Eating Red in Ethiopia: Variation in Composition of Coffee Cherry Husks by Altitude and Soaking Solution

Eating Red in Ethiopia: Variation in Composition of Coffee Cherry Husks by Altitude and Soaking Solution | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Eating Red in Ethiopia: Variation in Composition of Coffee Cherry Husks by Altitude and Soaking Solution Aemiro Zula, Fikadu Alemayehu, Alazar Kora, Jacob Rosecrans, Mary Willis, and 2 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-9087688/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 8 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Despite evidence that the husk of the coffee cherry, ( Coffea arabica ) is rich in carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, minerals, and bioactive compounds, it is discarded during processing in Ethiopia, left to rot and leach into the environment for every ton of coffee beans processed. Coffee cherry husks were gathered from smallholder coffee farms at low, medium and high altitudes in the southern region of Ethiopia; Debub Bench District, Leku District and Chena District, respectively. Results affirm that coffee cherry husks contain key nutrients and phenolic compounds. Additionally, nutrient composition varies by altitude: generally, cherry husks sampled from higher altitudes have lower ash, carbohydrates, dietary fiber, and total minerals, but greater protein, lipid, and caffeine content. In contrast, coffee cherry husks from lower altitudes have higher carbohydrates, dietary fiber, and total minerals, but lower protein, lipid, and caffeine content. Furthermore, husks soaked in a chemical solution aimed at reducing the level of anti-nutritional factors showed significantly lower antinutrients and mineral composition. Husks soaked in a Ca(OH) 2 solution were significantly lower/higher in protein, Dietary fiber, P, Li, Mg, S, V, Mn, Zn, As, Se, Cd, Ni, and Mo than husks soaked in a NaOH or Na 2 SO 4 solutions., The results of this study demonstrate that coffee cherry husks are a good source of protein, dietary fiber, and minerals including iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn). Thus, the content of the coffee cherry husk could provide nutrients missing from the diets of many Ethiopians. Soaking cherry husks in calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH) 2 ) can reduce anti nutritional properties and heavy metals, allowing cherry husks to be used in different ways. These findings highlight the significant nutritional and functional potential of coffee cherry husks as a sustainable, value-added food resource rather than an agricultural waste product. Promoting appropriate processing methods such as Ca(OH)₂ treatment could enhance food security, environmental sustainability, and economic opportunities for coffee-producing communities in Ethiopia. Further research should explore product development, sensory acceptability, and scalability of processing methods to facilitate integration into local food systems. Such efforts could transform coffee by-products into innovative nutrition-sensitive interventions that support public health and rural livelihoods. Coffee cherry by-products coffee cherry husks Ethiopia Sidama Region SWEPR Figures Figure 1 INTRODUCTION Ethiopia is the indigenous home of Coffea arabica , and today, approximately 35% of the country’s GDP is generated from this single crop. 1 Thus, coffee farming is central to Ethiopia's sociocultural and economic well-being, with more than one quarter of the population dependent on the coffee cultivation, processing, and/or marketing. 2 The coffee bean is the valuable part of the coffee cherry, and once the bean is extracted, the remainder is discarded, eventually damaging the environment, but also human and animal health. 3 , 4 , 5 Given the importance of coffee and the significance of the coffee bean, alternatives to discarding coffee processing waste must be found; hence, this study was designed to determine the nutritional components of coffee cherry husk obtained from southern Ethiopia. The highly sought-after coffee bean is not a legume after all: rather, it is the dried seed of the coffee cherry fruit, harvested from the perennial Coffea plant. Coffee cherries are mostly harvested by hand and are processed through multiple methods to separate the seed pair from the remainder of the fruit. 6 For example, coffee cherry husks, also known as buna geleba in Amharic or cascara in Spanish, are byproducts of processing that can be transformed into a variety of useful products, including tea, but also baking flour, dairy products, anti-aging and anti-wrinkle skin applications, and more. 7 , 8 Depending on the processing method, the byproducts of processing include the silver skin, parchment or hull, pectin layer, pulp or mesocarp, and the outer skin or exocarp. 9 The composition of the byproducts is primarily digestible carbohydrates, dietary fiber and water, but there are other macro and micronutrients, plus minerals present. 10 Thus, despite evidence that coffee cherry husk are rich in nutritional and bioactive compounds, as much as one ton of these processing byproducts are left to decay, thereby damaging the environment. 11 Discarding coffee cherry husks not only wastes macro and micronutrients, and important minerals that could be used by Ethiopians, but also creates unnecessary environmental pollution as well as damage to human and animal health. 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 Therefore, repurposing coffee cherry husks rather than dumping them into the environment, can positively influence developing economies where coffee is most often produced. Coffee cherry husks are known to vary in composition based on their origin. 16 For example, Ethiopian cherry husks are comparatively rich in protein and carbohydrates, while those from Mexico can be described as more fibrous and mineral-dense. 17 Variation in the nutritional composition of the cherry husk from Coffea arabica cherries between countries such as Ethiopia, Mexico, Vietnam, and Brazil, may largely be attributed to ecological factors (e.g., elevation, latitude, soil type, soil health and drainage) and growing conditions (e.g., rainfall, heating degree days, sunlight and pests). However, the variation in nutritional composition of cherry husks within each of the countries where Coffea arabica are grown have not been studied. This is especially true for Ethiopia’s coffee growing regions. Understanding the variation in composition by area is an important first step in the repurposing coffee byproducts once the bean has been extracted. Materials and Methods Sampling site description Ethiopia has four major coffee-growing regions, the eastern (Harar), southern, western and northwestern regions. The Southern region is further divided into two areas: Southeastern and Southwestern. The Southeastern area includes Sidamo, Gedeo, Guji, and Bale. This area is known for its bimodal rainfall pattern, consisting of a short rainy season from mid-February to April and a main rainy season from June to October. The predominant soil types in this area are luvisols, fluvisols, cambisols, and leptosols. Coffee cherries are mainly produced under a garden system and processed as washed coffee beans. Leku Town, where samples for this study were collected, is in the Shebedino district of Sidamo (see Fig. 1 ). The district lies at a latitude of 6°54′0′′N and longitude of 38°24′0′′E, with an altitude ranging from 1,300 to 1,776 meters above sea level (m asl). The district receives a mean annual rainfall of 1500 mm, and the average annual temperature varies between 21.11°C and 17.22°C. 18,19 The Southwestern region includes Jimma, Illubabor, Kaffa, Bench Sheko, Maji, Sheka, and Godere. The climate in this region varies from sub-moist tropical to hot and humid rainforest, characterized by a high and reliable unimodal rainfall pattern. The soil in this region is moderately acidic, with Nitosols being the dominant soil type in the coffee-growing areas. Other notable soil types in the region’s highlands include Vertisols, Leptosols, Regosols, Cambisols, Alisols, and Acrisols. 20 The primary coffee production system in this region is semi-forest or plantation coffee, with a high tree canopy shade managed by forest coffee. Both washed and unwashed coffee beans are produced, but unwashed coffee beans account for a larger proportion of the total production. The Chena and Debub Bench districts, where samples for this study were collected, are in the Kaffa and Bench Sheko zone, respectively ( see Fig. 1 ). Chena district lies at a latitude of 7°20′0′′N and longitude 35°54′0′′E, while Debub Bench district is situated at latitude of 6°50′0′′N and longitude 35°28′30′′E. The altitudes of the districts range from 1,700 to 2,370 m asl in Chena and from 850 to 1,300 m asl in Debub Bench . The average annual rainfall is 1,723 mm in Chena and 1,760 mm in Debub Bench , with average annual temperatures ranging from 26.4°C to 11.9°C in Chena and from 31.0°C to 15.0°C in Debub Bench . 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 Sampling Approximately 500 grams of naturally dried coffee cherry husks, the residual from separation of beans from fresh cherries were collected from each of the Debub Bench , Leku and Chena Districts during the 2020 cropping season (October to December). Each 500 grams of sample was rinsed with tap water to remove soil and other extraneous material. The husks were sun dried to 11% moisture content (wb), sealed in 4-mil (0.004-inch) thick polyethylene plastic bags, and transported to the Department of Food Science and Technology at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln (UNL). The husk samples were stored in the bags at ambient conditions until further analysis. Fruits collected in Debub Bench were considered samples from low elevations whereas those collected in Leku and Chena were considered samples from medium and high elevations, respectively. Soaking treatments Husk samples were ground into powder using coffee mill (model 505, China) for 2 mins. Samples of 20 g from each of the three altitudes were mixed with 80 ml of water 6% (w/v) sodium hydroxide, 6% (w/v) calcium hydroxide or 6% (w/v) sodium sulfate. All mixtures were placed in a water bath maintained at 37°C held for 24 hours. After the soaking treatments, each sample was washed five times with tap water at UNL food chemistry lab and decanted. The sample soaked in sodium and calcium hydroxide solution were neutralized with HCl 0.5M. The solid fractions of the treated samples were then oven-dried for 24 h at 60°C. After drying, a 1.00 ± 0.05-gram sample was massed out in triplicate into 15 ml screw-cap tubes. Vertical extractions were carried out with mixtures of water and solvents (i.e., methanol, ethanol, and acetone) at three decreasing polarity mixtures (1-part water to 3 parts solvent, 1-part water to 1-part solvent and 3 parts water to 1-part solvent) and the analyses were performed in triplicate. Proximate analyses Ground husk samples, those receiving a soaking treatment and those untreated without soaking, were analyzed for ash using the procedure described by the AOAC (2001). 25 The total protein was determined using the Dumas Method using a LECO FP528 Nitrogen Determinator. 26 Lipids were extracted from each sample, using a FOSS 2043 Sox-tech extraction system with hexane, including 30 minutes of soaking and 60 minutes of drip-extraction. 27 Total dietary fiber was determined using the official AOAC enzymatic gravimetric standard method No. 985.29. 28 Mineral analyses Mineral concentrations were determined by using an inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometer (ICP-AES). 29 Processing conditions of ICP-AES (Varian-Vista) were as follows; RF power: 0.7–1.5 kw (1.2–1.3 kw for Axial), plasma gas flow rate: (Ar) 10.5–15 L/min (radial), 15 L/min (axial); auxiliary gas flow rate (Ar):1.5; viewing height: 5–12 mm. Copy and reading time: 1–5 s (max. 60 s), and copy time: 3 s (max. 100 s) are included with this process. Anti-nutritional compound analyses Caffeine was determined by reverse phase HPLC. 30 A sample of treated coffee husk was mixed with 5 ml portions of ethanol and water (80:20) and shaken for two hours to extract the caffeine. Samples were spun to pellet the solids and the supernatant was collected; then, the sample was extracted with an additional 5 ml portion of solvent and supernatants were combined. Finally, 1 ml of the collected sample was passed through a 0.45 µm filter, and 25 µl was injected into a Sonoma C18 25 mm by 4.6 mm analytical column from ES Industries. Analysis was performed on a Dionex ICS-3000 unit with a dual pump system, a temperature-controlled detector department maintained at 30°C, and a PDA-100 Photodiode Array Detector at 280 nm was applied for detection. Separation was achieved using water, Acetic Acid (97:3) (mobile phase A) at a flow rate of 1.0 ml per minute adding methanol (100%) (mobile phase B) rising from 0% to 63% over 28 minutes and then returning to 0% over an additional two minutes, sample peak areas were compared to a standard curve of 0.01 mg to 0.97 mg of caffeine. Chlorogenic acid was separated and quantified by reverse-phase HPLC. 31 The previously prepared extract for caffeine analysis was injected at 25 µl onto a Sonoma C18 25 mm by 4.6 mm analytical column from ES Industries. Analysis was performed on a Dionex ICS-3000 unit with a dual pump system, temperature-controlled detector department maintained at 30°C, and using a PDA-100 Photodiode Array Detector at 220 nm for detection. Separation was achieved using water, acetic acid (97:3) (mobile phase A) at a flow rate of 1.0 ml per minute, adding methanol (100%) (Mobile phase B), rising from 0% to 63% over 28 minutes, and then returning to 0% over an additional 2 minutes. Sample peak areas were compared to a standard curve of 0.01 mg to 0.97 mg of caffeine. Separation was achieved using a 50 mM ammonium phosphate buffer at a pH of 2.6 (mobile phase A), a 50 mM ammonium phosphate buffer, acetonitrile (20:80) (mobile phase B), and 200 mM of phosphoric acid (mobile phase C) at a flow rate of 1.0 ml per minute using the gradient below (Table 1 ). Table 1 Gradient Table of Mobile phases for reverse-phase HPLC separation and quantification process for chlorogenic acid in coffee cherry husks Time (min) Mobile Phase A (%) Mobile Phase B (%) Mobile Phase C (%) 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 4.0 92.0 8.0 0.0 10.0 0.0 14.0 86.0 22.5 0.0 16.5 83.5 27.5 0.0 25.0 75.0 50.0 0.0 80.0 20.0 50.1 100.0 0.0 0.0 55.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 Note: Sample peak areas were compared to a standard curve of 0.01 mg to 0.97 mg of chlorogenic acid. Experimental design and statistical analysis The effect of different chemical solvent on the coffee cherry husk collected from three altitudes of the Southern part of Ethiopia were analyzed for proximate (ash, protein, lipid, carbohydrate, and dietary fiber), minerals (P, Fe, Cu, Ca, Li, B, Na, Mg, S, K, V, Cr, Mn, Ni, Co, Zn, As, Se, Mo, and Cd), and anti-nutritional (caffeine and chlorogenic acid). Level measurements within the treatment of each altitude were initially tested for normality using the Shapiro-Wilk’s test. Two-way ANOVA was then used to determine if there was a significant effect due to altitudes, chemical treatments, and altitude vs chemical treatment. If treatments significantly affected, Tukey’s test was used (p < 0.05) to compare how means from altitudes, chemical treatments, and altitude vs chemical treatment are differed from each other. Results and Discussion Location effect The proximate, antinutritional, and mineral composition of coffee cherry husks from three districts of southern Ethiopia were examined (Table 2 ). Proximate composition The ash content of coffee cherry husks from Debub Bench , Leku , and Chena was 3.88%, 7.3%, and 3.90%, respectively, with approximately 46% higher ash content observed in coffee cherry husk from Leku . A similar ash content, 5% and 5.4%, was obtained from coffee cherry husks in the southern part of Minas Gerais at 2700 m asl and Samambaia Farm, Santo Antônio do Amparo, MG, at 1200 m asl, in Brazil. 32 , 33 Coffee cherry husks contained a protein amount of 9.31%, 11.57%, and 10.98% for Debub Bench , Leku , and Chena , respectively, with the highest values reported for Leku and Chena . The protein content in the Debub Bench sample is approximately 20% lower than that from Leku and 15% lower than that from Chena . The protein content presented here is lower than that reported by Moreira, et al. (2018), who found a protein content of 13.72% in Brazil. 33 However, the higher protein content reported here was similar to that obtained in Brazil (Oliveira et al., 2009) with the value of 7%. 32 The lipid content of the coffee cherry husk is very low, but Chena had a higher lipid content with the value of 1.15% compared to Debub Bench 0.73% and Leku 0.79%. This result for lipids is higher than that found in Brazil by Oliveira et al. (2009) and Moreira et al. (2018) reported with 0.5% and 0.3% lipid content, respectively. 32 , 33 The carbohydrate and dietary fiber content of coffee cherry husk was presented with 86.07% and 81.23%, 80.31% and 74.30%, and 83.96% and 76.60 for Debub Bench , Leku and Chena , respectively, with the highest values of carbohydrate and dietary fiber were reported for Debub Bench coffee cherry husk, followed by Chena and Leku . A higher carbohydrate content of coffee cherry husk was presented here compared to the study of Oliveira et al. (2009), with the value of 72.3%. 32 By contrast, the ash, protein, lipid, and carbohydrate content presented here were consistent with the value reported by Stefano, (2023), with ash content (3%-7%), protein content (7%-17%), lipid content (0.5%-3%), and carbohydrate content (16%-85%). 10 Furthermore, the protein, lipid, carbohydrate, and fiber content of coffee cherry husk ( Coffee robusta , Panama) grow in low altitude region was reported by Alves et al. (2023). 34 The study showed 7.86% protein, lipid 1.06%, carbohydrate 43.2%, and dietary fiber content 39.04% (Alves et al., 2023), indicating that arabica coffee cherry husk had higher protein, carbohydrate, and dietary fiber content compared to robusta coffee cherry husks. 34 Apart from the type of coffee species, the nutrient composition is also influenced by differences in temperature, climate, and environmental conditions of the coffee plant). 35 For example, coffee cherry husks collected from coffee cherries grown at higher altitudes appear to result in higher amounts of protein and lipid content. 36 Environmental factors such as temperature can modify the physiology of coffee fruit development and ripening time: the cooler daily temperatures and reduced oxygen levels at higher altitudes slow plant growth and cause the fruit to ripen more slowly, allowing for a longer filling period. 37 This extended maturation time gives the plant more opportunity to absorb macronutrients from the soil. As a result, there is a greater accumulation of nutrients. Minerals The results obtained from mineral analysis indicate that the total mineral content of coffee husk from Debub Bench , Leku , and Chena were 6.3%, 5.5%, and 3.3%, respectively (Table 2 ). These results are in accordance with the total mineral content obtained by Franca-(2009) who reported 3% to 7%, but lower than that reported by Brand, et al. (2001), which was 10.7% for coffee cherry husks from Damasco, Curitiba, Brazil. 