically provide the development of vocational identity, which helps young people understand who they are and find which career fits their self-image (Porfeli \u0026amp; Lee 2012). Adolescents with high academic goals are less likely to experience mental health problems, while the opposite is true for adolescents with low academic goals (Almroth et al., 2018). Positive career orientation prevents the development of problem behaviors during adolescence and has a protective effect against crime and drug use (Skorikov \u0026amp; Vondracek 2007). Unmet expectations during high school are associated with depression in young adulthood. This connection also affects their ability to continue their university education and their mental health (Reynolds \u0026amp; Baird 2010). When looking at the effect of spiritual development and the internalization of social romantic ideals during adolescence, direct and indirect effects can be mentioned. Most adolescents date early and frequently, but the content and quality of these dating experiences can vary greatly. A history of quality dating experiences during adolescence contributes to the development of loving attachments, relationship problem-solving skills, feelings of closeness, belonging, and commitment throughout adulthood (Dillow, Goodboy, \u0026amp; Bolkan 2014), and to the maintenance of mental health (Collibee \u0026amp; Furman 2015). However, romantic relationships during adolescence are not always rosy. Adolescents who have had multiple dating partners and low-quality romantic relationships in the past may exhibit more negative reactions to their romantic partners later in young adulthood (Madsen \u0026amp; Collins 2011). Negative experiences in a romantic relationship can lead to internal distress. Those who experience stress in their romantic relationships, in particular, may exhibit higher levels of depressive symptoms than their nondating peers (Davila et al., 2004) and may be at particular risk for social anxiety (La Greca \u0026amp; Harrison 2005) and academic difficulties (Reuterman \u0026amp; Burcky 1989).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study found that there was a significant, low-level, and positive relationship between adolescents' body image and internalization of ideals. The literature supports the findings regarding body image and internalization of academic-professional and social-romantic ideals. Body image is one of the important components that provide an opportunity for an individual's self-concept to reach a healthier state (Szabó, 2015). A healthy self-image developed during adolescence (Fung \u0026amp; Yuen, 2003) supports adolescents' adaptive behaviors and skills. An unhealthy self-image, on the other hand, negatively affects adolescents' self-evaluations (Chen, Fox, \u0026amp; Haase 2008). Negative body image can generally be associated with high self-objectification. Individuals who objectify themselves may frequently feel disgusted and humiliated by watching their own bodies. Such negative emotional states may lead to a decrease in the individual's motivation and have a negative effect on academic achievement (Chen, Fox, \u0026amp; Haase 2008). Adolescents' negative images of their physical appearance not only lead to low academic achievement but also prevent them from fulfilling educational skills and daily tasks (Tallat et al., 2017). Women with a high body mass index, in particular, may have lower rates of academic advancement than individuals with average weight. As a result, they tend to pursue less profitable careers (Barone \u0026amp; Nese 2015). In the literature, it is seen that the effect of negative body image on social and romantic ideals is similar to the internalization of academic and professional ideals. Those with a negative body image are less likely to have successful romantic relationships (Luca, 2022). Individuals with a negative body image experience lower-quality romantic relationships because they develop the perception that their partners are less interested in them (Hockey et al., 2021). Having a more positive body image contributes to healthier and more satisfying romantic relationships (Frederick et al., 2022). At the same time, body image affects how socially active people are, such as in romantic relationships (Nezlek, 1999).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLimitations\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis research is limited to 1641 students between the ages of 14-17 who are studying in high schools located in a city center in Turkey. In addition, the data obtained within the scope of the research is limited to the qualities measured by the scales used in the research.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study contributes to understanding the psychological and social effects of social media by revealing the effects of appearance-related social media consciousness on body image, internalization of ideals, and spsychological development in adolescents. It is especially important in terms of showing how idealized images that adolescents encounter during social media use affect their body perception and spiritual development. Therefore, it is thought that the research findings can guide the development of strategies that will support the healthy development of adolescents. Understanding the effects of appearance-related social media consciousness on body image and psychological development is quite valuable both for creating awareness at the individual level and for guiding education and health policies. It is thought that these findings require further research to understand the effects of social media use on psychosocial development during adolescence in more depth. Hovewer, the results obtained from such studies can contribute to the development of educational programs or intervention strategies aimed at increasing social media awareness.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCRediT authorship contribution \u0026nbsp;statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eStudy Design, KO, OE; Data Collection, KO, Statistical Analysis, KO, OE; Data Interpretation, KO, OE; Manuscript Preparation, KO, OE. The authors provided critical feedback and helped shape the research and manuscript. The authors discussed the results and contributed to the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Availability\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe datasets generated and/or analyzed during this study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe author(s) received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical Approval\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor conducting the study, approval was obtained from the Inonu University Health Sciences Research and Publication Ethics Committee (Decision 2023/4376, 24.01.2023).