Induced pluripotent stem cells and cerebral organoids from the critically endangered Sumatran rhinoceros

SUMMARY Less than 80 Sumatran rhinos (SR, Dicerorhinus sumatrensis) are left on earth. Habitat loss and limited breeding possibilities are the greatest threats for the species and lead to a continuous population decline. To stop erosion of genetic diversity, reintroduction of genetic material is indispensable. However, as the propagation rate of captive breeding is far too low, innovative technologies have to be developed. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are a powerful tool to fight extinction. They give rise to each cell within the body including gametes, and provide a unique modality to preserve genetic material across time. Additionally, they enable studying species-specific developmental processes. Here, we generate iPSCs from the last male Malaysian SR Kertam, who died in 2019, and characterize them comprehensively. Differentiation in cells of the three germ layers and cerebral organoids demonstrate their high quality and great potential for supporting rescue of this critically endangered species. HIGHLIGHTS - Characterization of Sumatran Rhino (SR) fibroblasts - Generation of SR induced pluripotent stem cells (SR-iPSCs) - SR-iPSCs generate cells of the three germ layers - SR-iPSCs give rise to cerebral organoids