32 , 38 As demonstrated in this study, Debub Bench coffee cherry husks had the highest total mineral content, followed by Leku and Chena. Chromium (Cr) exhibited the highest concentration in the coffee cherry husks from Debub Bench and Leku , with the values of 52.87% and 51.2% of the total mineral content, respectively, followed by calcium (Ca) content of 26.2% and 26.5%, respectively. However, for Chena , the highest mineral concentration was calcium, which accounted for 50.4% of the total mineral content, followed by chromium with 16%. Potassium (K) and sodium (Na) were also present in notable concentrations, though lower than chromium and calcium. The potassium and sodium concentrations were reported as 5.2% and 4.3%, 7.5% and 5.4%, and 7.7% and 7.3% of the total minerals for Debub Bench , Leku , and Chena , respectively. Additionally, Debub Bench coffee cherry husks contained 3.2% molybdenum (Mo), 2% phosphorus (P), and 1.2% iron (Fe), with lithium (Li), cobalt (Co), selenium (Se), cadmium (Cd), vanadium (V), zinc (Zn), arsenic (As), nickel (Ni), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), boron (B), and sulfur (S) all present in concentrations below 1% of the total minerals. Coffee cherry husks from Leku and Chena showed 3.1% and 6% magnesium (Mg), 1.44% and 2.2% molybdenum (Mo), 1.2% and 3.8% phosphorus (P), and 1.1% and 4% lithium (Li), respectively, with iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), selenium (Se), cadmium (Cd), vanadium (V), zinc (Zn), arsenic (As), nickel (Ni), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), boron (B), and sulfur (S) concentrations below 1% of total mineral content. Stefano et al. (2003) also reported the mineral content of coffee husk (Coffea arabica) from a Mediterranean climate grown in Sicily, Italy (38.11°N, 15.14°E) at sea level (9 m above sea level), with the values of Ca (1.27 mg/g), Fe (50 µg/g), Mg (1230 µg/g), K (18.6 mg/g), Na (6.8 mg/g), P (1700 µg/g), Cu (80 µg/g), Mn (50 µg/g), and Zn (110 µg/g). Compared to the present study, their findings show lower levels of Ca, Fe, and Mg, but higher levels of K, Na, P, Cu, Mn, and Zn. 10 Anti-nutritional compounds : Studies on the anti-nutrtional compounds composition of coffee husk are also limited; Clifford & Ramirez-Martinez (1991) studied coffee arabica husks samples from Venezuela, (Caturra and Bourbon varieties) and found values of chlorogenic acids of 4–16.6 mg/g, much higher to the coffee husk of our study (0.02mg/g). 39 The caffeine and chlorogenic acid of coffee husk from Mediterranean climate was 15.5 mg/g and 3.4 mg/g of caffeine and chlorogenic acid, respectively. 10 These values are much higher than the values studied here: no significant difference was observed for chlorogenic acid, but higher caffeine content was observed for coffee cherry husks from Debub Bench. Coffee cherry husks from higher altitudes appear to have lower caffeine and chlorogenic acid, and this result has been obtained in other higher altitude sites in Ethiopia. 40 At higher altitudes, the decrease in temperature and prolonged period of maturation might contribute to a lower caffeine and chlorogenic acid content: a longer maturation period causes the caffeine and chlorogenic acid content to be remobilized into other biochemical process such as lignin biosynthesis, and also brings conversion into other compounds like, sucrose and fat, further reducing the caffeine content. 41 Table 2 Mean values of chemical composition for four treatments of coffee cherry husks between Ethiopian district Composition Debub Bench Leku Chena Ash 3.88 ± 0.41 b 7.30 ± 0.41 a 3.90 ± 0.41 b Protein 9.31 ± 0.20 b 11.57 ± 0.20 a 10.98 ± 0.20 a Lipid 0.73 ± 0.0 C 0.79 ± 0.0 b 1.15 ± 0.0 a Carbohydrate 86.07 ± 0.52 a 80.31 ± 0.52 c 83.96 ± 0.52 b Dietary fiber 81.23 ± 0.72 a 74.30 ± 0.72 c 78.60 ± 0.72 b P (ug/g) 1284.54 ± 53.18 a 649.74 ± 53.18 b 1234.21 ± 53.18 a Fe (ug/g) 755.27 ± 7.98 a 480.55 ± 7.98 b 299.06 ± 7.98 c Cu (ug/g) 26.47 ± 1.02 b 26.63 ± 1.02 b 33.35 ± 1.02 a Ca (mg/g) 16.48 ± 0.94 a 14.56 ± 0.94 a 16.45 ± 0.94 a Li (ug/g) 511.99 ± 17.76 c 643.03 ± 17.76 b 1324.04 ± 17.76 a B (ug/g) 18.32 ± 0.40 a 12.35 ± 0.40 c 14.23 ± 0.40 b Na (mg/g) 2.73 ± 0.08 a 2.96 ± 0.08 a 2.38 ± 0.08 b S (ug/g) 1.12 ± 0.02 ab 1.06 ± 0.02 b 1.19 ± 0.02 a K (mg/g) 3.30 ± 0.02 b 4.15 ± 0.02 a 2.52 ± 0.02 c V (ug/g) 55.71 ± 0.30 a 37.71 ± 0.30 b 17.67 ± 0.30 c Cr (ug/g) 33282.63 ± 218.08 a 28485.8 ± 218.08 b 5239.1 ± 218.08 c Mn (ug/g) 32.72 ± 0.71 a 33.18 ± 0.71 a 25.64 ± 0.71 b Ni (ug/g) 33.75 ± 0.18 a 22.14 ± 0.18 b 7.42 ± 0.18 c Co (ug/g) 301.83 ± 2.97 a 217.31 ± 2.97 b 158.53 ± 2.97 c Zn (ug/g) 40.94 ± 0.87 a 37.74 ± 0.87 b 29.94 ± 0.87 c As (ug/g) 39.22 ± 1.60 a 30.08 ± 1.60 b 25.80 ± 1.60 b Se (ug per g) 89.11 ± 6.35 c 116.19 ± 6.35 b 149.76 ± 6.35 a Mo (ug per g) 1990.19 ± 44.82 a 793.94 ± 44.82 b 720.95 ± 44.82 b Cd (ug per g) 62.53 ± 1.58 a 63.34 ± 1.58 a 47.61 ± 1.58 b Caffeine (mg/g) 2.32 ± 0.05 a 1.93 ± 0.05 b 1.81 ± 0.05 b Different superscripts indicate significant differences between means of each individual composition compound Chemical treatment effects The coffee cherry husk, which comprises approximately half of the fruit's weight, poses environmental challenges when disposed improperly. 42 The high organic content, along with the presence of caffeine and phenolic compounds, can pollute soil and water, negatively impacting soil microbiota and disrupting local ecosystems. 43 It has also been determined that caffeine and chlorogenic acid possess phytotoxic properties, which can negatively impact seed germination and plant growth. 44 These organic compounds are also known for the potential of limiting the nutritive value of coffee husk. 45 Beside these organic compounds, the coffee cherry husk is also a rich source of carbohydrate, proteins, minerals, and other nutrients, which can be exploited to improve the food security context. 46 Eliminating or reducing these organic compounds and valorizing the coffee cherry husks contributes to improving the environmental, economic, and social sustainability of the coffee industry. 47 The toxic compounds in the coffee cherry husk can be eliminated or reduced by either physical or chemical means. For example, Bressani, (1979) demonstrated that macerating coffee cherry husks with a 3% concentration of chemicals (Ca(OH) 2 , Na 2 SO 4 ) and a 5% concentration of NaOH for 16 hours had no effect on the concentrations of caffeine and chlorogenic acid. 45 This study employed similar chemical treatments but with higher concentrations and longer maceration times, 6% concentration for 24hours, and summarized the changes in the composition and nutritive value of coffee cherry husks. The chemical treatment effects on the coffee cherry husks composition for three Ethiopian districts were examined and presented in Table 3 . Proximate composition Untreated coffee husk has an ash content of 4.13%. Furthermore, NaOH, Na 2 SO 4 and Ca(OH) 2 significantly increased the ash content. Higher ash content was observed for coffee husk treated with NaOH, which is 121% higher than the untreated coffee husk. Na 2 SO 4 and Ca(OH) 2 also increased ash content by 36.6% and 86.44%, respectively. The higher ash content of coffee husk fiber after NaOH treatment also reported by Altenbach et al. (2022). 48 In the study, it was indicated that 10% NaOH concentration treatment increased the ash content by about 40%. This might be due to the chemical treatment allowing for the entrance of ions, and then a possible residue of chemicals present in the samples. The protein content of untreated coffee husk was found to be 11.68%, which is not showing significant difference from coffee husk treated with NaOH and Ca(OH) 2 . However, coffee husk treated with Na 2 SO 4 reduced the protein content by 32.5%. This might be due to the salting in phenomenon, referring to increasing the ionic strength of the solution due to Na 2 SO 4 resulted the protein solubility at lower ionic strength. 49 Untreated coffee husk has shown lipid content of 1.20%, and chemical treatment significantly reduced the lipid content in the order of NaOH > Ca (OH) 2 > Na 2 SO 4 . Based on the result, Na 2 SO 4 , Ca(OH) 2 , and NaOH reduced the lipid content by 10%, 16%, and 75%, respectively. This reduction is associated with lipid hydrolysis. Both NaOH and Ca(OH) 2 reduced the lipid content more significantly than Na 2 SO 4 , which may be attributed to NaOH and Ca(OH) 2 being bases, while Na 2 SO 4 is neutral. The lipid reduction observed with NaOH and Ca(OH) 2 is likely due to the saponification process, where triglycerides are hydrolyzed into fatty acids and glycerol. NaOH, being a stronger base compared to Ca(OH) 2 , promotes more extensive hydrolysis and saponification, leading to a greater reduction in lipid content. Rojas et al. (2002) reported the ash, protein, and lipid content of oven-dried coffee pulp sourced from Costa Rica, grown at altitudes of 500 to 600 m above sea level, with values of 8.9%, 8%, and 2.9%, respectively. 16 In comparison, the present study found higher protein content, while the ash and lipid contents were lower than those reported by Rojas et al. (2002). 16 Additionally, Rojas et al. (2002) observed higher ash, protein, and lipid content after macerating the oven-dried coffee pulp for 24 hr in a 5% concentration of NaOH and Ca(OH) 2 , which concur with the current study of ash and protein findings of coffee husk after alkaline treatment. 16 Regarding the carbohydrate content, untreated coffee husk had 82.98% carbohydrate content, and no significant difference was observed between the untreated coffee husk, and those treated with NaOH and Ca(OH) 2 . However, a significantly higher carbohydrate content was observed in the coffee husk treated with Na 2 SO 4 . This could be attributed to the difference method used to determine carbohydrate content, as it may be influenced by the ash, protein, and lipid content in the sample. The dietary fiber content of coffee husk treated with NaOH and Ca(OH) 2 were presented with 79.51% and 78.90% of the carbohydrate content, respectively. These values are significantly higher compared to untreated coffee cherry husks presented with 75.47%. The higher dietary fiber content of coffee husk is treated with NaOH and Ca(OH) 2 might be attributed to the alkaline solution degraded the non cellulose component such as hemicellulose, lignin, and other impurities thereby increase the cellulose component, which is considered the dietary fiber. Jaziri et al. (2015) has reported the higher cellulose component of Alfa stem after alkaline solution treatment. 50 Similarly, a higher total dietary fiber content of wheat and sorghum after alkaline treatment was also reported by Husseine et al. (2019). 51 Minerals Chemical treatment of coffee husk led to significant change in their mineral composition, as detailed in Table 3 . The untreated coffee husk had a total mineral content of 10.5%, with Chromium (Cr) being the dominant mineral, making up 68% of the total mineral content. Other major minerals included Ca (16.3%), K (7.7%), Mg (2.31%), P (1.5%), Mo (1.4%), and Li (1%). Smaller concentrations of Na, Fe, Cu, B, S, V, Mn, Ni, Co, Zn, As, Se, and Cd were also present at levels below 1%. Chemical treatments resulted in varying effects on mineral content of coffee husk. The treatment with 6% concentration of NaOH, Na 2 SO 4 , and Ca (OH) 2 solvents for 24hr reduced the total mineral content to 3.6%, 3.1%, and 2.88% respectively. The substantial reduction of chromium and potassium after NaOH, Na 2 SO 4 , and Ca (OH) 2 treatments majorly contributed to the decrease in the total mineral content. Coffee husk treated with 6% concentration of NaOH have shown a significant increase for Na. In contrast, NaOH treatment significantly decreased P, S, K, V, Cr, Ni, Co, Zn, Mo, and Cd of coffee husk, and except for S, shown a significant increase, P, Li, K, V, Cr, Mn, Ni, Zn, As, Mo, and Cd of coffee husk are also significantly decreased after Na 2 SO 4 treatment. Similarly, Ca (OH) 2 treatment of coffee husk showed a significant decrease for all minerals except for Ni and Mo, showing a significant increase. This might be due to metals are precipitated out by Ca (OH)₂. Wang et al. (2012) indicated that Ca (OH)₂ has better precipitating efficiency for metals like P, Cd, Mn, Zn, and Cu compared to NaOH, while Baijnath et al. (2014) indicated NaOH has a better precipitating efficiency for chromium compared to Ca (OH)2, and these two finding concurs with the findings of this study. 52 , 53 Anti-nutritional compounds Caffeine and chlorogenic acid after chemical treatment were also presented in (Table 3 ). Untreated coffee husk had a caffeine content of 4.59 mg/g and this value was significantly reduced by 100%, 77%, 47% after macerating the coffee husk for 24hr with 6% concentration of NaOH, Na 2 SO 4 , and Ca(OH) 2, respectively. Untreated coffee husk had a chlorogenic acid of 0.03 mg/g and it was indicated that except for coffee husk treated with Na 2 SO 4 , both NaOH and Ca(OH) 2 significantly reduced the chlorogenic acid. A study conducted by Rojas et al. (2002) reported caffeine and chlorogenic acid with 18 mg/g and 20 mg/g, respectively. 16 These values are much higher than the values presented here which might be associated with the altitudes supporting the evidence stated by Kamal et al. (2021) reporting caffeine and chlorogenic acid undergo biochemical reaction such as lignin biosynthesis and conversion to sucrose and fat due to longer maturation period of coffee ripping cultivated in the higher altitudes. 41 Rojas et al., 2002 also indicated that macerating oven-dried coffee pulp in an alkaline solution (5% NaOH and Ca (OH) 2 ) resulted in a reduction of caffeine and chlorogenic acid by 89% and 90%, respectively, which aligns with the findings of the current study. 16 The cleavage of ester linkages and the rupture of ether-lignin linkages in the straws caused by the alkali treatment may facilitate the release of polyphenols. 54 Additionally, the dissolution of polyphenols in the alkaline solution may further contribute to their reduction. Table 3 Mean values of chemical composition for three districts of coffee cherry husks between chemical treatment Chemicals Control NaOH Na 2 SO 4 Ca(OH) 2 Ash 4.13 ± 0.47 c 9.12 ± 0.47 a 5.63 ± 0.47 b 7.70 ± 0.47 a Protein 11.68 ± 0.23 ab 12.02 ± 0.23 a 7.88 ± 0.23 c 10.91 ± 0.23 b Lipid 1.20 ± 0.0 a 0.30 ± 0.0 d 1.07 ± 0.0 b 1.00 ± 0.0 c Carbohydrate 82.98 ± 0.60 b 81.55 ± 0.60 b 87.42 ± 0.60 a 84.83 ± 0.60 b Dietary fiber 75.47 ± 0.83 b 79.51 ± 0.83 a 78.30 ± 0.83 ab 78.90 ± 0.83 a Caffeine (mg/g) 4.59 ± 0.06 a 0.00 ± 0.00 d 1.05 ± 0.06 c 2.44 ± 0.06 b Chlorogenic acid (mg/g) 0.03 ± 0.00 a 0.02 ± 0.00 b 0.02 ± 0.00 b 0.01 ± 0.00 b P (ug/g) 1658.45 ± 61.41 a 1233.32 ± 61.41 b 1198.93 ± 61.41 b 137.89 ± 61.41 c Fe (ug/g) 580.53 ± 9.21 b 537.86 ± 9.21 b 569.26 ± 9.21 ab 358.84 ± 9.21 c Cu (ug/g) 37.54 ± 1.18 a 33.33 ± 1.18 a 33.36 ± 1.18 a 10.56 ± 1.18 b Ca (mg/g) 17.20 ± 1.09 a 16.63±!.09 a 18.88 ± 1.09 a 11.22 ± 1.09 b Li (ug/g) 1059.09 ± 20.51 a 994.77 ± 20.51 a 670.60 ± 20.51 b 580.96 ± 20.51 c B (ug/g) 17.67 ± 0.46 c 18.41 ± 0.46 a 17.84 ± 0.46 a 5.95 ± 0.46 b Na (mg/g) 0.99 ± 0.09 c 7.28 ± 0.09 a 1.43 ± 0.09 b 1.07 ± 0.09 bc Mg (ug/g) 2347.01 ± 102.38 ab 2574.51 ± 102.38 a 2073.50 ± 102.38 b 357.39 ± 102.38 c S (ug/g) 0.89 ± 0.03 b 0.89 ± 0.03 b 2.58 ± 0.03 a 0.11 ± 0.03 c K (mg/g) 7.47 ± 0.02 a 2.26 ± 0.02 b 1.36 ± 0.02 c 2.21 ± 0.02 b V (ug/g) 44.00 ± 0.34 a 35.65 ± 0.34 c 37.18 ± 0.34 b 31.30 ± 0.34 d Cr (ug/g) 71918.00 ± 251.5 a 4170.7 ± 251.5 c 2932.3 ± 251.5 d 10337.3 ± 251.5 b Mn (ug/g) 37.93 ± 0.82 ab 38.46 ± 0.82 a 35.16 ± 0.82 b 10.52 ± 0.82 c Ni (ug/g) 28.21 ± 0.21 b 9.63 ± 0.21 d 15.31 ± 0.21 c 31.22 ± 0.21 a Co (ug/g) 246.20 ± 3.43 a 199.06 ± 3.43 c 238.05 ± 3.43 a 220.24 ± 3.43 b Zn (ug/g) 47.08 ± 1.00 a 39.96 ± 1.00 b 42.59 ± 1.00 b 15.20 ± 1.00 c As (ug/g) 43.14 ± 1.84 a 37.55 ± 1.84 ab 35.69 ± 1.84 b 10.42 ± 1.84 c Se (ug per g) 154.21 ± 7.33 a 159.48 ± 7.33 a 137.76 ± 7.33 a 21.98 ± 7.33 b Mo (ug per g) 1559.17 ± 51.75 a 359.75 ± 51.75 c 1167.57 ± 51.75 b 1587.00 ± 51.75 a Cd (ug per g) 86.63 ± 1.82 a 65.44 ± 1.82 c 73.45 ± 1.82 b 5.55 ± 1.82 d Different superscripts indicate significant differences between means of each individual composition compound Interaction effect on coffee husk composition (proximate, antinutritional, and minerals) Coffee cherry husk composition is significantly influenced by both altitude and chemical treatments (Table 4 ). As demonstrated in this study, coffee cherry husks from the lower altitude resulted in low protein and lipid content. The chemical treatment applied to the coffee husk showed a further reduction of these macronutrients revealing the interaction effect further reduced the protein and lipid content of low altitude coffee husk. By contrast, coffee husk from a lower altitude ( Debub Bench ) yielded higher carbohydrate and dietary fiber content, with the lower value of carbohydrate and dietary fiber indicated for coffee husk from Leku (medium altitude, in the study). NaOH treatment results in a significant reduction in carbohydrate across each altitude. Caffeine and chlorogenic acid are higher in lower altitudes; however, regardless of the altitude, the chemical treatment, particularly NaOH and Ca (OH) 2, significantly reduced the values of caffeine and chlorogenic acid. Lower altitude coffee husks exhibited higher total mineral values, and the values decreased in accordance with Debub Bench > Leku > Chena . Chromium (Cr) measured with higher values in coffee husks derived from lower altitudes largely contributed to this result. The interaction arising from level of altitude and chemical treatment did not clearly demonstrate the effect, but coffee husks from a lower altitude ( Debub Bench ) and a higher altitude ( Chena ) treated with Ca (OH) 2 showed a lower value of total mineral content. Table 4 Coffee cherry composition difference by the interaction effect (location and chemical treatments) Locations Debub Bench Leku Chena Chemicals Control NaOH Na 2 SO 4 Ca (OH) 2 Control NaOH Na 2 SO 4 Ca (OH) 2 Control NaOH Na 2 SO 4 Ca (OH) 2 Ash 2.06 ± 0.81 d 7.89 ± 0.81 ab 3.37 ± 0.81 cd 2.19 ± 0.81 d 7.23 ± 0.81 bc 11.88 ± 0.81 a 5.17 ± 0.81 bcd 5.04 ± 0.81 bcd 3.11 ± 0.81 cd 7.60 ± 0.81 b 2.34 ± 0.81 d 2.56 ± 0.81 d Protein 9.99 ± 0.40 def 10.57 ± 0.40 cde 6.93 ± 0.40 g 9.76 ± 0.40 def 12.92 ± 0.40 a 12.72 ± 0.40 ab 8.51 ± 0.40 efg 12.13 ± 0.40 abc 12.13 ± 0.40 abc 12.76 ± 0.40 ab 8.20 ± 0.40 fg 10.84 ± 0.40 bcd Lipid 1.05 ± 0.0 g 0 ± 0.0 k 0.54 ± 0.0 h 1.36 ± 0.0 c 1.23 ± 0.0 f 0.53 ± 0.0 i 1.40 ± 0.0 b 0 ± 0.0 k 1.32 ± 0.0 d 0.38 ± 0.0 j 1.27 ± 0.0 e 1.64 ± 0.0 a Carbohydrate 86.90 ± 1.04 abc 81.54 ± 1.04 de 89.16 ± 1.04 a 86.68 ± 1.04 abcd 78.62 ± 1.04 ef 74.87 ± 1.04 f 84.92 ± 1.04 abcd 82.83 ± 1.04 cde 83.44 ± 1.04 bcde 79.26 ± 1.04 ef 88.19 ± 1.04 ab 84.97 ± 1.04 abcd Dietary fiber 79.92 ± 1.44 abc 80.56 ± 1.44 ab 79.89 ± 1.44 abc 84.56 ± 1.44 a 73.23 ± 1.44 bc 77.40 ± 1.44 abc 73.04 ± 1.44 c 73.54 ± 1.44 bc 73.28 ± 1.44 bc 80.57 ± 1.44 ab 81.95 ± 1.44 a 78.60 ± 1.44 abc Caffeine (mg/g) 4.05 ± 0.10 b 0.00 ± 0.10 f 1.01 ± 0.10 de 2.65 ± 0.10 c 5.72 ± 0.10 a 0.00 ± 0.10 f 1.43 ± 0.10 d 2.12 ± 0.10 c 3.98 ± 0.10 b 0.00 ± 0.10 