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInformed Consent\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBefore starting the study, all adolescents were informed about the study, and those who volunteered provided verbal and written informed assent. The name of the study, its objectives, plan, time, and how and where the obtained data would be used were explained to the adolescents who participated in the study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflict of interest\u003c/strong\u003e The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgments\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eWe are grateful to the adolescents who participated in this study.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAdams, R. E., Laursen, B., and Wilder, D. (2001). Characteristics of closeness in adolescent romantic relationships. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Adolescence\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e24\u003c/em\u003e(3), 353-363. https://doi.org/10.1006/jado.2000.0402\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAlmroth, M. C., L\u0026aacute;szl\u0026oacute;, K. D., Kosidou, K., and Galanti, M. R. 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(1998). \u003cem\u003e\u0026Ccedil;ocuk ruh sağlığı: \u0026ccedil;ocuğun kişilik gelişimi, yetiştirilmesi ve ruhsal sorunları\u003c/em\u003e. \u0026Ouml;zg\u0026uuml;r Yayınları.\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp\u003eTables 1 to 6 are available in the Supplementary Files section\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"humanities-and-social-sciences-communications","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"palcomms","sideBox":"Learn more about [Humanities \u0026 Social Sciences Communications](http://www.nature.com/palcomms/)","snPcode":"41599","submissionUrl":"https://submission.springernature.com/new-submission/41599/3","title":"Humanities and Social Sciences Communications","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Nature AJ","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Adolescents, internalization of ideals, social media consciousness, body image, psychological development","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5998050/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5998050/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"This study investigated the effects of appearance-related social media consciousness on body image, the internalization of ideals, and psychological development in adolescents. The research, conducted using the relational screening method, included adolescents aged 14-17 who were enrolled in high school. A total of 1641 students were included in the study, using maximum diversity and stratified sampling methods. The data collection instruments included the \"Personal Information Form\", \"Internalization of Ideals\", \"Appearance-Related Social Media Consciousness\", \"Body Image\", and \"Psychological Development in Adolescence\" scales. Data analysis was performed using SPSS. Correlation and regression analyses were performed to analyze the data. The research findings revealed a significant relationship between the general body image scores of adolescents and the general scores for psychological development and internalization of ideals. However, no relationship was observed between the general score of internalization of ideals received by adolescents and the general scores of psychological development. In conclusion, appearance-related social media consciousness in adolescents significantly predicts body image, internalization of ideals, and psychological development.","manuscriptTitle":"The Effect of Appearance-Related Social Media Consciousness on Body Image, Internalization of Ideals, and Psychological Development in Adolescents","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-11-03 15:05:37","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5998050/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2026-03-05T05:09:12+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-10-17T05:21:50+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-10-14T13:53:13+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-07-22T21:16:53+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"128842527211892343423696409547522170941","date":"2025-07-21T13:12:50+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-07-17T06:28:52+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"122412711505223968208328577720291337378","date":"2025-07-16T14:04:05+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"250016904130649186005157926067635066931","date":"2025-07-16T06:33:32+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"143727062151012351582688975876080181828","date":"2025-07-16T04:26:10+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-05-10T17:50:22+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"225702391517955200758417752513804846527","date":"2025-03-24T06:21:40+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"17360857130039798894210370540584001907","date":"2025-03-19T06:23:42+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-03-17T05:38:49+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2025-02-24T11:38:14+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-02-24T11:30:20+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-02-17T09:18:59+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Humanities and Social Sciences Communications","date":"2025-02-10T10:01:36+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"humanities-and-social-sciences-communications","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"palcomms","sideBox":"Learn more about [Humanities \u0026 Social Sciences Communications](http://www.nature.com/palcomms/)","snPcode":"41599","submissionUrl":"https://submission.springernature.com/new-submission/41599/3","title":"Humanities and Social Sciences Communications","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Nature AJ","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"ed49ae74-9145-4a94-9811-9ebe34724209","owner":[],"postedDate":"November 3rd, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[{"id":56446928,"name":"Social science/Development studies"},{"id":56446929,"name":"Social science/Psychology"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-04-14T10:08:16+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-11-03 15:05:37","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-5998050","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-5998050","identity":"rs-5998050","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}