f 0.72 ± 0.10 e 2.55 ± 0.10 c Chlorogenic acid (mg/g) 0.03 ± 0.00 bc 0.02 ± 0.00 cde 0.03 ± 0.00 bc 0.01 ± 0.00 e 0.04 ± 0.00 a 0.01 ± 0.00 e 0.03 ± 0.00 ab 0.01 ± 0.00 e 0.02 ± 0.00 bcd 0.02 ± 0.00 cde 0.02 ± 0.00 bcd 0.01 ± 0.00 de P (µg/g) 1861.48 ± 106.33 ab 1450.13 ± 106.33 bc 1625.12 ± 106.33 bc 202.62 ± 106.33 e 822.67 ± 106.33 d 818.23 ± 106.33 d 821.73 ± 106.33 d 138.05 ± 106.33 e 2291.2 ± 106.33 a 1431.74 ± 106.33 bc 1148.34 ± 106.33 cd 73.00 ± 106.33 e Fe ( µg/g) 675.21 ± 15.96 c 845.73 ± 15.96 a 812.56 ± 15.96 a 685.93 ± 15.96 b 566.68 ± 15.96 e 555.43 ± 15.96 cd 610.22 ± 15.96 bc 189.85 ± 15.96 f 499.68 ± 15.96 d 212.42 ± 15.96 ef 285.01 ± 15.96 e 200.74 ± 15.96 f Cu ( µg/g) 36.30 ± 2.05 ab 26.73 ± 2.05 bcd 23.53 ± 2.05 cd 17.76 ± 2.05 d 33.94 ± 2.05 abc 30.97 ± 2.05 bc 34.53 ± 2.05 ab 7.15 ± 2.05 e 42.38 ± 2.05 a 42.28 ± 2.05 a 42.03 ± 2.05 a 6.78 ± 2.05 e Ca (mg/g) 20.45 ± 1.89 a 14.01 ± 1.89 ab 18.60 ± 1.89 a 12.95 ± 1.89 ab 13.06 ± 1.89 ab 18.55 ± 1.89 a 19.10 ± 1.89 a 7.58 ± 1.89 b 18.08 ± 1.89 a 17.32 ± 1.89 a 18.93 ± 1.89 a 13.12 ± 1.89 ab Li ( µg/g) 542.62 ± 35.52 cd 521.66 ± 35.52 cd 455.51 ± 35.52 d 528.16 ± 35.52 cd 680.03 ± 35.52 c 679.66 ± 35.52 c 557.58 ± 35.52 cd 654.85 ± 35.52 c 1954.61 ± 35.52 a 1782.98 ± 35.52 a 998.70 ± 35.52 b 559.87 ± 35.52 cd B (µg/g) 21.71 ± 0.80 a 19.97 ± 0.80 ab 21.66 ± 0.80 a 9.84 ± 0.80 e 12.50 ± 0.80 de 16.66 ± 0.80 bc 15.22 ± 0.80 cd 5.12 ± 0.80 f 18.71 ± 0.80 abc 18.60 ± 0.80 abc 16.75 ± 0.80 bc 2.88 ± 0.80 f Na (mg/g) 0.75 ± 0.16 cd 7.95 ± 0.16 a 1.56 ± 0.16 c 0.67 ± 0.16 d 1.05 ± 0.16 cd 8.14 ± 0.16 a 1.24 ± 0.16 cd 1.41 ± 0.16 cd 1.17 ± 0.16 cd 5.75 ± 0.16 b 1.48 ± 0.16 cd 1.14 ± 0.16 cd Mg (µg/g) 2448.92 ± 177.34 a 2638.40 ± 177.34 a 2032.73 ± 177.34 a 285.28 ± 177.34 b 2147.28 ± 177.34 a 2175.69 ± 177.34 a 2113.48 ± 177.34 a 396.52 ± 177.34 b 2444.84 ± 177.34 a 2909.44 ± 177.34 a 2074.30 ± 177.34 a 390.52 ± 177.34 b S ( µg/g) 0.90 ± 0.05 cd 0.79 ± 0.05 d 2.74 ± 0.05 a 0.05 ± 0.05 e 0.63 ± 0.05 d 0.70 ± 0.05 d 2.63 ± 0.05 ab 0.26 ± 0.05 g 1.15 ± 0.05 c 1.19 ± 0.05 c 2.39 ± 0.05 b 0.03 ± 0.05 e K (mg/g) 6.39 ± 0.04 b 2.89 ± 0.04 c 1.58 ± 0.04 f 2.34 ± 0.04 e 9.75 ± 0.04 a 2.52 ± 0.04 de 1.63 ± 0.04 f 2.71 ± 0.04 cd 6.25 ± 0.04 b 1.36 ± 0.04 g 0.86 ± 0.04 h 1.59 ± 0.04 f V ( µg/g) 31.61 ± 0.58 cd 62.67 ± 0.58 b 63.73 ± 0.58 b 64.85 ± 0.58 ab 67.59 ± 0.58 a 34.37 ± 0.58 c 30.38 ± 0.58 d 18.49 ± 0.58 e 32.82 ± 0.58 cd 9.90 ± 0.58 f 17.43 ± 0.58 e 10.56 ± 0.58 f Cr ( µg/g) 117538.25 ± 436.2 a 8081.71 ± 436.2 e 7028.91 ± 436.2 e 481.65 ± 436.2 gh 84517.39 ± 436.2 b 1789.15 ± 436.2 fgh 395.96 ± 436.2 h 27240.52 ± 436.2 c 13698.93 ± 436.2 d 2641.18 ± 436.2 fgh 1372.04 ± 436.2 fgh 3289.87 ± 436.2 f Mn (µg/g) 33.23 ± 1.43 bc 41.99 ± 1.43 a 39.44 ± 1.43 ab 16.30 ± 1.43 d 41.26 ± 1.43 a 43.01 ± 1.43 a 39.48 ± 1.43 ab 8.97 ± 1.43 e 39.30 ± 1.43 ab 30.38 ± 1.43 c 26.57 ± 1.43 c 6.29 ± 1.43 e Ni (µg/g) 21.05 ± 0.36 g 15.08 ± 0.36 f 30.93 ± 0.36 c 67.82 ± 0.36 a 57.09 ± 0.36 b 7.51 ± 0.36 gh 6.98 ± 0.36 gh 16.99 ± 0.36 e 6.50 ± 0.36 h 6.30 ± 0.36 h 8.03 ± 0.36 gh 8.86 ± 0.36 g Co (µg/g) 151.06 ± 5.94 f 253.28 ± 5.94 d 348.32 ± 5.94 c 454.65 ± 5.94 a 402.03 ± 5.94 b 160.53 ± 5.94 ef 189.58 ± 5.94 e 117.10 ± 5.94 g 185.53 ± 5.94 e 183.39 ± 5.94 e 176.24 ± 5.94 ef 88.97 ± 5.94 g Zn (µg/g) 57.46 ± 1.74 a 48.56 ± 1.74 bc 37.80 ± 1.74 de 19.95 ± 1.74 f 44.00 ± 1.74 bcd 41.04 ± 1.74 bcd 49.81 ± 1.74 ab 16.11 ± 1.74 fg 39.78 ± 1.74 cd 30.28 ± 1.74 e 30.28 ± 1.74 cd 9.55 ± 1.74 g As (µg/g) 59.00 ± 3.20 a 39.95 ± 3.20 b 36.12 ± 3.20 bc 21.83 ± 3.20 cd 35.20 ± 3.20 bc 39.17 ± 3.20 b 37.22 ± 3.20 bc 8.72 ± 3.20 de 35.23 ± 3.20 bc 33.54 ± 3.20 bc 33.73 ± 3.20 bc 0.71 ± 3.20 e Se (µg/g) 116.90 ± 12.10 bc 117.22 ± 12.10 bc 95.63 ± 12.10 c 26.72 ± 12.10 d 145.56 ± 12.10 abc 153.93 ± 12.10 abc 143.40 ± 12.10 abc 21.79 ± 12.10 d 200.15 ± 12.10 a 207.19 ± 12.10 a 174.26 ± 12.10 ab 17.44 ± 12.10 d Mo (µg/g) 2301. 97 ± 89.64 b 883.09 ± 89.64 cd 1949.81 ± 89.64 b 2826.14 ± 89.64 a 1141.17 ± 89.64 cd 99.20 ± 89.64 e 795.95 ± 89.64 cd 1139.55 ± 89.64 cd 1234.58 ± 89.64 c 96.96 ± 89.64 e 756.95 ± 89.64 d 795.31 ± 89.64 cd Cd (µg/g) 82.14 ± 3.16 b 83.78 ± 3.16 b 70.07 ± 3.16 bc 14.13 ± 3.16 e 109.36 ± 3.16 a 60.96 ± 3.16 cd 80.65 ± 3.16 b 2.38 ± 3.16 e 68.40 ± 3.16 bc 51.58 ± 3.16 d 69.64 ± 3.16 bc 0.82 ± 3.16 f Conclusion Coffee cherry husks from three Ethiopian districts have shown nutrients which are missing from the diets of Ethiopians, as well as heavy metals, and antinutrients. Furthermore, results demonstrate that coffee cherry husks possess a significant compositional difference due to the altitude difference. Coffee cherry husks from higher altitudes contain a higher protein level, while lower altitude coffee cherry husks yield higher levels of carbohydrate, dietary fiber, and minerals. The chemical treatments applied to coffee cherry husks for the purpose of reducing heavy metals and antinutrients have shown a positive result. NaOH and Na 2 SO 4 treatments were better in reduction of chromium and nickel, while Ca (OH) 2 was better in reduction of As, Cd, and Cu. Overall, Ca (OH) 2 showed a significant reduction in the composition of coffee cherry husks relative to NaOH and Na 2 SO 4 . The cheaper price and versatility of Ca (OH) 2 make it ideal for cherry coffee husk treatment before disposal. In the interest of maximizing the potential value of the coffee cherry husk, more research could be undertaken to ascertain the most valuable aspects of husks obtained from different sites and altitudes. The current method of disposal after processing large volumes of coffee cherries results in mounds of coffee cherry husks which decay and damage the environment and consequently negatively affect human and animal health. Because Ethiopia is a hunger hot spot, finding ways to improve dietary intake is imperative and repurposing coffee cherry husks are one such source of available macro and micronutrients. Declarations Acknowledgements The authors would like to express their sincere gratitude to the University of Nebraska–Lincoln and Hawassa University for their support. Special thanks are extended to the coffee cooperatives, smallholder farmers, and coffee processing plants in the southern region of Ethiopia for their assistance in facilitating sample collection for this study. The authors also appreciate the individuals who participated in the sample collection and packaging process. We are particularly grateful to Mary Willis for generously hosting the researchers Fikadu Alemayehu , Alazar Kora , and Aemiro Zula at her home during the laboratory work. Finally, the authors would like to thank the anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments and suggestions, which greatly improved the quality of this manuscript. Author contributions ATZ concept, sample collection, participated in the laboratory work, data analysis, and drafted the manuscript; FRA, AKK, and JAR reviewed the draft and provided comments to improve the manuscript; MSW wrote and submitted the Africa Research Initiative Grant at University of Nebraska-Lincoln with input from CLW, lead the research, contributed to manuscript revision, and language improvement; CLW participated in designing the experiment, statistical analysis, and contributed to manuscript revision; RZ lead the laboratory work. All authors reviewed the document before submission, and ATZ completed the revision. Funding The research was funded by the University of Nebraska-Lincoln’s African Research Initiative. Availability of data and materials The data are available from the corresponding author and will be given upon reasonable request. Ethics declaration No human, human data or animals are participated in the study. The research involves collection and laboratory analysis of coffee cherry. Therefore, ethical approval or consent to participate were not required. Consent for publication Not applicable Competing interest The author declares no conflict of interest. References Adugna, B. G. Review on Coffee Production and Quality in Ethiopia 2 . Coffee Production and Production System in Ethiopia. 2021 , 10 (6), 208–213. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.aff.20211006.11. Makiso, M.; Worku, M.; Tola, Y. B. 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Untreated and Alkali Treated Fibers from Alfa Stem : Effect of Alkali Treatment on Structural , Morphological and Thermal Features. Cellulose 2015 , 22 , 1577–1589. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-015-0583-5. Bader, H.; Ain, U.; Saeed, F.; Asif, M.; Bushra, K.; Tufail, T.; Hussain, S.; Gul, S.; Faqir, K.; Anjum, M. Comparative Study of Chemical Treatments in Combination with Extrusion for the Partial Conversion of Wheat and Sorghum Insoluble Fiber into Soluble. Food Sci. Nutr. 2019 , No. November 2018, 2059–2067. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.1041. Ruijuan, Q,; Jiaqi, S,; Dinglong, L,; Zhongbo,; W, Xi, Y,; Zunyao, W. Heavy Metal and Phosphorus Removal from Waters by Optimizing Use of Calcium Hydroxide and Risk Assessment. Enviroment Pollut. 2012 , 1 (January). https://doi.org/10.5539/ep.v1n1p38. Lal, L.; Gautam, V.; Yadav, V. L. A Comparative Study of the Removal Efficiency of Calcium Hydroxide and Sodium Hydroxide as Precipitating Agents for Chromium ( III ). J. Civ. Eng. Environ. Technol. 2014 , 1 (August), 16–20. Tian, X.; Wang, B.; Wang, B.; Li, J.; Chen, K. Structural Characterization of Lignin Isolated from Wheat-Straw during the Alkali Cooking Process. BioResources 2017 , 12 (2), 2407–2420. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Reviews received at journal 05 Apr, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 05 Apr, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 05 Apr, 2026 Reviewers invited by journal 03 Apr, 2026 Editor invited by journal 12 Mar, 2026 Editor assigned by journal 12 Mar, 2026 Submission checks completed at journal 12 Mar, 2026 First submitted to journal 10 Mar, 2026 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Thus, coffee farming is central to Ethiopia\u0026apos;s sociocultural and economic well-being, with more than one quarter of the population dependent on the coffee cultivation, processing, and/or marketing.\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e The coffee bean is the valuable part of the coffee cherry, and once the bean is extracted, the remainder is discarded, eventually damaging the environment, but also human and animal health.\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003csup\u003e,\u003c/sup\u003e\u003csup\u003e4\u003c/sup\u003e\u003csup\u003e,\u003c/sup\u003e\u003csup\u003e5\u003c/sup\u003e Given the importance of coffee and the significance of the coffee bean, alternatives to discarding coffee processing waste must be found; hence, this study was designed to determine the nutritional components of coffee cherry husk obtained from southern Ethiopia.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe highly sought-after coffee bean is not a legume after all: rather, it is the dried seed of the coffee cherry fruit, harvested from the perennial \u003cem\u003eCoffea\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eplant. Coffee cherries are mostly harvested by hand and are processed through multiple methods to separate the seed pair from the remainder of the fruit.\u003csup\u003e6\u003c/sup\u003e For example, coffee cherry husks, also known as \u003cem\u003ebuna geleba\u003c/em\u003e in Amharic or \u003cem\u003ecascara\u003c/em\u003e in Spanish, are byproducts of processing that can be transformed into a variety of useful products, including tea, but also baking flour, dairy products, anti-aging and anti-wrinkle skin applications, and more.\u003csup\u003e7\u003c/sup\u003e\u003csup\u003e,\u003c/sup\u003e\u003csup\u003e8\u003c/sup\u003e Depending on the processing method, the byproducts of processing include the silver skin, parchment or hull, pectin layer, pulp or mesocarp, and the outer skin or exocarp.\u003csup\u003e9\u003c/sup\u003e The composition of the byproducts is primarily digestible carbohydrates, dietary fiber and water, but there are other macro and micronutrients, plus minerals present.\u003csup\u003e10\u003c/sup\u003e Thus, despite evidence that coffee cherry husk are rich in nutritional and bioactive compounds, as much as one ton of these processing byproducts are left to decay, thereby damaging the environment.\u003csup\u003e11\u003c/sup\u003e Discarding coffee cherry husks not only wastes macro and micronutrients, and important minerals that could be used by Ethiopians, but also creates unnecessary environmental pollution as well as damage to human and animal health.\u003csup\u003e12\u003c/sup\u003e\u003csup\u003e,\u003c/sup\u003e\u003csup\u003e13\u003c/sup\u003e\u003csup\u003e,\u003c/sup\u003e\u003csup\u003e14\u003c/sup\u003e\u003csup\u003e,\u003c/sup\u003e\u003csup\u003e15\u003c/sup\u003e Therefore, repurposing coffee cherry husks rather than dumping them into the environment, can positively influence developing economies where coffee is most often produced.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCoffee cherry husks are known to vary in composition based on their origin.\u003csup\u003e16\u003c/sup\u003e For example, Ethiopian cherry husks are comparatively rich in protein and carbohydrates, while those from Mexico can be described as more fibrous and mineral-dense.\u003csup\u003e17\u003c/sup\u003e Variation in the nutritional composition of the cherry husk from \u003cem\u003eCoffea arabica\u003c/em\u003e cherries between countries such as Ethiopia, Mexico, Vietnam, and Brazil, may largely be attributed to ecological factors (e.g., elevation, latitude, soil type, soil health and drainage) and growing conditions (e.g., rainfall, heating degree days, sunlight and pests). However, the variation in nutritional composition of cherry husks within each of the countries where \u003cem\u003eCoffea arabica\u003c/em\u003e are grown have not been studied. This is especially true for Ethiopia\u0026rsquo;s coffee growing regions. Understanding the variation in composition by area is an important first step in the repurposing coffee byproducts once the bean has been extracted.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec2\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSampling site description\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eEthiopia has four major coffee-growing regions, the eastern (Harar), southern, western and northwestern regions. The Southern region is further divided into two areas: Southeastern and Southwestern. The Southeastern area includes Sidamo, Gedeo, Guji, and Bale. This area is known for its bimodal rainfall pattern, consisting of a short rainy season from mid-February to April and a main rainy season from June to October. The predominant soil types in this area are luvisols, fluvisols, cambisols, and leptosols. Coffee cherries are mainly produced under a garden system and processed as washed coffee beans. \u003cem\u003eLeku\u003c/em\u003e Town, where samples for this study were collected, is in the Shebedino district of Sidamo (see Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). The district lies at a latitude of 6\u0026deg;54\u0026prime;0\u0026prime;\u0026prime;N and longitude of 38\u0026deg;24\u0026prime;0\u0026prime;\u0026prime;E, with an altitude ranging from 1,300 to 1,776 meters above sea level (m asl). The district receives a mean annual rainfall of 1500 mm, and the average annual temperature varies between 21.11\u0026deg;C and 17.22\u0026deg;C.\u003csup\u003e18,19\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Southwestern region includes Jimma, Illubabor, Kaffa, Bench Sheko, Maji, Sheka, and Godere. The climate in this region varies from sub-moist tropical to hot and humid rainforest, characterized by a high and reliable unimodal rainfall pattern. The soil in this region is moderately acidic, with Nitosols being the dominant soil type in the coffee-growing areas. Other notable soil types in the region\u0026rsquo;s highlands include Vertisols, Leptosols, Regosols, Cambisols, Alisols, and Acrisols.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e The primary coffee production system in this region is semi-forest or plantation coffee, with a high tree canopy shade managed by forest coffee. Both washed and unwashed coffee beans are produced, but unwashed coffee beans account for a larger proportion of the total production. The \u003cem\u003eChena\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eDebub Bench\u003c/em\u003e districts, where samples for this study were collected, are in the \u003cem\u003eKaffa\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eBench Sheko\u003c/em\u003e zone, respectively (\u003cb\u003esee\u003c/b\u003e Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). \u003cem\u003eChena\u003c/em\u003e district lies at a latitude of 7\u0026deg;20\u0026prime;0\u0026prime;\u0026prime;N and longitude 35\u0026deg;54\u0026prime;0\u0026prime;\u0026prime;E, while \u003cem\u003eDebub Bench\u003c/em\u003e district is situated at latitude of 6\u0026deg;50\u0026prime;0\u0026prime;\u0026prime;N and longitude 35\u0026deg;28\u0026prime;30\u0026prime;\u0026prime;E. The altitudes of the districts range from 1,700 to 2,370 m asl in \u003cem\u003eChena\u003c/em\u003e and from 850 to 1,300 m asl in \u003cem\u003eDebub Bench\u003c/em\u003e. The average annual rainfall is 1,723 mm in \u003cem\u003eChena\u003c/em\u003e and 1,760 mm in \u003cem\u003eDebub Bench\u003c/em\u003e, with average annual temperatures ranging from 26.4\u0026deg;C to 11.9\u0026deg;C in \u003cem\u003eChena\u003c/em\u003e and from 31.0\u0026deg;C to 15.0\u0026deg;C in \u003cem\u003eDebub Bench\u003c/em\u003e.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSampling\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eApproximately 500 grams of naturally dried coffee cherry husks, the residual from separation of beans from fresh cherries were collected from each of the \u003cem\u003eDebub Bench\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eLeku\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eChena\u003c/em\u003e Districts during the 2020 cropping season (October to December). Each 500 grams of sample was rinsed with tap water to remove soil and other extraneous material. The husks were sun dried to 11% moisture content (wb), sealed in 4-mil (0.004-inch) thick polyethylene plastic bags, and transported to the Department of Food Science and Technology at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln (UNL). The husk samples were stored in the bags at ambient conditions until further analysis. Fruits collected in \u003cem\u003eDebub Bench\u003c/em\u003e were considered samples from low elevations whereas those collected in \u003cem\u003eLeku\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eChena\u003c/em\u003e were considered samples from medium and high elevations, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eSoaking treatments\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHusk samples were ground into powder using coffee mill (model 505, China) for 2 mins. Samples of 20 g from each of the three altitudes were mixed with 80 ml of water 6% (w/v) sodium hydroxide, 6% (w/v) calcium hydroxide or 6% (w/v) sodium sulfate. All mixtures were placed in a water bath maintained at 37\u0026deg;C held for 24 hours. After the soaking treatments, each sample was washed five times with tap water at UNL food chemistry lab and decanted. The sample soaked in sodium and calcium hydroxide solution were neutralized with HCl 0.5M. The solid fractions of the treated samples were then oven-dried for 24 h at 60\u0026deg;C. After drying, a 1.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.05-gram sample was massed out in triplicate into 15 ml screw-cap tubes. Vertical extractions were carried out with mixtures of water and solvents (i.e., methanol, ethanol, and acetone) at three decreasing polarity mixtures (1-part water to 3 parts solvent, 1-part water to 1-part solvent and 3 parts water to 1-part solvent) and the analyses were performed in triplicate.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eProximate analyses\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGround husk samples, those receiving a soaking treatment and those untreated without soaking, were analyzed for ash using the procedure described by the AOAC (2001).\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e The total protein was determined using the Dumas Method using a LECO FP528 Nitrogen Determinator. \u003csup\u003e26\u003c/sup\u003e Lipids were extracted from each sample, using a FOSS 2043 Sox-tech extraction system with hexane, including 30 minutes of soaking and 60 minutes of drip-extraction.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e Total dietary fiber was determined using the official AOAC enzymatic gravimetric standard method No. 985.29. \u003csup\u003e28\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eMineral analyses\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMineral concentrations were determined by using an inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometer (ICP-AES).\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e Processing conditions of ICP-AES (Varian-Vista) were as follows; RF power: 0.7\u0026ndash;1.5 kw (1.2\u0026ndash;1.3 kw for Axial), plasma gas flow rate: (Ar) 10.5\u0026ndash;15 L/min (radial), 15 L/min (axial); auxiliary gas flow rate (Ar):1.5; viewing height: 5\u0026ndash;12 mm. Copy and reading time: 1\u0026ndash;5 s (max. 60 s), and copy time: 3 s (max. 100 s) are included with this process.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eAnti-nutritional compound analyses\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCaffeine was determined by reverse phase HPLC.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e A sample of treated coffee husk was mixed with 5 ml portions of ethanol and water (80:20) and shaken for two hours to extract the caffeine. Samples were spun to pellet the solids and the supernatant was collected; then, the sample was extracted with an additional 5 ml portion of solvent and supernatants were combined. Finally, 1 ml of the collected sample was passed through a 0.45 \u0026micro;m filter, and 25 \u0026micro;l was injected into a Sonoma C18 25 mm by 4.6 mm analytical column from ES Industries. Analysis was performed on a Dionex ICS-3000 unit with a dual pump system, a temperature-controlled detector department maintained at 30\u0026deg;C, and a PDA-100 Photodiode Array Detector at 280 nm was applied for detection. Separation was achieved using water, Acetic Acid (97:3) (mobile phase A) at a flow rate of 1.0 ml per minute adding methanol (100%) (mobile phase B) rising from 0% to 63% over 28 minutes and then returning to 0% over an additional two minutes, sample peak areas were compared to a standard curve of 0.01 mg to 0.97 mg of caffeine.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChlorogenic acid was separated and quantified by reverse-phase HPLC.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e The previously prepared extract for caffeine analysis was injected at 25 \u0026micro;l onto a Sonoma C18 25 mm by 4.6 mm analytical column from ES Industries. Analysis was performed on a Dionex ICS-3000 unit with a dual pump system, temperature-controlled detector department maintained at 30\u0026deg;C, and using a PDA-100 Photodiode Array Detector at 220 nm for detection. Separation was achieved using water, acetic acid (97:3) (mobile phase A) at a flow rate of 1.0 ml per minute, adding methanol (100%) (Mobile phase B), rising from 0% to 63% over 28 minutes, and then returning to 0% over an additional 2 minutes. Sample peak areas were compared to a standard curve of 0.01 mg to 0.97 mg of caffeine. Separation was achieved using a 50 mM ammonium phosphate buffer at a pH of 2.6 (mobile phase A), a 50 mM ammonium phosphate buffer, acetonitrile (20:80) (mobile phase B), and 200 mM of phosphoric acid (mobile phase C) at a flow rate of 1.0 ml per minute using the gradient below (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e).\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGradient Table of Mobile phases for reverse-phase HPLC separation and quantification process for chlorogenic acid in coffee cherry husks\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTime (min)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMobile Phase A (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMobile Phase B (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMobile Phase C (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e92.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e86.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"4\"\u003eNote: Sample peak areas were compared to a standard curve of 0.01 mg to 0.97 mg of chlorogenic acid.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eExperimental design and statistical analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe effect of different chemical solvent on the coffee cherry husk collected from three altitudes of the Southern part of Ethiopia were analyzed for proximate (ash, protein, lipid, carbohydrate, and dietary fiber), minerals (P, Fe, Cu, Ca, Li, B, Na, Mg, S, K, V, Cr, Mn, Ni, Co, Zn, As, Se, Mo, and Cd), and anti-nutritional (caffeine and chlorogenic acid). Level measurements within the treatment of each altitude were initially tested for normality using the Shapiro-Wilk\u0026rsquo;s test. Two-way ANOVA was then used to determine if there was a significant effect due to altitudes, chemical treatments, and altitude vs chemical treatment. If treatments significantly affected, Tukey\u0026rsquo;s test was used (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) to compare how means from altitudes, chemical treatments, and altitude vs chemical treatment are differed from each other.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results and Discussion","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eLocation effect\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe proximate, antinutritional, and mineral composition of coffee cherry husks from three districts of southern Ethiopia were examined (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eProximate composition\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe ash content of coffee cherry husks from \u003cem\u003eDebub Bench\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eLeku\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eChena\u003c/em\u003e was 3.88%, 7.3%, and 3.90%, respectively, with approximately 46% higher ash content observed in coffee cherry husk from \u003cem\u003eLeku\u003c/em\u003e. A similar ash content, 5% and 5.4%, was obtained from coffee cherry husks in the southern part of Minas Gerais at 2700 m asl and Samambaia Farm, Santo Ant\u0026ocirc;nio do Amparo, MG, at 1200 m asl, in Brazil.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e Coffee cherry husks contained a protein amount of 9.31%, 11.57%, and 10.98% for \u003cem\u003eDebub Bench\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eLeku\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eChena\u003c/em\u003e, respectively, with the highest values reported for \u003cem\u003eLeku\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eChena\u003c/em\u003e. The protein content in the \u003cem\u003eDebub Bench\u003c/em\u003e sample is approximately 20% lower than that from \u003cem\u003eLeku\u003c/em\u003e and 15% lower than that from \u003cem\u003eChena\u003c/em\u003e. The protein content presented here is lower than that reported by Moreira, et al. (2018), who found a protein content of 13.72% in Brazil.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e However, the higher protein content reported here was similar to that obtained in Brazil (Oliveira et al., 2009) with the value of 7%.\u003csup\u003e32\u003c/sup\u003e The lipid content of the coffee cherry husk is very low, but \u003cem\u003eChena\u003c/em\u003e had a higher lipid content with the value of 1.15% compared to \u003cem\u003eDebub Bench\u003c/em\u003e 0.73% and \u003cem\u003eLeku\u003c/em\u003e 0.79%. This result for lipids is higher than that found in Brazil by Oliveira et al. (2009) and Moreira et al. (2018) reported with 0.5% and 0.3% lipid content, respectively.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e The carbohydrate and dietary fiber content of coffee cherry husk was presented with 86.07% and 81.23%, 80.31% and 74.30%, and 83.96% and 76.60 for \u003cem\u003eDebub Bench\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eLeku\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eChena\u003c/em\u003e, respectively, with the highest values of carbohydrate and dietary fiber were reported for \u003cem\u003eDebub Bench\u003c/em\u003e coffee cherry husk, followed by \u003cem\u003eChena\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eLeku\u003c/em\u003e. A higher carbohydrate content of coffee cherry husk was presented here compared to the study of Oliveira et al. (2009), with the value of 72.3%.\u003csup\u003e32\u003c/sup\u003e By contrast, the ash, protein, lipid, and carbohydrate content presented here were consistent with the value reported by Stefano, (2023), with ash content (3%-7%), protein content (7%-17%), lipid content (0.5%-3%), and carbohydrate content (16%-85%).\u003csup\u003e10\u003c/sup\u003e Furthermore, the protein, lipid, carbohydrate, and fiber content of coffee cherry husk (\u003cem\u003eCoffee robusta\u003c/em\u003e, Panama) grow in low altitude region was reported by Alves et al. (2023).\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e The study showed 7.86% protein, lipid 1.06%, carbohydrate 43.2%, and dietary fiber content 39.04% (Alves et al., 2023), indicating that \u003cem\u003earabica\u003c/em\u003e coffee cherry husk had higher protein, carbohydrate, and dietary fiber content compared to \u003cem\u003erobusta\u003c/em\u003e coffee cherry husks.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eApart from the type of coffee species, the nutrient composition is also influenced by differences in temperature, climate, and environmental conditions of the coffee plant).\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e For example, coffee cherry husks collected from coffee cherries grown at higher altitudes appear to result in higher amounts of protein and lipid content.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e Environmental factors such as temperature can modify the physiology of coffee fruit development and ripening time: the cooler daily temperatures and reduced oxygen levels at higher altitudes slow plant growth and cause the fruit to ripen more slowly, allowing for a longer filling period.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e This extended maturation time gives the plant more opportunity to absorb macronutrients from the soil. As a result, there is a greater accumulation of nutrients.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eMinerals\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results obtained from mineral analysis indicate that the total mineral content of coffee husk from \u003cem\u003eDebub Bench\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eLeku\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eChena\u003c/em\u003e were 6.3%, 5.5%, and 3.3%, respectively (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). These results are in accordance with the total mineral content obtained by Franca-(2009) who reported 3% to 7%, but lower than that reported by Brand, et al. (2001), which was 10.7% for coffee cherry husks from Damasco, Curitiba, Brazil.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e As demonstrated in this study, \u003cem\u003eDebub Bench\u003c/em\u003e coffee cherry husks had the highest total mineral content, followed by \u003cem\u003eLeku\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eChena.\u003c/em\u003e Chromium (Cr) exhibited the highest concentration in the coffee cherry husks from \u003cem\u003eDebub Bench\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eLeku\u003c/em\u003e, with the values of 52.87% and 51.2% of the total mineral content, respectively, followed by calcium (Ca) content of 26.2% and 26.5%, respectively. However, for \u003cem\u003eChena\u003c/em\u003e, the highest mineral concentration was calcium, which accounted for 50.4% of the total mineral content, followed by chromium with 16%. Potassium (K) and sodium (Na) were also present in notable concentrations, though lower than chromium and calcium. The potassium and sodium concentrations were reported as 5.2% and 4.3%, 7.5% and 5.4%, and 7.7% and 7.3% of the total minerals for \u003cem\u003eDebub Bench\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eLeku\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eChena\u003c/em\u003e, respectively. Additionally, \u003cem\u003eDebub Bench\u003c/em\u003e coffee cherry husks contained 3.2% molybdenum (Mo), 2% phosphorus (P), and 1.2% iron (Fe), with lithium (Li), cobalt (Co), selenium (Se), cadmium (Cd), vanadium (V), zinc (Zn), arsenic (As), nickel (Ni), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), boron (B), and sulfur (S) all present in concentrations below 1% of the total minerals. Coffee cherry husks from \u003cem\u003eLeku\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eChena\u003c/em\u003e showed 3.1% and 6% magnesium (Mg), 1.44% and 2.2% molybdenum (Mo), 1.2% and 3.8% phosphorus (P), and 1.1% and 4% lithium (Li), respectively, with iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), selenium (Se), cadmium (Cd), vanadium (V), zinc (Zn), arsenic (As), nickel (Ni), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), boron (B), and sulfur (S) concentrations below 1% of total mineral content. Stefano et al. (2003) also reported the mineral content of coffee husk (Coffea arabica) from a Mediterranean climate grown in Sicily, Italy (38.11\u0026deg;N, 15.14\u0026deg;E) at sea level (9 m above sea level), with the values of Ca (1.27 mg/g), Fe (50 \u0026micro;g/g), Mg (1230 \u0026micro;g/g), K (18.6 mg/g), Na (6.8 mg/g), P (1700 \u0026micro;g/g), Cu (80 \u0026micro;g/g), Mn (50 \u0026micro;g/g), and Zn (110 \u0026micro;g/g). Compared to the present study, their findings show lower levels of Ca, Fe, and Mg, but higher levels of K, Na, P, Cu, Mn, and Zn.\u003csup\u003e10\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eAnti-nutritional compounds\u003c/em\u003e: Studies on the anti-nutrtional compounds composition of coffee husk are also limited; Clifford \u0026amp; Ramirez-Martinez (1991) studied coffee arabica husks samples from Venezuela, (Caturra and Bourbon varieties) and found values of chlorogenic acids of 4\u0026ndash;16.6 mg/g, much higher to the coffee husk of our study (0.02mg/g).\u003csup\u003e39\u003c/sup\u003e The caffeine and chlorogenic acid of coffee husk from Mediterranean climate was 15.5 mg/g and 3.4 mg/g of caffeine and chlorogenic acid, respectively.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e These values are much higher than the values studied here: no significant difference was observed for chlorogenic acid, but higher caffeine content was observed for coffee cherry husks from \u003cem\u003eDebub Bench.\u003c/em\u003e Coffee cherry husks from higher altitudes appear to have lower caffeine and chlorogenic acid, and this result has been obtained in other higher altitude sites in Ethiopia.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e At higher altitudes, the decrease in temperature and prolonged period of maturation might contribute to a lower caffeine and chlorogenic acid content: a longer maturation period causes the caffeine and chlorogenic acid content to be remobilized into other biochemical process such as lignin biosynthesis, and also brings conversion into other compounds like, sucrose and fat, further reducing the caffeine content.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean values of chemical composition for four treatments of coffee cherry husks between Ethiopian district\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComposition\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDebub Bench\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLeku\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eChena\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAsh\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.88\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.41\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.41\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.90\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.41\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eProtein\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.31\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.20\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.57\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.20\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.98\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.20\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLipid\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.73\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003csup\u003eC\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.79\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.15\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCarbohydrate\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e86.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.52\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80.31\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.52\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83.96\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.52\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDietary fiber\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81.23\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.72\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e74.30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.72\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78.60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.72\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP (ug/g)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1284.54\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;53.18\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e649.74\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;53.18\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1234.21\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;53.18\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFe (ug/g)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e755.27\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.98\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e480.55\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.98\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e299.06\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.98\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCu (ug/g)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.47\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.02\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.63\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.02\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.35\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.02\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCa (mg/g)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.48\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.94\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.56\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.94\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.45\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.94\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLi (ug/g)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e511.99\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;17.76\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e643.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;17.76\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1324.04\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;17.76\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eB (ug/g)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.32\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.40\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.35\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.40\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.23\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.40\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNa (mg/g)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.73\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.08\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.96\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.08\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.38\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.08\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS (ug/g)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.12\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.06\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.19\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eK (mg/g)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.15\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.52\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eV (ug/g)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.71\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.30\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.71\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.30\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.30\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCr (ug/g)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33282.63\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;218.08\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28485.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;218.08\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5239.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;218.08\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMn (ug/g)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.72\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.71\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.18\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.71\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.64\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.71\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNi (ug/g)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.18\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.14\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.18\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.42\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.18\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCo (ug/g)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e301.83\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.97\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e217.31\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.97\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e158.53\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.97\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eZn (ug/g)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.94\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.87\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.74\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.87\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.94\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.87\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAs (ug/g)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.22\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.60\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.08\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.60\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.80\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.60\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSe (ug per g)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e89.11\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.35\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e116.19\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.35\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e149.76\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.35\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMo (ug per g)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1990.19\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;44.82\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e793.94\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;44.82\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e720.95\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;44.82\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCd (ug per g)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62.53\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.58\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63.34\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.58\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47.61\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.58\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCaffeine (mg/g)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.32\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.93\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.81\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eDifferent superscripts indicate significant differences between means of each individual composition compound\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eChemical treatment effects\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe coffee cherry husk, which comprises approximately half of the fruit's weight, poses environmental challenges when disposed improperly.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e The high organic content, along with the presence of caffeine and phenolic compounds, can pollute soil and water, negatively impacting soil microbiota and disrupting local ecosystems.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e It has also been determined that caffeine and chlorogenic acid possess phytotoxic properties, which can negatively impact seed germination and plant growth.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e44\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e These organic compounds are also known for the potential of limiting the nutritive value of coffee husk.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e45\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e Beside these organic compounds, the coffee cherry husk is also a rich source of carbohydrate, proteins, minerals, and other nutrients, which can be exploited to improve the food security context.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e46\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e Eliminating or reducing these organic compounds and valorizing the coffee cherry husks contributes to improving the environmental, economic, and social sustainability of the coffee industry.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e47\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e The toxic compounds in the coffee cherry husk can be eliminated or reduced by either physical or chemical means. For example, Bressani, (1979) demonstrated that macerating coffee cherry husks with a 3% concentration of chemicals (Ca(OH)\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, Na\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e) and a 5% concentration of NaOH for 16 hours had no effect on the concentrations of caffeine and chlorogenic acid.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e45\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e This study employed similar chemical treatments but with higher concentrations and longer maceration times, 6% concentration for 24hours, and summarized the changes in the composition and nutritive value of coffee cherry husks. The chemical treatment effects on the coffee cherry husks composition for three Ethiopian districts were examined and presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eProximate composition\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eUntreated coffee husk has an ash content of 4.13%. Furthermore, NaOH, Na\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e and Ca(OH)\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e significantly increased the ash content. Higher ash content was observed for coffee husk treated with NaOH, which is 121% higher than the untreated coffee husk. Na\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e and Ca(OH)\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e also increased ash content by 36.6% and 86.44%, respectively. The higher ash content of coffee husk fiber after NaOH treatment also reported by Altenbach et al. (2022).\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e48\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e In the study, it was indicated that 10% NaOH concentration treatment increased the ash content by about 40%. This might be due to the chemical treatment allowing for the entrance of ions, and then a possible residue of chemicals present in the samples. The protein content of untreated coffee husk was found to be 11.68%, which is not showing significant difference from coffee husk treated with NaOH and Ca(OH)\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e. However, coffee husk treated with Na\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e reduced the protein content by 32.5%. This might be due to the salting in phenomenon, referring to increasing the ionic strength of the solution due to Na\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e resulted the protein solubility at lower ionic strength.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e49\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e Untreated coffee husk has shown lipid content of 1.20%, and chemical treatment significantly reduced the lipid content in the order of NaOH\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;Ca (OH)\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e \u0026gt; Na\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e. Based on the result, Na\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e, Ca(OH)\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, and NaOH reduced the lipid content by 10%, 16%, and 75%, respectively. This reduction is associated with lipid hydrolysis. Both NaOH and Ca(OH)\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e reduced the lipid content more significantly than Na\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e, which may be attributed to NaOH and Ca(OH)\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e being bases, while Na\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e is neutral. The lipid reduction observed with NaOH and Ca(OH)\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e is likely due to the saponification process, where triglycerides are hydrolyzed into fatty acids and glycerol. NaOH, being a stronger base compared to Ca(OH)\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, promotes more extensive hydrolysis and saponification, leading to a greater reduction in lipid content. Rojas et al. (2002) reported the ash, protein, and lipid content of oven-dried coffee pulp sourced from Costa Rica, grown at altitudes of 500 to 600 m above sea level, with values of 8.9%, 8%, and 2.9%, respectively.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e In comparison, the present study found higher protein content, while the ash and lipid contents were lower than those reported by Rojas et al. (2002).\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e Additionally, Rojas et al. (2002) observed higher ash, protein, and lipid content after macerating the oven-dried coffee pulp for 24 hr in a 5% concentration of NaOH and Ca(OH)\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, which concur with the current study of ash and protein findings of coffee husk after alkaline treatment.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegarding the carbohydrate content, untreated coffee husk had 82.98% carbohydrate content, and no significant difference was observed between the untreated coffee husk, and those treated with NaOH and Ca(OH)\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e. However, a significantly higher carbohydrate content was observed in the coffee husk treated with Na\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e. This could be attributed to the difference method used to determine carbohydrate content, as it may be influenced by the ash, protein, and lipid content in the sample. The dietary fiber content of coffee husk treated with NaOH and Ca(OH)\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e were presented with 79.51% and 78.90% of the carbohydrate content, respectively. These values are significantly higher compared to untreated coffee cherry husks presented with 75.47%. The higher dietary fiber content of coffee husk is treated with NaOH and Ca(OH)\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e might be attributed to the alkaline solution degraded the non cellulose component such as hemicellulose, lignin, and other impurities thereby increase the cellulose component, which is considered the dietary fiber. Jaziri et al. (2015) has reported the higher cellulose component of Alfa stem after alkaline solution treatment.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e50\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e Similarly, a higher total dietary fiber content of wheat and sorghum after alkaline treatment was also reported by Husseine et al. (2019).\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e51\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eMinerals\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eChemical treatment of coffee husk led to significant change in their mineral composition, as detailed in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e. The untreated coffee husk had a total mineral content of 10.5%, with Chromium (Cr) being the dominant mineral, making up 68% of the total mineral content. Other major minerals included Ca (16.3%), K (7.7%), Mg (2.31%), P (1.5%), Mo (1.4%), and Li (1%). Smaller concentrations of Na, Fe, Cu, B, S, V, Mn, Ni, Co, Zn, As, Se, and Cd were also present at levels below 1%. Chemical treatments resulted in varying effects on mineral content of coffee husk. The treatment with 6% concentration of NaOH, Na\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e, and Ca (OH)\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e solvents for 24hr reduced the total mineral content to 3.6%, 3.1%, and 2.88% respectively. The substantial reduction of chromium and potassium after NaOH, Na\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e, and Ca (OH)\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e treatments majorly contributed to the decrease in the total mineral content. Coffee husk treated with 6% concentration of NaOH have shown a significant increase for Na. In contrast, NaOH treatment significantly decreased P, S, K, V, Cr, Ni, Co, Zn, Mo, and Cd of coffee husk, and except for S, shown a significant increase, P, Li, K, V, Cr, Mn, Ni, Zn, As, Mo, and Cd of coffee husk are also significantly decreased after Na\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e treatment. Similarly, Ca (OH)\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e treatment of coffee husk showed a significant decrease for all minerals except for Ni and Mo, showing a significant increase. This might be due to metals are precipitated out by Ca (OH)₂. Wang et al. (2012) indicated that Ca (OH)₂ has better precipitating efficiency for metals like P, Cd, Mn, Zn, and Cu compared to NaOH, while Baijnath et al. (2014) indicated NaOH has a better precipitating efficiency for chromium compared to Ca (OH)2, and these two finding concurs with the findings of this study.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e52\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e53\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eAnti-nutritional compounds\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eCaffeine and chlorogenic acid after chemical treatment were also presented in (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). Untreated coffee husk had a caffeine content of 4.59 mg/g and this value was significantly reduced by 100%, 77%, 47% after macerating the coffee husk for 24hr with 6% concentration of NaOH, Na\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e, and Ca(OH)\u003csub\u003e2,\u003c/sub\u003e respectively. Untreated coffee husk had a chlorogenic acid of 0.03 mg/g and it was indicated that except for coffee husk treated with Na\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e, both NaOH and Ca(OH)\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e significantly reduced the chlorogenic acid. A study conducted by Rojas et al. (2002) reported caffeine and chlorogenic acid with 18 mg/g and 20 mg/g, respectively.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e These values are much higher than the values presented here which might be associated with the altitudes supporting the evidence stated by Kamal et al. (2021) reporting caffeine and chlorogenic acid undergo biochemical reaction such as lignin biosynthesis and conversion to sucrose and fat due to longer maturation period of coffee ripping cultivated in the higher altitudes.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e Rojas et al., 2002 also indicated that macerating oven-dried coffee pulp in an alkaline solution (5% NaOH and Ca (OH)\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e) resulted in a reduction of caffeine and chlorogenic acid by 89% and 90%, respectively, which aligns with the findings of the current study.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e The cleavage of ester linkages and the rupture of ether-lignin linkages in the straws caused by the alkali treatment may facilitate the release of polyphenols.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e54\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e Additionally, the dissolution of polyphenols in the alkaline solution may further contribute to their reduction.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean values of chemical composition for three districts of coffee cherry husks between chemical treatment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChemicals\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNaOH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNa\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCa(OH)\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAsh\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.13\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.47\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.12\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.47\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.63\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.47\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.70\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.47\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eProtein\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.68\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.23\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.02\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.23\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.88\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.23\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.91\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.23\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLipid\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCarbohydrate\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e82.98\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.60\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81.55\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.60\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e87.42\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.60\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e84.83\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.60\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDietary fiber\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75.47\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.83\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79.51\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.83\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78.30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.83\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78.90\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.83\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCaffeine (mg/g)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.59\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.06\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.05\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.06\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.44\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.06\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChlorogenic acid (mg/g)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP (ug/g)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1658.45\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;61.41\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1233.32\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;61.41\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1198.93\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;61.41\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e137.89\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;61.41\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFe (ug/g)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e580.53\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.21\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e537.86\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.21\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e569.26\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.21\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e358.84\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.21\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCu (ug/g)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.54\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.18\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.18\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.36\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.18\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.56\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.18\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCa (mg/g)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.09\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.63\u0026plusmn;!.09\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.88\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.09\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.22\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.09\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLi (ug/g)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1059.09\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;20.51\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e994.77\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;20.51\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e670.60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;20.51\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e580.96\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;20.51\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eB (ug/g)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.46\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.41\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.46\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.84\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.46\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.95\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.46\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNa (mg/g)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.99\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.09\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.28\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.09\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.43\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.09\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.09\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMg (ug/g)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2347.01\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;102.38\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2574.51\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;102.38\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2073.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;102.38\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e357.39\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;102.38\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS (ug/g)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.89\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.89\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.58\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.11\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eK (mg/g)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.47\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.26\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.36\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.21\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eV (ug/g)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.34\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.65\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.34\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.18\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.34\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.34\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCr (ug/g)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71918.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;251.5\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4170.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;251.5\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2932.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;251.5\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10337.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;251.5\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMn (ug/g)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.93\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.82\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.46\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.82\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.16\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.82\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.52\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.82\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNi (ug/g)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.21\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.21\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.63\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.21\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.31\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.21\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.22\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.21\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCo (ug/g)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e246.20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.43\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e199.06\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.43\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e238.05\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.43\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e220.24\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.43\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eZn (ug/g)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47.08\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.00\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.96\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.00\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.59\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.00\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.00\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAs (ug/g)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.14\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.84\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.55\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.84\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.69\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.84\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.42\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.84\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSe (ug per g)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e154.21\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.33\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e159.48\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.33\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e137.76\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.33\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.98\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.33\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMo (ug per g)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1559.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;51.75\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e359.75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;51.75\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1167.57\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;51.75\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1587.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;51.75\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCd (ug per g)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e86.63\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.82\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65.44\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.82\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73.45\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.82\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.55\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.82\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eDifferent superscripts indicate significant differences between means of each individual composition compound\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eInteraction effect on coffee husk composition (proximate, antinutritional, and minerals)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eCoffee cherry husk composition is significantly influenced by both altitude and chemical treatments (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). As demonstrated in this study, coffee cherry husks from the lower altitude resulted in low protein and lipid content. The chemical treatment applied to the coffee husk showed a further reduction of these macronutrients revealing the interaction effect further reduced the protein and lipid content of low altitude coffee husk. By contrast, coffee husk from a lower altitude (\u003cem\u003eDebub Bench\u003c/em\u003e) yielded higher carbohydrate and dietary fiber content, with the lower value of carbohydrate and dietary fiber indicated for coffee husk from \u003cem\u003eLeku\u003c/em\u003e (medium altitude, in the study). NaOH treatment results in a significant reduction in carbohydrate across each altitude. Caffeine and chlorogenic acid are higher in lower altitudes; however, regardless of the altitude, the chemical treatment, particularly NaOH and Ca (OH)\u003csub\u003e2,\u003c/sub\u003e significantly reduced the values of caffeine and chlorogenic acid. Lower altitude coffee husks exhibited higher total mineral values, and the values decreased in accordance with \u003cem\u003eDebub Bench\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;\u003cem\u003eLeku\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;\u003cem\u003eChena\u003c/em\u003e. Chromium (Cr) measured with higher values in coffee husks derived from lower altitudes largely contributed to this result. The interaction arising from level of altitude and chemical treatment did not clearly demonstrate the effect, but coffee husks from a lower altitude (\u003cem\u003eDebub Bench\u003c/em\u003e) and a higher altitude (\u003cem\u003eChena\u003c/em\u003e) treated with Ca (OH)\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e showed a lower value of total mineral content.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCoffee cherry composition difference by the interaction effect (location and chemical treatments)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"13\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c13\" colnum=\"13\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLocations\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDebub Bench\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLeku\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eChena\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChemicals\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNaOH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNa\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCa (OH)\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNaOH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNa\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCa (OH)\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNaOH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNa\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCa (OH)\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAsh\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.06\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.81\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.89\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.81\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.37\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.81\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.19\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.81\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.23\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.81\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.88\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.81\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.81\u003csup\u003ebcd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.04\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.81\u003csup\u003ebcd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.11\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.81\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.81\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.34\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.81\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.56\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.81\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eProtein\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.99\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.40\u003csup\u003edef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.57\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.40\u003csup\u003ecde\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.93\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.40\u003csup\u003eg\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.76\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.40\u003csup\u003edef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.92\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.40\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.72\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.40\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.51\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.40\u003csup\u003eefg\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.13\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.40\u003csup\u003eabc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.13\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.40\u003csup\u003eabc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.76\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.40\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.40\u003csup\u003efg\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.84\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.40\u003csup\u003ebcd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLipid\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.05\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003csup\u003eg\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003csup\u003ek\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.54\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003csup\u003eh\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.36\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.23\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003csup\u003ef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.53\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003csup\u003ei\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003csup\u003ek\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.32\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.38\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003csup\u003ej\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.27\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.64\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCarbohydrate\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e86.90\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.04\u003csup\u003eabc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81.54\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.04\u003csup\u003ede\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e89.16\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.04\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e86.68\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.04\u003csup\u003eabcd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78.62\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.04\u003csup\u003eef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e74.87\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.04\u003csup\u003ef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e84.92\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.04\u003csup\u003eabcd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e82.83\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.04\u003csup\u003ecde\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83.44\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.04\u003csup\u003ebcde\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79.26\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.04\u003csup\u003eef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e88.19\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.04\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e84.97\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.04\u003csup\u003eabcd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDietary fiber\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79.92\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.44\u003csup\u003eabc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80.56\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.44\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79.89\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.44\u003csup\u003eabc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e84.56\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.44\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73.23\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.44\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e77.40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.44\u003csup\u003eabc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73.04\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.44\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73.54\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.44\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73.28\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.44\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80.57\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.44\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81.95\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.44\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78.60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.44\u003csup\u003eabc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCaffeine (mg/g)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.05\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.10\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.10\u003csup\u003ef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.01\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.10\u003csup\u003ede\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.65\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.10\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.72\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.10\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.10\u003csup\u003ef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.43\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.10\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.12\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.10\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.98\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.10\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.10\u003csup\u003ef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.72\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.10\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.55\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.10\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChlorogenic acid (mg/g)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ecde\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.04\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ebcd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ecde\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ebcd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ede\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP (\u0026micro;g/g)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1861.48\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;106.33\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1450.13\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;106.33\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1625.12\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;106.33\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e202.62\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;106.33\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e822.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;106.33\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e818.23\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;106.33\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e821.73\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;106.33\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e138.05\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;106.33\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2291.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;106.33\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1431.74\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;106.33\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1148.34\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;106.33\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;106.33\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFe ( \u0026micro;g/g)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e675.21\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;15.96\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e845.73\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;15.96\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e812.56\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;15.96\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e685.93\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;15.96\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e566.68\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;15.96\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e555.43\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;15.96\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e610.22\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;15.96\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e189.85\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;15.96\u003csup\u003ef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e499.68\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;15.96\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e212.42\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;15.96\u003csup\u003eef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e285.01\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;15.96\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e200.74\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;15.96\u003csup\u003ef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCu ( \u0026micro;g/g)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.05\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.73\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.05\u003csup\u003ebcd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.53\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.05\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.76\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.05\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.94\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.05\u003csup\u003eabc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.97\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.05\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.53\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.05\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.15\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.05\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.38\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.05\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.28\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.05\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.05\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.78\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.05\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCa (mg/g)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.45\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.89\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.01\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.89\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.89\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.95\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.89\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.06\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.89\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.55\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.89\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.89\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.58\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.89\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.08\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.89\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.32\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.89\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.93\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.89\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.12\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.89\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLi ( \u0026micro;g/g)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e542.62\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;35.52\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e521.66\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;35.52\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e455.51\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;35.52\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e528.16\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;35.52\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e680.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;35.52\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e679.66\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;35.52\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e557.58\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;35.52\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e654.85\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;35.52\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1954.61\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;35.52\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1782.98\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;35.52\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e998.70\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;35.52\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e559.87\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;35.52\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eB (\u0026micro;g/g)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.71\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.80\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.97\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.80\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.66\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.80\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.84\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.80\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.80\u003csup\u003ede\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.66\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.80\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.22\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.80\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.12\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.80\u003csup\u003ef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.71\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.80\u003csup\u003eabc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.80\u003csup\u003eabc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.80\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.88\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.80\u003csup\u003ef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNa (mg/g)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.16\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.95\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.16\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.56\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.16\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.16\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.05\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.16\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.14\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.16\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.24\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.16\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.41\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.16\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.16\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.16\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.48\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.16\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.14\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.16\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMg (\u0026micro;g/g)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2448.92\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;177.34\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2638.40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;177.34\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2032.73\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;177.34\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e285.28\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;177.34\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2147.28\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;177.34\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2175.69\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;177.34\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2113.48\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;177.34\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e 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align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.90\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.79\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.74\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.05\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.63\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.70\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e 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\u003cp\u003e0.86\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.04\u003csup\u003eh\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.59\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.04\u003csup\u003ef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eV ( \u0026micro;g/g)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.61\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.58\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.58\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63.73\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.58\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64.85\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.58\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67.59\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.58\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.37\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.58\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.38\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.58\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.49\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.58\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.82\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.58\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e 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align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.09\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.36\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.51\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.36\u003csup\u003egh\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.98\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.36\u003csup\u003egh\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.99\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.36\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.36\u003csup\u003eh\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.36\u003csup\u003eh\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.36\u003csup\u003egh\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.86\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.36\u003csup\u003eg\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCo (\u0026micro;g/g)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e151.06\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.94\u003csup\u003ef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e253.28\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.94\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e348.32\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.94\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e454.65\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.94\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e402.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.94\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e160.53\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.94\u003csup\u003eef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e189.58\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.94\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e117.10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.94\u003csup\u003eg\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e185.53\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.94\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e183.39\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.94\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e176.24\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.94\u003csup\u003eef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e88.97\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.94\u003csup\u003eg\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eZn (\u0026micro;g/g)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.46\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.74\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.56\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.74\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.80\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.74\u003csup\u003ede\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.95\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.74\u003csup\u003ef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.74\u003csup\u003ebcd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.04\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.74\u003csup\u003ebcd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.81\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.74\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.11\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.74\u003csup\u003efg\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.78\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.74\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.28\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.74\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.28\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.74\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.55\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.74\u003csup\u003eg\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAs (\u0026micro;g/g)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.20\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.95\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.20\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.12\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.20\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.83\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.20\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.20\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.20\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.22\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.20\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.72\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.20\u003csup\u003ede\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.23\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.20\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.54\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.20\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.73\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.20\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.71\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.20\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSe (\u0026micro;g/g)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e116.90\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.10\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e117.22\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.10\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95.63\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.10\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.72\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.10\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e145.56\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.10\u003csup\u003eabc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e153.93\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.10\u003csup\u003eabc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e143.40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.10\u003csup\u003eabc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.79\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.10\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e200.15\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.10\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e207.19\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.10\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e174.26\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.10\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.44\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.10\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMo (\u0026micro;g/g)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2301. 97\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;89.64\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e883.09\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;89.64\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1949.81\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;89.64\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2826.14\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;89.64\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1141.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;89.64\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e99.20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;89.64\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e795.95\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;89.64\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1139.55\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;89.64\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1234.58\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;89.64\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96.96\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;89.64\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e756.95\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;89.64\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e795.31\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;89.64\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCd (\u0026micro;g/g)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e82.14\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.16\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83.78\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.16\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.16\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.13\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.16\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e109.36\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.16\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.96\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.16\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80.65\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.16\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.38\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.16\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68.40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.16\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51.58\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.16\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e69.64\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.16\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.82\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.16\u003csup\u003ef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eCoffee cherry husks from three Ethiopian districts have shown nutrients which are missing from the diets of Ethiopians, as well as heavy metals, and antinutrients. Furthermore, results demonstrate that coffee cherry husks possess a significant compositional difference due to the altitude difference. Coffee cherry husks from higher altitudes contain a higher protein level, while lower altitude coffee cherry husks yield higher levels of carbohydrate, dietary fiber, and minerals. The chemical treatments applied to coffee cherry husks for the purpose of reducing heavy metals and antinutrients have shown a positive result. NaOH and Na\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e treatments were better in reduction of chromium and nickel, while Ca (OH)\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e was better in reduction of As, Cd, and Cu. Overall, Ca (OH)\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e showed a significant reduction in the composition of coffee cherry husks relative to NaOH and Na\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e. The cheaper price and versatility of Ca (OH)\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e make it ideal for cherry coffee husk treatment before disposal. In the interest of maximizing the potential value of the coffee cherry husk, more research could be undertaken to ascertain the most valuable aspects of husks obtained from different sites and altitudes. The current method of disposal after processing large volumes of coffee cherries results in mounds of coffee cherry husks which decay and damage the environment and consequently negatively affect human and animal health. Because Ethiopia is a hunger hot spot, finding ways to improve dietary intake is imperative and repurposing coffee cherry husks are one such source of available macro and micronutrients.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors would like to express their sincere gratitude to the University of Nebraska–Lincoln and Hawassa University for their support. Special thanks are extended to the coffee cooperatives, smallholder farmers, and coffee processing plants in the southern region of Ethiopia for their assistance in facilitating sample collection for this study. The authors also appreciate the individuals who participated in the sample collection and packaging process. We are particularly grateful to \u003cstrong\u003eMary Willis\u003c/strong\u003e for generously hosting the researchers \u003cstrong\u003eFikadu Alemayehu\u003c/strong\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003eAlazar Kora\u003c/strong\u003e, and \u003cstrong\u003eAemiro Zula\u003c/strong\u003e at her home during the laboratory work. Finally, the authors would like to thank the anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments and suggestions, which greatly improved the quality of this manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor contributions\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eATZ concept, sample collection, participated in the laboratory work, data analysis, and drafted the manuscript; FRA, AKK, and JAR reviewed the draft and provided comments to improve the manuscript; MSW wrote and submitted the Africa Research Initiative Grant at University of Nebraska-Lincoln with input from CLW, lead the research, contributed to manuscript revision, and language improvement; CLW participated in designing the experiment, statistical analysis, and \u0026nbsp; contributed to manuscript revision; RZ lead the laboratory work. All authors reviewed the document before submission, and ATZ completed the revision.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe research was funded by the University of Nebraska-Lincoln’s African Research Initiative.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe data are available from the corresponding author and will be given upon reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics declaration\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo human, human data or animals are participated in the study. The research involves collection and laboratory analysis of coffee cherry. Therefore, ethical approval or consent to participate were not required.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interest\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe author declares no conflict of interest.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAdugna, B. G. Review on Coffee Production and Quality in Ethiopia 2 . Coffee Production and Production System in Ethiopia. \u003cstrong\u003e2021\u003c/strong\u003e, \u003cem\u003e10\u003c/em\u003e (6), 208\u0026ndash;213. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.aff.20211006.11.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMakiso, M.; Worku, M.; Tola, Y. B. Ethiopian Coffee : Production Systems , Geographical Origin Traceability , and European Union Deforestation Regulation Directive Compliance. \u003cem\u003eJ. Agric. 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Technol.\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e2014\u003c/strong\u003e, \u003cem\u003e1\u003c/em\u003e (August), 16\u0026ndash;20.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTian, X.; Wang, B.; Wang, B.; Li, J.; Chen, K. Structural Characterization of Lignin Isolated from Wheat-Straw during the Alkali Cooking Process. \u003cem\u003eBioResources\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e2017\u003c/strong\u003e, \u003cem\u003e12\u003c/em\u003e (2), 2407\u0026ndash;2420.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-nutrition","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"nutn","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Nutrition](http://bmcnutr.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/nutn/default.aspx","title":"BMC Nutrition","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Coffee cherry by-products, coffee cherry husks, Ethiopia, Sidama Region, SWEPR","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9087688/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9087688/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eDespite evidence that the husk of the coffee cherry, (\u003cem\u003eCoffea arabica\u003c/em\u003e) is rich in carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, minerals, and bioactive compounds, it is discarded during processing in Ethiopia, left to rot and leach into the environment for every ton of coffee beans processed. \u0026nbsp;Coffee cherry husks were gathered from smallholder coffee farms at low, medium and high altitudes in the southern region of Ethiopia; \u003cem\u003eDebub\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003eBench\u003c/em\u003e District, \u003cem\u003eLeku\u003c/em\u003e District and \u003cem\u003eChena\u003c/em\u003e District, respectively. Results affirm that\u0026nbsp;coffee cherry husks contain key nutrients and phenolic compounds. Additionally, nutrient composition varies by altitude: generally, cherry husks sampled from higher altitudes have lower ash, carbohydrates, dietary fiber, and total minerals, but greater protein, lipid, and caffeine content. In contrast, coffee cherry husks from lower altitudes have higher carbohydrates, dietary fiber, and total minerals, but lower protein, lipid, and caffeine content. Furthermore, husks soaked in a chemical solution aimed at reducing the level of anti-nutritional factors showed significantly lower antinutrients and mineral composition. Husks soaked in a Ca(OH)\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e solution were significantly lower/higher in protein, Dietary fiber, P, Li, Mg, S, V, Mn, Zn, As, Se, Cd, Ni, and Mo than husks soaked in a NaOH or Na\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e solutions., The results of this study demonstrate that coffee cherry husks are a good source of protein, dietary fiber, and minerals including iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn). Thus, the content of the coffee cherry husk could provide nutrients missing from the diets of many Ethiopians. Soaking cherry husks in calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e) can reduce anti nutritional properties and heavy metals, allowing cherry husks to be used in different ways. These findings highlight the significant nutritional and functional potential of coffee cherry husks as a sustainable, value-added food resource rather than an agricultural waste product. Promoting appropriate processing methods such as Ca(OH)₂ treatment could enhance food security, environmental sustainability, and economic opportunities for coffee-producing communities in Ethiopia. Further research should explore product development, sensory acceptability, and scalability of processing methods to facilitate integration into local food systems. Such efforts could transform coffee by-products into innovative nutrition-sensitive interventions that support public health and rural livelihoods.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Eating Red in Ethiopia: Variation in Composition of Coffee Cherry Husks by Altitude and Soaking Solution","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-04-09 06:27:45","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9087688/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-04-05T21:19:34+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"50344217192866196822439188637830397378","date":"2026-04-05T18:44:28+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"163907087326455510583413009630738108496","date":"2026-04-05T12:41:13+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2026-04-03T12:58:51+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2026-03-12T10:03:18+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2026-03-12T08:35:17+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2026-03-12T08:34:51+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"BMC Nutrition","date":"2026-03-10T20:42:25+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-nutrition","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"nutn","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Nutrition](http://bmcnutr.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/nutn/default.aspx","title":"BMC Nutrition","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"a00c4233-c863-4eeb-aca4-718bacab6b10","owner":[],"postedDate":"April 9th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-04-09T06:27:45+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-04-09 06:27:45","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-9087688","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-9087688","identity":"rs-9087688","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}